Damage to the nervous system of the brain. Residual organic lesion of the central nervous system in children and adults. IV group of perinatal CNS lesions

The appearance of a child in the family is associated with a number of troubles and difficulties. First of all, young parents, of course, fear for the health of the newborn. So, at the appointment with a neurologist, with a high degree of probability, the baby may receive the first diagnosis in his life - hypoxic-ischemic. What is it, and in what cases is it necessary to sound the alarm?

Perinatal pathology of the nervous system of hypoxic genesis

- a variety of pathological conditions that have developed in the period from 22 weeks of gestation to 7 days of a newborn's life.

Interesting! Previously, the perinatal period was counted from the 28th week of pregnancy. A child born before this time was considered unviable. However, at present, when doctors have learned to nurse newborns weighing 500 grams or more, the perinatal period has shifted to 22 weeks.

Depending on the mechanism of the development of the disease, perinatal pathology can be:

  • hypoxic;
  • traumatic;
  • dismetabolic;
  • infectious.

In turn, hypoxic damage to the central nervous system is manifested both (hypoxic-ischemic forms) and non-traumatic hemorrhages (hypoxic-hemorrhagic damage to the central nervous system). Possible combinations of ischemic and hemorrhagic hypoxic manifestations perinatal pathology.

Hypoxic-ischemic injury nervous tissue is one of pathogenetic forms perinatal pathology associated with insufficient oxygen supply to the cells.

Etiology of hypoxic lesions of the central nervous system

Hypoxic damage to the central nervous system in newborns is determined by the impact on the fetus of a number of harmful factors. They can provide their Negative influence during pregnancy, directly labor activity and the first days of a baby's life.

The main reasons for the development of fetal and newborn hypoxia are:

  • genetic factors (chromosomal diseases and gene mutations);
  • physical factors (environmental pollution, radiation, chronic hypoxia);
  • chemical factors (drugs, household and industrial substances, chronic alcohol intoxication);
  • nutritional factors (quantitative or qualitative starvation, lack of protein, vitamins and microelements);
  • mother's diseases (infections, endocrine pathology, somatic diseases of a woman);
  • pathology of pregnancy (preeclampsia, placental insufficiency, umbilical cord anomalies);
  • pathology in childbirth (protracted and rapid labor, weakness of labor, placental abruption, prolapse of the umbilical cord).

The mechanism of development of ischemic damage to the central nervous system

Unfavorable factors provoke a decrease in the saturation of red blood cells with oxygen and lead to hypoxia. Under such conditions vascular wall begins to change compensatory, increasing its permeability to better provide tissues with oxygen. Due to this, the pressure in the vessels decreases, and ischemic zones are formed.

On the other hand, under conditions of hypoxia, glucose begins to decompose to lactic acid. Acidosis with irritation of the nuclei is formed vagus nerves and respiratory center medulla oblongata. As a result, during childbirth, activation of intestinal motility, the release of meconium and parallel aspiration of the contents are provoked. birth canal and amniotic fluid. This further exacerbates hypoxia, more actively forming ischemic damage to the central nervous system in newborns.

Clinical picture of ischemic CNS damage in newborns

Manifestations of hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central nervous system in newborns depend on the degree of damage, the number of ischemic foci and their localization. Neurological syndromes hypoxic lesions can manifest themselves:

  • depletion of the functions of the central nervous system;
  • increased neuro-reflex excitability;
  • hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome;
  • convulsive paroxysms;
  • delayed psychoverbal and motor development.

In practice, one can meet individual elements or a combination of several syndromes, and a transition from one clinical manifestation to another is also possible.

Important! Many parents mistakenly take the first manifestations of cerebral ischemia for the characteristics of the baby's character. If the child is inactive and sleeps constantly or, conversely, is restless and cries a lot, it is necessary to consult a pediatric neurologist.

Degrees of cerebral ischemia and their consequences

Ischemic forms of CNS damage in newborns are classified into three degrees depending on the severity of cerebral pathology:

  • light;
  • moderate;
  • heavy.

I degree

The first degree is mild ischemia. The newborn is characterized by lethargy, turning into hyperexcitability. There are no gross focal symptoms in the neurological status. There may be a slight increase in unconditioned reflexes, their spontaneous manifestations are possible.

As a rule, after a few days, the symptoms are stopped and observed. full recovery. At present time runs overdiagnosis of mild ischemic CNS lesions.

This is due to the impossibility of completely excluding mild hypoxic-ischemic damage to the nervous tissue. The abundance of risk factors for the disease, the blurring of the clinical picture of cerebral ischemia of the first degree and the absence of its consequences allow the doctor to establish such a diagnosis in almost every newborn.

II degree

Second degree - medium severity cerebral ischemia is characterized by depression of the functions of the central nervous system for at least 12 hours. There is asymmetric muscle hypotension, weakness motor activity, inhibition of reflexes. Seizures are possible. The prognosis of this form is not certain.

III degree

The third degree is severe cerebral ischemia. After birth, the state of consciousness of the child is assessed as stupor or coma, it is required artificial ventilation lungs. Diffuse muscle hypotonia, lack of spontaneous motor skills are noted. Often there are postnatal convulsions. observed. The consequences of hypoxic-ischemic damage to the CNS of the 3rd degree are the most severe. When surviving, such children have severe neurological damage.

Diagnosis of ischemic damage to the central nervous system

The diagnosis of cerebral ischemia is established by a neonatologist directly in the maternity hospital or pediatric neurologist at a local clinic. In this case, the conclusion should be based on complaints from the parents, the characteristics of the anamnesis, data on the course of pregnancy and childbirth, the condition of the child after birth.

To assess the specifics of damage and the severity of the disease, additional clinical and instrumental methods of examination are used. These include:

  • general clinical studies;
  • neuroimaging (CT and brain);
  • EchoES, REG, EEG;
  • consultation with an ophthalmologist, speech therapist, psychologist.

Remember! None of the diagnostic procedures can exclude cerebral ischemia, even if its signs were not found during the study.

Treatment of cerebral ischemia in newborns

Treatment of hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central nervous system will depend on the degree of cerebral ischemia and the clinical picture of the disease. The main stages of the fight against perinatal lesions nervous system hypoxic genesis the following:

  • ensure patency respiratory tract and adequate ventilation of the lungs;
  • restoration of adequate brain perfusion;
  • compliance protective regime with the prevention of cooling, overheating, secondary infection;
  • correction of metabolic and electrolyte disorders;
  • neuroprotection and neurotrophic therapy;
  • if necessary, anticonvulsants;
  • treatment of the consequences of the disease ( medicines, massage, physiotherapy, kinesiotherapy and physiotherapy, acupuncture, pedagogical correction).

If the doctor talks about neuralgia and even VVD, then a common person at least roughly what in question. But the diagnosis of “residual organic lesion of the central nervous system”, as a rule, confuses everyone (except physicians). It is clear that this is "something in the head." But what? How dangerous and whether it can be treated - this topic requires a serious approach.

What is hidden behind the complex term?

Before revealing this medical concept, as a residual organic lesion of the central nervous system, it is necessary to understand what is generally understood as an organic disorder. This means that dystrophic changes occur in the brain - cells are destroyed and die, that is, this organ is in an unstable state. The word "residual" indicates that the pathology appeared in a person during the perinatal period (when he was still in the womb) - from 154 days of gestation (in other words, at 22 weeks), when the fetus weighed 500 g, and 7 days after emergence into the world. The disease consists in the fact that the work of the central nervous system organs is disrupted. Thus, a person acquires this pathology as an infant, and it can manifest itself both immediately after birth and in adulthood. The cause of its development in adults is trauma, intoxication (including alcohol, drugs), inflammatory diseases(encephalitis, meningitis).

Why does the brain or spinal cord suffer (it also belongs to the central nervous system)? If we talk about the second, then the reason may be incorrect obstetric care - for example, inaccurate turns of the head when removing the baby. Residual organic brain damage develops due to genetic disorders that are inherited, maternal diseases, abnormal childbirth, stress, malnutrition and behavior of a pregnant woman (in particular, taking dietary supplements, medications that adversely affect the formation of organs of the nervous system), asphyxia during time of childbirth, infectious diseases of a nursing woman and other adverse factors.

Not like everyone else! External signs of a dangerous inheritance

To identify residual-organic lesion of the central nervous system in children without instrumental methods surveys are quite difficult. Parents may not notice anything unusual in the physical condition and behavior of the baby. But an experienced neurologist is likely to notice alarming symptoms. His attention will be drawn to characteristics infant pathology:

  • involuntary trembling of the upper limbs and chin;
  • unmotivated anxiety;
  • absence muscle tension(which is typical for newborns);
  • lagging behind the accepted terms of formation of arbitrary movements.

With gross brain damage, the picture of the disease looks like this:

  • paralysis of any of the limbs;
  • blindness;
  • violation of pupil movements, strabismus;
  • reflex failure.

In an older child and an adult, pathology can manifest itself with the following symptoms:

  • fatigue, unstable mood, inability to adapt to physical and mental stress, increased irritability, capriciousness;
  • tic, fears, nocturnal enuresis;
  • mental anxiety, distraction;
  • poor memory, lag in intellectual and speech development, low learning ability, impaired perception;
  • aggression, agitation, tantrums and, lack of self-criticism;
  • inability to make independent decisions, suppression, dependence;
  • motor hyperactivity;
  • diffuse headache (especially in the morning);
  • progressive loss of vision;
  • sometimes vomiting without nausea;
  • convulsions.

Important! At the first, even minor, signs of organic brain damage, it is recommended to immediately contact a highly qualified specialist, since a timely diagnosis significantly reduces the risk of developing dangerous and irreversible consequences.

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What diagnostic procedures will confirm the diagnosis?

Today, the following methods are used to diagnose this pathology:

  • MRI of the brain;
  • electroencephalography;
  • raoencephalography.

The patient must be examined by several specialists: a neurologist, a psychiatrist, a defectologist, a speech therapist.

Can the brain be healed?

It must be understood that the term "unspecified residual organic lesion of the central nervous system" (ICB code 10 - G96.9) means several pathologies. Therefore, the choice of therapeutic methods of exposure depends on the prevalence, location, degree of necrosis of the nervous tissue and the patient's condition. The medicinal component of treatment usually includes sedatives, nootropics, tranquilizers, hypnotics, neuroleptics, psychostimulants, drugs that improve cerebral circulation, vitamin complexes. Nice results gives physiotherapy, acupuncture, bioacoustic correction of GM, massage sessions. A child with such a diagnosis needs psychotherapeutic intervention, neuropsychological rehabilitation, and the help of a speech therapist.

Although it is believed that organic lesions of the nervous system are persistent and lifelong, with mild disorders and an integrated approach to therapy, it is still possible to achieve a complete recovery. In severe lesions, brain edema may develop, spasm of the respiratory muscles, malfunction of the center that controls the work of cardio-vascular system. Therefore, constant medical monitoring of the patient's condition is indicated. Epilepsy can be a consequence of this pathology, mental retardation. In the worst case, when the scale of damage is too great, it can lead to the death of the newborn or fetus.

This diagnosis is currently one of the most common. To be strictly dispassionate, then it can be put on 9 out of 10 people of any age. And with age, the number of people who have this disorder (or disease) increases more and more. Even those who had a strong "ferment" and almost never got sick, now feel quite a certain discomfort associated with some changes in the brain.

An organic lesion of the central nervous system (central nervous system) in its classical content is a neurological diagnosis, i.e. is in the competence of the neuropathologist. But the symptoms and syndromes accompanying this diagnosis can refer to any other medical specialty.

This diagnosis means that the human brain is defective to a certain extent. But if mild degree(5-20%) "organics" (organic damage to the central nervous system) is inherent in almost all people (98-99%) and does not require any special medical interventions, then already the average degree (20-50%) of organic matter is not just a quantitatively different state, but a qualitatively different (fundamentally more severe) type of disturbance in the activity of the nervous system.

Of course, in most cases, even this degree is not a reason for panic and tragedy. And it is this intonation that sounds in the voice of doctors who “make” this diagnosis to any of the patients. And the calmness and confidence of doctors are immediately transferred to patients and their families, thus setting them up in a carefree and frivolous way. But at the same time, the main principle of medicine is forgotten - "the main thing is not to treat the disease, but to prevent it." And this is where it turns out that the warning further development moderately pronounced organic matter is completely absent and in the future leads in many cases to rather sad consequences. In other words, organic is not a reason for relaxation, but the basis for a serious attitude to this violation work of the CNS.

As practice has shown, doctors, if they begin to sound the alarm, then only when organic matter has already reached a severe degree (50-70%) of severity and when all medical efforts can only give relative and temporary positive effect. The causes of organic matter are divided into congenital and acquired. Congenital cases include cases when, during pregnancy, the mother of the unborn child suffered any infection (ARI, influenza, tonsillitis, etc.), took certain medications, alcohol, and smoked. A unified blood supply system will bring stress hormones into the body of the fetus during periods psychological stress mother. In addition, sudden changes in temperature and pressure, exposure to radioactive substances and x-ray radiation, toxic substances dissolved in water, contained in the air, in food, etc.

There are several especially critical periods when even a small external influence on the mother's body can lead to the death of the fetus or cause such significant changes in the structure of the body (including the brain) of the future person, which, firstly, cannot be corrected by any medical intervention, and secondly, these changes can lead to early death of a child before 5-15 years of age (and usually mothers report this) or cause disability from the very early age. And in the very best case lead to the emergence of a pronounced inferiority of the brain, when even at maximum voltage the brain is able to work only at 20-40 percent of its potential capacity. Almost always, these disorders are accompanied by varying degrees of disharmony. mental activity when, with a reduced mental potential, not always positive qualities of character are sharpened.

The impetus for all of the above during critical periods can also be the intake of certain drugs, physical and emotional overload, etc. etc. But this is where the "misadventures" of the future owner of the neuropsychic sphere are just beginning. For at present, only one in twenty women gives birth without any complications. Not all women, to put it mildly, can boast that they gave birth in conditions of high technical equipment, the presence of a qualified doctor and midwife. Many were neither psychologically nor physically ready for childbirth. And this creates additional difficulties during childbirth.

Asphyxia during childbirth ( oxygen starvation fetus), protracted labor, early placental abruption, uterine atony, and dozens of the most various reasons sometimes cause irreversible changes in the brain cells of the fetus.

After childbirth, severe infections (with severe symptoms of intoxication, high temperature etc.) up to 3 years are capable of generating acquired organic changes in the brain. Brain injuries with or without loss of consciousness, but repeated, will certainly cause not only some organic changes, but will create a situation where the resulting pathological processes in the brain, they will develop quite intensively on their own and create the most diverse in appearance and form of a violation of the mental and mental activity of a person (up to delirium and hallucinations).

Long general anesthesia or short, but frequent, in the absence of proper correction in the future, also enhance organics.

Long-term (several months) independent (without appointment and constant control an experienced psychiatrist or psychotherapist taking some psychotropic drugs may lead to some reversible or irreversible changes in the functioning of the brain.

Drug use causes not only physical changes in the body, but also mental and mental, in literally killing many brain cells.

Alcohol abuse necessarily reduces the potential of the most important centers of the brain, since alcohol in itself is a toxic product for the brain. Only very rare people having increased activity of liver enzymes are capable of minimal harm tolerate alcohol intake. But such people were born more before, and now it is a rarity (1-2 per 1000). Not to mention that alcohol itself has a toxic effect on the liver, reducing its activity in general, thus reducing the chance for it to quickly and fully neutralize alcohol in the body. Moreover, the earlier alcohol consumption is started, the more difficult the results of such a hobby will be, since until adulthood the body is in the stage of formation of a stable and stable work of its most important functions and therefore is especially sensitive to any negative influences.

Diagnosis of organics is quite simple. A professional psychiatrist can already determine the presence or absence of organics by the face of a child. And, in some cases, even the degree of its severity. Another question is that there are hundreds of types of disorders in the functioning of the brain, and in each specific case they are in a very special combination and connection with each other.

Laboratory diagnostics is based on a series of procedures that are quite harmless to the body and informative for the doctor: EEG - electroencephalograms, REG - rheoencephalograms (study of cerebral vessels), UZDG (M-echoEG) - ultrasound diagnostics brain. These three examinations are similar in form to an electrocardiogram, only they are taken from a person’s head. CT scan with its very impressive and expressive name, it is actually capable of revealing a very a small amount of types of brain pathology - a tumor, volumetric process, aneurysm (pathological expansion of the brain vessel), expansion of the main cisterns of the brain (with increased intracranial pressure). Most informative study is the EEG.

In the old days (20-30 years ago), neuropathologists were inclined to answer the parents of children and adolescents that the identified changes could disappear on their own with age, without any special treatment. According to the author's personal observations over the past 20 years for a large group of patients of very different ages and disorders in the brain, different in severity and nature, one can draw a very clear and extremely specific conclusion that practically no CNS disorders disappear by themselves, but with age not only do not decrease, but increase both quantitatively and qualitatively.
And what does it threaten, parents ask me? Should I be worried? Worth it and still worth it. Let's start with the fact that the mental development of a child directly depends on the state of the brain. If the brain has at least some defectiveness, then this will certainly reduce the intensity of the child's mental development in the future. Yes and mental development will go far in the best way. Question in this case not necessarily about a fundamental mental abnormality. But the difficulty of the processes of thinking, remembering and remembering, the impoverishment of imagination and fantasies can nullify the efforts of the most industrious and diligent child while studying at school.

The character of a person is formed distorted, with varying degrees of severity a certain kind psychopathization. The shortcomings are especially aggravated. Yes, and the whole structure of the personality turns out to be deformed, which in the future will be practically impossible to somehow significantly correct it.

The presence of even small, but numerous changes in the psychology and psyche of the child leads to a significant decrease in the organization of his external and internal phenomena and actions. There is an impoverishment of emotions and their flattening, which is directly and indirectly reflected in the facial expressions and gestures of the child.

The central nervous system regulates the work of all internal organs. And if it works defectively, then the rest of the organs, with the most careful care of each of them individually, will not be able to work normally in principle if they are poorly regulated by the brain.

One of the most common diseases of our time - vegetative-vascular dystonia (see the article on VVD in the book "Neuroses") against the background of organic matter acquires a more severe, peculiar and atypical course. And thus, it not only causes more trouble, but these "troubles" themselves are of a more malignant nature.
The physical development of the body goes with any disturbances - there may be a violation of the figure, a decrease in muscle tone, a decrease in their resistance to physical exertion, even of a moderate magnitude.

The likelihood of increased intracranial pressure increases by 2-6 times. This will lead to frequent headaches and various kinds unpleasant sensations in the head area, reducing the performance of the mental and physical labor 2-4 times.
The likelihood of endocrine disorders increases by 3-4 times, which leads to minor additional stress factors to diabetes, bronchial asthma, imbalances of sex hormones with subsequent violation of the sexual development of the organism as a whole (an increase in the amount of male sex hormones in girls and female hormones- in boys).

The risk of developing a brain tumor also increases, as does convulsive syndrome(local or general convulsions with loss of consciousness), epilepsy (group 2 disability), cerebrovascular accident in adulthood in the presence of hypertension, even medium degree severity (stroke), diencephalic syndrome (attacks causeless fear, various expressed discomfort in any part of the body, lasting from several minutes to several hours).

Hearing and vision may decrease over time, coordination of movements of a sports, household, aesthetic and technical nature is disturbed, making it difficult for social and professional adaptation.

Organics, as such, drastically reduces the degree of attractiveness and attractiveness, charm, beauty and outward expressiveness of a person. And if for boys this can be a relative stress, then for most girls it will be quite a powerful stress. Which, given the increased cruelty and aggressiveness of modern youth, can significantly violate the foundations of the well-being of the life of almost any person.

Most often, a decrease in the general immunity of the human body occurs. What is expressed in the emergence of many different colds- tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections, bronchitis, pharyngitis (inflammation rear wall pharynx, laryngitis, otitis media (ear inflammation), rhinitis (runny nose), pyelonephritis (kidneys), etc. Which in turn gets in many cases chronic course and leads to glomerulonephritis (complex and malignant disease kidneys), rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, the occurrence of a defect heart valve, and others limit serious illnesses leading in most cases to disability or significantly reducing life expectancy. The presence of organic matter contributes to more early emergence atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels and its more intensive development (serious mental and mental disorders, untreatable).

Organics directly and indirectly contributes to the emergence of neurosis and depression, asthenic conditions(general severe weakness), schizophrenia (the protective threshold for stress factors decreases). But at the same time, any neuropsychiatric disorder or disease begins to proceed atypically, paradoxically, with many oddities and peculiarities, making it difficult both to diagnose and treat them. Because the body's sensitivity to the effects of psychotropic drugs changes to a certain extent (in proportion to the degree of organic matter). One tablet can cause such therapeutic effect like two or four. Or four tablets - as one. And side effects from medications can be much more numerous and more pronounced (and therefore more unpleasant). The relationship between individual symptoms and syndromes becomes unusual, and their decrease in severity then occurs according to completely unpredictable rules and laws.

themselves pathological symptoms become more drug resistant. And often there is a kind of vicious circle when a drug-resistant (resistant) syndrome requires the appointment of a higher dose of a particular drug. BUT hypersensitivity body to the action of this drug greatly limits the amount of dose that can be prescribed to a particular person. So the doctor has to strain not only his logical thinking, but also listen hard to your professional intuition in order to understand what needs to be done in each specific case in his work.

Organic treatment is a special article. Because some drugs that are indicated for the treatment of some types of brain pathology are absolutely contraindicated for others. For example, nootropic drugs improve the activity of most centers of the brain.
But, if there is a lower threshold of convulsive readiness or some mental disorders or diseases (fear, anxiety, agitation, etc.), then this threatens to cause such a condition (epilepsy or psychosis, for example), which is many times worse and more difficult than that which we want to correct with the help of nootropics.

Treatment of organics is a long, if not lifelong process. At a minimum, you need to take twice a year for 1-2 months vascular preparations. But the accompanying neuropsychiatric disorders also require their own separate and special correction, which can only be carried out by a psychiatrist (by no means a neuropathologist, since this, in fact, is not his competence). The possibilities of one or two cycles of treatment are very relative and in most cases concern only secondary symptoms.

To control the degree of effectiveness of the treatment of organics and the nature and magnitude of the resulting changes in the state of the brain, the control of the doctor himself at the reception and EEG, REG, and ultrasound is used.

It should also be noted that no matter how impatient the relatives of the organic patient or himself are, the rate of organic treatment cannot be significantly increased even theoretically. This is due to the fact that our body is a very perfect biochemical system in which all processes are stabilized and balanced. Therefore, the concentration of all chemicals, both those taking part in the natural biochemical metabolism of the human body, and those foreign to it, cannot be higher than the permissible long time. For example, a person eats a lot of sweets at once. The body does not need that much glucose per day. Therefore, the body takes only what it needs, and the rest is thrown out with urine. Another question is that if too much sweet is eaten, then the removal of excess sugar will take some time. And the more glucose enters the body, the longer it will take to get rid of it.

It is this moment that determines the fact that if we introduce into the body a 5-10-fold dose of vitamins for the brain, then only daily dose and the rest will be deleted. In other words, the correction of any metabolic processes has its own logical sequence, a clearly defined pattern of transformation of the work of certain vital centers of the brain.

In some cases, when there is acute pathology brain (concussion, stroke, etc.) is acceptable and justified appointment higher doses drugs, but their effect will be short and aimed at correcting the newly emerged pathology. And the old pathology - organic matter already has an adaptive character in the body as a whole. A number of natural biochemical processes in the body have long been taking into account the available organic matter. Of course, not in the most optimal mode, but based on real opportunities and needs (organics can change in the body its system of assessing its needs and capabilities and these needs and capabilities themselves).

A. Altunin, Doctor of Medical Sciences,
psychotherapist of the medical and psychological center named after V.M. Bekhterev

Degeneration of the central nervous system is an irreversible organic and functional changes in the spinal cord and brain that lead to mental degeneration. There are many types of diseases, the consequences of which are disorders of the nervous system. Accordingly, the treatment will depend on the type of disease and the causes that cause it. Unfortunately, not all diseases of the central nervous system are treatable. successful therapy degenerative diseases of the central nervous system are performed at the Yusupov hospital.

Degenerative diseases of the central nervous system: general concepts

The main characteristics of the group of degenerative diseases of the CNS are the following criteria:

  • diseases begin imperceptibly, before their appearance, the nervous system could work absolutely normally;
  • diseases have a gradually progressive course, can last for years or decades;
  • some degenerative diseases are associated with hereditary factors and develop in several members of the same family;
  • neurodegenerative disease of the CNS gradual death neurons and replacing them with glial elements;
  • atrophic processes in initial stage the development of pathology occurs in any particular area of ​​​​one of the hemispheres of the brain; further, in the period of the advanced stage of degeneration, atrophy in the brain becomes practically symmetrical.

Various diseases of the central nervous system, the list of which is quite long, remain under study. The causes of atrophic processes are not known for certain. normal functioning nervous system most human life. However, there are a number of factors that can provoke brain degeneration:

Organic diseases of the central nervous system

The presence of an organic disease of the central nervous system means that the brain is defective. Pathology can be congenital or acquired. Neurologists say that first-stage organic CNS disorders can be found in 98% of the population, but they do not require treatment. The second and third stages are characterized by more serious lesions and are accompanied by significant deviations.

Congenital organic lesions of the brain occur during embryonic development or during childbirth as a result of birth injury. The reasons for their appearance may be adverse factors that affected the pregnant woman:

  • woman's use of alcohol, drugs;
  • severe course flu or other infectious diseases during pregnancy;
  • some medicines;
  • severe stress.

Acquired organic lesions can occur after a stroke, traumatic brain injury, alcohol and drug abuse, infectious diseases with brain damage.

Among the diseases that are caused by organic lesions of the central nervous system, oligophrenia and dementia are distinguished. With oligophrenia, mental retardation occurs. The disease occurs during prenatal development or in the first year of life. Children have reduced intelligence, speech and motor skills develop poorly. With dementia, there is a loss of already acquired skills and knowledge. Gradually, dementia leads to the complete degradation of a person. Considering this disease of the central nervous system, the symptoms are as follows: impaired memory, speech, orientation in space, a person cannot learn new things and loses old skills and knowledge.

Infectious diseases of the CNS

Infectious diseases of the CNS are among the most common neurological pathologies. CNS diseases caused by infection are very dangerous. They have a severe course, leave serious consequences and significant neurological deficits. Infectious diseases of the central nervous system can cause bacteria, viruses, fungal diseases. Most often, diseases develop when meningococcus, staphylococcus, pneumococcus, enteroviruses ECHO and Coxsackie enter the body, mumps, candida. Entrance gates for infection are ENT organs, it is also transmitted by contact, hematogenous, lymphogenous, perineural route.

Violation of blood circulation in the brain provokes the development of vascular diseases of the central nervous system. These pathologies are extremely dangerous, since in most cases they lead to a person's disability. Also, vascular diseases of the central nervous system have a high mortality rate. Brain damage occurs as a result of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, transient ischemic attacks, spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages. Causes similar pathologies are:

The trigger mechanism for the development of strokes can be severe stress, seizures, alcohol intoxication, sudden changes in body temperature. Vascular disease of the central nervous system most often occurs spontaneously and requires immediate medical attention.

Treatment and diagnosis of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system

The danger of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system is that they are difficult to predict. If there are provoking factors in a person's life, it is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle and regularly visit a neurologist for preventive examinations. If you suspect signs of CNS disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sooner the disease is detected, the more likely it is to slow down the progression of degenerative processes in the brain.

Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative diseases will depend on the type of pathology. Having determined the clinical picture of the disease, the doctor will prescribe studies to clarify the patient's condition. These may include laboratory tests, ultrasounds, MRIs, CT scans, and psychological tests to determine the state of cognitive skills.

The Yusupov Hospital in Moscow has a neurology clinic, which is assisted by highly qualified neurologists, doctors of sciences. The doctors of the Yusupov hospital have extensive experience in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and use in their work the latest techniques therapy and rehabilitation, which allows us to take on the most difficult cases.

You can call for help, make an appointment and get expert advice by phone.

Bibliography

Prices for the diagnosis of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system

*The information on the site is for informational purposes only. All materials and prices posted on the site are not a public offer, determined by the provisions of Art. 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. For exact information, please contact the clinic staff or visit our clinic. List of rendered paid services listed in the price list of the Yusupov hospital.

*The information on the site is for informational purposes only. All materials and prices posted on the site are not a public offer, determined by the provisions of Art. 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. For exact information, please contact the clinic staff or visit our clinic.

The activity of all our organs and systems is controlled by the central nervous system. It also ensures our interaction with environment and regulate human behavior. Violations of the activity of the central nervous system can be provoked by the most different factors, but in any case they adversely affect the life of the organism. Some of these pathological conditions are quite amenable to drug correction, but others, unfortunately, are incurable. Let's talk about the causes that cause damage to the central nervous system, as well as the symptoms accompanying this process in a little more detail.

Causes of damage to the central nervous system

Problems in the activity of the central nervous system can be caused by a variety of factors. So they can be provoked by various vascular disorders, as well as infectious lesions. In some cases, such problems are a consequence of the consumption of poisons, or the result of injuries. In addition, they can develop against the background of tumor formations.

Vascular ailments

So vascular lesions of the central nervous system are especially common, and they must be treated with particular seriousness, since such pathologies often cause lethal outcome at different groups population. Such ailments include strokes and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, which can lead to pronounced changes from the side of the brain. Such disorders develop against the background of hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc.

The main manifestations of failures in the cerebral circulation of the acute type are headache, nausea, vomiting, sensory disturbances, as well as motor activity. They develop very quickly and most often suddenly.

Infectious lesions

Chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system

Such diseases are represented by multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, etc. Scientists still cannot accurately determine the causes of their development, however, the main theory is hereditary predisposition, as well as the concomitant effects of various negative factors(infections, intoxications, metabolic disorders).
common feature of all such diseases is a gradual development, which most often begins in middle age or in old age. In addition, the disorders are systemic in nature, affecting, for example, the entire neuromuscular apparatus. Also all similar ailments proceed for a long time, with a gradual increase in the intensity of symptoms.

Traumatic lesions central nervous system

Such ailments are caused by concussions, bruises, and also compression of the brain. They can develop as a result of trauma to the brain or spinal cord, which has the form of encephalopathy, etc. So a concussion makes itself felt by disorders of consciousness, the onset of headaches, as well as nausea, vomiting, and memory disorders. With a brain injury to the described clinical picture are joining various violations sensitivity, and motor activity.

hereditary lesions central nervous system

Such ailments can take the form of chromosomal and genomic. In the first case, the pathology develops against the background of changes in the chromosomes, in other words, at the cellular level. Genomic anomalies appear due to changes in genes, which are inherently carriers of heredity. The most common chromosomal disorder is Down's disease. If we talk about genomic disorders, they can be represented by several options with a predominant violation of the activity of the neuromuscular, as well as the nervous systems. Chromosomal ailments are usually accompanied by manifestations of dementia and infantilism, some endocrine problems. Those suffering from genomic diseases are usually prone to movement disorders.

Organic lesions of the central nervous system

Inadequate work of the brain indicates the development of an organic lesion of the nervous system. This condition can be manifested by increased excitability, as well as rapid distractibility, urinary incontinence during the daytime, and sleep disturbances. In most cases, the activity of the organs of hearing or vision suffers, in addition, discoordination of movements may appear. Work is disrupted immune system person.

Such pathologies can develop both in children and in adults. Congenital organic lesions often result from viral infections that develop in a woman during the gestation period, as well as her consumption of alcohol or nicotine.

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