Who should not take nootropics? New generation nootropics. Nootropics and their experience. Calcium channel blockers

This material is subjective, is not an advertisement and does not serve as a guide to the purchase. Before buying, you need to consult with a specialist.

In medicine, there are drugs that perform a specific function (for example, destroy germs, lower blood pressure, reduce the secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen). But there is a whole group of tools that can improve such body functions that are difficult to accurately measure and measure. We are talking about the so-called higher mental functions. Such concepts as mental activity, learning ability, brain resistance to harmful influences are multifaceted and complex.

That is why drugs to improve higher nervous activity are so ambiguously evaluated by the world medical community. There is no doubt that a number of these drugs can improve the metabolism of neurons, their absorption of glucose, improve the condition of their cell membranes, and reduce their need for oxygen. It is believed that nootropic drugs (nootropics) can improve the learning process and memory, give clarity of consciousness and "tenacity to attention", reduce the exhaustion of the nervous system and increase the time of the ability to work actively.

Also, nootropic drugs can increase the activity of attention and thinking, improve speech. In some cases, they activate and have an antidepressant effect, and some of these drugs, on the contrary, calm, reduce irritability, and help reduce the convulsive activity of the brain.

Such a multifaceted and wide field of activity for nootropic drugs has allowed them to be prescribed in domestic medicine for a variety of diseases and conditions. These are dementia and parkinsonism, the consequences of neuroinfections and traumatic brain injury, decreased concentration and fatigue in healthy people during a session of intense study, chronic alcoholism and neuroses. Finally, nootropic pills are taken to improve the quality of sleep, and just for prevention in view of the upcoming active mental stress.

Nootropics are also widely used in pediatric practice. In our country, they are first-line drugs, and are included in the review of drugs that treat delayed speech and mental development, the consequences of perinatal trauma, are used in complex therapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy and in the treatment of mild forms of mental retardation.

From the point of view of Western, evidence-based medicine, which requires a quantitative calculation of effectiveness, in practice everything is far from being so simple, but we will talk about this at the end of our review. And now your attention will be presented to the most popular and sold nootropic drugs in Russia, which are mainly produced in tablets.

Overview of Nootropics

Piracetam (Lucetam, Nootropil, Memotropil)

The most famous of the old nootropics, namely Piracetam, opens the review of mental enhancement pills. As evidenced by the official instructions for use, Piracetam is indicated for almost 50 different diagnoses and conditions, ranging from mental retardation and cerebral infarction, to simple old age and vascular dementia, such a volume in itself is doubtful. According to its chemical structure, Piracetam is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid.

We can assume that Piracetam is used in Russia for almost any problems associated with higher nervous activity, and it is contraindicated only in case of hypersensitivity, with Huntington's chorea, and in children under 3 years old. A history of intracerebral hemorrhage or hemorrhagic stroke in anamnesis, taking anticoagulants and chronic renal failure can be considered a limitation for the use of this nootropic agent.

This nootropic is used in tablets inside, as well as intramuscularly. Piracetam is produced in capsules of 400 mg, the packaging is very different - from 10 capsules to 200. At the beginning of treatment, 2 capsules are prescribed 3 times a day before meals, then the dose is gradually reduced by half, to one tablet three times a day. You should focus on a daily dose not exceeding 160 mg per kilogram of body weight. Piracetam is produced by a very large number of domestic and foreign companies, and the cheapest tablets can be purchased already for 30 rubles, 20 capsules

Advantages and disadvantages

The disadvantages of the nootropic Piracetam include the fact (but very important) that after many years of its use in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) struck it off the list of drugs and downgraded the status to dietary supplements, for lack of evidence-based effectiveness. The advantages of the nootropic include good tolerability, convenience of the release form, inexpensive cost, and availability in almost every Russian pharmacy, which does not guarantee anything in terms of effectiveness.

Phenotropil (Phenylpiracetam, Carphedon)

Phenotropil is also a “record holder” according to indications: the official instruction lists about 60 conditions and diagnoses. It turns out that this nootropic is used for obesity and dementia, schizophrenia with alcoholism, depression and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and even multiple sclerosis, seizures, intracranial injuries and in connection with problems associated with adapting to lifestyle changes. In other words, if the doctor advised you to stop drinking and smoking, then this will already be an indication for the appointment of Phenotropil. By itself, this medicine, according to the manufacturer, has an anticonvulsant, nootropic, antiasthenic and neuromodulatory effect, and it should be taken after meals in a dose of 100 to 250 mg. For prevention purposes, adults and healthy people need 100 or 200 mg in the morning. This remedy is not recommended to be taken after 15:00 due to its activating effect and possible deterioration of sleep. Tablets of 100 mg are produced by the domestic company Valenta Pharmaceuticals, a nootropic.

Advantages and disadvantages

Perhaps, the disadvantage of nootropic tablets should be attributed to the advantages - a short-term invigorating effect, but this effect was precisely the reason that Phenotropil was banned by the anti-doping committee. In domestic practice, this nootropic is used relatively widely, but in the developed countries of Europe and in the USA it is unknown and not used. There are no recommendations for its use from the official World Health Organization (WHO), as well as a serious evidence base.

Encephabol, or pyritinol, is a kind of nootropic drug that contains a derivative of vitamin B6. As you know, vitamin B6 itself, or pyridoxine, which is produced in the form of hydrochloride, together with thiamine, or vitamin B1, and cyanocobalamin, or vitamin B12, constitute a group of neurotropic vitamins, and are widely used in clinical practice. Encephabol is indicated, according to the manufacturer, for various forms of dementia, mental retardation, impaired memory, attention and orientation, and the consequences of traumatic brain injuries.

The nootropic drug is available in 100 mg tablets and oral suspension. Adults need to take 2 tablets or 2 teaspoons three times a day, and newborns can be prescribed it from the 3rd day after birth, 1 ml per day. According to the manufacturer, therapeutic success is achieved after a month, and the optimal effect after 3 months. This nootropic is produced by the Austrian company Merck, and this drug costs about 800 rubles. for one package of suspension in 200 ml.

Advantages and disadvantages

The negative aspects of Encephabol include the lack of an evidence base for each of the stated indications, or at least a serious study on one of them with a high level of reliability, and, perhaps, individual intolerance. On the positive side of the nootropic is the rare development of this intolerance.

Glycine is truly a popular and cheap drug. It is used under the tongue or dissolved at bedtime, it is prescribed for children and adults to improve memory, performance, it is prescribed in large quantities to patients after a stroke. From the point of view of biochemistry, glycine, or glycocol, is the simplest amino acid that is part of almost any protein, including many proteins in our body. Glycine is also a neurotransmitter, or carrier of certain signals within the brain.

This popular love (good demand) has pushed so many manufacturers to combine glycine in combination with magnesium, with vitamin B6, with vitamin C, and so on. Usually these tablets are taken to relieve tension, facilitate falling asleep, and they are taken sublingually for sucking, in tablets or in powder form after the tablet has been crushed. For adults, it is shown one or two tablets immediately before falling asleep, and for other disorders of the nervous system, the instruction prescribes a certain dosage regimen. The cheapest domestic glycine can be bought starting from 19 rubles. for 50 tablets.

Advantages and disadvantages

The disadvantage of all nootropics is one, but extremely important: there is no evidence that they are effective. Yes, glycine is a neurotransmitter. But the fact is that a neurotransmitter, in order to regulate subtle relationships in the central nervous system, must be produced in it, like acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin. There will be no benefit if the mediator in large quantities comes from the intestines with food to the brain in quantities hundreds of times higher than the desired concentration, or is absorbed into the sublingual vessels. There is a blood-brain barrier that prohibits carrying into the “holy of holies” of the body, its command cabin and control apparatus, everything that has been sucked indiscriminately from the stomach. That is why glycine, which is administered through the mouth, practically does not enter the central nervous system and does not work there as a mediator, and there are no modern evidence-based studies on it. In other words, there are biological and chemical (in vitro) effects from glycine, but therapeutic effects are invisible and not proven.

A positive, and, of course, worthy effect of these pills is sometimes the rapid onset of a calm, physiological sleep in those impressionable subjects who firmly believe in the healing power of glycine. Therefore, glycine may well be a kind of inexpensive and effective placebo, or pacifier, all the power of which is based on the patient's faith.

Semax is no longer one amino acid, but as many as 7 amino acid residues synthesized into one short chain. Produce medicine in the form of drops in the nose, at a concentration of 0, 1, or 1%. This synthetic protein sequence repeats one of the adrenocorticotropic hormone fragments, but lacks hormonal activity. According to the manufacturer, this drug also has a nootropic, antioxidant, and cerebroprotective effect, and due to the original mechanism of absorption, it can be used in ophthalmology, while after 4 minutes the drug penetrates into the structures of the central nervous system, and the therapeutic effect even with a single injection lasts a day. Manufacturers have established a different dosage regimen. So, with damage to the optic nerve, the funds are instilled three drops into each nasal passage three times a day, and for the prevention of stress - one drop into each nasal passage twice a day.

Manufacturers recommend using drops for the entire spectrum of cognitive disorders, the consequences of a stroke, encephalopathy, to prevent mental fatigue, and enhance adaptive capabilities. Contraindications include individual intolerance, pregnancy and lactation, psychosis and convulsions, as well as age up to 5 years. This nootropic drug is produced by domestic CJSC Peptogen, and is not cheap - at a dosage of 0.1% from 350 rubles; and at a dosage of 1% - for 3 ml you will have to pay 1750 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

The disadvantage of Semax is the lack of a clear mechanism of action inherent in all nootropics, randomized clinical trials, and its complete unknown in Western Europe and the USA, and silence about Semax by the World Health Organization (WHO). Against this background, the price of almost 2000 rubles is rather doubtful. for a large dosage, but the fact that Semax has practically no symptoms of overdose and drug interaction is somewhat reassuring, and it is unlikely to be able to harm.

Nootropic Cerebrolysin is a biological drug, that is, a whole complex of protein-like peptides that are obtained from the brain of pigs. In general, the belief that nootropic drugs from the brain of animals help the human brain is an analogue of the ancient beliefs that a strong opponent you eat will make you just as strong. In domestic practice, Cerebrolysin is also prescribed for various types of cerebrovascular accidents, for the consequences of a stroke, for mental retardation, dementia, and for the consequences of traumatic brain injuries.

Cerebrolysin is produced in ampoules, the most popular dosage is 5 ml, five ampoules in one package. In some cases, Cerebrolysin is produced by foreign companies, but by order of a Russian manufacturer and for the domestic market. The cost of one package of Cerebrolysin starts from 915 rubles.

A little about the price of the issue: the manufacturer recommends the optimal course of administration of a nootropic drug in the form of daily injections or infusions, and the duration of the course is usually 2 weeks on average. At the same time, single doses that are recommended when administered intramuscularly should not exceed 5 ml, when administered intravenously as a bolus, that is, immediately - 10 ml, and by setting up an intravenous infusion slowly drip - up to 50 ml per day, for example, with a stroke, and with the consequences brain injury. Thus, no one will forbid a patient to drip the drug for 1800 rubles every day, even after a slight concussion of the brain, if the maximum daily dose is taken (at the price of one ampoule of 5 ml, at least 180 rubles). Thus, for a course of treatment for two weeks of daily droppers, you can pay 27,000 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

As usual, Cerebrolysin does not have the high quality clinical trials with the high level of evidence that are accepted for drug initiation in Western countries. Nevertheless, it is appointed everywhere in our country and successfully advertised. In general, all biological preparations derived from other creatures that are administered, including intravenously, in developed countries are either generally prohibited from being imported into the country or clearly prohibited from use, since they can carry prion infections. But even without this, in 2010 it was proven that Cerebrolysin is ineffective even at high doses for the treatment of stroke. Whether prescribing this nootropic is literally beneficial for the prescribing physician remains open in this case. But we can say with confidence that in our country such cases are not uncommon.

There is nothing special to say about Cortexin, except for an extract from pig brains, a fraction from cattle was also added to Cerebrolysin, and expanded with indications for children (up to 20 kg of weight, that is, almost from birth). The manufacturer gives this nootropic drug the ability to improve brain function, protect neurons from damage, increase their survival and resistance to stress, activate their function, and many other useful properties. In the indications, Cortexin is recommended for use in complex therapy, that is, together with any other means. The manufacturer, apparently, has reason not to trust his nootropic drug, since in monotherapy, that is, if it is only used alone, there is a big risk that there may not be an effect, and this will be immediately visible.

This nootropic is contraindicated only in case of individual intolerance, as well as during pregnancy and lactation. The manufacturer refers to the lack of data from clinical studies for pregnant and lactating women. But, apparently, they are not needed: Cortexin is already in demand.

The manufacturer of Cortexin is the domestic company Geropharm, and the minimum dosage of 5 mg per vial will cost you 540 rubles. for 10 vials. In this case, a single dose, for example, for a stroke, is 2 bottles 2 times a day for 10 days, or 4 packs.

Advantages and disadvantages

The big disadvantage of this nooprop is the reluctance of drug manufacturers to subject it to pharmacokinetic studies, which is routine, but it turns out that the manufacturer knows perfectly well how this drug works - this is a significant advantage. Here are two quotes from the official instructions: "the composition of the drug does not allow for the usual pharmacokinetic analysis of individual components." And the second quote: “The mechanism of action of Cortexin® is due to the activation of neuron peptides and neurotrophic factors of the brain; optimization of the balance of metabolism of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, dopamine, serotonin; GABA-ergic influence…..». Question: if the manufacturer cannot determine what components are in a nootropic drug, how could they conclude that it is wonderfully effective? And how is the rest of the world not yet ready to put this miracle into practice?

Mexidol (mexiprim)

This nootropic contains ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, which is the only chemical that belongs to the group of antioxidants. Like other nootropics, this drug is indicated for use in cases of overload and mental strain, anxiety and cognitive impairment, neurosis, chronic alcoholism and toxic encephalopathy, damage to the cerebral vessels, including in the elderly, as well as craniocerebral brain injury and its consequences.

Each Mexidol tablet contains 125 mg of the active substance, and it should be used 1-2 tablets three times a day, no more than 6 tablets can be used maximum, and the course of treatment is an average of 3-4 weeks. In the case of relief of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, 7 days is enough. Mexidol is produced by the domestic company ZiO-zdorovye, and one pack of 50 tablets will cost 360 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

The disadvantage is the same, namely, no serious data from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. This, of course, does not mean that there were no studies at all. Of course, they were, but there were always few patients, there were many errors in the studies, there was no randomization and no blinding. Blinding is a necessary condition for the objectivity of the study: a blind study is when the patient does not know whether he is being given an investigational drug or a placebo, a “dummy” for comparison. Double blind is when even the doctor does not know whether he is prescribing a dummy or a drug declared in the study. Any proper study costs money, including patient insurance, and as a result, the reliability and value of these studies on Mexidol is highly questionable. As for other data, the nootropic drug can affect the ability to drive vehicles, and during the period of treatment it is better to stop driving vehicles, and in case of overdose or at the maximum dose, drowsiness may develop.

Cytoflavin is a complex nootropic drug that contains inosine, vitamins - nicotinamide and riboflavin, and succinic acid. Pharmacologically, it refers to a combination of metabolic drugs, and is indicated for the consequences of a stroke, for atherosclerosis, neurasthenia, and cerebrovascular pathology. At the same time, succinic acid helps to optimize energy metabolism in the cell, nicotinamide and riboflavin are necessary for cellular respiration and stimulation of ATP synthesis, and inosine is a precursor of a high-energy compound - ATP, which is a donor of intracellular energy.

Take a nootropic drug should be 2 tablets twice a day in the morning and evening, but no later than six in the evening, the duration of the course is 25 days. Cases of overdose have not been established, side effects can manifest themselves in the form of a headache, or mild discomfort in the abdomen, as well as in the form of allergic reactions. The drug is contraindicated in pregnant and lactating mothers due to insufficient research. Cytoflavin is produced by the domestic company Polisan, and a package of 50 tablets will cost 360 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

Among the disadvantages of a nootropic drug, it should be noted that, in essence, it is not a nootropic, since it is a combined remedy of vitamins and energy metabolites. Cytoflavin is a fairly well-tolerated drug, like other nootropics, it also does not have a reliable evidence base, but subjectively, many patients, especially the elderly, notice an improvement after parenteral administration of Cytoflavin. Whether this is due to the effect of self-hypnosis, or whether the nootropic drug actually helps, is still unknown.

Pantogam, or hopantenic acid, according to the international classification, belongs to psychostimulants and nootropic drugs. According to the manufacturer, it should be used for very many indications, in addition to standard mental and neurological diagnoses, this acid even in the indications has “limitations in activity caused by a decrease in working capacity”. Such a too broad interpretation of indications for use (and, of course, in favor of the remedy) cannot but cause surprise.

Each tablet contains 250 mg of calcium hopantenate, and it is recommended that adults take no more than 3 g, or 6 tablets per day, and children also no more than 3 g per day. In some cases, the duration of the course of treatment can be 6 months, and after a break of 6 months, such a course can be repeated. We will not list in this review all the detailed dosages of Pantogam, we will only say that in addition to tablets of 250 and 500 mg, the drug is available in syrup, which contains 100 mg of the active ingredient per 1 ml. This medicine is produced by the domestic company Peak Pharma. You can buy a bottle of syrup weighing 100 milligrams for 340 rubles, and a package of tablets with a maximum dosage of 0.5 g in the amount of 50 pieces for 470 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

It has already been said above that the disadvantage of all nootropics is at least the lack of an evidence base. That is why they are not used in developed countries of Europe, in Israel and in the USA. But the situation is much worse for the nootropic drug Pantogam. This drug was banned in Japan in the early 1990s, since it was proved that it was the intake of hopantenic acid that led to a number of fatal complications that occurred with the so-called Reye's syndrome (encephalopathy and liver damage in children and adolescents, usually after the appointment of acetylsalicylic acid ). In order not to be unfounded, we provide links to scientific works (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063999 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3826551 https://www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3379435).

Conclusion, or the happy fate of nootropics in Russia

It would be possible to cite a whole number of tablets, and describe in detail in the rating such drugs as Picamilon, Phenibut, Phezam, Gliatilin, Aminalon, Cavinton, Ceraxon, which are positioned as a drug with a nootropic effect. But we will not do this, because we will begin to repeat ourselves.

So, Picamilon, also in the United States of America, was not only recognized as a falsified nootropic drug, but even excluded from the list of dietary supplements. Researchers from the FDA simply analyzed the tablets, in which the active substance was in different amounts, and in one of the tablets it was not found at all. Such falsifications are very strictly punished by law abroad, but we don’t know what the composition of the tablets is in the Russian Federation, and what machines are used in pharmaceutical factories to ensure a uniform content of the active substance in each tablet, and we don’t even think about it.

This information, which allows the reader to think about it, is not at all a "fly in the ointment in a barrel of honey." It is no coincidence that the list of nootropics is not titled "best" drugs, but "popular" drugs. And that's a big difference. If there is a better nootropic drug, then this means that there is also a worse one, that is, there is an effect from one medicine, and the least effect from another, this can be proved according to the laws of mathematics and medical statistics, because the measure is efficiency.

As for nootropic drugs, they have an extremely large list of indications, which sometimes take dozens of diagnoses. Indeed, in troubled waters you can catch a lot of fish. If we compare this with serious drugs, for example, to lower cholesterol or lower blood pressure, we will see that one or two indications for use, such as hypertension and heart failure, are quite enough. As was shown in the review, even such diagnoses are attracted by the ears, which are not indicators of the disease of the body, for example, "adaptation disorder due to lifestyle changes."

Countries that are world leaders are trying to get rid of those drugs whose effect cannot be proven, as well as from dishonestly acquired and “laundered” money. Prosperous rich Russians go to Germany, Switzerland, Israel and the USA for treatment. And none of them worry about the fact that there they will not be prescribed Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, or Picamilon. In the United States of America, for example, there is not a single drug approved by international recommendations for improving intellectual memory, or cognitive functions, both in sick and healthy people. In developed countries, nootropics are generally not registered as medicines anywhere, since they have not been tested for evidence-based effectiveness.

Of course, it is better to give a nootropic drug to a patient as a magical brain booster than to give him boring and boring advice about how a healthy lifestyle, normalization of weight, quitting smoking and alcohol, healthy sleep, and sports will make him healthy. People perfectly understand and feel that it is precisely such non-drug methods that are effective, and, most importantly, proven in numerous international studies, not only for the prevention, but also for the treatment of many neurological diseases. But a person is arranged in such a way that he wants everything at once, with a minimum expenditure of his strength. Therefore, before you listen to the advice of a domestic specialist and run to buy Cortexin, Piracetam or Phenibut, think several times whether your health needs it. Remember that a wealthy Englishman or American will never do this, and a German doctor or a specialist from the USA, where the profession of a doctor is prestigious and highly paid, will never prescribe nootropics to a patient, since they are clinically ineffective.

*The popularity rating is based on the analysis of demand data from the wordstat.yandex.ru service.
Attention! This rating is subjective, is not an advertisement and does not serve as a purchase guide. Before buying, you need to consult with a specialist.

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of products, originate from 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and apply in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups against the background of continuous use of Piracetam, including memory enhancement, facilitating learning processes.

In 1972, the term "nootropics" was proposed to refer to a class of drugs for improving the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from the Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice for a positive impact on the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, the ability to learn, and chronic hypoxia. Other functions of drugs are:

maintaining the energy structure of a neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need for nerve cells in oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (a combination of several functions at the same time).

Synonyms of the pharmacological group of nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect the general effect of drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect a whole range of functional abilities of the brain, contributing to their vigorous activity. Thanks to adequate therapy, concentration of attention improves, interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug largely affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, the excretion of excess glucose, and the formation of ATP. The following mechanisms and effects of exposure are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of drugs is enhanced with the simultaneous use of angioprotectors, psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for the appointment of nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome (dystrophic changes in the nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmic pathologies (complex therapy).

With the help of nootropics, urinary disorders of a neurogenic nature are treated. Nootropic drugs are a necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropics may be prescribed for relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Among the absolute contraindications are acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, hepatic diseases with aggravated course, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug are the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

hyperexcitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal functions;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

impaired coordination, unsteady gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

pronounced iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

Against the background of taking the drug, allergic rashes on the body like urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, back, are possible. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust the daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose are not registered.

Basic nootropics

Which is better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined and independent. Usually, nootropics as a stand-alone therapy are used for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven efficacy are widely used in neurological practice:

Piracetam.

Probably the most popular nootropic. The drug enhances metabolic processes in the brain. It is used to treat systematic dizziness, correction of dyslexic syndrome. In adult patients, the drug is used as a complex therapy for myocardial infarction, withdrawal syndrome with addictions of any origin. Doctors prescribe a remedy for the treatment of neuroinfections caused by viral agents.

Memoplant

One of the best herbal nootropics. The German drug Memoplant contains a highly purified extract of ginkgo biloba EGb 761®. Many preparations of ginkgo biloba contain a significant amount of harmful impurities - ginkgolic acids. Memoplant is devoid of this drawback, as it is cleaned during 27 stages of production.
The drug increases the resistance of the nervous tissue to a lack of oxygen, improves cerebral circulation. It is effective for dizziness, noise in the ears or head, as well as for memory and performance problems.

Vinpocetine.


Against the background of constant intake, the vessels of the brain expand, microcirculation increases. The active substance of the drug provides a full transport of oxygen to the brain tissues, increases the absorption of nutrients. Vinpocetine has a pronounced neuroprotective and antioxidant effect. The treatment regimen changes from the introduction of intravenous solutions first with the transition after to the tablet form of the drug. It is used as an adjuvant in antihypertensive therapy.

Phenibut.


There is a high efficiency in functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus, sleep disorders, neurosthenia, asthenic syndrome. Against the background of long-term use, metabolic processes in the brain tissues at the cellular level are normalized. The strengths of the drug are psychostimulating ability and antioxidant effect. The drug is characterized by low toxicity, low side effects.

Phenotropil.


The drug belongs to a new generation of nootropics with a pronounced adaptogenic effect. Patients have resistance to stressful situations, without causing, at the same time, drug dependence. Phenotropil is prescribed to patients with severe emotional and mental stress.

Phezam.


Nootropic, directly intended for the treatment of impaired blood circulation in the brain. It is effective for serious diseases of the nervous system, circulation disorders in the vascular system of the brain. In complex therapy, headaches are stopped with increased intracranial pressure, improves the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision. Phezam is prescribed for amnesia, it is highly effective in hypoxic syndrome.

Cinnarizine.


A drug designed to strengthen the vascular walls of the brain during their dilatation (stretching). At the same time, blood pressure indicators remain in the usual norm. Effective as a prevention of motion sickness, disorders of the vestibular apparatus. It is prescribed for chronic migraines, with increased hypertension, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus, headache. Cinnarizine is used in adult women to reduce symptoms of menopause.

Cerebrolysin.


The safety and efficacy of the drug has been proven by numerous studies. Used as adjuvant therapy against serious psychiatric and neurological disorders. With the correct dosage, mental processes are activated, concentration of attention and mood increase. Long-term use improves memory, increases the ability to learn.

Actovegin.


A drug related to nootropics-antihypoxants. Used to treat metabolic disorders in the brain, promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used as a complex therapy for radiation skin lesions, with diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin is available in the form of tablets, intramuscular, intravenous solutions and intra-arterial injections. There is a form of the drug for topical use.

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as a complex therapy, the probability of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

Best nootropics for kids

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, with poor school performance. Children's nootropics have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for the appointment are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrosthenia;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor development of speech;

intellectual insufficiency;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The following are considered essential medicines for children:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).


They are used in children from 1 year old, available in tablets, ampoules, capsules. It is not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, enhances susceptibility to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.


An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. From pharmacies it is released in the form of syrups and tablets. It is used to treat cerebral palsy, improve the condition in autism, schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, against the background of constant use, the emotional background of the child is normalized, especially with a delay in mental and speech development. Reduced and the likelihood of side effects: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, designed to expand the vessels of the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. It has a slight tranquilizing effect. From pharmacies it is released in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular administration, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed for children from 3 years old. The nootropic agent is especially effective at high emotional stress, with increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.


The tool belongs to the latest generation of drugs. It is prescribed for children to stimulate the normal functioning of the nervous system, increase mental and intellectual activity, at the same time helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity, suitable for children over 2 years old. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, dizziness. From pharmacy chains it is released in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.


The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary in the treatment of depressive syndrome in adolescents, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, excessive fatigue. It is a complex drug for mental retardation and mental development. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months of age. Despite the high activity, the remedy has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertizin, Diziron, Tsirizin, Baltsinnarzin, Cinnaron).


It is used in pediatrics for the treatment of children over 12 years old, but recently it has been practiced to use the remedy in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects from typical nausea to epileptic seizures, impaired renal and hepatic function, arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is released in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.


The drug is widely used in pediatric practice due to its high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive capriciousness, emotional excitability. Side effects are expressed in dizziness, nausea, irritation of the nasal mucosa. It is used in children with delayed speech development, with sleep disorders.

Glycine.


The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by young children, effective in case of excessive emotional arousal. Against the background of long-term use, working capacity, learning ability are activated, night sleep is regulated, concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for the treatment of children at any age.

Gammalon.


New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. for packing. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied and proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

The opinions of experts about the effectiveness of nootropics in children differ. Some consider drugs indispensable in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders, psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropics are used for "sedation" as an adjunct treatment to the base treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

What is better to take drugs in a particular clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. To date, there are several of the most effective drugs that have found the widest application both in pediatrics and in adult practice in the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

• Cerebrolysin;

  Vinpocetine;

  Biotredin;

  Aminalon;

  Biotredin.

The effect of the constant intake of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used as a prevention of neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined funds

Among nootropics, there are preparations with a combined composition. Such funds include two or more active components, which, to one degree or another, enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs of the series are:

Gamalate B6 (as part of Pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Phezam, Evryza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm (active substances Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

(Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All funds are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combined drugs are used for severe problems, similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All drugs, despite the absence of side effects, require a prescription from a doctor. Only on the basis of medical research data can an accurate diagnosis be established, which will determine further adequate treatment.

• Piracetam (Nootropil)

Imagine a situation: there is an important task ahead that requires maximum concentration of mental abilities, and your brain, unfortunately, refuses to work. Thoughts are in the clouds, the head seems to be wadded, and the memory is “leaky”. But there is a whole group of drugs that improve cognitive function!

Norm and pathology

First of all, it would be good to determine the cause of the violations. Memory impairment, decreased mental performance, as well as headache and noise in the head can be the first signs of serious diseases associated with impaired blood flow in the brain.

As a rule, this occurs with vasoconstriction against the background of arterial hypertension or atherosclerosis. Both of these conditions, if not properly treated, progress and often lead to serious consequences, such as a stroke or heart attack.

In addition, mental deterioration may be associated with a disease such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, at the first alarming signs, it is better to consult a doctor and figure out what is happening in the body. If the examination confirms the pathology, the person needs long-term and serious treatment.

However, fortunately, memory impairment can also be quite harmless. After all, we often work at a high pace, sparing no effort, and stress, physical and mental overstrain make themselves felt by natural fatigue. And what kind of intellectual success can we talk about if an exhausted organism directs all its efforts to ensure at least the uninterrupted operation of vital systems? This is where you can pay attention to nootropics.

"Smart" pills

The word "nootropic" was first proposed by the Romanian physiologist and chemist Cornelius Girge in 1972. He combined it from two Greek components: noos - mind and tropos - direction. The main task of nootropics is to improve cognitive function.

For decades, in the world psychiatry and neurology, disputes about the advisability of using this group of drugs by healthy people have not ceased. The reasons for this are the possible side effects of drugs along with unproven efficacy. Nevertheless, in 2015, the sales of this group's funds in the world exceeded $1 billion, and the demand for them is constantly growing.

According to the instructions for use, nootropics are able to accelerate the transmission of impulses between the hemispheres of the brain, normalize metabolic processes and enhance microcirculation. It is also said that nootropic drugs improve mental performance, learning and memory, and in addition increase the resistance of the brain to damaging factors, such as high stress or lack of oxygen.

Today, nootropics of different classes are used in domestic practice, including:

• racetams, a prominent representative of which is Piracetam;
• derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (Phenibut);
• herbal preparations such as ginkgo biloba extract;
• amino acids (glycine);
• substances of other groups with a nootropic effect, including correctors of cerebral circulation disorders (Vinpocetine, Cinnarizine) and general tonic drugs (ginseng extract, melatonin).

Let's look at the features of each group.

Briefly about the properties

Each representative of nootropics can be given a separate article, but we will try to characterize them briefly and to the point.

Piracetam. He owns the laurels of superiority: piracetam became the first "drug that improves cognitive function." It is produced under various trade names (Lucetam, Nootropil, Piracetam) in various forms of release (solution for intramuscular and intravenous injections, tablets, capsules) and is used for various conditions and diseases accompanied by intellectual disabilities.

It should be noted that piracetam is not used in the US. According to the FDA, only those drugs that are used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease are classified as drugs in the United States. The composition of food supplements should include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, plant compounds. Piracetam, alas, does not satisfy either the first or the second requirement, and therefore, according to American laws, it cannot be either a drug or a dietary supplement. But in European countries it is used, although some experts, including domestic ones, are extremely skeptical about its evidence base. Piracetam is even included in the well-known list of placebo drugs presented by Professor Vorobyov, Chairman of the Formulary Committee of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

Derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The drugs of this series include Aminalon, Picamilon, Phenibut, etc. Phenibut, along with improving mental performance, eliminates tension, irritability and improves sleep. True, again in the West, unlike the CIS countries, the funds of this group are not used as nootropics. In addition, Picamilon and Phenibut were included in the list of Professor Vorobyov mentioned above.

Ginkgo biloba extract. According to the instructions for use, it has a combined nootropic, antihypoxic effect, improves blood circulation in the brain, thereby improving cognitive functions and improving memory. It is sold both in the form of drugs (Bilobil, Tanakan, Memoplant), and as part of dietary supplements. How dietary supplements are used in the West. However, clinical studies have not confirmed the beneficial effects of ginkgo biloba on intelligence and memory in healthy individuals.

Glycine. This amino acid regulates metabolic processes in the nervous system, normalizes excitation and inhibition, and at the same time has a very high safety profile. Therefore, over-the-counter Glycine is often used for various disorders of the psycho-emotional state: irritability, insomnia, as well as a decrease in mental performance, including in children. In the USA, glycine is used as a dietary supplement, and in some European countries, such as Poland, Italy, it is part of combined analgesic drugs (Alka-Prim). As an independent nootropic, it is mainly used in the territory of the post-Soviet space.

Normalizing cerebral circulation. Representatives of this group act by improving the blood supply to the brain. For example, Vinpocetine is a synthetic analogue of an alkaloid isolated from periwinkle lesser. The drug was created by Hungarian pharmacologists and is used mainly in Eastern Europe. Cochrane Collaboration studies have not confirmed the positive effect of Vinpocetine on mental performance.

Another popular drug of this subgroup is Cinnarizine, in the West it is mainly used for seasickness, since it relieves nausea and vomiting in vestibular disorders, and in the post-Soviet space it is often prescribed as an affordable nootropic.

Ginseng extract. Ginseng extract is believed to increase mental and physical performance by stimulating the central nervous system. However, this herbal preparation has not defended its nootropic properties in clinical trials. According to the Cochrane Collaboration, there is no convincing evidence that ginseng extract helps improve mental performance.

To the rhetorical question “to drink or not to drink medicines to improve memory,” everyone can have their own answer. And the truth is its own: one, ugly, among scientists, and completely different, optimistic, among consumers. Despite the depressing research data, many patients readily take nootropics and feel better with treatment. Moreover, most of the funds in this group are well tolerated, and some, such as ginkgo biloba extract and glycine, are sold even without a doctor's prescription.

However, relying on the achievements of pharmacology, it would be good to help the body, which reacts to difficult working conditions and the lack of normal rest with a deterioration in mental abilities. Give yourself a break, switch to other activities, go to the pool or the gym. And, perhaps, soon you will see how deep your intellectual abilities are without any medicinal support.

Marina Pozdeeva

Photo istockphoto.com

The term "nootropics" appeared in 1972, this word consists of two Greek "noos" - mind and "tropos" - change. It turns out that nootropics are designed to change the human mind, with the help of biochemistry, affecting the central nervous system.

Their predecessors in improving the functioning of the brain were psychostimulants, which had a strong, but short-term effect on a person. They increased the body's endurance, resistance to stress, caused general excitement, activity and euphoria. If not for the strongest negative side effects and the emergence of addiction, psychostimulants would have conquered humanity. But the aftereffect in the form of severe depression and a complete breakdown of strength oppressed a person so much that he could even drive him to suicide.

Synthetic nootropics

After taking nootropics, there are practically no negative effects, they are not addictive. But they also do not have psychostimulants. To feel the result of taking nootropics, you need to take a course lasting 1-3 months.

The action of nootropic drugs is due to the improvement and acceleration of metabolism in nerve tissues, the protection of neurons in the event of a lack of oxygen and toxic effects. In fact, nootropics protect the brain from aging. There are a lot of nootropics on the market right now, but here are some of the more common ones:

Piracetam (Nootropil) is the first of the nootropics. It is prescribed for disorders of attention and memory, nervous disorders, brain injuries, alcoholism and vascular diseases. It can also be used independently (without exceeding the dose) for better perception and assimilation of the training material. The following side effects were rarely noted: drowsiness or agitation, dizziness and nausea, increased sexual activity. The analogue of "Piracetam" ("Nootropil") is "Phenotropil" ("Phenylpiracetam").

"Acephen" ("Cerutil", "Meclofenoksat", "Centrofenoksin") contains the substance of acetylcholine - a transmitter of nervous excitation, an indispensable participant in the work of the human NS. This series of nootropic drugs accelerates all processes of excitation and inhibition, improves blood supply to the brain, and has a psychostimulating effect. It also protects the brain from aging and is used in conjunction with Piracetam to improve mental abilities. There were side effects from the side of the National Assembly: anxiety, insomnia, increased appetite.

"Selegiline" ("Deprenyl", "Yumex") contains the substance selegiline, which suppresses the action of enzymes that inhibit phenethylamine and dopamine. After 40 years of pleasure enzymes of the dopamine series, much less is produced than in youth. "Selegilin" is positioned as for people of middle and old age. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. With a sufficiently long-term use of the drug, memory, mood and general well-being improve. "Selegiline", according to medical scientists, when taken at 5 mg per day, can increase a person's life expectancy by 15 years!

Nootropics are a group of psychotropic drugs that affect the higher functions of the brain and increase its resistance to negative exogenous factors: excessive stress, intoxication, trauma or hypoxia. Nootropics improve memory, increase intelligence, stimulate cognitive activity.

From the ancient Greek language, the term "nootropics" means "the desire for thinking." For the first time this concept was introduced in the last century by pharmacologists from Belgium. Cerebroprotectors activate neurometabolic processes in the brain and increase the overall resistance of the body to the action of extreme factors.

Nootropics were not singled out as an independent pharmacological group, they were combined with psychostimulants. Unlike the latter, nootropics are antihypoxants, but they do not have a negative effect on the body, do not disrupt brain activity, do not affect motor reactions, and do not have a hypnotic and analgesic effect. Nootropics do not increase psychophysical activity and do not cause pharmacological dependence.

All nootropics are divided into 2 large groups:

• "True" nootropics that have the only effect - improving memory and speech;
• with antihypoxic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant effects.

Nootropics have a primary effect, which is a direct effect on the structures of the nervous system, and a secondary effect, aimed at improving microcirculation in the brain, prevention and hypoxia. Nootropics stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous tissue and normalize them in case of poisoning and traumatic injury.

Currently, pharmacologists are developing and synthesizing the latest nootropic drugs that have fewer side effects and are more effective. They are characterized by low toxicity and practically do not cause complications. The therapeutic effect of nootropics develops gradually. They should be taken continuously and for a long time.

New generation nootropics are used in various medical fields: pediatrics, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry and narcology.

Mechanism of action

Nootropics have a direct impact on a number of brain functions, activate them, stimulate mental activity and memory processes. They facilitate the interaction of the right and left hemispheres, as well as the main centers located in the cerebral cortex. Nootropics rejuvenate the body and prolong life.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors are nootropic drugs that received a second name due to their biogenic origin and effect on cellular metabolism. These medicines increase the utilization of glucose and the formation of ATP, stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA, inhibit the process of oxidative phosphorylation, and stabilize cell membranes.

Mechanisms of action of nootropics:

• Membrane stabilizing;
• Antioxidant;
• Antihypoxic;
• Neuroprotective.

As a result of the course use of nootropic drugs, mental and cognitive processes improve, intelligence increases, metabolism in the nervous tissue is activated, and the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of endogenous and exogenous factors increases. Cerebrovasoactive drugs also have a special mechanism of vasodilating action.

The effectiveness of nootropics increases when combined with angioprotectors and psychostimulants, especially in debilitated individuals.

Nootropic drugs are most often prescribed for the elderly and children. In old age, it is necessary to correct impaired functions of the intellect: attention and memory, as well as increase creative activity. For children, neurometabolic stimulants will help in the fight against mental retardation.

Main Effects

Nootropics have the following effects on the human body:

spectrum of action of nootropics

1. Psychostimulating - stimulation of brain functions in mentally inert individuals suffering from hypobulia, apathy, psychomotor retardation.
2. Antihypoxic - formation of resistance of brain cells to oxygen deficiency.
3. Sedative - soothing, inhibiting effect on the body.
4. Antiasthenic - elimination of symptoms of asthenic syndrome.
5. Antidepressant - the fight against depression.
6. Antiepileptic - prevention of convulsions, loss and confusion of consciousness, behavioral and autonomic disorders.
7. Nootropic - stimulation of cognitive activity.
8. Adaptogenic - the development of the body's resistance to the effects of negative factors.
9. Vasovegetative - acceleration of cerebral blood flow and elimination of the main symptoms.
10. Lipolytic - the use of fatty acids as an energy source.
11. Antitoxic - neutralization or excretion of various toxic substances from the body.
12. Immunostimulating - strengthening the immune system and increasing the overall resistance of the body.

Indications and contraindications

Indications for the use of nootropics:

Nootropics are contraindicated in individuals with individual hypersensitivity to the main active ingredient of the drug, severe psychomotor agitation, hepatic-renal insufficiency or bulimia, as well as those who have had acute, suffering from Hettington's chorea, who have severe renal dysfunction, pregnant and lactating women.

Side effects

Side effects that occur during treatment with nootropic drugs:

1. hyperexcitability,
2. Weakness,
3. Insomnia,
4. Anxiety, anxiety,
5. dyspeptic symptoms,
6. Hepato- or nephrotoxicity,
7. eosinophilia,
8. Frequent attacks of angina pectoris
9. Convulsions, epileptic seizures,
10. imbalance,
11. hallucinations,
12. Ataxia,
13. confusion,
14. Fever,
15. Thrombophlebitis and pain at the injection site,
16. motor disinhibition,
17. Feeling of heat and flushing of the face,
18. Eruptions on the face and body like urticaria.

Description of drugs

List of the best nootropic drugs that have become widespread in medical practice:

• "Piracetam" has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the brain. The drug is prescribed for the treatment, memory improvement, correction of dyslexia, cerebrosthenia and in children. "Piracetam" is an emergency remedy for withdrawal symptoms and delirium in alcoholics. It is used for viral neuroinfections and in the complex therapy of myocardial infarction.
• "Vinpocetine"- a neurometabolic agent that dilates the vessels of the brain and improves microcirculation. The drug supplies the brain tissue with oxygen and nutrients, reduces systemic blood pressure. Vinpocetine tablets thin the blood and improve its rheological properties. The drug has an antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. First, the drug is administered intravenously by drip for 14 days, and then proceed to oral administration of tablets.
• "Fenibut" appoint patients with asthenia, neurosis, insomnia, dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. Children "Fenibut" helps to cope with stuttering and tics. The drug normalizes metabolism in tissues, has a psychostimulating, antiplatelet and antioxidant effect. Phenibut is low toxic and non-allergic.
• "Pantogam"- an effective nootropic agent, widely used for the treatment of children. The main active ingredient of the drug is vitamin B 15. This is a physiologically active substance found in almost all plants and products.
• Phenotropil- a drug of the latest generation, which is popular with both patients and doctors. It has a pronounced adaptogenic effect and increases the body's resistance to stress. The drug does not cause dependence. It is often recommended to students during preparation for a session.
• Phezam is a nootropic drug intended for the complex treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. It has an effective effect on the nervous system, dilates blood vessels, stimulates the functioning of the organ of hearing and vision. "Fezam" eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headaches, fights against dizziness and amnesia. Persons who have had a stroke, or TBI, take Phezam for a long time. It helps patients recover quickly and eliminates the negative consequences of pathologies. Piracetam and Cinnarizine, which are part of the drug, dilate the vessels of the brain, improve brain nutrition, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate local blood flow, and reduce blood viscosity. Thanks to both components, the antihypoxic effect and antiplatelet activity are enhanced, the metabolism in the cells of the nervous system improves.
• "Cinnarizine"- a nootropic drug that strengthens the walls of cerebral vessels and causes them to dilate without changing blood pressure indicators. "Cinnarizine" has a sensitizing effect, suppresses nystagmus and is an effective prophylactic against motion sickness. It dilates small arteries and peripheral capillaries. The drug is released in a single dosage form - in the form of tablets for oral administration. "Cinnarizine" is prescribed not only for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but also for the prevention of migraine attacks and kinetosis. The medicine stops the symptoms of vegetovascular dystonia and: weakness, headache, dizziness. "Cinnarizine" is used to alleviate the condition in menopause. The drug normalizes sleep, relieves irritability, eliminates.
• "Cerebrolysin"- a complex nootropic drug that has passed clinical trials that confirmed its effectiveness and safety. The drug is produced in the form of tablets and solution for injection. "Cerebrolysin" is prescribed for the treatment of patients with various forms of mental and neurological diseases. According to reviews, "Cerebrolysin" activates the processes of mental activity and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and learning ability.
• "Actovegin"- antihypoxant, intended for the treatment of metabolic and vascular disorders of the brain and promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used for the prevention and treatment of radiation skin lesions, peripheral vascular disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy. "Actovegin" is produced in tablets for oral administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial injections. Gel, ointment and cream "Actovegin" is used topically.