Lung disease symptoms and treatment. X-rays of light. X-ray of the lungs when smoking, impaired bronchial patency. X-ray diagnostics of acute conditions of the lungs. Edema, lung infarction on X-ray. The prognosis for a ruptured lung is different and depends on

Lung diseases develop against the background of the penetration of pathogenic microbes into the body, often the cause is smoking and alcoholism, poor ecology, and harmful production conditions. Most diseases have a pronounced clinical picture, require immediate treatment, otherwise irreversible processes begin to occur in the tissues, which is fraught with serious complications and death.

Lung disease requires immediate treatment

Classification and list of lung diseases

Lung diseases are classified depending on the localization of the inflammatory, destructive process - pathologists can affect blood vessels, tissues, spread to all respiratory organs. Restrictive diseases are called diseases in which it is difficult for a person to take a full breath, obstructive - a full exhalation.

According to the degree of damage, pulmonary diseases are local and diffuse, all respiratory diseases have an acute and chronic form, pulmonological pathologies are divided into congenital and acquired.

General signs of bronchopulmonary diseases:

1. Shortness of breath occurs not only during physical exertion, but also at rest, against the background of stress, a similar symptom also occurs with heart disease.
2. Cough is the main symptom of pathologies of the respiratory tract, it can be dry or wet, barking, paroxysmal, there is often a lot of mucus in the sputum, blotches of pus or blood.
3. Feeling of heaviness in the chest, pain when inhaling or exhaling.
4. Whistles, wheezing when breathing.
5. Fever, weakness, general malaise, loss of appetite.

Most of the problems associated with the respiratory organs are combined diseases, several parts of the respiratory organs are affected at once, which greatly complicates diagnosis and treatment.

A feeling of heaviness in the chest indicates lung disease

Pathologies that affect the respiratory tract

These diseases have a pronounced clinical picture and are difficult to treat.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive disease in which structural changes occur in the vessels and tissues of the organ. Most often diagnosed in men after 40 years of age, heavy smokers, pathology can cause disability or death. The ICD-10 code is J44.

Healthy lungs and lungs with COPD

Symptoms:

• chronic wet cough with a lot of sputum;
• severe shortness of breath;
• when exhaling, the volume of air decreases;
• in the later stages, cor pulmonale, acute respiratory failure develops.

Refers to varieties of COPD, often develops in women against the background of hormonal imbalance. ICD-10 code - J43.9.

Emphysema most often develops in women

Symptoms:

• cyanosis - the nail plates, the tip of the nose and earlobes acquire a blue tint;
• shortness of breath with difficult exhalation;
• noticeable tension in the muscles of the diaphragm when inhaling;
• swelling of the veins in the neck;
• weight loss;
• pain in the right hypochondrium, which occurs when the liver is enlarged.

Feature - during a cough, a person's face becomes pink, during an attack, a small amount of mucus is released. As the disease develops, the appearance of the patient changes - the neck becomes shorter, the supraclavicular fossae protrude strongly, the chest is rounded, and the stomach sags.

Asphyxia

Pathology occurs against the background of damage to the respiratory system, chest injuries, accompanied by increasing suffocation. The ICD-10 code is T71.

Symptoms:

• at the initial stage - rapid shallow breathing, increased blood pressure, palpitations, panic, dizziness;
• then the respiratory rate decreases, the exhalation becomes deep, the pressure decreases;
• Gradually, arterial indicators decrease to critical levels, breathing is weak, often disappears, a person loses consciousness, may fall into a coma, pulmonary and cerebral edema develops.

Accumulation of blood, sputum, vomit in the respiratory tract, suffocation, an attack of allergies or asthma, and a burn of the larynx can provoke an attack of suffocation.

A viral, fungal, bacterial disease often becomes chronic, especially in children, pregnant women, and the elderly. The ICD-10 code is J20.

Symptoms:

• unproductive cough - appears at the initial stage of the development of the disease;
• wet cough - a sign of the second stage of the development of the disease, the mucus is transparent or yellow-green in color;
• an increase in temperature to 38 or more degrees;
• increased sweating, weakness;
• shortness of breath, wheezing.

Bronchitis often becomes chronic

Can provoke the development of the disease:

• inhalation of dirty, cold, damp air;
• flu;
• cocci;
• smoking;
• avitaminosis;
• hypothermia.

A rare systemic disease that affects various organs, often affecting the lungs and bronchi, is diagnosed in people under 40 years old, more often in women. It is characterized by a collection of inflammatory cells called granulomas. The ICD-10 code is D86.

In sarcoidosis, an accumulation of inflammatory cells occurs

Symptoms:

• severe fatigue immediately after waking up, lethargy;
• loss of appetite, sudden weight loss;
• temperature increase to subfebrile marks;
• unproductive cough;
• pain in muscles and joints;
• dyspnea.

The exact causes of the development of the disease have not yet been identified, many doctors believe that granulomas are formed under the influence of helminths, bacteria, pollen, and fungi.

Diseases in which the alveoli are damaged

Alveoli are small sacs in the lungs that are responsible for gas exchange in the body.

Inflammation of the lungs is one of the most common pathologies of the respiratory organs, often developing as a complication of influenza, bronchitis. ICD-10 code - J12-J18.

Pneumonia is the most common lung disease

Symptoms of pathology depend on its type, but there are common signs that occur at the initial stage of the development of the disease:

• fever, chills, fever, runny nose;
• a strong cough - at the initial stage, dry and obsessive, then it becomes wet, green-yellow sputum is released with impurities of pus;
• dyspnea;
• weakness;
• chest pain when taking a deep breath;
• cephalgia.

There are many reasons for the development of infectious pneumonia - gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses, fungi of the genus Candida can provoke the development of the disease. The non-infectious form of the disease develops with the inhalation of toxic substances, burns of the respiratory tract, blows and bruises of the chest, against the background of radiation therapy and allergies.

Tuberculosis

A deadly disease in which the lung tissue is completely destroyed, the open form is transmitted by airborne droplets, you can also become infected by drinking raw milk, the causative agent of the disease is a tuberculosis bacillus. ICD-10 code - A15-A19.

Tuberculosis is a very dangerous disease.

Signs:

• cough with phlegm that lasts more than three weeks;
• the presence of blood in the mucus;
• prolonged increase in temperature to subfebrile marks;
• chest pain;
• sweating at night;
• weakness, weight loss.

Tuberculosis is often diagnosed in people with weakened immune systems; protein deficiency, diabetes, pregnancy, and alcohol abuse can provoke the development of the disease.

The disease develops when interstitial fluid penetrates into the lungs from the blood vessels, accompanied by inflammation and swelling of the larynx. The ICD-10 code is J81.

Fluid builds up in lungs

Causes of accumulation of fluid in the lungs:

• acute heart failure;
• pregnancy;
• cirrhosis;
• starvation;
• infectious diseases;
• intense physical activity, climbing to great heights;
• allergy;
• injuries of the sternum, the presence of a foreign body in the lungs;
• edema can be provoked by the rapid introduction of a large amount of saline, blood substitutes.

At the initial stage, shortness of breath, dry cough, increased sweating, and an increased heart rate appear. As the disease progresses, when coughing, frothy pink sputum begins to stand out, breathing becomes wheezing, the veins in the neck swell, the limbs become cold, the person suffers from suffocation, loses consciousness.

Acute respiratory syndrome is a rare, but very dangerous disease, practically untreatable, a person is connected to a ventilator.

Carcinoma is a complex disease, in the last stages of development it is considered incurable. The main danger of the disease is that it is asymptomatic in the early stages of development, so people go to the doctor already with advanced forms of cancer, when there is complete or partial drying out of the lung, tissue decomposition. ICD-10 code - C33-C34.

Lung cancer often has no symptoms

Symptoms:

• cough - in the sputum there are blood clots, pus, mucus;
• dyspnea;
• chest pain;
• varicose veins in the upper chest, jugular vein;
• swelling of the face, neck, legs;
• cyanosis;
• frequent attacks of arrhythmia;
• sudden weight loss;
• fatigue;
• unexplained fever.

Diseases that affect the pleura and chest

The pleura is the outer shell of the lungs, it looks like a small bag, some serious diseases develop when it is damaged, often the organ simply collapses, the person cannot breathe.

The inflammatory process occurs against the background of injuries or penetration into the respiratory organs of pathogenic microorganisms. The disease is accompanied by shortness of breath, chest pain, dry cough of moderate intensity. ICD-10 code - R09.1, J90.

With pleurisy, the lungs are affected by harmful microorganisms

Risk factors for the development of pleurisy are diabetes, alcoholism, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic diseases of the digestive system, in particular, bending of the colon.

People who work for a long time in chemical plants often develop an occupational lung disease called silicosis in mines. The disease progresses slowly, in the last stages there is a strong fever, persistent cough, and breathing problems.

Air enters the pleural region, which can cause collapse, and immediate medical attention is required. The ICD-10 code is J93.

Pneumothorax requires prompt intervention

Symptoms:

• frequent shallow breathing;
• cold clammy sweat;
• bouts of unproductive coughing;
• the skin takes on a blue tint;
• heart rate increases, pressure decreases;
• fear of death.

Spontaneous pneumothorax is diagnosed in tall men, smokers, with a sharp pressure drop. The secondary form of the disease develops with prolonged respiratory diseases, cancer, against the background of injuries of the connective tissue of the lungs, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma.

Pulmonary hypertension - a specific syndrome of obstructive bronchitis, fibrosis, develops more often in elderly people, characterized by increased pressure in the vessels that feed the respiratory system.

Purulent diseases

Infections affect a significant part of the lungs, which causes the development of severe complications.

An inflammatory process in which a cavity with purulent contents forms in the lungs, the disease is difficult to diagnose. The ICD-10 code is J85.

Abscess - purulent formation in the lungs

The reasons:

• insufficient oral hygiene;
• alcohol, drug addiction;
• epilepsy;
• pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, carcinoma;
• reflux disease;
• long-term use of hormonal and anticancer drugs;
• diabetes, cardiovascular disease;
• chest injury.

In the acute form of an abscess, the clinical picture manifests itself brightly - intense pain in the chest, most often on the one hand, prolonged bouts of wet coughing, blood and mucus are present in the sputum. With the transition of the disease to the chronic stage, exhaustion, weakness, and chronic fatigue occur.

A fatal disease - against the background of a putrefactive process, lung tissue decays, the process quickly spreads throughout the body, pathology is more often diagnosed in men. The ICD-10 code is J85.

Gangrene of the lung - decomposition of lung tissue

Symptoms:

• the disease develops rapidly, there is a rapid deterioration in well-being;
• chest pain when taking a deep breath;
• a sharp increase in temperature to critical levels;
• a strong cough with a lot of frothy sputum - the discharge has a fetid odor, they contain brown streaks of blood and pus;
• suffocation;
• increased sweating;
• increased heart rate;
• the skin becomes pale.

hereditary diseases

Diseases of the respiratory system are often inherited, they are diagnosed in children immediately after birth, or during the first three years of life.

List of hereditary diseases:

1. Bronchial asthma - develops against the background of neurological pathologies, allergies. Accompanied by frequent severe attacks, in which it is impossible to fully inhale, shortness of breath.
2. Cystic fibrosis - the disease is accompanied by an excessive accumulation of mucus in the lungs, affects the glands of the endocrine system, negatively affects the work of many internal organs. Against its background, bronchiectasis develops, which is characterized by a constant cough with the release of thick purulent sputum, shortness of breath and wheezing.
3. Primary dyskinesia - congenital purulent bronchitis.

Many malformations of the lungs can be seen during ultrasound during pregnancy, and intrauterine treatment can be performed.

Bronchial asthma is inherited

Which doctor should I contact?

If symptoms of a pulmonary disease appear, it is necessary to visit a therapist or pediatrician. After listening, preliminary diagnosis, the doctor will give a referral to a pulmonologist. In some cases, it may be necessary to consult an oncologist, a surgeon.

The doctor can make a primary diagnosis after an external examination, during which palpation, percussion are performed, and the sounds of the respiratory organs are listened to with a stethoscope. To recognize the true cause of the development of the disease, it is necessary to conduct laboratory and instrumental studies.

Basic diagnostic methods:

• general analysis of blood and urine;
• sputum examination to detect hidden impurities, pathogenic microorganisms;
• immunological research;
• ECG - allows you to determine how a lung disease affects the functioning of the heart;
• bronchoscopy;
• chest x-ray;
• fluorography;
• CT, MRI - allows you to see changes in the structure of tissues;
• spirometry - using a special apparatus, the volume of inhaled and exhaled air, the rate of inhalation are measured;
• probing - the method is necessary for the study of respiratory mechanics;
• surgical methods - thoracotomy, thoracoscopy.

Chest x-ray helps to see the condition of the lungs

All pulmonary diseases require serious drug therapy, often the treatment takes place in a hospital. You should immediately consult a doctor if there are inclusions or blood clots in the sputum.

Treatment of lung diseases

Based on the diagnostic results obtained, the specialist draws up a treatment regimen, but in any case, an integrated approach is used in therapy, which is aimed at eliminating the causes and symptoms of the disease. Most often, doctors prescribe drugs in the form of tablets, suspensions and syrups, for severe patients, drugs are administered by injection.

Groups of drugs:

• antibiotics of the penicillin, macrolide, cephalosporin group - Cefotaxime, Azithromycin, Ampicillin;
• antiviral drugs - Remantadine, Isoprinosine;
• antifungal agents - Nizoral, Amphoglucamine;
• anti-inflammatory drugs - Indomethacin, Ketorolac;
• medicines to eliminate dry cough - Glauvent;
• mucolytics - Glyciram, Bronholitin, Carbocysteine ​​is considered the most effective for the treatment of childhood diseases;
• bronchodilators to eliminate bronchospasm - Eufillin, Salbutamol;
• anti-asthma drugs - Atma, Solutan;
• - Ibuprofen, Paracetamol.

Atma - a remedy for asthma

Additionally, vitamin complexes, immunostimulants, physiotherapy, traditional medicine are prescribed. In complex and advanced forms of the disease, surgical intervention is required.

To speed up the healing process, it is necessary to include foods high in ascorbic acid, vitamin E, B1, B2 in the diet.

Possible Complications

Without proper treatment, respiratory pathologies become chronic, which is fraught with constant relapses at the slightest hypothermia.

What are the dangers of lung diseases:

• asphyxia;
• against the background of a narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory tract, hypoxia develops, all internal organs suffer from a lack of oxygen, which negatively affects their work;
• an acute asthma attack can be fatal;
• develop serious heart disease.

Acute asthma attacks are deadly

Pneumonia ranks second among the diseases that end in death - this is due to the fact that most people ignore the symptoms of the disease. At the initial stage, the disease can be easily cured in 2-3 weeks.

Prevention of pulmonary diseases

To reduce the risk of developing respiratory diseases and their complications, it is necessary to strengthen the immune system, lead a healthy lifestyle, and when the first warning signs appear, you should consult a specialist.

How to avoid problems with the lungs and bronchi:

• give up bad habits;
• avoid hypothermia;
• spend more time outdoors
• maintain optimal indicators of temperature and humidity in the room, regularly do wet cleaning;
• play sports, take a contrast shower, get enough sleep, avoid stress;
• eat healthy and wholesome food, observe the drinking regimen;
• every year to undergo an examination, do an x-ray of the lungs or fluorography.

Walking outdoors is good for your health

The breath of sea and coniferous air has a beneficial effect on the organs, so every year it is necessary to relax in the forest or on the coast of the sea. During epidemics of colds, take antiviral drugs for prevention, avoid crowded places, limit contact with sick people.

Lung diseases can cause death, timely diagnosis, regular preventive examination will help to avoid the disease, or start treatment at the initial stage of pathology development.

Most often, cancer is preceded by such precancerous conditions of the lungs: chronic, often recurrent nonspecific pneumonia and bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumosclerosis, as well as diseases associated with dust irritation (anthracosis, silicosis).

bronchiectasis

Fertile ground for the emergence of the respiratory tract are bronchiectasis, since at the same time papillomatous growths develop on the bronchial mucosa, which are the result of chronic inflammatory processes in the bronchi. On the other hand, chronic bronchitis can cause bronchiectasis. By themselves, chronic inflammatory processes in the bronchi create favorable conditions for epithelial metaplasia, and papillary growths can further lead to atypical growth. There is still no consensus on inflammatory diseases as precancerous conditions of the lungs. Some authors categorically deny the role of chronic inflammatory processes as precancers, others, and most of them, believe that chronic inflammatory processes are one of the etiological factors of lung cancer.

Pneumonia

Chronic pneumonia should be considered as a precancerous condition of the lungs. According to the author, chronic inflammatory changes in the lungs are endobronchitis and panbronchitis with the formation of ectasias and polypous growths of the bronchial mucosa. This process is accompanied by metaplasia of the epithelium and even its keratinization. The inflammatory process in the bronchial mucosa, in turn, supports the inflammatory process in the lung parenchyma. To diagnose such changes is possible only with the help of X-ray bronchography followed by the study of the bronchial tree. With such a study, it is possible to observe bronchiectasis, as well as changes in the size and shape of the branches of the bronchi.

A very significant role in such studies is played by a cytological examination of sputum, and especially by the method of broncho-aspiration biopsy. The most common early symptom of a precancerous condition of the lungs is initially dry, and then with sputum production, a hacking cough for a long time in the absence of physical changes in the lungs. This symptom alone should alert. The appearance of streaks of blood in the sputum, shortness of breath, and emaciation indicate significant changes in the lungs and raise the suspicion of cancer.

Tumors

In addition to precancerous conditions of a mild inflammatory nature, benign tumor processes can undergo malignant transformation. Benign lung tumors are relatively common. According to the classification of Hochberg and Shaster, such tumors are distinguished:

Epithelial tumors: papillomas of the bronchus, adenomas of the bronchus;

mesodermal tumors:

1) vascular tumors: cavernous vascular tumors, capillary, vascular endothelioma;

2) intrabronchial tumors:

• myoblastoma,
• plasmacytoma,
• lymphoma;

3) peripheral tumors of the lung: neurogenic tumors, xanthoma and all types of tumors of the second group;

Congenital tumors: hemartoma, teratoma.

The most common precancerous conditions of the lungs are epithelial tumors. Bronchial adenoma accounts for 80-90% of all benign tumors. It is also the most threatening in terms of precancerous condition of the lungs and malignant transformation, although some authors deny this fact, arguing that benign tumors of the bronchi, including adenoma, are practically not a precancerous process.

The symptomatology of benign tumors is diverse and depends on the location, size of the tumor, the state of the surrounding tissues and complications. Often, the tumor does not manifest itself in any way and is an incidental finding on chest x-ray. As for adenomas of the lungs, which are more often located endobronchially, as they grow, they manifest themselves with cough, wheezing and hemoptysis. In this case, the symptoms are more pronounced, the more proximal they are localized in the bronchial tree.

Along with the described precancerous conditions of lung cancer, which play a certain role in the etiology of tumors, one should dwell on the role of external factors affecting the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. In the occurrence of lung cancer, an important role is played by the inhalation of dust and gases from motors, tarmac roads, products of incomplete combustion of coal and oil, as well as tobacco smoke. In this case, the active principle is the derivatives of coal, which are contained in large quantities in the air of industrial cities. Entering the respiratory tract, they cause chronic recurrent inflammatory processes, which can result in malignant transformation of tissues. The fight against smoking, air pollution in cities and industrial enterprises is one of the important links in the fight against malignant neoplasms of the lungs.

Various lung diseases are quite common in everyday life. Most of the classified diseases have severe symptoms of acute lung disease in humans and, if not properly treated, can lead to bad consequences. Pulmonology is the study of respiratory diseases.

Causes and signs of lung disease

To determine the cause of any disease, you should contact a qualified specialist (pulmonologist), who will conduct a thorough examination and make a diagnosis.

Lung diseases are quite difficult to diagnose, so you need to pass the entire list of recommended tests.

But there are common factors that can cause an acute pulmonary infection:

There are a large number of objective signs characterizing lung disease. Their main symptoms:

Lung diseases affecting the alveoli

Alveoli, the so-called air sacs, are the main functional segment of the lungs. With the defeat of the alveoli, separate pathologies of the lungs are classified:

Diseases affecting the pleura and chest

The pleura is called the thin sac that contains the lungs. When it is damaged, the following respiratory diseases occur:

Blood vessels are known to carry oxygen, and their disruption causes chest diseases:

1. Pulmonary hypertension. Violation of pressure in the pulmonary arteries gradually leads to the destruction of the organ and the appearance of primary signs of the disease.
2. pulmonary embolism. Often occurs with vein thrombosis, when a blood clot enters the lungs and blocks the flow of oxygen to the heart. This disease is characterized by sudden cerebral hemorrhage and death.

With constant pain in the chest, diseases are isolated:

Hereditary and bronchopulmonary diseases

Hereditary respiratory diseases are transmitted from parents to a child and can have several types. Main:

The basis of diseases of the bronchopulmonary system is an acute respiratory infection. Most often, bronchopulmonary infectious diseases are characterized by mild malaise, gradually turning into an acute infection in both lungs.

Bronchopulmonary inflammatory diseases are caused by viral microorganisms. They affect the respiratory organs and mucous membranes. Improper treatment can lead to the development of complications and the emergence of more dangerous bronchopulmonary diseases.

The symptoms of a respiratory infection are very similar to the common cold caused by viral bacteria. Infectious diseases of the lungs develop very quickly and have a bacterial nature of origin. These include:

• pneumonia;
• bronchitis;
• asthma;
• tuberculosis;
• respiratory allergies;
• pleurisy;
• respiratory failure.

Infection in inflamed lungs develops rapidly. To avoid complications, a full range of treatment and prevention should be carried out.

Chest diseases such as pneumothorax, asphyxia, physical damage to the lungs cause severe pain and can cause breathing and lung problems. Here it is necessary to apply an individual treatment regimen, which has a connected character of priority.

Suppurative diseases

In connection with the increase in purulent diseases, the percentage of suppurative inflammations that cause problems with damaged lungs has increased. Pulmonary purulent infection affects a significant part of the organ and can lead to severe complications. There are three main types of this pathology:

• x-ray;
• fluorography;
• general blood analysis;
• tomography;
• bronchography;
• testing for infections.

After all the studies carried out, the doctor must determine an individual treatment plan, the necessary procedures and antibacterial therapy. It should be remembered that only the strict implementation of all recommendations will lead to a quick recovery.

Compliance with preventive measures for lung diseases significantly reduces the risk of their occurrence. To exclude respiratory diseases, you should follow simple rules:

• maintaining a healthy lifestyle;
• lack of bad habits;
• moderate physical activity;
• hardening of the body;
• annual vacation on the sea coast;
• regular visits to the pulmonologist.

Every person should know the manifestations of the above diseases in order to quickly identify the symptoms of an incipient respiratory disease, and then seek qualified help in time, because health is one of the most valuable attributes of life!

Diseases of the lungs and bronchi are a common phenomenon. In recent years, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in the percentage of patients suffering from diseases of the broncho-pulmonary system.

Symptomatically, such pathologies are expressed in two ways: either in the form of an acute severe process, or in the form of sluggish progressive forms. Neglect, improper treatment and the principle of “somehow it will pass by itself” leads to tragic consequences.

It is impossible to determine the cause of the disease at home. Only a qualified pulmonologist can diagnose the pathological process.

A distinctive feature of many pulmonary diseases is the difficult diagnosis. The causes of a particular pathology may be subjective. But there are a number of common factors that provoke the emergence and development of the inflammatory process:

• unfavorable ecological situation in the region; the presence of hazardous industries;
• exacerbation of other chronic diseases;
• pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
• electrolyte imbalance in the body, increased sugar levels;
• nerve diseases;
• having bad habits.

Each pathological process in the lungs has specific features that manifest themselves as it develops. In the initial stages, the manifestations of all lung diseases are very similar.

1. The presence of a cough. Cough is the first sign of a possible lung disease. The pathological process provokes inflammation, irritation of the receptors and reflex contraction of the muscles of the respiratory tract.
   Coughing is the body's natural attempt to get rid of accumulated sputum. Already by the timbre of the cough, one can judge the presence of any pathology in the patient: croup, laryngotracheobronchitis, bronchiectasis.

When coughing, the patient experiences:

• discomfort;
• pain and burning in the chest;
• lack of air;
• pressing sensation in the chest.

1. Sputum production. As a consequence of the pathological process, sputum saturated with pathogenic microbes is considered. With inflammation, the amount of secretions increases significantly. The patient's disease is determined by the color of sputum, its smell and consistency. An unpleasant odor indicates putrefactive processes in the lungs, white, frothy discharge is a sign of pulmonary edema.
2. Presencebloodin sputum orsaliva. It often serves as a sign of a dangerous disease. The cause may be damage to a small vessel, and malignant neoplasms, and lung abscess. In any case, the presence of blood in sputum or saliva requires immediate education from specialists.
3. Labored breathing. A symptom of almost all diseases of the bronchi and lungs. In addition to problems with the lungs, it can be caused by dysfunction of the cardiovascular system.
4. Pain in the chest. Chest pain is a typical symptom of pleural effusion. Most often occurs in various forms of pleurisy, cancer, foci of metastases in the tissues of the pleura. As one of the prerequisites for pleurisy, chronic pulmonary pathologies are considered.

With infectious lesions of the lungs, the symptoms appear suddenly and brightly. Almost immediately, a fever appears, there is a sharp increase in temperature, chills and profuse sweating.

Classification

A characteristic feature of pulmonary diseases is their influence not only on various parts of the lungs, but also on other organs.

According to the lesions, broncho-pulmonary pathologies are classified according to the following criteria:

• lung diseases affecting the airways;
• diseases affecting the alveoli;
• pathological lesions of the pleura;
• hereditary lung pathologies;
• diseases of the broncho-pulmonary system;
• purulent processes in the lungs;
• congenital and acquired malformations of the lungs.

Lung diseases affecting the airways

1. COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). COPD affects the bronchi and lungs at the same time. The main indicators are persistent cough, sputum, shortness of breath. Currently, there are no therapeutic methods that completely cure the pathology. Risk groups are smokers and patients associated with harmful production. At the third stage, the patient's life expectancy is about 8 years, at the last - less than a year.
2. Emphysema. Pathology is considered as a type of COPD. The disease is characterized by impaired ventilation, blood circulation and destruction of lung tissue. The release of carbon dioxide is characterized by significant and sometimes critical indicators. It occurs both as an independent disease and as a complication of tuberculosis, obstructive bronchitis, silicosis. As a consequence of the pathology, pulmonary and right ventricular heart failure, myocardial dystrophy develop. The main symptoms of all types of emphysema are discoloration of the skin, sudden weight loss, shortness of breath.
3. Asphyxia- oxygen starvation. It is characterized by a lack of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide. There are two groups of asphyxia. Non-violent is considered as a severe consequence of broncho-pulmonary and other diseases. Violent - occurs with mechanical, toxic, barometric lesions of the bronchi and lungs. With complete asphyxiation, irreversible changes and death occur in less than five minutes.
4. Acute bronchitis. With the disease, the patency of the bronchi is impaired. Acute bronchitis is characterized by symptoms of both acute respiratory disease and intoxication. It can have both a form of primary pathology and be the result of complications of other processes. Two common causes are bronchial infections or viruses. Acute bronchitis of an allergic nature is less common.

Symptomatically expressed by an incessant cough, sputum, profuse sweating. Self-treatment, improper medication, untimely access to specialists threatens the transition of the disease into a chronic form.

A typical manifestation of chronic bronchitis is a cough that occurs with any slight decrease in immune activity.

Pathology of the alveoli

Alveoli - air sacs, the smallest particle of the lung. They look like bubbles, the walls of which are also their partitions.

Lung pathologies are also typified by lesions of the alveoli.

1. Pneumonia. An infectious disease caused by viruses or bacteria. With neglect of the disease, with untimely access to specialists, it turns into pneumonia.

A characteristic feature is the rapid, sometimes reactive development of pathology. At the first sign, immediate medical attention is required. Clinically expressed as follows:

• heavy, "crunchy" breathing;
• a sharp and strong increase in temperature, sometimes to critical levels;
• separation of sputum in the form of mucous lumps;
• shortness of breath and chills;
• in severe cases of the disease, a change in the color of the skin is observed.

1. Tuberculosis. It causes severe processes in the lungs and, if not provided with immediate assistance, leads to the death of the patient. The causative agent of pathology is Koch's wand. The danger of the disease in a long period of incubation - from three weeks to a year. An annual examination is indicated to exclude infection. The initial stages of the disease are characterized by:

• persistent cough;
• low, but not falling temperature;
• the appearance of blood streaks in saliva and sputum.

Important. In children, the clinical picture is more pronounced, the disease is more severe, develops much faster and leads to the most sad consequences. Parents, first of all, should pay attention to such signs:

• the child coughs for more than 20 days;
• loss of appetite;
• decreased attention, fatigue and apathy;
• signs of intoxication.

1. Pulmonary edema. It is not an independent disease and is considered as a severe complication of other diseases. There are several types of pulmonary edema. The most common causes of occurrence are either the ingress of fluid into the lung space, or the destruction of the outer walls of the alveoli by toxins produced by the human body itself.

Pulmonary edema is a dangerous disease that requires quick and accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment.

1. Lungs' cancer. Aggressive, rapidly developing oncological process. The last, terminal stage leads to the death of the patient.

A cure is possible at the very beginning of the disease, but few will pay attention to a constant cough - the main and main symptom of an early stage of lung cancer. To detect the disease at the earliest stages, it is necessary to conduct computed tomography.

The main symptoms of pathology are:

• cough;
• blood streaks and whole blood clots in the sputum;
• dyspnea;
• constantly elevated temperature;
• sudden and significant weight loss.

Additional Information. The longest life expectancy is observed in patients with peripheral lung cancer. Cases when patients lived 8 and more years are officially registered. A feature of pathology is its slow development in the complete absence of pain. Only in the terminal stage of the disease, with total metastasis, patients developed pain syndrome.

1. Silicosis. Occupational disease of miners, miners, grinders. In light years, grains of dust, the smallest fragments of glass and stone settle. Silicosis is insidious - signs of the disease may not appear at all for many years, or be mild.

The disease is always accompanied by a decrease in lung mobility and a violation of the respiratory process.

Tuberculosis, emphysema, pneumothorax are considered as severe complications. In the last stages, a person is tormented by constant shortness of breath, cough, fever.

1. Acute respiratory syndrome - SARS. Other names are SARS and purple death. The causative agent is the coronavirus. It multiplies rapidly and in the process of development destroys the pulmonary alveoli.

The disease develops within 2-10 days, accompanied by renal failure. Already after discharge, the patients noted the growth of connective tissue in the lungs. Recent studies indicate the ability of the virus to block all parts of the body's immune response.

Pathological lesions of the pleura and chest

The pleura is a thin sac that surrounds the lungs and the inside of the chest. Like any other organ, it can be affected by disease.

With inflammation, mechanical or physical damage to the pleura, there are:

1. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the pleura can be considered both as an independent pathology and as a consequence of other diseases. About 70% of pleurisy is due to the invasion of bacteria: Legionella, Staphylococcus aureus and others. With the penetration of infection, with physical and mechanical damage, the visceral and parietal sheets of the pleura become inflamed.

Characteristic manifestations of the disease are stabbing or dull pain in the sternum, severe sweating, in severe forms of pleurisy - hemoptysis.

1. Pneumothorax. It occurs as a result of the penetration and accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. There are three types of pneumothorax: iatrogenic (resulting from medical procedures); traumatic (as a result of internal damage or injury), spontaneous (due to heredity, lung defect or other disease).

Pneumothorax is fraught with collapse of the lung and requires immediate medical attention.

Diseases of the chest are associated with pathological processes in the blood vessels:

1. Pulmonary hypertension. The first signs of the disease are associated with a violation and change in pressure in the main vessels of the lungs.

Important. The prognosis is disappointing. 20 people out of a hundred die. It is difficult to predict the timing of the development of the disease, they depend on many factors, and, above all, on the stability of blood pressure and the condition of the lungs. The most alarming sign is frequent fainting. In any case, the survival of patients, even with the use of all possible methods of treatment, does not exceed the five-year threshold.

1. pulmonary embolism. One of the main causes is venous thrombosis. The blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks oxygen flow to the heart. A disease that threatens with sudden unpredictable hemorrhage and death of the patient.

Permanent pain in the chest can be manifestations of such diseases:

1. Hyperventilation when overweight. Excessive body weight presses on the chest. As a result, breathing goes astray, shortness of breath occurs.
2. Nervous stress. A classic example is myasthenia gravis, muscle flaccidity, an autoimmune disease. It is considered as a pathological disorder of nerve fibers in the lungs.

Diseases of the bronchopulmonary system as a hereditary factor

The hereditary factor plays an important role in the occurrence of pathologies of the bronchopulmonary system. In diseases transmitted from parents to children, gene mutations provoke the development of pathological processes, regardless of external influences. The main hereditary diseases are:

1. Bronchial asthma. The nature of occurrence is the effect on the body of allergens. It is characterized by superficial shallow breathing, shortness of breath, spastic phenomena.
2. Primary dyskinesia. Congenital pathology of the bronchi of a hereditary nature. The cause of the disease is purulent bronchitis. Treatment is individual.
3. Fibrosis. There is a proliferation of connective tissue and its replacement with alveolar tissue. As a result - shortness of breath, weakness, apathy in the early stages. In the later stages of the disease, the skin changes color, a bluish tint appears, drumstick syndrome is observed - a change in the shape of the fingers.

An aggressive form of chronic fibrosis shortens the patient's life to one year.

1. Hemosiderosis. The reason is an excess of hemosiderin pigment, a massive release of red blood cells into body tissues and their decay. Indicative symptoms are hemoptysis and shortness of breath at rest.

Important. Acute respiratory infection is the root cause of pathological processes in the bronchopulmonary system. The first symptoms of the disease do not inspire anxiety and fear in patients, they are treated at home with traditional means. The disease progresses to a chronic phase or acute inflammation in both lungs.

Bronchopulmonary diseases are the result of the penetration of viruses into the body. The mucous membranes and the entire respiratory system are affected. Self-medication leads to serious consequences up to a lethal outcome.

The primary manifestations of diseases of the bronchi and lungs practically do not differ from the symptoms of a common cold. Infectious diseases of the lungs are bacterial in nature. The development of inflammatory processes occurs rapidly - the period is sometimes several hours.

Diseases caused by bacteria include:

• pneumonia;
• bronchitis;
• asthma;
• tuberculosis;
• respiratory allergies;
• pleurisy;
• respiratory failure.

The development of infection is reactive. To prevent life-threatening consequences, a full range of preventive and therapeutic measures is carried out.

Many bronchial and pulmonary pathologies are accompanied by sharp and severe pain, causing interruptions in breathing. Here, a specific treatment regimen is applied for each patient.

Suppurative lung diseases

All suppurative lung diseases are classified as serious pathologies. The set of symptoms includes necrosis, putrefactive or purulent decay of lung tissue. Pulmonary purulent infection can be total and affect the organ completely, or be focal in nature and affect individual segments of the lung.

All purulent pathologies of the lungs lead to complications. There are three main types of pathologies:

1. lung abscess. A pathogenic process in which lung tissues are melted and destroyed. As a result, purulent cavities are formed, surrounded by dead lung parenchyma. Pathogens - Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic bacteria, aerobic microorganisms. With a lung abscess, fever, pain in the inflamed segment, sputum with pus, expectoration of blood are observed.

Treatment includes lymphatic drainage, antibiotic therapy.

If there is no improvement within two months, the disease becomes chronic. The most severe complication of a lung abscess is gangrene.

1. Gangrene of the lung. Total tissue decay, putrefactive pathogenic processes in the lungs. As a mandatory accompanying symptom - sputum with an unpleasant odor. The fulminant form of the disease causes the death of the patient on the first day.

Symptoms of the disease are an increase in temperature to critical values, pouring sweat, sleep disturbance, and an incessant cough. At severe stages of the disease, patients experienced a change in consciousness.

It is impossible to save the patient at home. And with all the successes of thoracic medicine, the mortality rate of patients with lung gangrene is 40-80%.

1. Purulent pleurisy. It is an acute purulent inflammation of the parietal and pulmonary membranes, while the process also affects all surrounding tissues. There are infectious and non-infectious forms of pleurisy. The development of the disease is often reactive, and the patient can be saved by immediately initiated therapeutic measures. The main symptoms of pathology are:

• shortness of breath and weakness;
• pain on the side of the affected organ;
• chills;
• cough.

Congenital malformations of the lungs

It is necessary to separate congenital pathologies and congenital anomalies of the lungs.

Anomalies of the lungs do not manifest themselves clinically, the modified organ functions normally.

Malformations - a complete anatomical violation of the structure of the body. Such disorders occur during the formation of the bronchopulmonary system in the embryo. The main defects of the lungs include:

1. aplasia- a severe malformation in which either the entire organ or part of it is missing.
2. agenesia- a rare pathology, there is a complete absence of the lung and main bronchus.
3. hypoplasia- underdevelopment of the lungs, bronchi, lung tissue, blood vessels. Organs are in their infancy. If hypoplasia affects one or more segments, it does not manifest itself in any way and is detected by chance. If everything is undeveloped easily - hypoplasia manifests itself in signs of respiratory failure.
4. tracheobronchomegaly, Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. It occurs when the elastic and muscular structures of the bronchi and lungs are underdeveloped, as a result, a gigantic expansion of these organs is observed.
5. Tracheobronchomalacia- a consequence of defects in the cartilaginous tissue of the trachea and bronchi. When you inhale, the lumen of the airways narrows, when you exhale, it expands greatly. The consequence of the pathology is permanent apnea.
6. Stenosis- contraction of the lumen of the larynx and trachea. There is a serious violation of the respiratory function and the process of swallowing. The defect significantly reduces the quality of life of the patient.
7. Accessory lobe of the lung. In addition to the main pair of lungs, there are additional lungs. They practically do not manifest themselves in any way, clinical symptoms occur only with inflammation.
8. Severstation. A section of lung tissue is separated from the main organ, which has its own blood flow, but does not take part in the process of gas exchange.
9. Unpaired vein. The right side of the lung is divided by an unpaired vein.

Congenital malformations are easily seen on ultrasound, and modern therapy courses can stop their further development.

Diagnostic methods and preventive measures

The more accurately the diagnosis is made, the faster the patient's path to recovery. At the first examination, the pulmonologist must take into account all the external manifestations of the disease, the patient's complaints.

Based on the initial examination and conversation with the patient, a list of necessary examinations is compiled, for example:

• x-ray;
• fluorography;
• blood analysis,
• tomography;
• bronchography;
• testing for infections.

Based on the data obtained, an individual treatment regimen is determined, procedures and antibiotic therapy are prescribed.

But no, the most modern methods of treatment, no, the most effective drugs will not bring benefits if you do not follow all the prescriptions and recommendations of a specialist.

Preventive measures will significantly reduce the risk of lung pathologies. The rules are simple, everyone can follow them:

• exclusion of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption;
• physical education and small physical activity;
• hardening;
• rest on the sea coast (and if this is not possible - walks in a pine forest);
• annual visits to the pulmonologist.

The symptoms of lung disease described above are easy to remember. Every person should know them. Know and at the first alarming signs seek the help of doctors.

It showed that almost always cancer develops against the background of some chronic disease of the lung or bronchi.

Among the precancerous diseases of lung cancer are chronic bronchitis (moreover, in 90% of cases it is smoker's bronchitis), pneumonia, polypous growths on the bronchi, benign tumors, as well as focal compactions of the lung tissue.

Patients with these diseases need to undergo regular examinations with a doctor. Chronic diseases of the bronchi and lungs, as a rule, are characterized by persistent and prolonged course, are difficult to treat and require constant monitoring.

Chronic pneumonia is one of the most common precancerous conditions of the lungs. The disease is an inflammatory process, which is accompanied by irreversible structural changes in the bronchopulmonary system. The disease usually occurs after acute pneumonia, especially if it has taken a protracted course.

In the formation of the pathological process, a violation of the drainage function of the bronchi plays a special role. The inflammatory process is accompanied by changes in the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa (up to its keratinization), a violation of the activity of the bronchial glands. The inflammatory process in the bronchi supports the inflammatory process in the lungs.

Fertile ground for the development of precancerous conditions of the lungs are bronchiectasis, in which papillomatous growths appear on the mucous membranes of the bronchi. As a rule, bronchiectasis is the result of chronic inflammatory processes in the bronchi. In turn, chronic bronchitis itself can be a consequence of the occurrence of bronchiectasis. Papillomatous growths (bronchiectasias), according to many experts, can lead to the growth of atypical cells.

The nature of the changes can be examined using X-ray bronchography, cytological analysis of sputum and bronchoaspiration. The main symptom of a precancerous condition of the lungs, which is inflammatory in nature, is a hacking cough in the absence of physical changes in the lungs. Cough is usually dry at first, then - with sputum. The appearance of blood in the sputum, anemia, shortness of breath, weight loss usually indicates serious changes in the lungs.

Precancerous conditions of the lungs also include benign tumor processes in the lungs. There are epithelial tumors (bronchial adenomas, bronchial papillomas) and mesodermal tumors (cavernous vascular tumors, vascular endothelioma, capillary hemangioma, fibroma, lipoma, myoblastoma, hemartoma, teratoma, etc.). Among benign tumors of the lung, epithelial tumors are more common than others, namely, bronchial adenoma (85% of all benign tumors). Bronchial adenoma is also the most potentially dangerous precancerous condition of the lungs in terms of malignant transformation.

Symptoms of benign tumors depend on their size, localization, conditions of surrounding tissues, and many other factors. Bronchial adenomas, as a rule, manifest themselves as coughing, wheezing, hemoptysis. All benign tumors should be monitored; surgical treatment is indicated for violation of respiratory functions or when a risk of malignancy is detected. With bronchial adenomas, surgical treatment is recommended, which can be carried out through a bronchoscope, by electrocoagulation.

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