Cerebral disorder of the brain. Circulatory disorders and vascular genesis of the brain

How often do you complain of a headache? Unfortunately, in our time, vasospasm and circulatory disorders of the brain are quite common reasons for visiting a doctor. A person does not know what is happening to him, drinks painkillers, quickly loses his ability to work. What can cause such violations and how can we help ourselves?

Since there are many diseases that cause problems with blood flow in the brain, let's pay attention to a few basic ones:

stroke;
transistor ischemic attack;
hypertensive crisis;
venous hemorrhages;
cerebral vein thrombosis;
dyscirculatory encephalopathy and myelopathy.

These ailments are the result of impaired blood circulation in the brain. The consequences of their development are not immediately obvious. But the longer a person ignores the symptoms of circulatory disorders of the brain, the brighter they begin to appear.

According to the characteristics of the course of the disease, acute (symptoms appear for a long time), transient (the patient feels unwell from time to time) and chronic (caused by hypertension or atherosclerosis)

General clinical symptoms of impaired circulation

Circulatory disorders manifest themselves in several ways. First, it's a headache. And not one that can pass by itself. In order to calm it down, a person has to take painkillers. During the day, an increase in pain in the eyes is possible, especially when moving the eyeball or trying to focus on an object.

A lack of oxygen in the body can weaken the coordination of movement and cause severe dizziness. It becomes difficult for a person to navigate in space and control his body. All this may be accompanied by gag reflexes or convulsions.

The patient, among other things, may notice various kinds of symptoms, such as complaining of feeling dazed. Extreme options are also possible: a person may fall into a coma. The patient may experience confusion, twilight states, speech loss, or lack of contact with reality. In severe cases, there is fever, chills, or an unexplained increase in blood pressure.

Isn't it a stroke?

Imagine yourself as an emergency doctor who comes to a sick person complaining of a headache. What should the doctor pay attention to? The first thing a healthcare professional should rule out is a stroke. Does the patient appear to be numb in the body? You need to check this, for example, ask to stretch your arms forward. If one of the arms drops faster, then it is on the side of the paresis. And if the patient cannot hold his hands in front of him at all, then he may have paralysis of the body.

You will also pay attention to speech disorders. A person can not only be poorly oriented in what he hears, but also speak poorly. You can ask him his name, or ask him to do something as simple as opening or closing his eyes. So you will understand whether he is able to understand you and whether he can clearly express his thought.

A patient with a stroke may develop facial asymmetry. You will see a smoothed nasolabial fold. When the patient tries to smile, you will notice that the corner of his mouth is lowered. In order to reveal this, you ask the patient to show his teeth, stretch his lips with a tube. Then the asymmetry will become apparent.

cerebral circulation- blood circulation in the vascular system of the brain and spinal cord.

The process that causes disorders of cerebral circulation can affect the main and cerebral arteries (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, common, internal and external carotid, subclavian, vertebral, basilar, spinal, radicular arteries and their branches), cerebral veins and venous sinuses, jugular veins. The nature of the pathology of the cerebral vessels is different: thrombosis, embolism, narrowing of the lumen, kinks and looping, aneurysms of the vessels of the brain and spinal cord.

The severity and localization of morphological changes in the brain tissue in patients with cerebral circulation disorders are determined by the underlying disease, the blood supply pool of the affected vessel, the mechanisms of development of this circulatory disorder, the age and individual characteristics of the patient.

Morphological signs of cerebrovascular accident can be focal and diffuse. Focal include hemorrhagic stroke, intrathecal hemorrhage, cerebral infarction; to diffuse - multiple small-focal changes in the substance of the brain of different nature and different prescription, small hemorrhages, small fresh and organizing foci of necrosis of the brain tissue, gliomesodermal scars and small cysts.

Clinically, with cerebral circulation disorders, there may be subjective sensations (headache, dizziness, paresthesia, etc.) without objective neurological symptoms; organic microsymptoms without clear symptoms of loss of CNS function; focal symptoms: movement disorders - paresis or paralysis, extrapyramidal disorders, hyperkinesis, coordination disorders, sensitivity disorders, pain; violations of the functions of the sense organs, focal violations of the higher functions of the cerebral cortex - aphasia, agraphia, alexia, etc .; changes in intelligence, memory, emotional-volitional sphere; epileptic seizures; psychopathological symptoms.

According to the nature of cerebrovascular accidents, initial manifestations of insufficient blood supply to the brain, acute cerebrovascular accidents (transient disorders, intrathecal hemorrhages, strokes), chronic slowly progressive disorders of cerebral and spinal circulation (dyscirculatory encephalopathy and myelopathy) are distinguished.

Clinical symptoms of the initial manifestations of insufficiency of blood supply to the brain are appearing, especially after intense mental and physical work, staying in a stuffy room, headache, dizziness, noise in the head, decreased performance, sleep disturbance. Focal neurological symptoms in such patients, as a rule, are absent or are represented by diffuse microsymptoms. To diagnose the initial manifestations of insufficient blood supply to the brain, it is necessary to identify objective signs of atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, vasomotor dystonia and exclude other somatic pathologies, as well as neurosis.

Acute cerebrovascular accidents include transient cerebrovascular accidents and strokes.

Transient disorders of cerebral circulation are manifested by focal or cerebral symptoms (or a combination thereof), lasting less than 1 day. Most often they are observed in atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, hypertension and arterial hypertension.

There are transient ischemic attacks and hypertensive cerebral crises.

Transient ischemic attacks are characterized by the appearance of focal neurological symptoms (weakness and numbness of the extremities, speech difficulty, impaired statics, diplopia, etc.) against the background of mild or absent cerebral symptoms.

For hypertensive cerebral crises, on the contrary, the predominance of cerebral symptoms (headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting) over focal ones, which sometimes may be absent, is characteristic. Acute cerebrovascular accident, in which focal neurological symptoms persist for more than 1 day, is considered a stroke.

Acute disorders of venous circulation in the brain also include venous hemorrhages, thrombosis of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses.

Chronic disorders of cerebral circulation (dyscirculatory encephalopathy and myelopathy) are the result of progressive circulatory failure caused by various vascular diseases.

With dyscirculatory encephalopathy, diffuse organic symptoms are detected, usually in combination with memory impairment, headaches, non-systemic dizziness, irritability, etc. There are 3 stages of dyscirculatory encephalopathy.

For stage I, in addition to diffuse, unsharply pronounced persistent organic symptoms (asymmetry of cranial innervation, light oral reflexes, inaccuracies in coordination, etc.), the presence of a syndrome similar to the asthenic form of neurasthenia is characteristic (memory impairment, fatigue, absent-mindedness, difficulty switching from one activity to another). another, dull headaches, non-systemic dizziness, poor sleep, irritability, tearfulness, depressed mood). The intellect does not suffer.

Stage II is characterized by a progressive deterioration of memory (including professional), a decrease in working capacity, personality changes (viscosity of thought, a narrowing of the circle of interests, apathy, often verbosity, irritability, quarrelsomeness, etc.), and a decrease in intelligence. Daytime sleepiness is typical with poor night sleep. Organic symptoms are more pronounced (mild dysarthria, reflexes of oral automatism and other pathological reflexes, bradykinesia, tremor, changes in muscle tone, coordination and sensory disorders).
Stage III is characterized by both aggravation of mental disorders (up to dementia) and the development of neurological syndromes associated with a predominant lesion of a certain area of the brain. It can be pseudobulbar palsy, parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal insufficiency. Frequent stroke-like worsening of the condition, characterized by the appearance of new focal symptoms and an increase in previously existing signs of cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Dyscirculatory myelopathy also has a progressive course, in which three stages can be conventionally distinguished. Stage I (compensated) is characterized by the appearance of moderate fatigue of the muscles of the limbs, less often by weakness of the limbs. Subsequently, in stage II (subcompensated), weakness in the limbs progressively increases, sensitivity disorders appear in the segmental and conduction type, changes in the reflex sphere. In stage III, paresis or paralysis, severe sensory disturbances, and pelvic disorders develop.

The nature of focal syndromes depends on the localization of pathological foci along the length and diameter of the spinal cord. Possible clinical syndromes are polio, pyramidal, syringomyelic, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, posterocolumnar, transverse spinal cord lesions.

Chronic venous circulation disorders include venous congestion, causing venous encephalopathy and myelopathy. It is a consequence of cardiac or pulmonary heart failure, compression of extracranial veins in the neck, etc. Difficulties in venous outflow from the cranial cavity and spinal canal can be compensated for a long time; with decompensation, headaches, convulsive seizures, cerebellar symptoms, and dysfunction of the cranial nerves are possible. Venous encephalopathy is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations. Hypertension (pseudotumor) syndrome, disseminated small-focal brain damage syndrome, asthenic syndrome can be observed. Venous encephalopathy also includes bettolepsy (cough epilepsy), which develops in diseases that lead to venous congestion in the brain. Venous myelopathy is a particular variant of dyscirculatory myelopathy and does not differ significantly from the latter clinically.

Symptoms of circulatory disorders in the vessels of the brain

In the early stages, the disease is asymptomatic. However, it progresses rapidly and gradually its symptoms completely incapacitate a person, work capacity is seriously impaired, a person loses the joy of life and cannot fully live.

So, the symptoms of cerebrovascular accident include:

Headache is a major wake-up call, but people often ignore it, believing that pain is caused by fatigue, weather, or other causes.
pain in the eyes - its peculiarity lies in the fact that it noticeably increases during the movement of the eyeballs, especially in the evening
dizziness - when such a phenomenon is noted regularly, it should by no means be ignored
nausea and vomiting - usually this symptom occurs in parallel with the above
ear congestion
ringing or noise in the ears
convulsions - this symptom is less common than others, but still occurs
numbness - in violation of blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, it occurs absolutely for no reason
tension of the head muscles, especially pronounced in the occipital
weakness in the body
fainting
skin blanching
decrease in heart rate

There are also various disorders of consciousness, such as:

Alterations in perception, such as feeling overwhelmed
memory impairment - a person remembers his past perfectly, but often forgets about plans, about where everything is
distraction
rapid fatigue and, as a result, a decrease in working capacity
irascibility, slight excitability, tearfulness
constant drowsiness or vice versa insomnia

Causes of cerebrovascular disorders

The causes of this disease are very diverse. Usually they are associated with other abnormalities in the work of the cardiovascular system, for example, with vascular atherosclerosis or hypertension. Atherosclerosis is a blockage of blood vessels with cholesterol plaques, so it is simply necessary to monitor the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. And for this you should monitor your daily diet.

Chronic fatigue also often causes circulatory disorders in our brain. Unfortunately, people often do not realize the seriousness of their condition and reach terrible consequences. But chronic fatigue syndrome can lead not only to circulatory failure, but also to disruption of the endocrine system, central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.

Various traumatic brain injuries can also cause disorders. It can be an injury of any severity. Injuries with intracranial hemorrhage are especially dangerous. It is quite natural that the stronger this hemorrhage, the more serious consequences it can lead to.

The problem of a modern person is a regular sitting in front of a computer monitor in an uncomfortable position. As a result of this, the muscles of the neck and back are greatly overstrained and blood circulation in the vessels, including the vessels of the brain, is disturbed. Excessive exercise can also be harmful.

Circulatory problems are also closely related to diseases of the spine, especially its cervical region. Be careful if you are diagnosed with scoliosis or osteochondrosis.

The main cause of cerebral hemorrhage is high blood pressure. With its sharp rise, a rupture of the vessel may occur, resulting in the release of blood into the substance of the brain and the development of an intracerebral hematoma.

A more rare cause of hemorrhage is a ruptured aneurysm. An arterial aneurysm, usually related to congenital pathology, is a saccular protrusion on the vessel wall. The walls of such a protrusion do not have such a powerful muscular and elastic frame as the walls of a normal vessel have. Therefore, sometimes only a relatively small jump in pressure, which is observed in quite healthy people during physical exertion or emotional stress, is enough for the wall of the aneurysm to burst.

Along with saccular aneurysms, other congenital anomalies of the vascular system are sometimes observed, creating a threat of sudden hemorrhage.
In cases where an aneurysm is located in the walls of vessels located on the surface of the brain, its rupture leads to the development of not intracerebral, but subarachnoid (subarachnoid) hemorrhage, located under the arachnoid membrane surrounding the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage does not directly lead to the development of focal neurological symptoms (paresis, speech disorders, etc.), but with it general cerebral symptoms are expressed: a sudden sharp ("dagger") headache, often followed by loss of consciousness.

A cerebral infarction usually develops as a result of blockage of one of the cerebral vessels or a large (main) vessel of the head, through which blood flows to the brain.

There are four main vessels: the right and left internal carotid arteries, supplying most of the right and left hemispheres of the brain, and the right and left vertebral arteries, which then merge into the main artery and supply blood to the brainstem, cerebellum and occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

The causes of blockage of the main and cerebral arteries may be different. So, during an inflammatory process on the heart valves (with the formation of infiltrates or with the formation of a parietal thrombus in the heart), pieces of a thrombus or infiltrate can come off and with the blood flow come to the cerebral vessel, the caliber of which is smaller than the size of the piece (embolus), and as a result clog the vessel. Particles of a decaying atherosclerotic plaque on the walls of one of the main arteries of the head can also become emboli.

This is one of the mechanisms for the development of cerebral infarction - embolic.
Another mechanism for the development of a heart attack is thrombotic: the gradual development of a blood clot (blood clot) at the location of an atherosclerotic plaque on the vessel wall. Atherosclerotic plaque filling the lumen of the vessel leads to a slowdown in blood flow, which contributes to the development of a blood clot. The uneven surface of the plaque favors the adhesion (aggregation) of platelets and other blood elements in this place, which is the main frame of the resulting thrombus.

As a rule, some local factors for the formation of a blood clot are often not enough. The development of thrombosis is facilitated by factors such as a general slowdown in blood flow (therefore, thrombosis of the cerebral vessels, as opposed to embolism and hemorrhage, usually develops at night, during sleep), increased blood clotting, increased aggregation (gluing) properties of platelets and red blood cells.

What is blood clotting, everyone knows from experience. A person accidentally cuts a finger, blood begins to flow from it, but gradually a blood clot (thrombus) forms at the site of the cut and the bleeding stops.
Blood clotting is a necessary biological factor contributing to our survival. But both reduced and increased clotting threatens our health and even our very lives.

Increased coagulability leads to the development of thrombosis, reduced - to bleeding with the slightest cuts and bruises. Hemophilia, a disease accompanied by reduced blood clotting and having a hereditary character, suffered from many members of the reigning families of Europe, including the son of the last Russian emperor, Tsarevich Alexei.

Violation of normal blood flow can also be the result of a spasm (strong compression) of the vessel, which occurs as a result of a sharp contraction of the muscle layer of the vascular wall. A few decades ago, spasm was given great importance in the development of cerebrovascular accidents. Currently, cerebral infarctions are mainly associated with spasm of cerebral vessels, which sometimes develop several days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage.

With frequent rises in blood pressure, changes can develop in the walls of small vessels that feed the deep structures of the brain. These changes lead to narrowing, and often to the closure of these vessels. Sometimes, after another sharp rise in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis), a small infarct develops in the circulation of such a vessel (called in the scientific literature "lacunar" infarction).

In some cases, cerebral infarction can develop without complete blockage of the vessel. This is the so-called hemodynamic stroke. Imagine a hose that you use to water your garden. The hose is clogged with silt, but the electric motor, lowered into the pond, works well, and there is enough water jet for normal watering. But a slight bend in the hose or a deterioration in the operation of the motor is enough, instead of a powerful jet, a narrow stream of water begins to flow out of the hose, which is clearly not enough to water the ground well.

The same can occur under certain conditions with the blood flow in the brain. For this, the presence of two factors is sufficient: a sharp narrowing of the lumen of the main or cerebral vessel by an atherosclerotic plaque filling it or as a result of its inflection plus a drop in blood pressure due to a deterioration (often temporary) of the heart.

The mechanism of transient disorders of cerebral circulation (transient ischemic attacks) is in many respects similar to the mechanism of development of cerebral infarction. Only compensating mechanisms for transient cerebrovascular accidents work quickly, and the developed symptoms disappear within a few minutes (or hours). But one should not hope that compensation mechanisms will always cope so well with the violation that has arisen. Therefore, it is so important to know the causes of cerebrovascular accident, which makes it possible to develop methods for preventing (preventing) repeated disasters.

Treatment of cerebrovascular accident

Various diseases of the cardiovascular system are the most common ailments among the population of the planet. A violation of cerebral circulation in general is an extremely dangerous thing. The brain is the most important organ of our body. Its poor functioning leads not only to physical abnormalities, but also to a violation of consciousness.

The treatment of this disease includes not only taking medications, but also a complete change in your lifestyle. As mentioned above, cholesterol plaques contribute to the development of circulatory disorders in the vessels of the brain. So, it is necessary to take measures to prevent an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood. And the main measures include proper nutrition. First of all, do the following:

Limit your salt intake as much as possible
give up alcoholic beverages
if you have extra pounds - you urgently need to get rid of them, because they create an extra load on your blood vessels, and this is simply unacceptable with this disease
In some people, blood vessels, including capillaries, are fragile. These people often bleed gums, nosebleeds are not uncommon. How to get rid of this scourge?

Dissolve a teaspoon of well-peeled (food) and finely ground sea salt in a glass of water at room temperature. Cool saline solution draw in through the nostrils and hold your breath for about 3-4 seconds. Repeat the procedure every morning for 10-12 days, and nosebleeds will stop.

This method also helps well: prepare a saturated saline solution (five tablespoons of coarse sea salt in a glass of warm water). Make two swabs out of cotton, soak them in the prepared solution and insert them into your nose. Lie with your head thrown back for 20 minutes. It is also useful to rinse your mouth with the same solution: the gums will stop hurting and bleeding.

Take two tablespoons of dry mustard, two pods of crushed hot pepper, a tablespoon of sea salt. Mix all ingredients and add two glasses of vodka. Leave the mixture in a dark place for 10 days. With the resulting tincture, actively rub your feet at night. After rubbing, put on woolen socks and go to bed.

Treatment of age-related changes in the circulatory system in the elderly

Age-related changes in the vessels and heart to a large extent limit the adaptive capacity and create prerequisites for the development of diseases.

Changes in the vessels. The structure of the vascular wall changes with age in each person. The muscle layer of each vessel gradually atrophies and decreases, its elasticity is lost and sclerotic seals of the inner wall appear. This greatly limits the ability of blood vessels to expand and narrow, which is already a pathology. First of all, large arterial trunks, especially the aorta, suffer. In elderly and old people, the number of active capillaries per unit area is significantly reduced. Tissues and organs cease to receive the amount of nutrients and oxygen they need, and this leads to their starvation and the development of various diseases.

With age, in each person, small vessels are more and more “clogged” with lime deposits and peripheral vascular resistance increases. This leads to some increase in blood pressure. But the development of hypertension is largely hampered by the fact that with a decrease in the tone of the muscle wall of large vessels, the lumen of the venous bed expands. This leads to a decrease in cardiac output (minute volume is the amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute) and to an active redistribution of peripheral circulation. The coronary and cardiac circulations are usually almost unaffected by the decrease in cardiac output, while the renal and hepatic circulations are greatly reduced.

Decreased contractility of the heart muscle. The older a person becomes, the more muscle fibers of the heart muscle atrophy. The so-called "senile heart" develops. There is a progressive sclerosis of the myocardium, and in place of the atrophied muscle fibers of the heart tissue, fibers of non-working connective tissue develop. The strength of heart contractions gradually decreases, metabolic processes are more and more disturbed, which creates conditions for energy-dynamic insufficiency of the heart in conditions of intense activity.

In addition, in old age, conditioned and unconditioned reflexes of the regulation of blood circulation appear, and the inertness of vascular reactions is increasingly revealed. Studies have shown that with aging, the effects on the cardiovascular system of various brain structures change. In turn, the feedback also changes - the reflexes coming from the baroreceptors of large vessels are weakened. This leads to dysregulation of blood pressure.

As a result of all of the above reasons, with age, the physical performance of the heart decreases. This leads to a limitation of the range of reserve capabilities of the body and a decrease in the efficiency of its work.

Points of influence in circulatory disorders

With weak blood flow and blockage of blood vessels, the index finger and thumb of one hand should grab the middle finger of the other hand. Acupressure is carried out by pressing with medium force with the thumbnail on the point, which is located under the nail bed. Massage should be done on both hands, devoting 1 minute to it.

Points of influence for thirst. If you feel thirsty, you should act on a calming point. The peculiarity of this BAP is that so far it has not been possible to determine other points associated with the mucous membrane in the human body. The point is located at a distance of about 1 cm from the tip of the tongue. The massage consists in the form of a light biting of this point with the front teeth (incisors) with a rhythm of 20 times in 1 minute.

Points of influence in sleep disorders. With insomnia, acupressure of the lower part of the auricle should be performed. Massage should be carried out with the index and thumb, clasping the earlobe on both sides. The biologically active point is located in the middle of the lobe. Sleep will come faster (yuli massage is carried out more often on the right side than on the left.

Picture. Points of influence for influenza, runny nose, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract

Acupressure does not replace the necessary medical treatment, especially if surgery is urgently needed (for example, with appendicitis, its purulent stage).

Transient cerebrovascular disease is a vascular disease that is typical not only for the elderly, but also for those who have not yet turned 40 years old. PNMK is a reversible disease. But, nevertheless, having discovered the symptoms characteristic of him, you should consult a doctor. No need to delay, because the disease may well be a harbinger of more serious pathologies. PNMK has its own characteristics. The structure of the circulatory system of the head is very interesting. The fact is that during great mental or physical exertion, the amount of blood in the head does not increase. That is, a certain balance is maintained. More blood rushes to the stressed areas of the brain, and the blood drains from places with minimal stress. Cerebral vessels provide an excellent supply of oxygen and nutrients to the organ. The body runs smoothly thanks to this. Free blood flow in the head can be disturbed due to vascular disease. Some arteries narrow for various reasons, while others close altogether and blood can no longer pass through them. As a result, a person may develop hypoxia. This is fraught.

PNMK, how dangerous is it

If a certain part of the brain does not receive oxygen for a long time, then it develops.

But more often there is a transient violation of cerebral circulation. In this case, the functions of the body are violated and it cannot work productively. Violations are associated with malfunctions in the work of the arteries. If, after a stroke, many functions of the body can be impaired and long-term treatment is required, the patient. Then, with PNMK, the reversibility of undesirable processes is observed. In order for the patient to feel better and his state of health to stabilize, a day is enough. PIMC can leak and end within a short time. Sometimes it only takes a few minutes. Sometimes it takes about an hour. But it is still necessary to identify and treat the disease, despite the fact that it can end on its own without much harm to health. Violation of blood circulation in the cerebral vessels often precedes a stroke.

Cerebral circulation, types of disorders

chronic disorders come in two forms: hypertensive and atherosclerotic;
acute, meaning, suddenly developing strokes or transient disorders that are reversible.

Transient disorders of cerebral circulation are of two types:

transient ischemic attack.

The first type appears due to the fact that blood pressure rises sharply. At the same time, cardiac and cerebral symptoms intensify, new symptoms that were not previously observed may appear.

The second type is an acute circulatory disorder in the organ, but it is temporary. It is characterized by neurological signs. These signs are closely related to how extensive the affected area is. Another transient ischemic attack is called m. As a rule, there are no big changes in the work of the brain after it. This phenomenon lasts for several minutes or hours.

If a person turns his head sharply to the side, then the vertebral artery may be compressed. Against this background, PNMK occurs. Due to general cerebral dysfunction or short-term paroxysm, this ailment also develops.

Causes of the disease

, as well as hypertension - these are the main culprits in the development of PNMK. During these diseases, dynamic disturbances occur in the vessels of the brain. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of deposits on the walls of the arteries. The denser and larger the plaque becomes, the more it impedes blood flow. As a result, a certain part of the brain does not receive the substances it needs. A small part of the cholesterol plaque can come off and clog an already narrowed vessel. In this case, there is a transient violation of the blood supply. There is a list of ailments that can also cause illness:

venereal infectious disease syphilis;
rheumatic affection of the arteries;
systemic lupus erythematosus;
myocardial infarction;
cervical osteochondrosis;
diabetes;
heart diseases;
high blood pressure;
bad habits.

Symptoms of PNMK

Transient ischemic attack is observed in a variety of vessels. It depends on where exactly the blockage of the artery by a thrombus or a cholesterol plaque is observed. Such a pathology develops quite sharply, acutely. With occlusion or stenosis of the internal carotid artery, a person has the following symptoms:

Numbness and tingling in the mouth

hemihypesthesia;
sensitivity in the upper extremities, as well as the face, may be reduced;
tingling in the mouth, numbness;
muscle paresis on the limbs;
the occurrence of pathological reflexes;
muscle weakness;
monocular blindness.

A transient attack may touch the basin of the middle artery of the brain. Then the symptoms are slightly different than in the case described above. The patient has epileptic seizures. With vessel occlusion in the vertebrobasilar system, the symptoms are as follows:

noise in ears;
hiccups
vomiting, nausea;
skin blanching;
diffuse hyperhidrosis;
horizontal nystagmus;
dysphonia;
veil before the eyes and other visual disturbances;
discomfort in the back of the head.

Complications of the disease

Common attacks of PNMK usually last no more than 2 hours. In this case, it is unlikely that a serious disorder of human health will occur. But it happens that the attacks follow one after another after a short period of time. If violations are observed several times a day, then as a result you can get a severe stroke. Frequent attacks occur against the background of a heart attack, or, more precisely, its severe forms. It is not normal if seizures occur more than 3 times a year. This is the reason for going to the doctor. Specialists examine the brain and determine the causes that caused PNMK. After the treatment prescribed by the doctor (which is likely to take place in a hospital), after discharge from time to time, the patient is shown examinations of the heart and brain.

Diagnosis of the disease

Determining that a patient is suffering from PNMC can be difficult. To correctly diagnose it is necessary:

assess the patient's complaints;
take a blood test;
conduct a study of blood vessels using ultrasound;
identify the presence of concomitant diseases;
do an MRI.

The patient should also visit such specialists as: a vascular surgeon, a cardiologist, a neurologist.

MRI allows you to get the most clear picture of what is happening in a single affected area of the brain.

MRI

Treatment of the disease

The patient should be given first aid if he has symptoms of the disease. First of all, he needs to provide complete rest. The person should be laid on a hard surface. If a person has lost consciousness, then you need to ensure that the tongue does not sink into the throat, thereby blocking the breath. A person needs to be brought to his senses with the help of improvised means. Bring a cloth soaked in a solution of ammonia to his nose, for example. Slaps are also wonderfully evocative. Only doctors can provide further assistance.

In a medical institution, the patient will receive drugs whose action is aimed at protecting neurons, the drugs will also improve blood circulation. For each patient, the complex of drugs is selected individually.

Until the symptoms of PNMK disappear completely, the person should remain in bed. Usually the state of his health is completely normal within 3 weeks.

Disease prevention

Blood sugar control

So that the symptoms of circulatory disorders do not reappear, you need to carefully monitor the health of the whole organism as a whole. Particular attention should be paid to the condition of the vessels. Transient cerebrovascular accident treatment is complex. A lot depends on the patient. You need to control the amount of sugar in your blood. Cholesterol should also be normal. Smoking is a terrible enemy of people and an excellent assistant for PNMK. The alkaloid nicotine has a very detrimental effect on blood vessels, leads to pathologies of their walls, disrupts the metabolism in the body. Therefore, you need to stop smoking and control the amount of alcohol consumed. Nutrition must be correct.

Patients who have atherosclerotic diseases are shown therapeutic exercises. Exercises are done in conjunction with massage. You need to be extremely careful when doing them. There is a special Feldenkrais gymnastics. After its implementation, the patient will feel physically stronger. His intellect will be restored, sensitivity will increase. During this gymnastics, muscle strain is excluded. Slow movements are used. Breathing exercises help to saturate the blood with useful oxygen as much as possible. Thanks to her, a person can relax.

Video

The brain, like any other organ, needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients. The role of transport is performed by blood, and therefore, with the slightest circulatory disorders, the organ receives less of its “food”, its productivity drops, and its functions are disrupted. And, of course, cerebrovascular accident (CVD) is one of the most serious and dangerous circulatory disorders. The most famous type of NMC is a cerebral stroke.

Causes of NMC

There are many risk factors that can lead to cerebrovascular accident:

genetic predisposition,
congenital or acquired thinness and fragility of blood vessels,
atherosclerosis, thrombophelitis,
excessively thick blood
hypertension,
heart defects,
cardiac arrhythmias and other diseases of the cardiovascular system,
scoliosis, osteochondrosis, compression of the spinal and carotid arteries,
TBI and spinal injury,
diabetes,
obesity,
individual response to hormonal contraceptives,
body exhaustion,
combination of nicotine and alcohol,
a sharp load on the body (mental, physical, sudden changes in temperature, etc.).

With age (after 60 years), the risk of developing a violation of cerebral circulation increases significantly.

Acute cerebrovascular accident (ACV)

This is the most well-known form of NMC - stroke. There are 2 types of strokes:
ischemic stroke (brain infarction), in which, due to thrombosis, blood stops flowing to a certain part of the brain, hypoxia develops and neurons die;
hemorrhagic stroke, in which a vessel ruptures (usually also due to a blood clot) and, in fact, hemorrhage in the brain tissue.

Stroke Symptoms

Sudden sharp headaches
Sharp nausea
Rapid breathing and heartbeat
Impaired speech and coordination of movements
Paresis and paralysis in the side of the body opposite to the lesion in the brain
Double vision
Confusion
Possible divergent strabismus, pupils have different diameters

A stroke requires immediate hospitalization and treatment in a neurological hospital. With timely treatment, the survival rate is high, but the patient's disability occurs in about 20% of stroke cases.

Treatment of stroke

Stroke treatment has several stages:

relief of an acute condition (drugs are prescribed to lower blood pressure, reduce vascular permeability, increase blood fluidity, relieve cerebral edema),
restorative drug therapy,
physical rehabilitation, restoration of affected body functions (walking, speech).

The most important stage of recovery is kinesitherapy in the rehabilitation center. Also, patients who have had a stroke are recommended to undergo a course of psychotherapy.
Transient cerebrovascular accident (TICH)
A condition that resembles a stroke in symptoms, but is less acute, and passes within a day.

Symptoms

Severe headache, possible nausea
Ear congestion, dizziness, double vision and flickering in the eyes, fainting
Weakness in the body, it is difficult for the patient to stand, it is necessary to take a horizontal position
Speech disorder
Numbness (rarely, paresis or paralysis) of the side of the body opposite the BCM
May develop an epileptic seizure
Possible amnesia

PNMK treatment

Treatment of transient disorders of cerebral circulation is aimed at relieving spasm of cerebral vessels, lowering blood pressure, cardiotonic and tonic drugs are used.
Chronic cerebrovascular accident (CNI)
This condition does not have pronounced symptoms and develops gradually, therefore it is often found in a neglected state, when the degradation of the personality has already begun.

Symptoms

1st stage

Frequent headaches, dizziness, possible fainting
Rapid fatigue, drowsiness
Intermittent eye pain
Ringing in the ears, sensation of fullness
Possible nausea or lack of appetite
Goosebumps or numbness in limbs, parts of the body, or face
Confusion, difficulty concentrating
Memory disorders (new things are poorly remembered, some word may “fly out of the head”, the patient may not remember some insignificant event at all)

It is very important to detect and start treatment of CNMC at this stage, which has a positive prognosis.
2nd stage
Added to the above symptoms:

significant memory impairment
constant noise in the head
unsteadiness of gait, hand tremor,
constant sleepiness,
it is difficult for the patient to concentrate and understand information,
gradual decline in intelligence
depressive states, self-doubt, inadequate and aggressive behavior appear.

At this stage, it is still possible to slow down and partially reverse the manifestations of cerebrovascular accident.
3rd stage (last)

Complete degradation of personality
Dementia, amnesia (the patient, having left the house, will not be able to find his way back, because he does not remember the address, what the house looks like, who are the relatives)
Stiffness and sharp uncoordinated movements
Speech disorders

Diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular disorders

Violation of cerebral circulation is very dangerous, because due to acute or chronic lack of oxygen and nutrients, neurons die (and nerve cells, as you know, do not regenerate), which “take with them” the health of the entire nervous system. With timely diagnosis and adequate treatment, the brain can create new neural connections, and living neurons will take over the functions of the dead. But this must be done in time, while the defeat has not yet become too extensive.
For the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disorders

conduct an objective examination of the patient,
collecting personal and family history,
MRI or CT scan, EEG,
REG and doppler of cerebral vessels and brain-feeding arteries,
complete blood count, coagulogram, blood biochemistry.

It is necessary to conduct an examination and treatment of acute cerebrovascular accident in a hospital. If you suspect a chronic disorder, it is important to contact a neurologist as soon as possible. Aksimed, a modern neurology clinic in Kyiv, offers its clients:

consultation with an experienced neurologist,
diagnostics on the latest equipment,
effective treatment in a neurological hospital,
recovery in a rehabilitation center after strokes and other disorders in the functioning of the nervous system.

Don't neglect your health! Specialists of the Aksimed clinic remind: NMC is dangerous due to its consequences, but it is possible to cure a cerebrovascular accident diagnosed in time, and maintain activity, vigor and a high quality of life.

Description:

Cerebral circulation is the blood circulation that occurs in the vascular system of the brain and spinal cord. In a pathological process that causes disorders of cerebral circulation, the main and cerebral arteries (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, as well as common, internal and external carotid, vertebral, subclavian, spinal, basilar, radicular arteries and their branches), cerebral and jugular veins can be affected. venous sinuses. The nature of the pathology of the vessels of the brain is different: kinks and looping, narrowing of the lumen, vessels of the brain and spinal cord.

Symptoms:

Clinically, with cerebral circulation disorders, there may be subjective sensations (headache, etc.) without objective neurological symptoms; organic microsymptoms without clear symptoms of loss of CNS function; focal symptoms: movement disorders - paresis or paralysis, extrapyramidal disorders, coordination disorders, sensitivity disorders, pain; violations of the functions of the sense organs, focal violations of the higher functions of the cerebral cortex -, agraphia, alexia, etc .; changes in intelligence, memory, emotional-volitional sphere; epileptic seizures; psychopathological symptoms.

By the nature of cerebrovascular disorders, the initial manifestations of insufficient blood supply to the brain, acute cerebrovascular accidents (transient disorders, intrathecal hemorrhages, strokes), chronic slowly progressive disorders of the cerebral and spinal circulation (dyscirculatory and) are distinguished.

Clinical symptoms of the initial manifestations of insufficiency of blood supply to the brain are appearing, especially after intense mental and physical work, staying in a stuffy room, dizziness, noise in the head, decreased performance, sleep disturbance. Focal neurological symptoms in such patients, as a rule, are absent or are represented by diffuse microsymptoms. To diagnose the initial manifestations of insufficient blood supply to the brain, it is necessary to identify objective signs, vasomotor dystonia and exclude other somatic pathology, as well.

Acute cerebrovascular accidents include transient cerebrovascular accidents and strokes.

There are transient ischemic attacks and hypertensive cerebral crises.

Transient ischemic attacks are characterized by the appearance of focal neurological symptoms (weakness and numbness of the extremities, speech difficulty, static disturbance, etc.) against the background of mild or absent cerebral symptoms.

For hypertensive cerebral crises, on the contrary, the predominance of cerebral symptoms (headache, dizziness, or) over focal ones, which sometimes may be absent, is characteristic. Acute cerebrovascular accident, in which focal neurological symptoms persist for more than 1 day, is considered a stroke.

Acute disorders of venous circulation in the brain also include venous hemorrhages, thrombosis of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses.

Chronic disorders of cerebral circulation (dyscirculatory encephalopathy and myelopathy) are the result of progressive circulatory failure caused by various vascular diseases.

Along with saccular aneurysms, other congenital anomalies of the vascular system are sometimes observed, creating a threat of sudden hemorrhage.
In cases where an aneurysm is located in the walls of vessels located on the surface of the brain, its rupture leads to the development of not intracerebral, but subarachnoid (subarachnoid) hemorrhage, located under the arachnoid membrane surrounding the brain. does not directly lead to the development of focal neurological symptoms (paresis, speech disorders, etc.), but with it general cerebral symptoms are expressed: a sudden sharp ("dagger") headache, often with subsequent loss of consciousness.

A cerebral infarction usually develops as a result of blockage of one of the cerebral vessels or a large (main) vessel of the head, through which blood flows to the brain.

Treatment:

For treatment appoint:

Thrombolysis: medical restoration of the patency of a vessel clogged with a thrombus. In the beginning, it is necessary to exclude hemorrhagic lesions.
Control of vital functions such as blood pressure, respiration, kidney function in intensive care.
Anticoagulants: medical disruption of intravascular coagulation to prevent the development of Therapeutic exercises and exercise therapy to restore impaired body functions (paresis, paralysis).