Respiratory system problems. Diseases of the respiratory system: types and features. The structure of the respiratory system

The human respiratory system is made up of nasal passages , larynx , trachea , larynx , bronchi and lungs . Human lungs are surrounded by a thin connective sheath called pleura . The right and left lungs are located in the chest. The lungs are a very important organ, since the blood flow directly depends on its work. Therefore, in diseases of the lungs, in which the lung tissue is affected, not only respiratory functions, but also occur pathological changes in the human bloodstream.

The activity of the respiratory organs is regulated respiratory center which is located in the medulla oblongata.

Causes of respiratory diseases

In some cases, the disease is caused by a single type of pathogen. In that case, it is about monoinfections which is diagnosed more frequently. Less commonly, a person has mixed infections caused by several types of pathogens.

In addition to these reasons, factors that provoke respiratory diseases can be external allergens . In this case, we are talking about household allergens, which are dust, as well as house mites, which often cause bronchial asthma. Also, the human respiratory system can suffer from animal allergens, yeast and mold spores and fungi, from the pollen of a number of plants, as well as from insect allergens.

Some professional factors negatively affect the state of these organs. In particular, in the process of electric welding, steel vapors and nickel salts are released. In addition, respiratory diseases provoke some medications, food allergens.

Polluted air has a negative impact on the human respiratory system, in which a high content of certain chemical compounds; household pollution in residential premises, climatic conditions that are not suitable for a person; active and passive smoking.

Too frequent alcohol consumption is also highlighted as provoking factors, other chronic ailments human, foci of chronic infection in the body, genetic factor.

With each specific respiratory disease, certain symptoms appear. However, experts identify some signs that are characteristic of several diseases.

One of these signs is considered. It is subdivided into subjective (in this case, a person complains of shortness of breath during bouts of hysteria or neuroses), objective (a person changes the rhythm of breathing, as well as the duration of exhalation and inhalation) and combined (objective shortness of breath is observed with the addition of a subjective component, where the respiratory rate increases in some diseases). In diseases of the trachea and larynx, it manifests itself inspiratory shortness of breath, in which breathing is difficult. If the bronchi are affected, expiratory dyspnea is noted, in which exhalation is already difficult. mixed shortness of breath is characteristic.

The most severe form of shortness of breath is considered to occur with acute pulmonary edema . Sudden attacks of breathlessness are characteristic of asthma.

Cough - the second of the most characteristic signs of respiratory diseases. Cough occurs in humans as a reflex reaction to the presence of mucus in the larynx, trachea or bronchi. Also, a cough manifests itself if a foreign body enters the respiratory system. With different ailments, a cough of different types is manifested. With dry pleurisy or laryngitis, a person suffers from bouts of dry cough, during which sputum is not excreted.

Wet cough that exudes different amount sputum, characteristic of chronic , pneumonia , oncological diseases respiratory system .

In inflammatory processes in the bronchi or larynx, the cough is usually permanent. If a person is sick or pneumonia , then the cough worries him periodically.

In some diseases of the respiratory system, the patient manifests hemoptysis in which blood is released along with sputum when coughing. This symptom may occur with some serious illnesses respiratory system, and in diseases of the cardiovascular system.

In addition to the symptoms described above, patients with respiratory diseases may complain of pain. Pain can be localized in different places, sometimes it is associated directly with breathing, coughing fits or a certain position of the body.

Diagnostics

In order for the patient to be diagnosed correctly, the doctor should familiarize himself with the patient's complaints, conduct an examination and examine using palpation, auscultation, and percussion. These methods allow you to identify additional symptoms that allow you to accurately diagnose.

On examination, it is possible to determine the pathology of the shape of the chest, as well as the characteristics of breathing - frequency, type, depth, rhythm.

In the process of palpation, it is possible to assess the degree voice jitter, which at can be enhanced, and at pleurisy - weakened.

When examining with percussion, it is possible to determine a decrease in the amount of air in the lungs with edema or fibrosis. With an abscess, there is no air in the lobe or part of the lobe of the lungs; in patients with emphysema, the air content increases. In addition, percussion allows you to determine the boundaries of the patient's lungs.

With the help of auscultation, you can assess breathing, as well as listen to wheezing, the nature of which differs in different diseases.

In addition to these research methods, laboratory and instrumental methods are also used. The most informative are different types radiological methods.

By using endoscopic methods, which are bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, you can identify some purulent diseases, as well as detect tumors. Also, with the help of bronchoscopy, you can remove foreign bodies that get inside.

In addition, functional diagnostic methods are used to determine the presence of respiratory failure. Moreover, sometimes it is determined even before the first symptoms of the disease appear. For this purpose, lung volume is measured using a method called spirography. The intensity of pulmonary ventilation is also examined.

The use of laboratory research methods in the process of diagnosing allows you to determine the composition of sputum, which, in turn, is informative for diagnosing the disease. At acute bronchitis sputum is viscous, without color, has a mucous character. At pulmonary edema sputum is frothy, without color, has a serous character. At tuberculosis , chronic bronchitis sputum is greenish and viscous, has a mucopurulent character. At lung abscess sputum is purely purulent, greenish, semi-liquid. In severe lung diseases, blood is observed in the sputum.

In the process of microscopic examination of sputum, its cellular composition is determined. The study of urine and blood is also practiced. All these research methods allow diagnosing ailments that affect the respiratory system and prescribing the necessary treatment.

Treatment

Given the fact that respiratory diseases are one of the most common diseases in both children and adults, their treatment and prevention should be as clear and adequate as possible. If respiratory diseases are not diagnosed in a timely manner, then subsequently it takes much longer to treat the respiratory organs of a person, and the therapy system becomes more complex.

As medical methods therapy, a number of drugs are used, which are prescribed in a complex. In this case, practice etiotropic therapy (drugs that eliminate the cause of the disease), symptomatic treatment (eliminates the main symptoms), maintenance therapy (means for restoring functions that were impaired during the development of the disease). But any medication should be prescribed only by a doctor after a comprehensive examination. In most cases, the use is practiced that is effective against a specific pathogen.

In addition, other methods are used in the treatment of diseases: physiotherapy, inhalations, manual therapy, exercise therapy, reflexology, chest massage, breathing exercises, etc.

For the prevention of respiratory diseases, taking into account their structure and the characteristics of the transmission of pathogens, respiratory protection equipment is used. It is very important to use personal protective equipment (cotton-gauze bandages) while in direct contact with a person diagnosed with a viral infection.

Let us consider in more detail some common respiratory diseases, their treatment and methods of prevention.

Bronchitis

With the development of this disease, an acute inflammatory process of the bronchial mucosa occurs, in more rare cases, all layers of the bronchial walls become inflamed. The development of the disease is provoked by adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza, a number of bacteria and mycoplasmas. Sometimes some physical factors act as causes of bronchitis. Bronchitis can develop both against the background of an acute respiratory disease, and in parallel with it. The development of acute bronchitis occurs when the ability to filter air through the upper respiratory tract is impaired. In addition, bronchitis often affects smokers, people with chronic inflammation of the nasopharynx, and also in the presence of deformity of the chest.

Symptoms acute bronchitis usually occur in the background laryngitis or runny nose . The patient complains of discomfort behind the sternum, he is disturbed by bouts of dry or wet cough, weakness. The body temperature rises, and if the course of the disease is very severe, then the temperature is very high. Breathing is difficult, there is shortness of breath. Due to the constant tension when coughing, pain in the sternum and in the abdominal wall may occur. After a while, the cough becomes wet, and sputum begins to separate. As a rule, the acute symptoms of the disease begin to subside by about the fourth day, and if the course of the disease is favorable, then a cure is possible by the 10th day. But if it joins the disease bronchospasm bronchitis can become chronic.

Tracheitis

At acute tracheitis the patient has an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the trachea. It develops under the influence of bacterial, viral, or viral-bacterial infections. Inflammation can also develop under the influence of physical and chemical factors. The patient has swelling of the mucous membrane of the trachea, hoarse voice, labored breathing. Disturbed by coughing fits, as a result of which it develops headache. Cough manifests itself in the morning and at night, the temperature rises slightly, the general malaise is mild. Acute tracheitis sometimes becomes chronic.

Laryngitis

At laryngitis inflammation affects the mucous membrane of the larynx and vocal cords. Doctors divide laryngitis into chronic catarrhal and chronic hypertrophic . Depending on the intensity and prevalence of the pathological process, a certain clinical picture appears. Patients complain of hoarseness, itching and dryness in the throat, a constant feeling of a foreign body in the throat, a cough, in which sputum is difficult to separate.

Sinusitis

When the inflammatory process of the maxillary paranasal sinus develops. As a rule, this is a complication in some infectious diseases. Sinusitis is manifested under the influence of viruses or bacteria that enter the maxillary sinus through the blood or nasal cavity. With sinusitis, the patient is worried about the ever-increasing discomfort in the nose and the area around the nose. The pain becomes more intense in evening time, gradually turning into a general headache. Sometimes sinusitis develops on one side. Nasal breathing becomes difficult, the voice changes, becoming nasal. Sometimes the patient notes that the nostrils are laid alternately. Nasal discharge may be either clear and mucus or purulent greenish tint. But if the nose is very stuffy, mucus may not come out. Body temperature sometimes rises to 38 degrees, sometimes even higher. In addition, the person has a general malaise.

Rhinitis

Rhinitis , that is, a runny nose, is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, in which nasal congestion, discharge, and itching in the nose are observed. Rhinitis, as a rule, manifests itself as a consequence of severe hypothermia under the influence of bacteria or viruses. It stands out separately, manifested in people who are prone to allergic reactions. The disease develops under the influence of various allergens - plant pollen, ticks, animal hair, etc. acute and chronic form of illness. Chronic rhinitis is a consequence of external influences that disrupt the nutrition of the nasal mucosa. Also, the disease can become chronic frequent inflammations arising in the cavity. Only a doctor should treat this ailment, since chronic rhinitis can turn into sinusitis or sinusitis .

Angina

acute illness infectious nature, in which the inflammatory process of the palatine tonsils develops and , regional to them. The pathogen multiplies on the tonsils, after which it sometimes spreads to other organs, causing complications of the disease. After streptococcal tonsillitis a person does not develop. The disease starts with general feeling weakness, chills, headache. It is noted, aching in the joints. Body temperature can rise to 39C. Gradually, the pain in the throat becomes more intense. Submandibular lymph nodes increase, their soreness is present. There is redness of the palatine arches, uvula, tonsils. Also, sometimes there are places on the tonsils where pus accumulates.

Pneumonia

At pneumonia inflammation of the lungs occurs due to infection. The alveoli, which are responsible for oxygenating the blood, are affected. The disease causes a fairly wide range of pathogens. Pneumonia often manifests itself as a complication of other respiratory diseases. Most often, the disease occurs in children, the elderly, as well as in people with weakened defensive forces organism. The causative agents of the disease are in the lungs, getting there through Airways. Symptoms of the disease appear sharply: the temperature rises to 39-40 degrees, chest pain and cough develop with purulent sputum. At night, the patient is disturbed by strong sweating, and during the day - weakness. If timely treatment of the disease is not taken, a fatal outcome is likely.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. At tuberculosis the patient develops a cellular allergy, specific granulomas in different bodies and fabrics. The lungs, bones, joints, lymph nodes, skin and other organs and systems are gradually affected. If adequate treatment is not practiced, the disease ends fatally. It should be noted the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to various influences. Infection occurs by airborne droplets. If a person is diagnosed tuberculosis infection, then he is prescribed a full course of therapy with anti-tuberculosis drugs. Treatment is long, it takes up to 8 months. In advanced cases, surgical treatment is practiced - part of the lung is removed.

Prevention of respiratory diseases

The simplest, but at the same time very important method of preventing diseases of this type is to increase the time that a person spends on fresh air. It is equally important to ventilate the room frequently.

You should stop smoking, as well as regular drinking, as these habits affect the respiratory system especially negatively. After all harmful substances, which are present in both tobacco and alcohol, enter the lungs and injure them, and also negatively affect the mucous membranes. Heavy smokers are much more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer , as well as lungs , Chronical bronchitis .

As other methods of prevention, special breathing exercises, preventive inhalations from medicinal herbs, as well as using essential oils . People prone to respiratory diseases are advised to grow as many indoor flowers as possible in the house, which produce oxygen .

In general, the prevention of respiratory diseases consists in a healthy and active daily lifestyle.

The respiratory system is one of the most important "mechanisms" of our body. It not only fills the body with oxygen, participating in the process of respiration and gas exchange, but also performs a number of functions: thermoregulation, voice formation, smell, air humidification, hormone synthesis, protection from environmental factors, etc.

At the same time, the organs of the respiratory system, perhaps more often than others, are faced with various diseases. Every year we endure acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections and laryngitis, and sometimes we struggle with more serious bronchitis, tonsillitis and sinusitis.

We will talk about the features of diseases of the respiratory system, the causes of their occurrence and types in today's article.

Why do diseases of the respiratory system occur?

Diseases of the respiratory system are divided into four types:

• infectious- they are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi that enter the body and cause inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. For example, bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, etc.
• allergic- appear due to pollen, food and household particles, which provoke a violent reaction of the body to some allergens, and contribute to the development of respiratory diseases. For example, bronchial asthma.
• Autoimmune diseases of the respiratory system occur when the body fails, and it begins to produce substances directed against its own cells. An example of such an impact is idiopathic hemosiderosis of the lungs.
• hereditary- a person is predisposed to the development of certain diseases at the gene level.

Contribute to the development of diseases of the respiratory system and external factors. They do not directly cause the disease, but they can provoke its development. For example, in a poorly ventilated room, the risk of getting ARVI, bronchitis or tonsillitis increases.

Often, this is why office workers suffer from viral diseases more often than others. If air conditioning is used in offices in the summer instead of normal ventilation, then the risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases also increases.

Another mandatory office attribute - a printer - provokes the occurrence of allergic diseases of the respiratory system.

The main symptoms of diseases of the respiratory system

You can identify a disease of the respiratory system by the following symptoms:

• cough;
• pain;
• dyspnea;
• suffocation;
• hemoptysis

Cough is a reflex defensive reaction body on the mucus accumulated in the larynx, trachea or bronchi. By its nature, cough is different: dry (with laryngitis or dry pleurisy) or wet (with chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis), as well as constant (with inflammation of the larynx) and periodic (with infectious diseases - SARS, influenza).

Coughing may cause pain. Pain also accompanies those suffering from diseases of the respiratory system when breathing or a certain position of the body. It may vary in intensity, localization and duration.

Shortness of breath is also divided into several types: subjective, objective and mixed. Subjective appears in patients with neurosis and hysteria, objective occurs with emphysema and is characterized by a change in the rhythm of breathing and the duration of inhalation and exhalation.

Mixed shortness of breath occurs with inflammation of the lungs, bronchogenic lung cancer, tuberculosis and is characterized by an increase in respiratory rate. Also, shortness of breath can be inspiratory with difficulty in inhaling (diseases of the larynx, trachea), expiratory with difficulty exhaling (with bronchial damage) and mixed (pulmonary embolism).

Choking is the most severe form of shortness of breath. Sudden attacks of suffocation can be a sign of bronchial or cardiac asthma. With another symptom of diseases of the respiratory system - hemoptysis - when coughing, blood is released with sputum.

Allocations can appear with lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung abscess, as well as with diseases of cardio-vascular system(heart defects).

Types of diseases of the respiratory system

In medicine, there are more than twenty types of diseases of the respiratory system: some of them are extremely rare, while others we encounter quite often, especially during cold seasons.

Doctors divide them into two types: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Conventionally, the first of them are considered easier. These are mainly inflammatory diseases: ARVI, acute respiratory infections, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.

Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are considered more serious, as they often occur with complications. For example, bronchitis bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary emphysema, etc.

Let us dwell on the diseases of the first and second groups, which are more common than others.

Angina

Angina, or acute tonsillitis, is an infectious disease that affects the palatine tonsils. The bacteria that cause sore throats are especially active in cold and damp weather, so most often we get sick in autumn, winter and early spring.

You can get a sore throat by airborne or alimentary routes (for example, when using one dish). Particularly susceptible to angina are people with chronic tonsillitis - inflammation of the palatine tonsils and caries.

There are two types of angina: viral and bacterial. Bacterial - a more severe form, it is accompanied by severe sore throat, enlarged tonsils and lymph nodes, fever up to 39-40 degrees.

The main symptom of this type of angina is a purulent plaque on the tonsils. The disease is treated in this form with antibiotics and antipyretics.

Viral angina is easier. The temperature rises to 37-39 degrees, there is no plaque on the tonsils, but cough and runny nose appear.

If you start treating viral sore throat in time, you will be on your feet in 5-7 days.

Symptoms of angina: Bacterial - malaise, pain when swallowing, fever, headache, white coating on the tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes; viral - sore throat, temperature 37-39 degrees, runny nose, cough.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infectious disease accompanied by diffuse (affecting the entire organ) changes in the bronchi. Bacteria, viruses, or the occurrence of atypical flora can cause bronchitis.

Bronchitis is of three types: acute, chronic and obstructive. The first is cured in less than three weeks. A chronic diagnosis is made if the disease manifests itself for more than three months a year for two years.

If bronchitis is accompanied by shortness of breath, then it is called obstructive. With this type of bronchitis, a spasm occurs, due to which mucus accumulates in the bronchi. The main goal of treatment is to relieve spasm and remove accumulated sputum.

Symptoms: the main one is cough, shortness of breath with obstructive bronchitis.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic allergic disease in which the walls of the airways expand and the lumen narrows. Because of this, a lot of mucus appears in the bronchi and it becomes difficult for the patient to breathe.

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common diseases and the number of people suffering from this pathology is increasing every year. At acute forms bronchial asthma may cause life-threatening attacks.

Symptoms of bronchial asthma: cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, suffocation.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory disease that affects the lungs. The inflammatory process affects the alveoli - the end part of the respiratory apparatus, and they are filled with fluid.

The causative agents of pneumonia are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Pneumonia is usually severe, especially in children, the elderly, and those who already had other infectious diseases before the onset of pneumonia.

If symptoms appear, it is best to consult a doctor.

Symptoms of pneumonia: fever, weakness, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis - acute or chronic inflammation paranasal sinuses nose, there are four types:

• sinusitis - inflammation of the maxillary sinus;
• frontal sinusitis - inflammation of the frontal paranasal sinus;
• ethmoiditis - inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid bone;
• sphenoiditis - inflammation of the sphenoid sinus;

Inflammation in sinusitis can be unilateral or bilateral, with damage to all the paranasal sinuses on one or both sides. The most common type of sinusitis is sinusitis.

Acute sinusitis can occur with acute rhinitis, influenza, measles, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. Diseases of the roots of the four rear upper teeth can also provoke the appearance of sinusitis.

Sinusitis symptoms: fever, nasal congestion, mucous or purulent discharge, deterioration or loss of smell, swelling, pain when pressing on the affected area.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs, and in some cases the genitourinary system, skin, eyes, and peripheral (visible) lymph nodes.

Tuberculosis comes in two forms: open and closed. With an open form of mycobacterium tuberculosis, there is in the patient's sputum. This makes it contagious to others. With a closed form, there are no mycobacteria in the sputum, so the carrier cannot harm others.

The causative agents of tuberculosis are mycobacteria, transmitted by airborne droplets when coughing and sneezing or talking with the patient.

But you don't necessarily get infected through contact. The likelihood of infection depends on the duration and intensity of contact, as well as the activity of your immune system.

Symptoms of tuberculosis: cough, hemoptysis, fever, sweating, deterioration in performance, weakness, weight loss.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a non-allergic inflammation of the bronchi that causes them to narrow. Obstruction, or more simply, deterioration of patency, affects the normal gas exchange of the body.

COPD occurs as a result of an inflammatory reaction that develops after interaction with aggressive substances (aerosols, particles, gases). The consequences of the disease are irreversible or only partially reversible.

Symptoms of COPD: cough, sputum, shortness of breath.

The diseases listed above are only part of a large list of diseases that affect the respiratory system. We will talk about the diseases themselves, and most importantly their prevention and treatment, in the following articles of our blog.

For updates, we will send interesting materials about health directly to your mail.

The human respiratory system includes the nasal passages, larynx, trachea, as well as the bronchi and lungs. The system performs an important function of ensuring gas exchange, which is carried out by the alveoli of the lungs. As a result, body tissues are saturated with oxygen and released from carbon dioxide. Therefore, in the case of diseases when the lung tissue is affected, there is a violation of the functions of these organs, and pathological processes develop in the bloodstream.

Why do diseases of the human respiratory system occur, what are they? How are they treated? Let's talk about it today. We will also consider folk recipes that are useful to use for one or another pathology:

Respiratory system diseases - causes

Factors contributing to the development of diseases are allergens: house and street dust, micromites, animal hair, pollen of flowering plants, as well as mold fungi and allergens from insect bites.

They also negatively affect the respiratory system: poor environmental conditions, polluted outdoor and indoor air, smoking and unsuitable climatic conditions.

Pathogenic factors contributing to the development of diseases include alcohol abuse, the presence of chronic pathologies and genetic predisposition.

Treatment of diseases

Respiratory diseases are among the most common diseases in children and adults. Doctors note the importance of their early diagnosis and prompt treatment, and preventive measures. If you miss the moment and the disease takes a chronic form, the treatment will be much more difficult and lengthy.

Therapy is always complex, based on the results of diagnostics and an individual approach to each patient. The treatment plan includes drug therapy, phytotherapy and physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises, etc.

If speak about medical preparations, then etiotropic, symptomatic agents are usually prescribed, supportive therapy (vitamin complexes) is used. In addition, in the case bacterial infection use antibiotics. The drugs of each group should be prescribed by the attending physician, according to the established diagnosis.

Pathologies of the respiratory system and folk recipes for treatment

We list briefly the most common diseases. And also consider effective folk recipes that can be supplemented with the treatment prescribed by a doctor:

Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial mucosa (acute, chronic). Less often, the inflammatory process of all layers of their walls develops.

With this disease, healers recommend using such a remedy: mix together half a liter of natural Cahors, 200 g of finely chopped leaves of centennial aloe or plant extract and 300 g Bee Honey in honeycombs. Mix everything well. Close the jar tightly, leave for 2 weeks in a dark place. Take 1 tablespoon, 3 times throughout the day.

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx, the membranes of the vocal cords. May be chronic catarrhal or chronic hypertrophic.

This recipe is suitable for treatment: mix together half a glass of such a remedy as Borjomi mineral water (warmed up) and hot milk. To the mixture, add 1 tsp of natural honey, high-quality 5-star Armenian cognac and butter. Mix and drink twice a day.

Sinusitis - inflammation of the maxillary paranasal sinus. Most often it develops against the background (as a complication) of some infectious diseases.

Complex treatment is supplemented with inhalations. For example, from potatoes. Boil a few tubers in uniform, drain the water, slightly remember them with a pusher. To a hot potato, add 1 tsp of a remedy such as propolis tincture in alcohol. Then breathe over the steam, covering your head with a towel.

Rhinitis (runny nose) - inflammation of the nasal mucosa. It is manifested by congestion or, conversely, copious discharge, itching in the nasal ducts.

Try this folk recipe: prepare an infusion of dried herb woodlice: 1 teaspoon per cup of boiling water. Strain after an hour. Rinse the nasal passages with warm infusion, pulling it in with one and then the other nostril, spit out the liquid.

Angina is an acute infectious, inflammatory disease of the palatine tonsils, as well as nearby lymph nodes.

Complex therapy can be supplemented with such a rinse: dissolve in a glass of warm water 1 tablespoon of natural apple cider vinegar. Gargle with half the volume every couple of hours, and drink the other half.

Pneumonia is an infectious inflammatory process of the lungs caused by pathogens. There is a defeat of the alveoli, saturating the blood with oxygen. Pneumonia often develops as a complication of other pathologies of the respiratory system.

Treatment is always complex. It is useful to supplement it with folk remedies. Healers suggest using this recipe: pass 300 g of garlic through the spadefoot, squeeze the juice through the gauze. Add it to half a liter of Cahors drink from the holy Mount Athos, shake it up, put it away for 2 weeks.

Then, shaking the contents, take a small sip several times a day. Before taking the infusion must be heated. It is also useful to rub the chest and back with this remedy.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This pathology characterized by cell allergy, the occurrence of specific granulomas in tissues and organs: lungs, bones, joints, lymph nodes and skin. In the absence of adequate treatment, it ends with the death of a person.

Disease prevention

To protect yourself from respiratory diseases, simple preventive measures that reduce the risk of their development will help:

Ventilate the room more often, in the warm season, sleep with open window.

Increase the time of walking in the fresh air, go out into nature more often, try to spend your vacation outside the city.

Do not lead a sedentary lifestyle, lead an active lifestyle, move more, go in for sports, such as swimming.

The state of the respiratory system is very negatively affected by smoking and alcohol. Harmful carcinogens, which are found in tobacco and alcoholic beverages, injure mucous membranes, disrupt normal work organs. Therefore, we need to get rid of these bad habits. It is advisable to stop drinking alcohol and smoking.

If you are prone to diseases of the respiratory system, grow indoor plants that will increase the level of oxygen in the house and purify the air of harmful substances.

If you still get sick, without losing valuable time, consult a doctor for timely diagnosis and professional treatment. Be healthy!

general description illness. This is a chronic disease of the respiratory system, in which attacks of suffocation occur. The occurrence of seizures is associated with a sharp narrowing of the bronchial tract and is accompanied by coughing and difficulty in breathing (exhalation). During an attack, the patency of the bronchi is sharply disturbed due to spasm of the muscles of the small bronchi, swelling of the mucous membrane and blockage of its viscous discharge.

Picture and course of the disease. The main manifestation of the disease is an asthma attack. As a rule, it begins suddenly and most often at night. At the same time, breathing is difficult, the exhalation is elongated and is accompanied by loud whistling wheezing. Then the cough starts. In severe attacks, the patient usually cannot pronounce several words in a row - he does not have enough breath. Breathing during an attack is superficial, cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes appears.

After some time, breathing becomes easier, sputum is separated and the attack stops. An attack can last from several minutes to several hours. Long-lasting or frequent attacks during the day are called asthmatic conditions.

The reasons. The development of the disease is based on hereditary, congenital and (or) acquired defects in the sensitivity of the bronchi in general hypersensitivity organism to certain substances or environmental irritants. In addition, frequent and not completely cured infectious diseases that weaken the immune system can also cause illness. Highest value in the development of the disease is given allergic mechanisms. Non-specific allergens provoke bronchospasm: flower pollen, household dust, some food and medicinal factors.

In addition to infectious-allergic forms of bronchial asthma, non-immunological forms are currently distinguished, for which physical effort, as well as some anti-inflammatory drugs, are provoking factors.

Grandma's Syrup

Bronchalamin

Do not cough

Pulmocleans

Super lang

General description of the disease. There are acute and chronic bronchitis.

Acute bronchitis is an inflammatory disease of the bronchi, often accompanied by a violation of their patency. Most often, acute bronchitis is based on an infectious process caused by bacteria and viruses.

Chronic bronchitis is a progressive inflammation of the bronchi, not associated with lung damage, and manifested by coughing. O chronic course The illness is said to be if the cough continues for at least 3 months annually for 2 years in a row.

Picture and course of the disease. Acute bronchitis begins general malaise, appear muscle pain, a runny nose often occurs, inflammatory lesions of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, a feeling of tightness in the chest and soreness behind the sternum are noted. The disease is accompanied by a cough, leading to the separation of mucopurulent sputum, and narrowing of the bronchi. Body temperature may rise, but most often remains normal. Only when severe course disease, there is a sharp increase in temperature and very coughing. Often patients feel severe pain in the lower part of the chest and abdominal wall, which is associated with muscle strain when coughing. During the course of the disease, the cough turns from dry to wet, sputum begins to separate more significantly. With a favorable course of the disease, acute bronchitis usually ends within 1-3 weeks.

In acute bronchitis, there may be a violation bronchial patency, the main clinical manifestation of which is a paroxysmal cough, dry or difficult to separate sputum, accompanied by a violation of lung ventilation. There is an increase in shortness of breath, cyanosis, wheezing in the lungs, especially on exhalation and in horizontal position. Acute bronchitis with impaired bronchial patency tends to lingering current and transition to a chronic form. 12

Chronic bronchitis begins gradually. The first symptom is a cough in the morning with expectoration of mucous sputum. Gradually, the cough begins to occur both at night and during the day, intensifying in cold weather. The amount of sputum increases, it becomes mucopurulent or purulent. There is also progressive shortness of breath. In the course of the disease, exacerbations may occur, which are especially frequent during periods of cold and damp weather: coughing, shortness of breath increase, the amount of sputum increases, malaise appears, the patient often sweats, quickly gets tired. Body temperature is mostly normal. There are disturbances in the work of the heart. In chronic bronchitis, gas exchange in the lungs decreases, and the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen and is forced to work in an enhanced mode. Over time, this condition can lead to lung failure, heart enlargement, and eventually heart failure and circulatory disorders.

The reasons. As we have said, acute bronchitis is caused by viruses and bacteria. Cooling of the body, sharp fluctuations in temperature, prolonged exposure to conditions are essential in the occurrence of the disease. high humidity, in connection with which the highest incidence is observed in spring and autumn. The occurrence of the disease is promoted by smoking, weakening of the body due to chronic diseases. In some cases, the development of bronchitis is noted as a result of the action of toxic gases, essential oils (in high concentrations), dust, etc.

Chronic bronchitis occurs from long-term irritation of the bronchial mucosa by various harmful factors that have already been listed, as well as by infection (viruses, bacteria, fungi). Pathology of the upper respiratory tract plays a negative role. There is a hereditary predisposition.

Aqua propolis

Grandma's Syrup

Bronchalamin

Vitaminka forest

Herbal vitamin

Flower vitamin

Hypo-allergic

Cat's Claw - Evalar

lung herbs

Raspberry flavor

Do not cough

Normoflorin-L

propovit

Propovit with Vitamin C

Pulmocleans

Rudvitol

free breathing

Syrup Embi No. 7

Stimmunal

Super lang

Phytocough

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. Influenza is one of the most common viral diseases affecting primarily the respiratory tract. Experts define influenza as an acutely contagious infectious disease that occurs with symptoms of general intoxication (fever, weakness, headache, nausea, and sometimes vomiting). This disease is caused by different types of influenza virus. Human susceptibility to the influenza virus is very high. Moreover, the immunity acquired after the disease is often lost due to the great variability of influenza viruses, they have more and more new properties for which the body has not yet developed special protection. As a rule, the flu begins in the cold season. According to statistics, influenza affects up to 15% of the world's population.

Picture and course of the disease. The most common signs of influenza infection are headache, general malaise, fever and chills, and muscle pain. Then there is a sore throat, cough. Most often, the disease flares up suddenly and ranges from a mild course (mild runny nose, no fever) to severe conditions, accompanied by convulsions, high temperature, photophobia, profuse sweating, hallucinations. With a non-complicated, i.e., mild form of influenza, the disease is cured in a week. In severe forms, the recovery process is delayed for several weeks. The "big minus" of the flu is complications. The most common are pneumonia, inflammation of the frontal and maxillary sinuses (frontal sinusitis and sinusitis), inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) and pleurisy. In some cases, the flu can give a heart complication, which manifests itself in the form of myocarditis or pericarditis. Severe brain damage may also occur. There is a threat of exacerbation of diseases already existing in a person, for example, tuberculosis, rheumatism, chronic tonsillitis, kidney disease.

The reasons. The causative agents of influenza, as we have already noted, are viruses, and the direct source of infection is a sick person. When the virus enters the body, it begins to work at the level of cells of the mucous membranes, thereby causing their destruction and separation. These cells contain the virus and when talking, coughing, sneezing, they enter the air with drops of saliva (airborne infection). Rarely, but there is a so-called household route of infection transmission (through household items: dishes, linen, towels, etc.).

Of particular danger are patients with erased signs of the disease, they often do not go to the doctor, do not observe bed rest, continuing to communicate widely with others and spread the disease. You can get the flu at any time of the year, but this epidemic is most typical for wet and cold weather. Damp weather with sharp cooling and warming, heavy rainfall contributes to the onset of the disease. Another, no less important reason for the development of the disease is a weakened the immune system. Besides, various kinds diseases can also cause the development of influenza infection.

Abisib Midocel

Apilactin Don't Cough

Grandma's syrup Normoflorin-L

Viraton Rudvitol

Children's vitamin Sodecor

Vitaminka forest Stimmunal

Herbal vitamin Tinrostim-ST

Vitamin flower Tonzinal

Vitaminka berry Faringal

Hyporamine Phytogrippin

Elecampane Phytotea "Doctor Selez-

Rosehip extract dragee nev "No. 30 (For sore throat)

Cranberry Ehinakam

Lesmine Echinacea succinic

General description of the disease. This is an acute infectious disease that occurs as a result of damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract by bacteria. Most often, this disease occurs in childhood. The incubation period is 1-2 weeks, after which catarrh of the upper respiratory tract develops. People who have had whooping cough develop strong immunity to it.

Picture and course of the disease. Catarrh of the upper respiratory tract is usually accompanied by a slight increase in temperature, a cough develops, which increases as the disease progresses. The period accompanied by a cough can last up to 2 weeks. Cough is usually paroxysmal: a few short coughs are followed by an involuntary breath, accompanied by a characteristic whistling sound. After a coughing fit, bleeding or vomiting may develop. Over the next 2-3 weeks, the symptoms of the disease begin to subside, the cough loses its convulsive character, and other symptoms of the disease gradually disappear.

Depending on the frequency coughing fits and the severity of other symptoms distinguish between mild, moderate and severe forms of the disease. There is also an erased form of the disease, in which the spastic nature of the cough is not expressed.

The reasons. The causative agent of the disease is a small gram-negative rod, which is unstable in the external environment. When this bacterium enters the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, it begins to produce toxins that irritate the mucous membrane and affect the central nervous system. The reasons for the development of the disease are a weak immune system, communication with carriers of an infection that is transmitted by airborne droplets, as well as a tendency to allergic diseases.

Grandma's Syrup

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. This is an inflammatory disease that affects the mucous membrane of the larynx, vocal folds.

Picture and course of the disease. There are chronic and acute laryngitis.

In acute laryngitis, dryness in the mouth, perspiration, soreness and scratching in the throat are felt. The disease is characterized by a cough, which is initially dry, and later accompanied by sputum. The voice becomes hoarse and rough, and sometimes completely disappears. When swallowing, pain occurs. Headaches and slight fever may also occur. The duration of the disease usually does not exceed 7-10 days. Under adverse conditions, it can go into a subacute or chronic form.

Children 6–8 years of age may develop an unusual form of acute laryngitis, which is classified as "false croup", which is similar in its manifestation to croup in laryngeal diphtheria. With this disease, a sharp narrowing of the lumen of the larynx due to inflammatory edema may occur. False croup is most often observed in children prone to allergic diseases.

In chronic laryngitis, hoarseness, rapid fatigue of the voice, sore throat with occasional coughing are noted.

The reasons. Acute laryngitis occurs with catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, etc. Hypothermia, voice strain, inhalation of dusty air, irritating fumes and gases, and smoking contribute to its development.

The causes of chronic laryngitis are the same as in acute laryngitis, only they act for a longer time, making this disease long-term, up to several years. Chronic laryngitis It can also be an occupational disease, which is very common among teachers.

Grandma's Syrup

Vitaminka winter

Kedrovit

From a sore throat

Pulmocleans

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Euflorin-L

General description of the disease. ARI is a collective name and includes a number of infectious diseases that are caused by viruses and occur with symptoms of damage to the mucous membranes of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Up to 140 respiratory viruses are known to cause acute respiratory infections.

Picture and course of the disease. With a disease, two main syndromes are distinguished: catarrhal, when there is an increased formation and separation thick mucus or sputum mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and intoxication. The ratio of these syndromes is determined by the type of the prevailing virus. In this regard, there are: adenovirus infection, parainfluenza, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial infections.

With adenovirus infection, phenomena characteristic of rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and tonsillitis predominate. The disease usually develops gradually: health begins to deteriorate, headache appears, body temperature rises, weakness and malaise are noted, sometimes nausea and vomiting, a runny nose appears, in some cases there may be a dry, debilitating cough.

Parainfluenza has incubation period from 1 to 7 days. The disease begins with a slight malaise, runny nose, cough. Body temperature may rise slightly. The upper respiratory tract is affected, which is accompanied by pain and sore throat, nasal congestion, dry cough.

Rhinovirus infection manifests itself as rhinitis and laryngitis. Malaise appears, body temperature may remain normal or increase, but slightly. Rhinovirus infection affects the upper respiratory tract, less often the larynx.

Respiratory syncytial infection most often affects the lower respiratory tract, spreads to the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It begins with rhinitis, then a cough develops, which may be accompanied by symptoms of suffocation.

The reasons. ARI is an off-season disease, but adverse weather conditions (temperature changes, high humidity, cold and wet weather) contribute to a more serious disease. Infection occurs, as a rule, from sick people, less often from carriers of viruses who excrete them with drops of saliva, sputum, nasal mucus when talking, coughing or sneezing. With inhaled air, the virus enters the upper respiratory tract and invades the cells of the outer layer of the mucous membrane, which causes their destruction and separation. Viruses release toxic substances that poison the body. Weakened immune system, prolonged exposure to indoors with a large crowd of people - these are additional causes of the onset and development of the disease.

Vitaminka for children

Vitaminka winter

Herbal vitamin

Flower vitamin

Vitaminka berry

Hyporamine

Kedrovit

Do not cough

Normoflorin-L

propovit

Propovit with Vitamin C

Rudvitol

Tinrostim-ST

Tonzinal

Faringal

Phytocough

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

Euflorin-L

General description of the disease. This disease is an inflammation of the membrane lining the chest cavity from the inside and covering the lungs. This membrane is called the pleura. AT normal condition the surface of the pleura is smooth and shiny. During the inflammatory process, a plaque forms on it, it becomes sticky and a person feels pain when breathing.

Picture and course of the disease. Pleurisy is divided into dry and sweaty.

Common to both types of pleurisy are severe chest pain that a person experiences when inhaling. These pains extend to the armpits, shoulder girdle and epigastric region. There is a painful dry cough, accompanied by general weakness and fever.

With dry pleurisy, the pleura swells, thickens, becomes uneven. With effusion pleurisy in pleural cavity fluid accumulates, which can be light and transparent, bloody or purulent. With the accumulation of a large amount of fluid in the pleural cavity, respiratory failure may occur due to a sharp compression of the lung and restriction of its respiratory surface. At the same time, pallor of the skin, cyanosis of the lips, rapid and shallow breathing are noted.

The reasons. The causative agents of pleurisy are mycobacterium tuberculosis, pneumococci, staphylococci, pale treponema, viruses, fungi, etc. They penetrate the pleura by contact, through lymph, blood or in case of violation of the integrity of the pleura, for example, with a penetrating wound of the chest, fractures of the ribs. Common causes of pleurisy are systemic diseases. connective tissue, such as rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as neoplasms, thromboembolism and pulmonary thrombosis. The course and duration of pleurisy is usually determined by the underlying disease.

Bronchalamin

Cat's Claw - Evalar

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. Pneumonia is a very serious infectious and inflammatory disease. Otherwise, it is also called pneumonia. It may appear as independent disease and as a complication of other diseases. With pneumonia, the alveoli, i.e., the air sacs of the lungs, are affected, they become inflamed and filled with mucus and pus, as a result of which the respiratory functions of the lungs are impaired.

Picture and course of the disease. Pneumonia differs in the duration of the disease and the prevalence of the process. In the first case, chronic and acute pneumonia are distinguished. In the second case, they speak of lobar, or croupous, pneumonia and focal.

Acute pneumonia occurs suddenly and lasts from several days to several weeks. Chronic pneumonia can be a negative outcome of acute pneumonia or occur as a complication of chronic bronchitis, or some other acute inflammatory disease respiratory system.

In chronic pneumonia, the disease proceeds in waves, while the patient's condition can either improve or worsen. The frequency of exacerbations depends on the characteristics of the patient's body and conditions. environment. Prolonged and frequent exacerbations lead to sclerosis of lung tissues and expansion of the bronchi or their sections. And these complications, in turn, lengthen the periods of exacerbation of chronic pneumonia. During exacerbation, clinical manifestations are similar to acute inflammation lungs - the same cough with sputum, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, but unlike acute pneumonia, these phenomena subside more slowly, and complete recovery may not occur.

Croupous pneumonia, or lobar, usually affects lung lobe. It begins acutely, a person usually experiences severe chills, body temperature rises sharply to 39–40 ° C. There are pains on the side of the affected lung, and these pains are aggravated by coughing, accompanied by the release of viscous sputum streaked with blood. The patient has reddening of the face, often herpes appears on the lips. Breathing from the very beginning of the disease is rapid, superficial. 20

A few words should be said about SARS, which in 2003 made the world shudder. SARS is any disease that affects the lungs and cannot be treated with penicillin. SARS refers to lung infections caused by certain types of microorganisms, such as chlamydia, mycoplasmas.

The reasons. Pneumonia can occur as an independent disease or as a complication of other diseases. Pneumonia can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, as well as protozoa and mycoplasmas. As a rule, pneumonia occurs after infectious and inflammatory diseases. upper divisions respiratory tract, such as colds, flu. Factors that increase the risk of pneumonia include age (under 1 year or older than 60 years), weakened immune system, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, HIV infection, strokes, smoking, kidney failure, inhalation of irritating chemicals, allergies. The development of the disease can also contribute severe hypothermia, significant physical and neuropsychic overload.

lung herbs

Pulmocleans

Syrup Embi No. 7

Super lang

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 39 (From the cold)

General description of the disease. The cold is acute illness upper respiratory tract (nose, throat and bronchi), which is caused by viruses and is characterized by a number of symptoms, such as runny nose, cough, sneezing, nasal congestion, sore throat, etc. According to statistics, about half of the population has a cold at least once in a year.

Picture and course of the disease. Colds usually start watery secretions from the nose, nasal congestion and sneezing. Mucus flows from the nasal compartment into the pharynx, which irritates its mucous membrane, causing a cough. In addition, symptoms such as sore throat, weakness, dizziness, and watery eyes may appear. In adults, a cold usually clears up in one week, while in younger children school age an uncomplicated cold lasts 10-14 days. Adults can get sick at almost any time of the year, while children are more likely to get sick from September to April.

During the course of the disease, an inflammatory process develops on the surface of the mucous membrane, which creates the basis for a subsequent bacterial infection and, therefore, can cause a number of complications, for example, acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, acute pharyngitis, acute laryngitis, acute tracheobronchitis and even pneumonia.

Over the years, a person develops immunity against cold infection therefore adults are more resistant to the disease than children. But because the strength of the immune system declines with age, older people are less able to resist colds, especially secondary ones.

The reasons. Both internal and external factors contribute to the development of a cold. Physical or psychological stress can also influence the onset of an infection. Internal factors are, as we have already said, early childhood and old age, low birth weight, prematurity, chronic diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, malnutrition, unhealthy diet, bad dream and a sedentary lifestyle.

The main external factors are smoking, including passive smoking, contacts with already sick people, air pollution, dry and hot indoor air.

Grandma's Syrup

Vitaminka for children

Herbal vitamin

Flower vitamin

Vitaminka berry

Hypo-allergic

Rosehip extract dragee

Raspberry flavor (granules)

free breathing

Warming collection

Stimmunal

Phytocough

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 39 (From the common cold)

Effervescent tablets "Raspberry flavor"

ehinakam

General description of the disease. Rhinitis, or runny nose, is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Most often, rhinitis occurs as a reaction of the body to general local cooling, leading to the activation of conditionally pathogenic flora, which is constantly present in our mouth, nose and nasopharynx. Rhinitis may be the only manifestation of a cold, but it can also mean the onset of a more severe one, accompanied by elevated temperature, diseases, such as influenza, bronchitis, tonsillitis. Rhinitis can be caused by various microbes and viruses.

According to the nature of the course, symptoms, several types of rhinitis are distinguished.

Acute rhinitis is always bilateral. With this disease, at first there is a slight malaise, a feeling of dryness in the nasopharynx, itching in the nose. Breathing through the nose is difficult, sneezing, lacrimation appear, the sense of smell is reduced or almost lost, the timbre of the voice changes (we begin to speak with a “French pronunciation”). At the beginning of the disease, discharge from the nose is liquid, watery. In the future, the discharge becomes mucopurulent. The disease lasts about 12–14 days (until complete recovery, if there are no complications during the course of the disease).

In chronic catarrhal or simple rhinitis, periodic nasal congestion and profuse discharge are noted. Nasal breathing is difficult. The general condition usually does not suffer.

In chronic atrophic rhinitis, there is dryness in the nasal cavity, difficult blowing, a decrease in smell. Frequent nosebleeds.

In chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, persistent nasal discharge, congestion, headache, decreased sense of smell are noted.

Vasomotor, allergic rhinitis is characterized by sharp and sudden attacks of nasal congestion, accompanied by copious watery-mucous discharge and sneezing.

The reasons. Acute rhinitis can be both an independent disease and a symptom of acute infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, diphtheria, etc. The predisposing factor is hypothermia, less often mechanical or chemical irritations.

Chronic catarrhal or simple rhinitis may be based on prolonged or recurring acute rhinitis, as well as prolonged exposure to chemical and thermal irritants.

Chronic atrophic rhinitis may be due to adverse climatic conditions, occupational hazard, often repeated acute rhinitis or infectious diseases. Surgical intervention in the nose can also lead to chronic atrophic rhinitis.

Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis is most often a consequence of chronic catarrhal rhinitis and may develop as a result of long-term exposure adverse factors(dust, gases, unsuitable climate, etc.). The cause of the disease is often a chronic inflammatory process in the paranasal sinuses.

Vasomotor, allergic rhinitis is classified as a neuro-reflex disease and occurs most often in individuals with vegetative nervous disorders- this is the reaction of the body to any allergen (pollen of cereals and other plants, perfumes and cosmetics, household (household) dust, pet hair, etc.).

Hyporamine

Tonzinal

Faringal

Garlic

General description of the disease. Acute tonsillitis is an infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the palatine tonsils. Sometimes inflammation can spread to the lingual and nasopharyngeal tonsils. It occurs very often, especially in wet and cold weather in autumn and spring. Most often, acute tonsillitis affects people with reduced immunity.

Picture and course of the disease. Depending on the form of the course of the disease and symptoms, several types of tonsillitis are distinguished.

Catarrhal acute tonsillitis begins suddenly and is accompanied by perspiration, mild sore throat, general malaise, low temperature. Pain when swallowing is always pronounced, when swallowing saliva, it is felt more strongly. In the pharynx (on examination) there is a moderate swelling. In some cases, enlarged lymph nodes. The disease can last 3-5 days, then the temperature drops and the condition returns to normal. Often there is only 24 initial stage another form of angina, and sometimes a manifestation of a particular infectious disease.

Symptoms of lacunar acute tonsillitis are more pronounced. The inflammatory process captures the deeper sections of the tonsils. Lacunar angina just like catarrhal, it begins suddenly, but at the same time, the features of intoxication of the body are clearly manifested: chills, headache, high temperature (up to 40 ° C), which can last for quite a long time. Lymph nodes are inflamed and painful on palpation. When examining the throat on the tonsils, a white-yellowish coating in the form of a film is clearly visible. It does not completely cover the surface of the tonsils, but is located in foci (lacunar), and their number can vary from 2 to 5, according to the number of lacunae. In some cases, they can merge and cover the entire surface of the tonsil. At this stage, the disease can be very difficult to distinguish from diphtheria. A significant difference is that plaque goes beyond the boundaries of the tonsil in diphtheria and its clear localization in the case of lacunar acute tonsillitis.

Phlegmonous acute tonsillitis is most often a complication of another form and develops 1-2 days after it has ended. With this disease, inflammation of the peri-almond tissue is noted. The process is most often unilateral, characterized by a sharp pain when swallowing, headache, chills, feeling of weakness, weakness, nasality, fever up to 38–39 ° C, copious excretion saliva. With this disease, it is very important to start treatment immediately, otherwise an abscess may form, which will greatly complicate the course of the disease and the application of therapeutic measures.

Follicular acute tonsillitis is considered one of the most severe forms. With this form of the disease, festering follicles are visible, translucent through the mucous membrane in the form of small yellow-white vesicles (or small grains), the number of which ranges from 5 to 20. The disease is usually accompanied by high fever, headache, aching muscles and joints , chills. Swallowing becomes very painful. The cervical lymph nodes are greatly enlarged and painful on palpation, the pulse is quickened. A yellowish coating is clearly visible on the tongue.

The reasons. This disease is infectious. The causative agents of the disease are most often bacteria - staphylococci, streptococci, less often - pneumococci. Infection occurs by airborne droplets, through common dishes, kisses and even a handshake. The source of internal infection can be chronic inflammatory processes in the palatine tonsils, purulent diseases of the nose and sinuses, as well as carious and periodontal teeth. A weakened immune system is an additional risk factor.

Acute tonsillitis is an insidious disease, as complications can be very severe. The main complications include: rheumatism, cholecystitis, meningitis, nephritis, otitis media, acute laryngitis, laryngeal edema, acute cervical lymphadenitis, neck phlegmon often develop.

Aqua propolis

Vitaminka winter

Hyporamine

From a sore throat

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Phytoangin

Phytogrippin

General description of the disease. Chronic tonsillitis is understood as inflammation of the palatine tonsils. This disease affects both adults and children. Often this disease can be a consequence of acute tonsillitis. The disease is characterized by a sluggish inflammatory process.

Picture and course of the disease. The disease begins with a feeling of sore throat, a feeling of rawness and finding a foreign body in the throat, in the tonsils. These sensations may be accompanied by pain, which is aggravated by swallowing. When swallowing, the pain may radiate to the ear. The pharynx turns red, swells, the palatine tonsils are swollen, pus accumulates in the gaps. Often, the disease is accompanied by a low temperature, decreased performance, lethargy, headache, and sometimes coughing fits. Very often it is not possible to immediately establish chronic tonsillitis. The patient may complain of frequent sore throats, accompanied by high fever, increased fatigue. But there are forms of chronic tonsillitis without tonsillitis. When examining the throat, one can see pus in the gaps and festering follicles on the tonsils.

The unpleasant side of this disease are complications. Among these complications, there are quite severe ones, such as rheumatism, polyarthritis.

The reasons. The cause of chronic tonsillitis is repeated tonsillitis, less often other acute infectious diseases e.g. scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria. Development of chronic tonsillitis 26 contributes to a persistent violation of nasal breathing (adenoids, curvature of the nasal septum), diseases of the paranasal sinuses, carious teeth, chronic catarrhal pharyngitis, chronic rhinitis. Additional factors can be considered hypothermia, a sharp fluctuation in temperature, exposure to irritating substances, such as tobacco smoke, dustiness.

Vitaminka winter

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 30 (From angina)

Garlic

Euflorin-L

General description of the disease. Tuberculosis is an infectious, highly contagious, i.e., transmitted by contact, disease characterized by the formation of specific inflammatory changes. Tuberculosis mainly affects the lungs, but the pathological process can also affect other organs, including the bones, kidneys, intestines, spleen, and liver. Often the disease ends lethal outcome. It is usually spread by airborne droplets when a person coughs with active form diseases. Tuberculosis is a chronic disease.

Picture and course of the disease. In the tissues where tuberculosis microbacteria have penetrated, areas of inflammation appear in the form of small tubercles or large foci. In a normal state of immunity, the body successfully suppresses the infection that has entered it. But at reduced immunity, as well as in the case of penetration into the lungs of pathogens of other diseases, the tuberculosis microbacterium begins to actively multiply, and the lung tissue is destroyed. Tuberculosis symptoms develop slowly and are nonspecific at first: general weakness cough, loss of appetite, increased sweating at night, chest pains. As the disease progresses, the amount of sputum produced increases, the symptoms worsen (fever becomes more pronounced, night sweats increase). With tuberculosis, there are pains in the chest area, chronic fatigue syndrome.

Many microbacteria are always found in sputum; in addition, pulmonary hemoptysis and even bleeding may occur. In advanced cases, tuberculosis of the larynx may develop, and the patient begins to speak in a whisper.

The reasons. The reason for the development of tuberculosis is a weakened immune system due to other diseases, malnutrition (especially with a lack of animal proteins, vitamins), and the causative agent is microbacteria. Crowding of people living in unsanitary conditions, unfavorable environmental conditions contribute to the development of this disease (it is not surprising that tuberculosis is most often found in prisons, nursing homes). Another important factor is the AIDS epidemic.

In addition to people, livestock, mainly cattle, and poultry suffer from tuberculosis, they can be a source of infection in countryside. Tuberculosis is transmitted through milk and lactic acid products from sick cows (therefore, fresh milk should be boiled before drinking), as well as through eggs from sick chickens.

Tuberculosis is not inherited. As a rule, children of sick parents are born healthy. But if the parents are not actively treated, do not take precautions, the child can become infected and get sick with tuberculosis.

Apilactin

Grandma's Syrup

Bronchalamin

Kedrovit

propovit

Propovit with Vitamin C

Super lang

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.

Picture and course of the disease. Pharyngitis is acute and chronic.

Acute pharyngitis is most often combined with acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract (flu, respiratory catarrh, various infectious diseases). At the beginning of the disease, a person feels a sore throat and slight pain when swallowing.

Moreover, the pain is more pronounced when swallowing saliva than when swallowing food. Body temperature may be low general state suffers, as a rule, a little. When examining the throat, a reddened mucous membrane is visible, in some places there is a purulent plaque on it, the tongue swells.

Chronic pharyngitis is distinguished (depending on the course and symptoms) of three forms.

Chronic atrophic pharyngitis is most often combined with atrophy of the nasal mucosa. With this form, dryness and soreness in the throat are felt, a dry cough often occurs, and rapid fatigue of the voice is noted. When examining the throat, the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall looks dry, thinned, pale, shiny, as if covered with a thin layer of varnish. Often there is mucus on it, which dries up in the form of crusts.

Catarrhal pharyngitis is the mildest form of chronic pharyngitis and is accompanied by a sensation of itching, soreness and the presence of a foreign body in the throat. When swallowing spicy or hot food, the pain intensifies. A large amount of mucus accumulates in the pharynx, which causes the patient to constantly cough up and expectorate. When examining the throat, swelling of the pharyngeal mucosa, tongue, and soft palate is visible.

Hypertrophic pharyngitis is characterized by the same symptoms as the catarrhal form, but they are more pronounced. On the back wall of the pharynx are visible large bright red grains - granules. A large amount of mucus makes the patient constantly cough and expectorate. The expectoration is especially violent in the morning and is sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

The reasons. In most cases, development acute pharyngitis associated with the pathogenic effect of viruses and bacteria, but it can also occur when exposed to some annoying factors to the sensitive back wall pharynx or mouth, such as cold air when breathing through the mouth and talking in the cold, too hot or cold food(drinks), smoke, alcohol, dust, gases, etc.

Chronic pharyngitis, as a rule, develops from acute if the irritants acting on the mucous membrane of the pharynx are not eliminated for a long time. Contribute to the occurrence of the disease runny nose, tonsillitis, purulent inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, dental caries, metabolic disorders, diseases of the heart, lungs, kidneys. External causes of the disease may be excessive dryness of the air, sharp fluctuations in ambient temperature, dust, air pollution, smoking.

Grandma's Syrup

Vitaminka winter

Herbal vitamin

Flower vitamin

From a sore throat

propovit

Propovit with Vitamin C

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Phytoangin

Phytogrippin

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 30 (From angina)

Herbal tea "Doctor Seleznev" No. 25 (Cough)

Garlic

The defeat of the respiratory tract, lungs and pleura are called diseases of the respiratory system. They may have infectious, allergic, or autoimmune causes. These diseases affect all age categories throughout the year. Pathologies of the respiratory system are considered the most preventable, but at the same time they are the most common in the structure of primary morbidity. Most of them are dangerous for their complications and death.

Classification of diseases of the respiratory system

The study of diseases of the respiratory system is carried out by such a science as pulmonology. It includes the study of not only the airways, but also the structures that provide the act of breathing - the central nervous system, the main and auxiliary respiratory muscles, blood and lymphatic vessels and etc.

Depending on the location and cause, a huge number of pathologies of the respiratory system are distinguished. The list of diseases is as follows:

The reasons

The etiology of diseases of the respiratory system is very diverse, conditionally it can be divided into two large groups - pathologies caused by infections and aseptic ones:

In the appearance of any disease, an important role is played by the body's defense factors, that is, the ability to resist the external environment. Pathologies of the respiratory system do not occur if the human immunity is stable. Therefore, the following provoking factors are distinguished:

• hereditary predisposition;
• presence of chronic diseases diabetes, circulatory pathology, etc.);
• environmental pollution;
• unfavorable climate;
• hypothermia;
• bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs, malnutrition);
• sedentary lifestyle;
• conditioning;
• stress;
• immune disorders.

Athletes and people leading an active lifestyle suffer less from diseases of the respiratory system, since the basis for the prevention of these pathologies is physical activity.

Symptoms

Symptoms of diseases of the respiratory system can be very diverse. The main and most frequently occurring signs of this group of pathologies are distinguished:

• Cough. Almost always indicates the presence of problems in the respiratory system.
• Dyspnea. It can be a symptom not only of problems with the respiratory tract, but also of diseases of the cardiovascular system. Therefore, careful differential diagnosis. It can also appear in non-pathological conditions, for example, in pregnant women. Their uterus presses on the lungs, which makes women feel short of breath.
• Pain in the chest. It is often a symptom of pleurisy and pneumonia.
• Isolation of sputum of various nature. This symptom indicates the presence of inflammatory processes in the bronchopulmonary system.
• Increase in body temperature. In combination with the above symptoms, it is a confirmation of the presence of infectious or inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract.

The most common diseases of the respiratory system are SARS, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, COPD, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism.

Bronchial asthma

This is a disease that affects not only adults but also children. It is characterized by the appearance of inflammatory-allergic changes in the bronchial tree.

Bronchial asthma in an adult can be suspected if the following picture is present:

• sudden attacks of suffocation or shortness of breath, which are accompanied by arrhythmic breathing and tachycardia;
• the syndrome consists of 3 stages (harbingers, height and reverse development);
• dry cough synchronous with shortness of breath, at the end of the attack, a small amount of sputum may be discharged;
• facilitating position during an attack - orthopnoe (sitting the patient clings tightly to the bed);
• allergies in the past or present;
• seasonal exacerbations;
• deterioration upon contact with allergens, smoke, physical and emotional stress;
• frequent colds;
• a quick inhalation and a slow noisy whistling exhalation, audible at a distance;
• swelling of the neck veins on exhalation;
• puffy face with blueness;
• improvement in the condition when taking antihistamine or anti-asthma drugs;
• nails of the type of “watch glasses”, distal phalanges of the fingers - “drumsticks”.

In children of the first year of life, coughing fits usually appear before and after sleep, in vertical position symptom relief occurs. A few minutes before this, the child begins to cry, act up, which is most often associated with nasal congestion. Inhalation and exhalation are accompanied by a whistle, breathing becomes intermittent.

Children older than 1 year also have the following symptoms:

• prolonged dry cough;
• strong pressure in the chest and the inability to take a breath;
• when trying to breathe through the mouth, a coughing fit occurs.

SARS

Acute respiratory viral infections can be caused by various viruses, in particular influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus. Each of them is characterized by damage to certain parts of the respiratory tract.

The influenza virus attacks the upper respiratory system, causing laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. But greatest danger it represents because of the ability to cause severe intoxication of the body.

Adenoviruses can damage the upper and lower respiratory tract, as well as gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, along with respiratory disorders, dyspeptic phenomena (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) often occur. Most often adenovirus infection causes diseases such as rhinopharyngitis, rhinopharyngobronchitis, rhinopharyngotonsillitis, pharyngoconjunctivitis, pneumonia.

Respiratory syncytial virus is characterized by damage lower divisions respiratory system and leads to the development of bronchiolitis (in children) and pneumonia (in adults).

Rhinovirus is tropic to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and provokes the appearance of rhinitis and, less often, sinusitis. This is the most mild form acute respiratory viral infections.

Parainfluenza is characterized by lesions of the upper sections, but in children the lower ones may also suffer. The infection leads to the occurrence of diseases such as rhinitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, children may have brochitis, bronchiolitis, alveolitis.

Symptoms of these pathologies are the following signs:

Angina

Angina (tonsillitis, tonsillopharyngitis, pharyngitis) is a very common disease of the respiratory system, which most often affects children. It is dangerous not by its manifestations, but by possible complications in the long-term period - valvular heart disease, glomerulonephritis. The disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

• acute onset - with sore throat;
• headache;
• temperature + 38 ... + 39 degrees for 3-5 days;
• in children, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting;
• enlargement of the tonsils, hyperemia of the throat;
• swelling and soreness of the submandibular lymph nodes;
• moderate cough and hoarseness;
• severe sore throat, especially when talking and swallowing;
• nausea and diarrhea in children;
• refusal of the child to eat and drink due to pain when swallowing.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis (maxillary sinusitis) - inflammation maxillary sinus. May occur as a complication of acute or chronic rhinitis or on your own. The disease can progress in acute and chronic form, it is characterized by the following manifestations:

• loss of smell;
• temperature +37…+38 degrees;
• intensive constant pain in the temples and bridge of the nose, aggravated by tilting the head and in the evening;
• discomfort gives to the forehead, nose, teeth;
• frequent cough;
• persistent discharge from the nose, sometimes purulent (may occur without a runny nose);
• nasal voice;
• memory deterioration.

At chronic sinusitis clinical picture less pronounced. Symptoms do not go away for more than 8 weeks, patients are worried about a constant runny nose and cough that cannot be treated, headaches, pain in the orbit. The occurrence of frequent conjunctivitis is characteristic.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Tuberculous cavern

Tuberculosis is studied by a separate science - phthisiology. She explores the treatment of not only pulmonary forms of this disease, but also extrapulmonary. At the moment, the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing all over the world, the first place is occupied by the defeat of the respiratory system. Mycobacterium can lead to pathologies of various structures of the respiratory tract, as a result of which tuberculous bronchoadenitis, pneumonia and pleurisy are distinguished.

The disease manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• acute or gradual onset (may be asymptomatic for a long time);
• cough with or without sputum for more than 3 weeks;
• the appearance of blood with sputum;
• weight loss;
• frequent dizziness;
• blush on the face;
• swollen lymph nodes, "cold" inflammation;
• pain under the sternum, behind in the shoulder area, under the shoulder blades;
• temperature + 37.5 ... + 38 degrees in the evening;
• sweating at night;
• dyspnea;
• digestive disorders.

Symptoms in children are not specific. In them, in addition to the lungs, other organs are often affected (tuberculosis of the bronchial glands, tuberculous meningitis). The main form of the disease in children is chronic tuberculosis intoxication.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a steady progressive course. The disease is based on a violation of the elasticity of the lung tissue and damage to the bronchial tree.

There are two types of disease:

1. Bronchitis ("blue techniki") - cough with copious sputum, intoxication, cyanosis skin complications at a young age.
2. Emphysematous ("pink puffers", emphysema - stretching of the lung) - expiratory dyspnea (difficulty exhaling), exhaustion, pinkish skin color, barrel-shaped rib cage. With it, they live to old age, which is characterized by:

• chronic cough with phlegm;
• exacerbation for several days or weeks;
• difficulty in daily physical activity;
• severity of symptoms in the morning;
• shortness of breath, increased physical activity, dust, cold air.

In older people, the elasticity of the lung tissue is disturbed with age and a disease such as emphysema occurs. It is characterized by the appearance of similar symptoms, but the cough is often dry, very rarely sputum is released.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) is one of the most serious illnesses respiratory system. It is characterized by the development of an inflammatory lesion of the lung parenchyma and leads to respiratory disorders. In children, the course of the disease is more severe than in adults.

At an older age, the following symptom complex develops:

• a sharp rise in temperature to + 38 ... + 40;
• headache;
• dry cough on the 3-5th day, then wet;
• chest pain when coughing and breathing;
• dyspnea;
• mucopurulent or purulent streaked with blood ("rusty") sputum;
• herpetic eruptions on the face;
• cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle.

In young children:

• subfebrile temperature;
• frequent crying for no reason;
• lag of one half from the other during breathing (unilateral process);
• cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle, distal phalanges of the fingers during arousal, feeding.

Possible complications of pneumonia:

• acute respiratory failure;
• abscesses;
• gangrene of the lung;
• pleurisy;
• cardiopulmonary insufficiency;
• meningitis;
• myocarditis;
• endocarditis;
• infectious-toxic shock;
• psychosis.

Pulmonary embolism

A condition characterized by blockage of the branches of the pulmonary artery by a thrombus. This leads to the exclusion of the lung area from gas exchange. The severity of the course of the disease depends on which vessel was affected: the smaller its caliber, the greater the chance of survival.

For pulmonary embolismthe following typical manifestations are characteristic:

• acute, subacute or chronic course;
• suffocation;
• chest pains;
• cyanosis of the face and neck;
• quickening of breathing;
• loss of consciousness, shock;
• low blood pressure;
• tachycardia;
• arrhythmia;
• swelling of the neck veins;
• painful enlargement of the liver;
• temperature + 37 ... + 39 degrees;
• hemoptysis (typical for children).

Very often the disease causes sudden death.

Treatment and prevention

Treatment of diseases of the respiratory system will primarily depend on the type of disease and its etiology. Each pathology has its own developed treatment regimen.

In the treatment and prevention of all diseases of the respiratory tract, some key points can be distinguished:

Many of the above diseases require hospitalization and treatment only in stationary conditions. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the symptoms of pathologies, at the first signs you need to seek help from a specialist.