Causes and proper treatment of spasms in dogs with foam at the mouth. Seizure Types of Epilepsy Seizures

In order to understand why foam comes from the mouth, you need to know the reasons for its occurrence:

• Convulsive seizures due to poisoning with poisons, drugs and drugs.
• An attack of heart pain during myocardial infarction, uncontrolled angina pectoris, as a result - cardiogenic shock, which, if no help is provided, leads to the death of the patient.
• Cardiac asthma with massive atherosclerotic lesions of the main blood vessels, malformations of the heart, diseases of valvular structures.
• Acute violation of cerebral circulation as a result of hypoxia in atherosclerosis or hemorrhage in aneurysm, weakness of the vascular wall.
• Epilepsy due to dissonance in the work of nerve cells in the brain.
• Traumatic brain injury.
• Tumors and metastases in the brain, squeezing the structures of the organ.
• Infectious lesions of the brain and its membranes.
• Complications of diabetes mellitus - hyper- and hypoglycemic coma.
• Anaphylactic shock.
• Withdrawal syndrome in alcohol abstinence.
• Sudden cardiac and respiratory arrest.

Any of these reasons, if first-aid and qualified medical assistance is not provided by a doctor, leads to severe violations in the functioning of the organs of the human body and even death.

Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common diseases of people over 50 years old, most often the male half of the population suffers. The narrowing of the lumen of the vascular wall leads to a weakening of blood circulation in the tissues adjacent to this blood vessel, hypoxia of the site and ischemia occur, leading to the death of cardiomyocytes. Symptoms of angina pectoris appear, and then the development of myocardial infarction is possible.

The consequence of this process is acute heart failure and the development of pulmonary edema. The patient takes a forced position of the body - sitting or resting on the bed, table. Superficial, noisy breathing is heard at a distance, haunting cough worries with the release of foam from the mouth. Further, a cardiogenic shock state and clinical death may develop.

First aid in this case is to take Nitroglycerin under the tongue and Aspirin tablets, which must be chewed. With arrhythmia - Valocordin. Be sure to call an ambulance.

In case of failure to provide assistance or ineffective therapeutic measures, biological death occurs.

Epilepsy

An epileptic seizure most often occurs suddenly, but some people feel a special state called an aura before the onset of loss of consciousness. A person before an attack can hear unusual smells, sounds. In this case, you can warn the attendant.

During an attack, there is an intense contraction of the entire muscle group, foamy discharge from the mouth.

If an epileptic attack occurred on the street, it is desirable:

1. Catch the falling one, lay it on the surface of the soil, put a roller under the neck. The roller can be made from improvised means - a jacket, a bag.
2. Turn on its side and hold your head in this position, in order to avoid injury, as well as swallowing the tongue. It is not necessary to unclench your teeth.
3. If foam comes out of the mouth, gently wipe it with a handkerchief so that the person does not swallow it, otherwise asphyxia may develop. The foam has a white color, may be mixed with blood if the tongue or the inner surface of the cheek is bitten.

Epileptic seizures can occur with stroke (stroke), traumatic brain injury, tumor growths and metastases, infectious lesions of the brain and its membranes.

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease and is divided into types 1 and 2. At the same time, people suffering from such an ailment must inject insulin for life or take hypoglycemic pills. In case of non-compliance with the diet, medical prescriptions, intense physical activity, hypo- or hyperglycemic conditions may occur. As a result, a coma develops.

Hypoglycemia occurs suddenly with loss of consciousness, the appearance of cold and sticky sweat, noisy breathing, tremor of the arms and legs, and seizures may occur. First aid is mandatory. It is necessary to give a warm sweet drink, a candy, a piece of refined sugar, to warm the limbs. It is also mandatory to call an ambulance.

Hyperglycemia develops gradually with the onset of headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dry skin, and oral mucosa. The smell of acetone is characteristic (it is sometimes confused with the aroma of alcohol, a passer-by may think that a person is drunk, passing by a dying person on the sidewalk). If an individual is found in such a state, it is required to call an ambulance team, then, if possible, take the person into the shade, unbutton the top buttons of the clothes. Free the oral cavity from vomit and foamy secretions.

allergic reactions

Anaphylactic shock occurs against the background of the penetration of the antigen into the body, a chain of biochemical reactions develops, leading to circulatory failure and changes in the process of gas exchange in tissues. Antigens can be:

The symptomatology is diverse and can be manifested by skin itching, rashes, swelling, asthmatic syndrome, with frothy sputum, shortness of breath, hoarseness. A feature of shock is lightning-fast development and severe course.

First aid consists in calling an ambulance, stopping contact with the allergen. The patient should be laid on a flat surface, turn his head to the side. If a person has vomit or foam from the mouth, wrap gauze or a handkerchief around your finger and remove foreign substances.

Compliance with the rules of conduct and first aid will greatly reduce the risk of death.

Epilepsy: myths and reality

An epileptic seizure is terrible in appearance: the patient cries out, falls, convulses, breathing is hoarse, foam comes from the mouth. People's idea of ​​epilepsy is made up of many myths and prejudices, and often the patients themselves are at the mercy of these myths, not quite clearly understanding what is actually happening to them.

Here are some common misconceptions.

Epilepsy is a hereditary disease, it affects only those who have relatives with epilepsy

In fact, only certain types of epilepsy (more precisely, a predisposition to them) can be inherited. These are idiopathic epilepsies. Other variants are due to a structural defect in nerve cells after trauma, hypoxia, or certain types of metabolic disorders. These are symptomatic and presumably symptomatic epilepsies.

A seizure is loss of consciousness, convulsions, foaming at the mouth, and biting of the tongue

A generalized seizure is just one of many types of epileptic seizures. In addition to it, there are absences - short episodes of blackout with a sinking gaze, which are not accompanied by either a fall or convulsions, the patient himself does not notice them, and others may simply take them for thoughtfulness. Partial seizures are very diverse. These are convulsions in a certain muscle group without loss of consciousness, and hallucinations in the form of unpleasant odors, sounds, circles and geometric shapes before the eyes, flashes of light. Seizures can look like bouts of abdominal pain, panic, feeling “already seen”, high spirits, and even such complex states as trances, when the patient performs seemingly quite meaningful actions while in an altered state of consciousness. An epileptic seizure can be any condition that repeats several times, always the same, spontaneously and for a short time.

Epilepsy is deadly

This statement is partially true. Most attacks pass on their own after a few minutes, without representing a critical danger to the patient (with the exception of the likelihood of injury during a fall and convulsions). But an attack that lasts longer than 5 minutes is dangerous with a transition to status epilepticus, the mortality rate in which is quite high.

People with epilepsy are mentally handicapped

Only some types of epilepsy, usually occurring in early childhood, cause mental retardation, but even in this case, with the right selection of an antiepileptic drug, the child has a chance to develop. Most people with epilepsy have a normal level of intelligence.

Epilepsy is incurable

Properly selected antiepileptic therapy can completely save a person from seizures, and in more severe cases, significantly reduce their frequency. In some types of epilepsy, it is possible to completely cancel the drug 3-5 years after the last attack.

Antiepileptic drugs have many side effects and are dangerous to take.

Indeed, drugs for the treatment of epilepsy are quite serious, but untreated seizures are much more dangerous. In addition, modern drugs are much easier to tolerate by patients. They do not affect mental functions and are not addictive. The dose is slowly increased from minimal to effective to reduce the likelihood of adverse reactions.

Can't have children with epilepsy

Women with epilepsy successfully carry and give birth to children under the supervision of an obstetrician-gynecologist and a neurologist. Adequately selected antiepileptic therapy is important. The likelihood of fetal malformations from exposure to drugs is reduced by the appointment of folic acid.

Epilepsy can appear from nervous tension and stress

Quite often, the onset of seizures coincides with the first session in students. In fact, stress does not cause epilepsy. But sleep disturbance, lack of sleep and forced awakening can provoke seizures in patients. In addition, the intake of alcohol, flickering light and certain types of food can worsen the course of the disease.

Electroencephalogram (EGG) allows you to accurately determine whether there is epilepsy

If the study was carried out during an attack, there will be corresponding changes on the EEG. But they are not always found in the interictal period. Tests with breathing and flickering of light help to identify epileptic changes on the EEG. For a more accurate diagnosis, EEG video monitoring is carried out, which allows for a long time to record changes in the encephalogram and correlate them with clinical manifestations.

If the child is excitable, he has frequent tantrums and he "rolls up" when crying, this means that he will develop epilepsy

This misconception is common even among pediatricians, and in Russian clinics, children with affective respiratory attacks are often prescribed anticonvulsants. In fact, excitability and loss of consciousness during crying have nothing to do with epilepsy. Excitable children are as likely to develop epilepsy as anyone else.

Epilepsy is a well-studied disease and effective drugs have been developed to combat it. Patients with epilepsy can understand the nature of their disease and learn how to cope with it. Currently, epilepsy is no longer an obstacle to a full life.

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First aid for convulsive seizures and for an attack of epilepsy

Seizures are seizures in which there is a simultaneous spasm of the muscles of the whole body.

The cause of seizures is some kind of disturbance in the functioning of the brain. Which? Doesn't matter. At the stage of rendering assistance to us it is indifferent.

All seizures are often referred to as "epileptic seizures" after the name of the disease epilepsy, which is characterized by such seizures. But, in fact, seizures can happen with a host of other conditions/diseases.

Whatever the cause of the seizure, outwardly everything looks the same and the help is the same.

1. The whole body is tense, the limbs and head are either in an almost immobile state, or make chaotic uncontrolled movements.
2. Consciousness is absent, although the eyes may be open and the person looks as if he is looking at others
3. Foam (thick saliva) may come out of the mouth, sometimes tinged pink with a small amount of blood. Blood may appear if the victim has bitten his tongue or cheek.

A seizure by itself does not lead to death.

No matter how scary the victim looks, no matter what foam comes out of his mouth, no matter what terrible grimaces appear on his face, and no matter what terrible wheezing he makes, nothing threatens the life of the victim.

The main threat to the life and health of the victim is injuries resulting from a fall and uncontrolled movement.

1. Do whatever is necessary to ensure that the person is not injured!

Move sharp hard objects away from the victim or move the victim away from them. If this is not possible, put something soft between the damaged and traumatic object.

Nothing more needs to be done.

If the victim regained consciousness - observe his condition, support him morally, wait for the ambulance. Usually the victim does not remember the episode of the seizure at all.

If consciousness is absent, check for breathing.

If there is breathing, turn the person on their side to avoid retraction of the tongue and stop breathing and continue to wait for the ambulance.

During convulsions, you need to insert a spoon into the mouth of the victim in order to:

• the tongue did not sunk and did not block the breath (hold the tongue with a spoon)
• he did not bite his tongue (insert it between his teeth)

Why shouldn't this be done?

• The forcible introduction of solid objects into the mouth ends with broken teeth, torn lips, the “instrument of salvation” getting into the respiratory tract, etc.
• The tongue is not always bitten during convulsions. But even if this happened, it is not fatal. A forcibly inserted spoon will bring more damage to the oral cavity.
• The tongue does not sink during convulsions and does not interfere with breathing! This is a scientific fact. Therefore, you do not need to climb into his mouth.

During convulsions, you need to firmly fix the head and limbs of the victim

Why shouldn't this be done?

• Fixation of the body does not affect the duration of the seizure. The convulsions will end when they are over.
• Forcibly holding the body is traumatic. Such "help" ends with sprains and dislocations of the joints. Let the cramps end arbitrarily.

Any knowledge is useless if it does not lead to effective actions.

And here is what you need to do right now so that knowledge does not remain just knowledge:

1. Share what you learned about the seizure with everyone in your family. Tell it in your own words. First, by passing on information to others, you yourself will remember it better. Secondly, you form a safe environment around you that can help you if you suddenly become victims, God forbid.
2. If you have children, make sure they know how to call an ambulance. They may be the only ones who are close to the victim, and his salvation will depend on their timely call for an ambulance.

Be prepared and may you never need it!

P.S. Was the material helpful to you? Please leave a review 🙂

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Vladimir

Artem! Thank you. The article is very valuable and helpful. I don't have water. All to the point of this issue.

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Symptoms - foam at the mouth

If you do not go into details, then the foam coming out of the mouth is a very bad sign. This phenomenon is observed with significant heart problems, poisoning with strong toxins, epileptic seizures and other disorders of the nervous system. Let us consider in more detail the mechanism and especially the attack of epilepsy, as the most common manifestation of foam from the mouth. Seizure stages

An epileptic seizure is divided into the following phases: the aura, the tonic part, the clonic part, and the stupefaction phase.

Many patients, thanks to the aura, can anticipate the onset of a seizure and prepare for it, but this is already a few minutes, there are earlier precursors: poor sleep, irritability, headaches, weakness, heart palpitations. However, the signs of the aura are different for everyone. During the next phase, there is tension in all muscles, tone, pulse and pressure increase, movements are erratic. The person may bite their tongue. During this phase, most often there is a release of foam from the mouth, speech is not controlled, inarticulate sounds appear. Foam from the mouth is due to the fact that the glands produce saliva in extremely large quantities, often mixed with blood due to the bitten tongue. During the clonic stage, relaxation of the muscular system occurs and the person may fall. The tongue during this stage can sink back, which is extremely dangerous. There are extremely dangerous cases when attacks follow one after another. This can be fatal due to cerebral edema and respiratory failure. Sometimes only a few symptoms are noted, sometimes the attack may be limited to only an aura.

Some patients suffer a mild form of epilepsy, which manifests itself as small seizures or absences. At the same time, consciousness disappears for a while and movement disorders are not noted. Outwardly, it may not be noticeable at all. At the same time, the limbs weaken a little and may temporarily not perform their functions. This causes the person to drop objects, lose their balance, or suffer from disorientation. If only separate, small areas of the brain are affected, then the attack is manifested by strictly defined abnormal movements. Often this is manifested by involuntary eye movement, involuntary movements of one arm or leg. There is another form of epilepsy: the twilight state. At the same time, hallucinations, misperception of reality, memory lapses are noted. This state is characterized by automatic actions, about which the patient knows absolutely nothing and does not think, while his consciousness is turned off. Prolonged states of trance are characteristic, when a person does not give an account of his actions. At the same time, consciousness returns when the patient finds himself in a completely different place and does not remember how he ended up here. If you observe signs of foam from the mouth in someone close to you, know that this may be epilepsy in the initial stage.

3 comments on the entry “Symptoms - foam at the mouth”

My granddaughter is 18 years old, she often lacks air, it is difficult to breathe, her temperature is constantly 37.2 - 37.5, her pulse is 120 beats. per minute, and the other day, with another lack of air, foam came from her mouth. It is difficult to make her go to the clinic, she refers to her studies, studies at the university. There are often pains in her heart, she is irritable, nervous tics. What to do?

My granddaughter is 18 years old. She often has a lack of air, it is difficult to breathe, her temperature is 37.2 - 37.5, there are pains in her heart, pulse, and the other day, with another lack of air, foam came out of her mouth. She studies at the university. What to do? And what does that mean?

Epilepsy: symptoms and treatment

Epilepsy - main symptoms:

• Headache
• convulsions
• Circulatory disorders
• Irritability
• memory impairment
• epileptic seizures
• Malaise

A disease such as epilepsy is chronic in nature, while it is characterized by the manifestation of spontaneous, rarely occurring, short-term attacks of epileptic seizures. It should be noted that epilepsy, the symptoms of which are very pronounced, is one of the most common neurological diseases - for example, every hundredth person on our planet experiences recurrent epileptic seizures.

Epilepsy: the main features of the disease

When considering cases of epilepsy, it can be seen that it itself has the character of a congenital disease. For this reason, her first attacks occur in childhood and adolescence, 5-10 years, respectively. In this situation, no damage is detected in the substance of the brain - only the electrical activity characteristic of nerve cells changes. There is also a decrease in the threshold of excitability in the brain. Epilepsy in this case is defined as primary (or idiopathic), its course is benign, in addition, it is also amenable to effective treatment. It is also important that in case of primary epilepsy, which develops according to the indicated scenario, the patient with age can completely exclude the use of pills as a necessity.

Secondary (or symptomatic) epilepsy is noted as another form of epilepsy. Its development occurs after damage to the brain and its structure in particular, or in violation of its metabolism. In the latter case, the occurrence of secondary epilepsy is accompanied by a complex number of pathological factors (underdevelopment of brain structures, traumatic brain injuries, strokes, addiction in one form or another, tumors, infections, etc.). The development of this form of epilepsy can occur regardless of age, the disease in this case is much more difficult to treat. Meanwhile, a complete cure is also a possible outcome, but only if the underlying disease that provoked epilepsy is completely eliminated.

In other words, epilepsy is divided into two groups according to the occurrence - it is acquired epilepsy, the symptoms of which depend on the underlying causes (the listed injuries and diseases) and hereditary epilepsy, which, accordingly, occurs due to the transfer of genetic information to children from parents.

Types of epileptic seizures

Manifestations of epilepsy act, as we noted, in the form of seizures, while they have their own classification:

• Based on the cause of occurrence (primary epilepsy and secondary epilepsy);
• Based on the location of the initial focus, characterized by excessive electrical activity (deep parts of the brain, its left or right hemisphere);
• Based on a variant that forms the development of events during an attack (with or without loss of consciousness).

With a simplified classification of epileptic seizures, generalized partial seizures are distinguished.

Generalized seizures are characterized by seizures in which there is a complete loss of consciousness, as well as control over the actions performed. The reason for this situation is excessive activation, characteristic of the deep parts of the brain, which subsequently provokes the involvement of the entire brain. The result of this condition, which is expressed in a fall, is not at all obligatory, because muscle tone is disturbed only in rare cases.

As for this type of seizures, as partial seizures, it can be noted here that they are characteristic of 80% of the total number of adults and 60% of children. Partial epilepsy, the symptoms of which are manifested during the formation of a focus with excessive electrical excitability in a particular area in the cerebral cortex, directly depends on the location of this focus. For this reason, the manifestations of epilepsy can be motor, mental, vegetative or sensitive (tactile) in nature.

It should be noted that partial epilepsy, like localized and focal epilepsy, the symptoms of which represent a separate group of diseases, are based on metabolic or morphological damage to a specific area of ​​the brain. They can be caused by various factors (brain injury, infections and inflammatory lesions, vascular dysplasia, acute type of cerebrovascular accident, etc.).

When a person is in a state of consciousness, but with a loss of control over a certain part of the body, or when he experiences previously unusual sensations, we are talking about a simple attack. If there is a violation of consciousness (with partial loss), as well as a lack of understanding by a person of exactly where he is and what is happening to him at the moment, if it is not possible to make any contact with him, then this is already a complex attack. As with a simple attack, in this case, movements of an uncontrolled nature are made in one or another part of the body, often there is an imitation of specifically directed movements. Thus, a person can smile, walk, sing, talk, "hit the ball", "dive" or continue the action that he started before the attack.

Any of the types of seizures is short-term, while their duration is up to three minutes. Almost every one of the attacks is accompanied by drowsiness and confusion after its completion. Accordingly, if during an attack there was a complete loss of consciousness or its violations occurred, the person does not remember anything about him.

Main symptoms of epilepsy

As we have already noted, epilepsy as a whole is characterized by the occurrence of an extensive convulsive seizure. It begins, as a rule, suddenly, and, moreover, without any logical connection with factors of an external type.

In some cases, it is possible to establish the time of the imminent onset of such a seizure. In one or two days, epilepsy, the early symptoms of which are expressed in a general malaise, also indicates a violation of appetite and sleep, headaches and excessive irritability as its imminent harbingers. In many cases, the appearance of a seizure is accompanied by the appearance of an aura - for the same patient, its character is defined as stereotypical in the display. The aura lasts for several seconds, followed by loss of consciousness, possibly a fall, often accompanied by a kind of cry, which is caused by a spasm that occurs in the glottis when the muscles of the chest and diaphragm contract.

At the same time, tonic convulsions occur, in which both the trunk and limbs, being in a state of tension, are stretched, and the head is thrown back. At the same time, breathing is delayed, the veins in the neck area swell. The face acquires a deathly pallor, the jaws contract under the influence of convulsions. The duration of the tonic phase of the seizure is about 20 seconds, after which there are already clonic convulsions, manifested in jerky contractions of the muscles of the trunk, limbs and neck. In this phase of the seizure, which lasts up to 3 minutes, breathing often becomes hoarse and noisy, which is explained by the accumulation of saliva, as well as the retraction of the tongue. There is also a release of foam from the mouth, often with blood, which occurs due to biting the cheek or tongue.

Gradually, the frequency of convulsions decreases, their termination leads to complex muscle relaxation. This period is characterized by a lack of response to any stimuli, regardless of the intensity of their impact. The pupils are in an expanded state, there is no reaction to their exposure to light. Reflexes of a deep and protective type are not caused, however, urination of an involuntary nature often occurs. Considering epilepsy, it is impossible not to note the vastness in its varieties, and each of them is characterized by the presence of its own characteristics.

Epilepsy of the newborn: symptoms

In this case, neonatal epilepsy, the symptoms of which occur against the background of fever, is defined as intermittent epilepsy. The reason for this is the general nature of the seizures, in which convulsions pass from one limb to another and from one half of the body to the other.

Foam formation habitual for adults, as well as tongue biting, as a rule, are absent. At the same time, epilepsy and its symptoms in infants are also extremely rarely defined as actual phenomena characteristic of older children and adults, and expressed in the form of involuntary urination. There is also no post-attack sleep. Already after consciousness returns, it is possible to reveal a characteristic weakness on the left or right side of the body, its duration can be up to several days.

Observations indicate in epilepsy in infants the symptoms foreshadowing an attack, which are general irritability, headache and appetite disturbances.

Temporal epilepsy: symptoms

Temporal epilepsy occurs due to the impact of a certain number of reasons, but there are primary factors contributing to its formation. So, this includes birth injuries, as well as brain damage that develops from an early age due to injuries, including inflammatory processes and other types of occurrence.

Temporal epilepsy, the symptoms of which are expressed in polymorphic paroxysms with a peculiar aura preceding them, has a duration of manifestations of the order of several minutes. Most often, it is characterized by the following features:

• Sensations of an abdominal nature (nausea, abdominal pain, increased peristalsis);
• Cardiac symptoms (palpitations, pain in the heart, arrhythmia);
• Difficulty breathing;
• The occurrence of involuntary phenomena in the form of sweating, swallowing, chewing, etc.
• The occurrence of changes in consciousness (loss of connection of thoughts, disorientation, euphoria, calmness, panic, fears);
• Performing actions dictated by a temporary change in consciousness, lack of motivation in actions (undressing, picking up things, trying to escape, etc.);
• Frequent and severe personality changes expressed in paroxysmal mood disorders;
• A significant type of vegetative disorders that occur in the intervals between attacks (changes in pressure, impaired thermoregulation, various kinds of allergic reactions, disorders of the metabolic-endocrine type, disorders in sexual function, disturbances in water-salt and fat metabolism, etc.).

Most often, the disease has a chronic course with a characteristic tendency to gradual progression.

Epilepsy in children: symptoms

A problem such as epilepsy in children, the symptoms of which you already know in their general form, has a number of its own characteristics. So, in children it occurs much more often than in adults, while its causes may differ from similar cases of adult epilepsy, and, finally, not every seizure that occurs among children is classified as such a diagnosis as epilepsy.

The main (typical) symptoms, as well as signs of epileptic seizures in children, are expressed as follows:

• Convulsions, expressed in rhythmic contractions characteristic of the muscles of the body;
• Temporary breath holding, involuntary urination, and loss of feces;
• Loss of consciousness;
• Extremely strong muscle tension of the body (straightening the legs, bending the arms). Irregularity of movements of any part of the body, expressed in twitching of the legs or arms, wrinkling or closing of the lips, throwing back the eyes, forcing one of the sides to turn the head.

In addition to the typical forms, epilepsy in children, as, in fact, epilepsy in adolescents and its symptoms, can be expressed in forms of a different type, the features of which are not immediately recognized. For example, absence epilepsy.

Absence epilepsy: symptoms

The term "absence" is translated from French as "absence". In this case, during an attack of falling, there are no convulsions - the child simply freezes, ceasing to respond to the events that are happening around. Absence epilepsy is characterized by the following symptoms:

• Sudden fading, interruption of activity;
• Absent or staring gaze, concentrated at one point;
• Inability to attract the attention of the child;
• Continuation of the initiated action by the child after an attack with the exclusion of a period of time with an attack from memory.

Often this diagnosis appears around 6-7 years of age, while girls get sick more often than boys. In 2/3 of cases, children have relatives with this disease. On average, absence epilepsy and symptoms last up to 6.5 years in duration, then becoming less frequent and disappearing, or forming over time into a different form of the disease.

Rolandic epilepsy: symptoms

This type of epilepsy is one of its most common forms, relevant for children. It is characterized by a manifestation mainly at the age of 3-13 years, while the peak of its manifestation falls on the age of about 7-8 years. The debut of the disease for 80% of the total number of patients occurs in 5-10 years, and, unlike the previous, absence epilepsy, it differs in that about 66% of patients with it are boys.

Rolandic epilepsy, the symptoms of which are, in fact, typical, manifests itself in the following conditions:

• The appearance of a somatosensory aura (1/5 of the total number of cases). It is characterized by paresthesia (an unusual sensation of numbness of the skin) of the muscles of the larynx and pharynx, cheeks with one-sided localization, as well as numbness of the gums, cheeks, and sometimes the tongue;
• The occurrence of clonic unilateral, tonic-clonic convulsions. In this case, the muscles of the face are also involved in the process, in some cases, convulsions can spread to the leg or arm. Involvement of the tongue, lips and pharyngeal muscles leads to the child's description of sensations in the form of "shifting towards the jaw", "teeth chattering", "trembling of the tongue" .;
• Difficulties in speech. They are expressed in the exclusion of the possibility of pronouncing words and sounds, while stopping speech can occur at the very beginning of an attack or manifest itself in the course of its development;
• Profuse salivation (hypersalivation).

A characteristic feature of this type of epilepsy also lies in the fact that it mainly occurs at night. For this reason, it is also defined as nocturnal epilepsy, the symptoms of which in 80% of the total number of patients occur in the first half of the night and only 20% in the state of wakefulness and sleep. Night cramps have certain features, which, for example, consist in their relative short duration, as well as in the tendency to subsequent generalization (the spread of the process throughout an organ or organism from a focus that has a limited scale).

Myoclonic epilepsy: symptoms

Myoclonic epilepsy, the type of epilepsy characterized by a combination of twitching with severe epileptic seizures, is also known as myoclonus epilepsy. This type of disease affects people of both sexes, while morphological cellular studies of the cells of the spinal cord and brain, as well as the liver, heart and other organs in this case reveal deposits of carbohydrates.

The disease begins at the age of 10 to 19 years, characterized by symptoms in the form of epileptic seizures. Later, myoclonus also occurs (muscle contractions of an involuntary nature in full or partial volume with or without a motor effect), which determines the name of the disease. Quite often mental changes act as a debut. As for the frequency of seizures, it is different - it can occur both daily and at intervals of several times a month or less (with appropriate treatment). Disturbances in consciousness are also possible along with seizures.

Post-traumatic epilepsy: symptoms

In this case, post-traumatic epilepsy, whose symptoms are characterized, as in other cases, by seizures, is directly related to brain damage resulting from a head injury.

The development of this type of epilepsy is relevant for 10% of those people who have experienced severe head injuries, with the exception of penetrating brain injuries. The likelihood of epilepsy with penetrating brain injury increases up to 40%. The manifestation of characteristic symptoms is also possible after several years from the moment of injury, while they depend directly on the area with pathological activity.

Alcoholic epilepsy: symptoms

Alcoholic epilepsy is a complication of alcoholism. The disease manifests itself in convulsive seizures that occur suddenly. The beginning of the attack is characterized by loss of consciousness, after which the face becomes very pale and gradually cyanotic. Often foam appears from the mouth during a seizure, vomiting occurs. The cessation of convulsions is accompanied by a gradual return of consciousness, after which the patient often falls into a dream lasting up to several hours.

Alcoholic epilepsy is expressed in the following symptoms:

• Loss of consciousness, fainting;
• convulsions;
• Severe pain, "burning";
• Reduction of muscles, feeling of squeezing, tightening of the skin.

Seizures may occur within the first few days of stopping alcohol intake. Often, seizures are accompanied by hallucinations characteristic of alcoholism. The cause of epilepsy is long-term alcohol poisoning, especially when using surrogates. An additional impetus can be a traumatic brain injury, an infectious type of disease, and atherosclerosis.

Non-convulsive epilepsy: symptoms

The non-convulsive form of seizures in epilepsy is a fairly common variant of its development. Non-convulsive epilepsy, the symptoms of which can be expressed, for example, in twilight consciousness, manifests itself suddenly. Its duration is on the order of several minutes to several days with the same sudden disappearance.

In this case, there is a narrowing of consciousness, in which of the various manifestations characteristic of the outside world, patients perceive only that part of the phenomena (objects) that are emotionally significant for them. For the same reason, hallucinations and various delusions often occur. Hallucinations have an extremely frightening character when their visual form is colored in gloomy tones. This condition can provoke an attack on others with injury to them, often the situation comes down to death. This type of epilepsy is characterized by mental disorders, respectively, emotions are manifested in the extreme degree of their expression (rage, horror, less often delight and ecstasy). After attacks, patients forget what is happening to them, and residual memories of events can appear much less often.

Epilepsy: first aid

Epilepsy, the first symptoms of which can frighten an unprepared person, requires a certain protection of the patient from receiving possible injuries during a seizure. For this reason, in epilepsy, first aid involves providing the patient with a soft and flat surface under him, for which soft things or clothes are placed under the body. It is important to free the patient's body from constricting objects (first of all, this concerns the chest, neck and waist). The head should be turned to one side, giving the most comfortable position for exhaling vomit and saliva.

The legs and arms should be held slightly until the seizure is over, without counteracting the convulsions. To protect the tongue from bites, as well as teeth from possible fractures, put something soft in the mouth (napkin, handkerchief). With closed jaws, they should not be opened. Water should not be given during an attack. When falling asleep after a seizure, the patient should not be awakened.

Epilepsy: treatment

In the treatment of epilepsy, two main provisions apply. The first is in the individualized selection of an effective type of drugs with their dosages, and the second is in the long-term management of patients with the required administration and dose changes. In general, treatment is focused on creating appropriate conditions that ensure the restoration and normalization of a person’s state at the psycho-emotional level with the correction of violations in the functions of certain internal organs, that is, the treatment of epilepsy is focused on the causes that provoke characteristic symptoms with their elimination.

To diagnose the disease, it is necessary to contact a neurologist, who, with appropriate observation of the patient, will select the appropriate solution on an individual basis. With regard to frequent severe mental disorders, in this case, the treatment is carried out by a psychiatrist.

If you think that you have Epilepsy and the symptoms characteristic of this disease, then doctors can help you: a neurologist, a psychiatrist.

We also suggest using our online disease diagnostic service, which, based on the symptoms entered, selects probable diseases.

Neurosyphilis is a disease of a venereal nature that disrupts the performance of some internal organs, and if untimely treatment, in a short period of time, can spread to the nervous system. Often occurs at any stage of the course of syphilis. The progression of neurosyphilis is manifested by such symptoms as bouts of severe dizziness, muscle weakness, seizures, paralysis of the limbs and dementia are often observed.

Tetanus is one of the most dangerous diseases of an infectious nature of exposure, characterized by the release of a toxin, as well as a significant rapidity of the clinical course. Tetanus, the symptoms of which are also manifested in the defeat of the nervous system in combination with generalized convulsions and tonic tension that occurs in the skeletal muscles, is an extremely severe disease - it is enough just to highlight the statistics on mortality, which reaches about 30-50%.

Meningoencephalitis is a pathological process that affects the brain and its membranes. Most often, the disease is a complication of encephalitis and meningitis. If not treated in time, this complication can have an unfavorable prognosis with a fatal outcome. The symptoms of the disease are different for each person, since everything depends on the degree of damage to the central nervous system.

Periarteritis nodosa is a disease that affects the vessels of small and medium caliber. In official medicine, the disease is called necrotizing vasculitis. There is a name periarteritis, Kussmaul-Meyer disease, panarteritis. As the pathology develops, aneurysms are formed, repeated damage not only to tissues, but also to internal organs.

Hypomagnesemia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the level of magnesium in the body under the influence of various etiological factors. This, in turn, leads to the progression of severe pathologies, including neurological and cardiovascular.

With the help of exercise and abstinence, most people can do without medicine.

Symptoms and treatment of human diseases

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All information provided is subject to mandatory consultation by the attending physician!

Questions and suggestions:

Each of us has heard about epilepsy, however, not everyone knows what kind of disease it is, how it manifests itself and why it occurs. Most people associate epilepsy with an epileptic seizure, during which the patient convulses and foams at the mouth. In reality, everything is not quite so - there are a lot of manifestations of epilepsy, in some cases the attacks go differently.

Epilepsy has been known for quite some time, perhaps being one of the oldest recognizable conditions in the world, with descriptions of the disease dating back thousands of years. People with epilepsy and their families preferred to hide their diagnosis - this is often the case today. World Health Organization experts note that “for centuries, epilepsy has been surrounded by fear, misunderstanding, discrimination and social stigmatization. In many countries, stigma in some of its forms continues today and can affect the quality of life of people with this disorder, as well as their families.”

March 26 is World Epilepsy Day or Purple Day. It was invented in 2008 by nine-year-old Cassidy Megan, who decided to prove to society that despite her diagnosis, she is no different from all other people. There are now about 50 million people worldwide who suffer from epilepsy, which is considered one of the most common neurological diseases. They say very different things about the disease, patients and methods of treatment, often people are dominated by stereotypes, myths and misconceptions. Let's figure out what epilepsy is, how it is treated and what many of us are wrong about.

Epilepsy is not a mental illness

Indeed, several decades ago it was believed that the treatment of epilepsy was the prerogative of psychiatrists. And even earlier there was an opinion that epilepsy is a form of insanity. Patients who experienced seizures were placed in insane asylums and isolated from society. In addition, the point of view was widespread that such people should not marry and have children.

There are various forms of epilepsy and not in all cases they are hereditary. Most people with this disease do not suffer from dementia or lack of intelligence - the diagnosis does not prevent them from leading a completely fulfilling life.

In cases where the patient does have mental retardation, epilepsy is most often associated with other disorders, such as severe brain disease.

Now it is absolutely known that this disease is not mental, and people suffering from epilepsy are referred to a neurologist or an epileptologist - a specialist in this particular disease.

Epilepsy can debut in adults

Epilepsy can develop at any age, but 70% of cases are first diagnosed in children or adolescents. In addition, the disease often affects the elderly. The causes of epilepsy can be very different: past infections, neurological diseases, such as strokes.

Epilepsy can be cured

Many believe that people who are diagnosed with epilepsy are doomed to a lifetime of suffering. It's not like that at all. Currently, about 70% of cases of epilepsy are treatable and in many cases it is possible to achieve remission. Important in this case is the patient's adherence to treatment, that is, the timely intake of prescribed drugs and the absence of violations of the regimen (for example, a ban on alcohol is imposed).

There is a widespread misconception that taking antiepileptic drugs is accompanied by a number of serious complications, and therefore people are suspicious of such drugs. Of course, these drugs are quite serious and are taken only when prescribed by a doctor and under his supervision, but you do not need to refuse to take them - the consequences of seizures are much more dangerous for the body. Reception of any prescribed drug begins with a minimum dose, gradually increasing it to the one that is suitable for each individual patient.

Seizures can be triggered by a variety of factors.

There are many stimuli that can cause seizures in patients with epilepsy. Among them are flickering light, violation of the daily routine (lack of sleep, jet lag) and nutrition, stress, alcohol, drugs and certain medications.

Living with epilepsy requires a fairly serious self-control from the patient. Fortunately, most seizure triggers can be managed or avoided.

An epileptic seizure is not always characterized by convulsions and loss of consciousness.

Many are convinced that the attacks go according to the only possible scenario - a person loses consciousness, convulses, foam appears around the mouth. It's not like that at all.

“Seizures can be any sudden events that happen to a person. His task in this case is to see a doctor, and the task of the doctor is to qualify the event. That is, it is up to the doctor to recognize what happened,” notes Kira Vladimirovna Voronkova, professor, MD, neurologist, epileptologist, vice-president of the Association of Epileptologists and Patients of Russia.

What can alert a person and make him come to the doctor? “An attack of freezing, freezing, stopping the gaze and speech without falling, but with possible fingering or smacking, - adds Kira Vladimirovna, - There may be attacks of twitching of the upper and / or lower extremities. Then objects can even fall out of the hands and squats with back falls can occur.

There may be other strange, from a philistine point of view, things. According to the expert, these are visual images (not to be confused with migraine!), sometimes very simple, as well as auditory, olfactory, gustatory hallucinations; local numbness and twitching in one limb, sometimes with a transition to other areas (for example, a hand may “tremble” or numbness in the face may occur). There may be sensations of a strange situation, some strange thoughts and feelings, distortions of reality. All these phenomena and others should make the patient think about going to a neurologist. It is important that any sudden strange attacks should alert the person, but only a doctor can assess what is happening.

Need to know how to help a person experiencing an epileptic seizure

If a person nearby has the most famous type of epileptic seizure - with falls, convulsions and loss of consciousness, sometimes - with biting the tongue, foam from the mouth, then the most important thing in this case is not to harm.

“A person needs to be put on his side, put a soft object under his head (clothing or a bag, for example) and timed,” Kira Vladimirovna explains. “It is strictly forbidden to put something in your mouth, open your teeth, restrain and lean on a person, pour water on him. Attacks usually begin and end on their own, and consciousness after an attack can be confused. Sometimes you need to call an ambulance, especially if the attack is long - more than a few minutes. However, if the attacks described above occur without falls, then it is enough just to be with a person, to observe that he does not get into a traumatic situation.

General concept of states accompanied by loss of consciousness

Clinical characteristics of conditions accompanied by loss of consciousness

Fainting

Fainting is called a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, which occurs due to acute, but transient anemia of the brain as a result of a drop in vascular tone. Fainting can occur as a result of mental trauma, at the sight of blood, pain irritation, with prolonged stay in a stuffy room, with intoxication and infectious diseases.

Symptoms. The patient feels weakness, flickering and darkening in the eyes, ringing in the ears, dizziness. There comes a loss of consciousness, the patient falls. He is pale, there are drops of sweat on his forehead, cold extremities, weak filling pulse, frequent or slow. Cardiac activity is weakened, breathing is rare and superficial, pupils are constricted.

Heatstroke

Heatstroke can occur when people overheat in a hot or overcrowded and poorly ventilated area. Heat stroke is promoted by increased humidity and stagnation of air, which sharply reduces heat transfer and evaporation from the surface of the body. The human body has the ability to maintain body temperature within 36–37 °C.

Excess heat is removed mainly by sweating, partly with exhaled air and through the skin. Overheating leads to the fact that the systems of thermoregulation, blood circulation and the whole organism as a whole cannot adapt to the high ambient temperature. At the same time, its most important functions are violated. Heavy physical work, tight clothing, excessive diet high in protein and fat, insufficient water intake predispose to overheating and heat stroke. Persons suffering from heart disease and obesity are most susceptible to overheating.

Symptoms. Overheating causes headache, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. Initially, there is increased sweating, redness and puffiness of the face. Respiration and pulse are sharply quickened. The victim loses consciousness and falls. Skin, tongue, mucous membranes are dry. The skin is hot to the touch. There is no sweating. Sharp shortness of breath, frequent, weak pulse. The temperature rises sharply (up to 40 ° C), urine output decreases or stops. There are convulsive twitches of individual muscles of the body or general convulsions.

Epilepsy

This disease develops for various reasons - heredity, traumatic brain injury, etc.

The disease manifests itself as follows: the patient suddenly loses consciousness (but anticipates his attack), falls, convulsions begin, foam comes out of the mouth. After 2-4 minutes, he immediately falls into a deep sleep, and when he comes to, he does not remember anything.

When assisting the patient, first of all, you need to loosen everything that tightens the body (belt, collar, etc.), provide access to fresh air, insert a soft tampon between the teeth (prevention of biting the tongue). A 2% solution of chloral hydrate is administered in an enema, repeated according to indications 2-3 times a day; 25% magnesium sulfate solution intravenously.

The introduction of diazepam (seduxen) in the form of a 0.5% solution intravenously slowly or intramuscularly is effective. For small seizures, emergency care is not provided.

Epilepsy is still considered incurable. They tried to cure her with the poison of Russell's viper from India, and in Europe with cerebrin (a glucovid, which is part of the brain and blood).

Coma

Coma is a deep disorder of the functions of the central nervous system, when consciousness is completely lost and there is no reaction to external stimuli.

Distinguish coma of primary, cerebral genesis (coma apoplexy, traumatic, epileptic, coma of infectious or tumor genesis) and secondary genesis. A coma with a secondary lesion of the central nervous system occurs in diseases of the internal organs and endocrine glands (diabetic coma, hypoglycemic, etc.). Coma can also occur as a result of toxic effects (alcoholic coma, barbituric coma), as well as under the influence of physical factors (thermal coma, cold coma, electric shock, radiation coma). The sudden development of coma is characteristic of vascular disorders (cerebral stroke). Relatively slowly, a coma develops with brain damage of an infectious nature (encephalitis, meningitis, general infections). Symptoms of a coma with endogenous intoxications increase much more slowly - diabetic, hepatic, renal coma.

apoplectic coma

A coma develops most often with hemorrhagic stroke, less often with massive cerebral infarction; as a rule, the onset of the disease is sudden.

Symptoms. The face in typical cases is purple, breathing is hoarse, one cheek is puffed out - “sails”, the nasolabial fold is smoothed. The pupils do not react to light, the limbs are atonic, lethargic, on the side opposite to the focus of hemorrhage, hemiplegia develops; tendon reflexes in the first hours are usually inhibited, pathological reflexes can be observed - a symptom of Babinsky. The pulse is slowed down, tense, some time after the onset of a cerebral hemorrhage, the body temperature rises. A few hours after a stroke, meningeal symptoms may be detected, more pronounced in the non-paralyzed leg.

epileptic coma

Symptoms. Occurs after a grand mal seizure or as a result of status epilepticus. The skin of the face is pale, cyanotic, the pupils are wide, weakly react to light, paresis of the extremities develops, deep reflexes are not caused. Characterized by frequent wheezing breathing, cold sweat, foam at the mouth, drop in blood pressure, weak arrhythmic pulse.

diabetic coma

The most formidable complication of diabetes mellitus. The content of sugar and ketone bodies sharply increases in the blood, dehydration of the body occurs, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and phosphorus ions are excreted in the urine. In the blood there is a shift to the acid side. Ketone bodies in excess content have a toxic effect on the cells of the central nervous system. If measures are not taken in time, a diabetic coma develops.

Symptoms. Distinguish precomatous and coma.

In the pre-coma state, patients lose their appetite, they develop weakness, headache, thirst, profuse urination, nausea and vomiting, and the smell of acetone from the mouth. Dry skin, dry tongue are noted. There may be pruritus, tachycardia, lowering blood pressure.

If untreated, the precomatous state turns into a coma. The patient falls into a deep sleep, then completely loses consciousness. There is a strong smell of acetone from the mouth. As a result of dehydration of the body, the tone of the eyeballs is reduced. Breathing is noisy, sharp, deep.

Hypoglycemic coma

In diabetes mellitus, another coma can also develop, associated with a significant sharp decrease in blood sugar - hypoglycemic coma. It may be associated with an overdose of insulin or a particular hypersensitivity to it, with insufficient intake of carbohydrates after insulin administration. Hypoglycemia is more common in children than in adults. However, with careful observation of the child, early precursors of this coma can be identified - there is a feeling of hunger, weakness, severe sweating, hands, legs, and chin tremble. There is a pronounced pallor of the skin. In the future, this condition of the patient worsens - the face becomes mask-like, convulsions appear, loss of consciousness. There is no compliance of the eyeballs and a specific smell from the mouth with this coma.

Hypertensive crisis

Psycho-emotional overload, severe nervous tension in a patient with hypertension can lead to a hypertensive crisis, a complication of hypertension that occurs both during a stressful situation and after it. A hypertensive crisis is a significant sudden increase in blood pressure with neurovascular and humoral disorders. The modern way of life explains the frequency of occurrence of various dystonic disorders, including hypertensive crises.

Symptoms. A hypertensive crisis is manifested by a sharp headache, often nausea and vomiting, less often - visual impairment with a suddenly increased blood pressure.

Treatment of diseases accompanied by a syndrome of loss of consciousness

Treatment of diseases accompanied by loss of consciousness syndrome using traditional methods

Fainting

Fainting can last from a few seconds to several minutes, rarely - up to 1-1.5 hours. Gradually, the patient comes to his senses. There remains a weakness. The longer the syncope is and the weakening of cardiac activity is more pronounced, the more dangerous it is for life.

First of all, it is necessary to lay the patient with his head down and his legs up. This facilitates blood flow to the brain. It is necessary to free the patient from restrictive clothing, to ensure the flow of fresh air. Sprinkle the face and chest with cold water, which irritates the vasomotor nerves. Carefully bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to the nose of the patient.

Rub whiskey with vinegar, cologne. When the patient comes to his senses, drink strong coffee or tea, wine, cognac with milk. It is good to put a warm enema of 4 glasses of water and 1 tsp. salt.

But if the syncope lasts longer than 15 minutes, then this is already dangerous, the patient should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible or call a doctor. In the meantime, without wasting time, make the distillation of blood from the extremities to the heart in this way: raise the patient’s right hand up and hold it in this position, and slightly raise the left leg, bandage it tightly, starting from the fingers to the thigh. This will direct the blood to the head. After a quarter of an hour, release this arm and leg and do the same with the left arm and right leg.

If the patient begins to vomit, then it is necessary to turn him on his side so that the vomit does not get into the windpipe.

Heatstroke

The victim should be immediately taken out to a cool room, the neck and chest should be freed from tight clothing. Apply cold compresses or rubber ice packs to the head, chest, underarms and groin. The body can be wrapped in a wet sheet and a fan can blow air.

If consciousness is preserved, then the victim should be given a plentiful cold drink, if possible, a tablet of analgin or acetylsalicylic acid.

In severe cases, when respiratory and cardiac arrest occurs, artificial respiration and closed heart massage should be started immediately. At the same time, you need to call an ambulance.

Epilepsy

People with epilepsy should, if possible, not worry, do not drink alcohol. Warm baths up to 32 ° C help with leg cramps.

Folk remedy: eat as much raw onion as possible, and most importantly - drink its juice. Onions make the seizures milder and less frequent.

In Russian villages, epilepsy is treated in this way: they take several burning charcoal from the stove, then a cup of water. In this cup, the ashes from the coals are first blown into the water, and then the coals are put in the same place. Then they pray in front of the icon, reading "Our Father", and give the patient 3 times to drink water from a cup.

After 11 days (on the 12th) it is necessary to repeat the treatment. Seizures stop after the first time, and the second, as it were, fixes the treatment forever. The patient is recovering.

Coma states

Help with apoplectic coma is aimed at normalizing vital functions - breathing, cardiovascular activity. First of all, it is necessary to free the airways from mucus and saliva, when the tongue retracts, push the lower jaw forward, and in case of respiratory distress, carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs. To maintain cardiac activity, a 0.5% solution of strophanthin is slowly injected intravenously. To combat cerebral edema, diuretics are administered intravenously: mannitol, lasix or uregit, which is diluted with an isotonic solution or a glucose solution. In order to improve microcirculation, reopoliglyukin is administered intravenously. To compensate for potassium losses, a solution of potassium chloride or panangin is administered.

It is necessary to correct high blood pressure - the introduction of intravenous dibazol or a 0.01% solution of clonidine.

In case of a traumatic coma, measures are taken at the scene to normalize breathing and blood circulation. They free the airways from mucus and vomit, foreign bodies. If breathing is disturbed, artificial ventilation of the lungs is carried out - breathing mouth to mouth, mouth to nose with the help of manual breathing apparatus. The patient is hospitalized.

It is very important to recognize this severe complication of diabetes in time. When feeling hungry, sweating, weakness, the patient should eat a piece of sugar, honey or jam, drink a glass of sweet tea or compote with white bread.

In cases where the patient is unconscious and it is difficult to decide what kind of coma he has - diabetic or hypoglycemic, 10-20 ml of a 40% glucose solution should be injected intravenously. With hypoglycemia, the patient will immediately regain consciousness, with a diabetic coma, the introduced glucose will not worsen the patient's condition.

Hypoglycemia is treated with insulin. Cardiac glycosides and analeptics (cordiamin, caffeine, etc.) at the prehospital stage should be used only in cases of severe heart failure or arterial hypotension.

The patient is urgently hospitalized in the intensive care unit or intensive care unit.

Hypertensive crisis

Medical assistance in such a situation should be immediate, since a prolonged crisis can lead to severe complications from the brain and heart.

Before the arrival of the doctor, the patient should be put to bed, a heating pad can be placed at the feet. Crises are characteristic of patients with reduced adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system, they often occur in people who are extremely sensitive to sudden changes in the weather; in women due to dyshormonal disorders during menopause or in the premenstrual period; with "cervical migraine" - as a result of osteochondrosis (degenerative lesion) of the cervical spine, which, accompanied by a violation of the blood circulation of the brain, often at night, leads to a hypertensive crisis.

Hence, the prevention of a hypertensive crisis should be individual, and the doctor should choose its measures after a thorough assessment of the patient's condition.

To prevent hypertension, it is necessary to take into account and eliminate the factors that contribute to its occurrence. Distinguish between primary and secondary prevention of this disease. Moreover, secondary prevention essentially coincides with the treatment of patients, since it excludes measures that stop the progression of the disease. Primary prevention is aimed at preventing the disease, while remembering the factors that contribute to the development of the disease.

To stop the crisis, obzidan (inderal, propranolol) is administered intravenously in a bolus dose of 5 mg in 10-15 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. The maximum effect occurs after 30 minutes and persists for several hours. Systolic pressure is reduced to a greater extent (beta-blockers are not used for bronchial asthma, severe heart failure and bradycardia, with complete transverse heart block).

Effectively reduces blood pressure in hypertensive crises by taking 0.01 g of Corinfar (nifedipine) under the tongue.

The most difficult task is to provide emergency care to patients with a complicated crisis in the presence of minimal signs of impaired cerebral or coronary circulation.

From folk remedies, garlic, a decoction of potato peel (1-2 cups a day) and a decoction of hawthorn berries help to reduce pressure. The berries are cleaned of seeds, poured in cold water in the evening, about 2 cups of water per quarter of a pound of berries, and in the morning the berries are boiled in the same water for a very short time and, after straining, they drink the broth. Drink for a whole month.

Low blood pressure is less life-threatening than high blood pressure. However, it can also lead to fainting. Low blood pressure is characterized by fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, loss of appetite. It happens mostly from anemia and excessive work.

From folk remedies, Chinese lemongrass helps.

Spasms(Greek spasmos spasm) - involuntary tonic contraction of striated or smooth muscles. There are no clear clinical signs on the basis of which it would be possible to distinguish spasms from various variants of tonic convulsions.

When the pyramidal system is damaged, skeletal muscle spasms are characterized by constant tonic tension in certain muscle groups of the paralyzed limb (see Paralysis, paresis). When the extrapyramidal system is affected, muscle spasm is also permanent, but covers all striated muscles, creating general stiffness, muscle rigidity (Parkinsonism). Depending on the location of the pathological focus in the extrapyramidal system, spasms of individual muscle groups can develop, for example, the muscles of one half of the neck - torticollis, facial muscles, blepharospasm, muscles of the limbs and trunk - torsion dystonia, writing spasm and so on.

With damage to the peripheral nervous system, for example, with spondylogenic sciatica (see Osteochondrosis, Sciatica), there may be a constant spasm of the anterior scalene muscle on the neck, piriformis, quadriceps femoris, calf muscles, etc. Such muscle spasms are usually accompanied by intense pain sensations. With trigeminal neuralgia and tetanus, there is a spasm of the masticatory muscles (Trismus). In the residual stage of neuritis of the facial nerve (see Neuritis), a spasm of facial muscles (hemispasm) may occur. Muscle spasm at the beginning of movement, with muscle effort or in the cold can be observed with myotonia.

With functional disorders of the nervous system, with emotional stress, muscle spasms are manifested by short-term tension of individual muscles or their small groups, for example, on the face, in the hands, and so on.

In the pathology of the autonomic nervous system, spasms of the smooth muscles of the walls of blood vessels and internal organs are often found - angiospasm, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, spasm of the esophagus (pylorospasm), stomach, intestines, and so on. Muscle spasm, caused by a violation of the ion-electrolyte balance, is noted with hypoparathyroidism (Parathyroid glands), spasmophilia, chronic renal failure, etc.

Seizures is the result of a sudden uncontrolled influx of electrical energy into the brain - like a short circuit. Some seizures look frightening: a person falls to the floor, his arms and legs twitch, his mouth foams. Others are so short-lived and weak that they go unnoticed - even for those who have them.

Seizures are divided into two large groups :

1) a partial spasm that occurs due to abnormal electrical activity in a certain area of ​​​​the brain,

2) generalized convulsions resulting from abnormal electrical activity of nerve cells scattered in the brain.

The reasons .

Sometimes seizures have no apparent cause. Some of them can be correlated with conditions such as:

Head injury, - brain tumor, - infection, - stroke, - metabolic or hormonal disorders such as diabetes,- alcohol abstinence.

Symptoms .

The symptoms depend on the type of seizure.

1) Seizure "gran-mal".

This generalized seizure is the most severe type of seizure. Immediately before it begins, the patient's mood can change dramatically, sometimes he experiences a condition that doctors call an aura. At the same time, the patient sees, hears, tastes and smells strange things. Then the following usually happens:

Man loses consciousness- the muscles of the trunk, arms and legs contract and freeze motionlessly,The person falls down and stops breathing. He can bite his tongue and lose control of his bladder-muscles begin to contract rhythmically,- a person begins to sweat, breathe deeply and often, his pulse is fast, foam may appear from the mouth,- muscles relax and breathing becomes deeper,- the seizure ends, the person comes to himself, disoriented and with clouded consciousness, complains of headache, muscle pain and fatigue.

Usually the patient does not remember anything about the seizure. Then he will sleep for several hours.

2) Myoclonic seizure

This is a type of generalized seizure where a person experiences twitching in one or more muscle groups. Continues for several seconds.

3) Atonic seizure

This condition also causes the muscles to twitch, then they relax.

4) Akinetic seizure

A person briefly completely loses muscle tone and consciousness. He falls and may get a head injury.

5) Absence seizure

The person stops all activity and stares into space for no more than 15 seconds. At this moment, he does not perceive anything. Others may not notice anything unusual in his behavior, although with closer observation, you can catch moments of disconnection. These seizures are common in children.

6) Simple partial cramp

There are strange movements of one of the parts of the body, which can spread to neighboring parts. Sometimes people feel a tingling or numbness in this area, but their state of mind remains fairly normal.

7) Complicated partial spasm

Usually a person has an aura, and then he loses consciousness. May be in a twilight state. With abnormal activity of the temporal lobe of the brain, automatisms arise in a person, that is, unconscious repetitive movements: chewing, licking lips, grimaces, stroking someone's clothes, etc.

8) Epileptic state

It can be one long seizure or many short ones, between which the person completely returns to normal.

A generalized seizure can be life-threatening, endangering cardiac and respiratory activity. An epileptic state can also cause brain damage.

What NOT to do :

1) Do not try to stop the seizure - for example, by pouring water on the patient.

2) Do not move the neck of the fallen. If you need to turn it on its side, for example, when vomiting, roll it. You will need an assistant so that one person can hold the neck and head in one position while the other turns the body and legs.

3) Do not restrain the patient, unless the movements threaten his safety.

4) Don't let him eat or drink.

5) If the patient's teeth are clenched, do not try to put anything between them. You can damage his teeth, risk being bitten, and his tongue can fall back, blocking his airways.

What to do :

Most seizures stop on their own after 30 seconds or a few minutes. The main goal is to prevent a person from injuring himself during a seizure.

1) Prevent injury. Catch and lay down the falling one. Move sharp objects, furniture, etc. out of the way. If you do not have time to catch the falling one, protect his neck by placing a rolled-up coat or something suitable.

Cover the patient with pillows or folded blankets. Loosen clothing at the neck. Lay the person on their side so they don't suffocate. If the patient vomits, free the nose and mouth from vomit, but not with your fingers.

2) Provide help. Call an ambulance as soon as possible in the following cases:

The seizure occurs in a pregnant woman,- a seizure occurs in a person who has never had seizures before,- the patient does not come to his senses for a long time,- Seizure lasts more than 5 minutes- During a seizure, the patient was injured.

If the seizure was mild, then consult your doctor.

3) Open the window, loosen tight clothing to make breathing easier.

4) When the condition of the patient who has experienced a seizure becomes stable, he should make an electroencephalogram - a record of brain wave activity. This will help locate the abnormal brain activity. Other useful diagnostic procedures:

Computed tomography, which determines anomalies in the brain,- magnetic resonance imaging, which allows you to see areas of the brain hidden behind the bones,- a blood test that determines the levels of sugar and calcium in the blood.

5) Take prescribed medications. You may be prescribed anticonvulsants such as dilantin, tegretol, depakene, or phenobarbital.

6) Determine the reasons. Seizures are often caused by fatigue, stress, alcohol or drug use. To determine triggers, the doctor may recommend that the patient keep a seizure diary, which should record data on nutrition, tension levels, and other information about the style of daily life. If a seizure occurs, the doctor can use these records to determine what triggered the seizure.

7) Pay attention to yourself. For some people, exercise and relaxation techniques help relieve stress and reduce the frequency of seizures.

8) Wear an identification badge. With a tendency to seizures, you need to wear a medical bracelet or medallion. In this case, if a person loses consciousness, the doctors will know what the matter is and what measures to take.

Watching for a Seizure .

To help your doctor determine the type of seizure, observe the patient carefully during and after the seizure. Then try to write down the answers to the following questions.

1) How long did the seizure last?2) When did it start?3) When did it end?4) What happened immediately before the seizure?5) Did the patient complain of strange sensations and moods right before the seizure?6) Did he see, hear, smell or taste anything unusual?7) What happened during the seizure?8) Did the patient lose consciousness, did he fall?9) What was the type of muscle movement? Rhythmic or not? Permanent or not?10) Did the patient laugh? 11) Did you cry? 12) Did you snore? 13) Did he make other sounds?14) Was there salivation?15) Did he lose control of his bladder?16) Did you stop breathing?17) Is your breathing fast or deep?18) Was there foam at the mouth?19) Did the patient make repetitive movements: licking lips, grimacing, chewing, scratching, brushing off clothes?20) What happened after the seizure?21) Did the patient seem drugged or drunk? 22) Did you fall asleep? 23) Did you complain about headache, muscle pain, fatigue?24) Does he remember the seizure?

The "falling" disease affects children, adolescents, adults and the elderly. The statistics among men and women are approximately the same: brain malfunctions happen to everyone.

Epilepsy among neurological abnormalities is considered the most common. Every hundredth suffers from it. The essence of the disease lies in the abnormal activity of neurons. Affected brain cells begin to transfer their energy to neighboring ones, and thus an epileptic focus is born. Gradually it spreads more and more. Both a part of the brain (for example, temporal or parietal regions) and the cortex of both hemispheres can be involved in the process. In this case, a person faints, and ceases to control his own body and understand what is happening.

Epilepsy is one disease that affects different areas of the brain. Common symptom: pathological activity of neurons. In the International Qualification of Diseases (ICD-10), pathologies are assigned a code from G40.0 to G40.9.

It is impossible to know in advance that you have any disturbances in the functioning of brain cells. In the vast majority of those suffering from an "falling" illness, it did not manifest itself in any way before the first attack. The diagnosis is often made before the age of 20. Special drugs can quite successfully deal with pathology.

Seizure types and main symptoms of epilepsy

The disease manifests itself in the form of recurrent seizures. They are divided into three groups:

• partial (focal) - begin with one or more foci. Not always accompanied by loss of consciousness. They are divided into simple, complex and secondary-generalized. Considered a mild form of the disease;
• generalized - the entire cerebral cortex is immediately involved, the human consciousness is turned off. There are tonic-clonic ("grand mal"), typical and atypical absences, myoclonic, tonic and atonic;
• unclassified, which cannot be assigned to any of the groups.

Each form of epilepsy has its own set of parocrises, characterized by certain features. In fact, this is the difference between the types of the disease. And also often there is a transition from one form to another, when the discharge gradually spreads, eventually affecting the entire brain.

Symptoms in newborns

Convulsive manifestations in infants are diagnosed in less than two percent of full-term babies. For those who were born prematurely, the figures are higher - this is 20%.

Causes of malfunction of the central nervous system:

• birth injury;
• hypoxia;
• ischemia;
• metabolic disorders (aciduria, aminoacidopathy);
• infections (rubella, tonsillitis and others);
• intoxication, when the mother, during the period of bearing the baby, smoked, consumed alcohol or potent drugs, including drugs;
• hemorrhages;
• prematurity or the opposite situation, in which the gestational age greatly exceeded the average indications;
• genetic predisposition if close relatives are epileptics.

Manifestations of "falling" disease in an infant are not similar to the symptoms observed in adults. In a newborn, muscle contractions are often mistaken for motor activity, and they do not attach much importance to this.

How does epilepsy manifest itself?

• fever;
• the absence of any reaction to external stimuli;
• clonic muscle contractions of the arms and legs, moreover, such spasms appear both on the right side and on the left alternately;
• pathologically increased muscle tone;
• unnatural deviation of the eyes;
• frequent chewing movements, but there is no foam from the mouth;
• unlike older children or adults, newborns rarely experience involuntary urination;
• after the crisis is over, the child does not fall asleep. When consciousness returns, muscle weakness sets in;
• before an attack, the baby is restless, he sleeps and eats poorly, up to a complete refusal to eat.

Children are diagnosed with asymptomatic epilepsy, which can only be recognized by EEG. It manifests itself due to an ischemic stroke or as a result of an infectious lesion of the brain, and already after the acute stage of the disease.

temporal lobe epilepsy

A symptomatic type of pathology. It occurs due to injuries, infections, neoplasms, tuberous sclerosis. There are four forms:

• amygdala;
• hippocampal;
• opercular (insular);
• lateral.

Some experts tend to combine the first three types into one - coppery or amygdalohippocampal. In addition, there is a bitemporal or bilateral form of the disease, when epileptic foci are located immediately in both temporal lobes.

Seizure types:

• simple partial: taste in the mouth, the patient begins to shiver, the heartbeat quickens. The patient does not perceive reality, it seems to him that the room smells unpleasant, that the furniture is very far away, visual hallucinations occur. The epileptic ceases to recognize loved ones and understand where he is. In this state, a person can stay for several days;
• complex partials with automatisms: constantly repeating movements or phrases. An unconscious person, although he can drive a car, talk, but there is no reaction to other people, for example, the patient does not answer questions and does not respond to his own name. There are no convulsions;
• secondary generalized: indicate a deterioration in the condition, pass with muscle contractions. The progression of the disease affects the intellect: memory decreases, mood is constantly changing, aggressiveness.

Symptoms in children

The clinical manifestations of epilepsy in young patients are unlike those in adults. Depending on the type of illness, seizures with convulsions do not always occur, the baby does not fall to the floor screaming.

Typical symptoms:

• with generalized parocrises, there is a short-term cessation of breathing and the whole body is very tense, then convulsions;
• absences look like a sharp fading in one position;
• atonic epileptic seizures are similar to fainting, as the patient loses consciousness, and his muscles are relaxed.

Epilepsy in young patients causes somnambulism and nightmares, when the baby screams at night and even wakes up from fear. The child may be tormented by severe headaches with bouts of nausea, his speech is disturbed.

Absence epilepsy

It occurs in children and adolescents. Adult cases are rare. A feature of absence seizures is the absence of seizures. The person literally freezes for a few seconds, looks aloof. The move goes by very quickly. The patient himself does not notice it, because when consciousness is restored, the patient returns to the things he was doing, without even understanding what happened. That is why it is difficult for parents to notice oddities in the behavior of the child. Some turn to a neurologist much later, after the onset of epilepsy.

There are two types:

• children's. It manifests itself in preschool age: from 2 to 8 years. Girls are more susceptible to the disease. With a timely visit to a doctor, childhood absence epilepsy can be completely defeated, relieving an adult from seizures. Symptoms: a sharp fading, lack of response to external stimuli, a "glassy" look. The number of parocrises per day reaches ten, the duration is not more than a minute. More often they happen when waking up or falling asleep;
• youthful: the debut occurs between the ages of 10 and 12. Here, an epileptic attack, of which there are up to 70 per day, is similar to the child form, when a small patient “freezes”, looking at one point. Myoclonus of the eyelids is added - frequent blinking. Such a manifestation means the progression of epilepsy, leading to a developmental delay. In addition, adolescents often have seizures. Indirect signs are inattention, distraction, inability to concentrate and learn material, forgetfulness.

Absences in adults are a direct consequence of the lack of treatment for epilepsy in childhood. Due to the fact that a person “freezes” for a moment, the risk of injury increases, because the work of the brain is completely absent. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce restrictions: to refuse to drive a car and work with complex mechanisms, not to swim alone. In adults, twitches of the head or limbs are possible.

Rolandic epilepsy

Occurs only in children in 15% of cases (considered the most common), debuts at the age of 6 to 8 years. The reasons for the development of the disease are unknown. The central temporal region is affected. At first, epileptic seizures can occur daily, then their number gradually decreases, completely disappearing by the age of 15. Pathology responds well to treatment, so it is called benign epilepsy. The disease does not affect the mental and physical development of the child.

Manifested in the form of partial seizures. Seizures usually occur at night when the baby is sleeping:

• muscle spasms of the face and neck;
• tingling sensation on the tongue;
• difficult speech;
• profuse salivation;
• if the epileptic focus spreads, then secondary generalized (tonic-clonic) seizures appear: the patient freezes, the muscles of the whole body contract and convulsive contractions begin. After the crisis, the child is disoriented, his thoughts are confused.

Treatment of the rolandic form is necessary only if schooling difficulties, behavioral disturbances, inattention, attacks occur during the day and resolve with frequent muscle contractions. When such symptoms are not observed, then drug therapy is not required: the child simply outgrows the disease.

Myoclonic epilepsy

It develops in early childhood or adolescence due to degenerative changes in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, kidneys or liver. It can be inherited, be the result of a negative impact, occurs as a complication of absences.

Myoclonus or Jans syndrome is a combination of an epileptic seizure with myoclonus - erratic muscle twitching.

Classification:

• benign myoclonic epilepsy in newborns: clinic: tremor of the limbs and head. During falling asleep, myoclonus is exacerbated, during sleep they disappear. It has no consequences, does not affect the development of the child;
• Dravet syndrome - a severe form of myoclonus with serious consequences up to death;
• Unferricht-Lundborg disease: develops slowly. It starts with sharp muscle contractions, then complications cause absences, worsening of the emotional state;
• epilepsy with broken red fibers: lactic acid levels are significantly increased in the blood, due to which myopathy progresses. It is characterized by myclonia, convulsions, incoordination, deafness.

Seizure types:

• mycolonic: severe twitching of limbs or muscles throughout the body. Usually appear in the morning. Can be triggered by overwork, stress, bright light or loud sound;
• absences - a sharp fading in one position for a few seconds, the patient is silent and does not move;
• tonic-clonic: loss of consciousness, convulsions spread throughout the body. There is involuntary urination, biting the tongue. Duration - several minutes. Happens more often in the morning.

Post-traumatic epilepsy

Secondary epilepsy is called differently: it is a complication after a brain injury: a bruise received in a fight, due to a disaster, an accident, during sports, and so on. Pathology develops in 12% of people who have had TBI.

Distinguish:

• early, when attacks begin in the first days after injury;
• late, when it passes more than two weeks after the TBI.

Post-traumatic epilepsy affects both adults and children. Since this pathology is a consequence, the debut can begin at any time. Cases of the manifestation of the disease after several years are known.

Signs:

• the attack begins with the fall of the patient, he has convulsions, muscle tone is increased, the head is thrown back, foam comes from the mouth. Breathing is fast, blood pressure is much higher than normal. Defecation and involuntary urination occur. Due to the contraction of the muscles of the throat, patients emit a piercing cry;
• usually, patients can anticipate an epileptic seizure. The aura is felt in a few hours or days: nausea, pain in the head and abdomen, sleep disturbances, aversion to food;
• from a mental point of view, the disease greatly affects the character of a person: excessive pedantry in business, anger, vindictiveness and selfishness appear. There are outbursts of rage. People have impaired memory, concentration, they are not able to concentrate, they express themselves incomprehensibly, because the vocabulary becomes scarce, dementia is growing.

Alcoholic epilepsy

This form of the disease manifests itself against the background of prolonged use of alcoholic beverages and always goes away with convulsions. Only alcoholics with an experience of at least ten years are subject to the development of the disease. However, in medical practice, there were cases when epilepsy began after several months of active use of "hot".

Not a single specialist can answer unequivocally that a person will begin to have seizures, since much depends on the individual characteristics of the patient: the deviation does not affect every drunkard.

Alcohol is extremely detrimental and even destructive to the brain. Poisoning with poisons begins, because with alcoholism, harmful substances are not excreted from the body at all. Neurons die by the millions, brain function is disrupted. A similar process is the basis for the development of an epileptic focus.

Symptoms:

• dementia;
• personality degradation, a person becomes picky and begins to show aggression;
• speech is disturbed;
• insomnia;
• burning sensation and squeezing;
• loss of consciousness.

Epilepsy attacks on the background of alcoholism are manifested with convulsions. A person falls, rolls his eyes, wheezes, screams due to a reduction in vocal communications, he is sick, profuse salivation begins, his lips turn blue. Possible involuntary urination. Further, the patient unnaturally bends, and the head throws back.

Spasms can affect both one half of the body, and both, depending on the degree of damage to the hemispheres. When the epileptic seizure is over, the person is pierced by unbearable pain in the muscles. In advanced cases, the intervals between seizures are short.

A characteristic feature of the alcoholic form of pathology is that the paroxysm occurs on the second or third day after stopping the use of alcoholic beverages. The patient usually feels the onset of an attack: loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, feeling unwell.

Effects:

• death due to respiratory arrest during a seizure;
• injuries and injuries, because, being in an unconscious state, a person does not control his actions. When falling, the drinker can hit hard;
• aspiration of vomit or saliva;
• psychological changes.

Non-convulsive epilepsy

The name speaks for itself: during an attack, there are no signs characteristic of the disease we are describing: there are no muscle contractions, the person does not fall, his body does not bend, and foam does not flow from the mouth. Parocrysis begins suddenly, and also suddenly stops.

An epileptic seizure is expressed in a sharp change in the behavior of the patient, whose consciousness is confused, he literally does not understand what he is doing. In this state, the patient can stay up to several days. At these moments, he is tormented by terrible hallucinations, and they are vivid. Strange ideas are formed in the head, similar to delirium.

Epilepsy without seizures with convulsions affects the perception of the external world by consciousness: a person is able to understand and accept only those phenomena and objects that are of particular importance to him.

Frightening illusions lead to increased aggression on the part of the epileptic. The patient attacks people, can severely cripple and even kill. Mental disorders lead to extreme emotionality, when rage and horror, less often joy and delight, manifest themselves vividly.

After parocrises, patients do not remember what happened to them and do not understand why they did certain things. Although sometimes fragmentary memories emerge in the mind of the patient.

Diagnostics

1. Examination and questioning by a neurologist, epileptologist. Specialists learn in detail about the specifics of the manifestation of seizures: the position of the body, limbs, the presence of muscle contractions, the total duration, whether the patient anticipates a seizure. Learn about when parocrises began and how often relapses occur. The final diagnosis is made only when the epileptic seizure is secondary, when the case occurred primarily, then the cause of the deviation is not epilepsy. Doctors also talk with the patient's relatives to find out how he behaves before and after the seizure, whether there are changes in behavior, thinking.
2. Electroencephalogram (EEG). Shows exactly where the epileptic focus is formed. Thus, it is possible to accurately establish the type of disease, since the manifestations of some types of pathology are similar in appearance. The examination takes place in a dream, in a calm state and at the time of crisis.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging. MRI allows you to determine the structural changes in the brain: the presence of tumors, vascular pathology.
4. Newborns undergo an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for electrolytes, ultrasound and CT of the head, depending on the clinic. According to indications, infants may also be prescribed a blood serum test.

Who is at risk

• people whose relatives suffer from epilepsy;
• people who have had a TBI. Especially, the likelihood of developing the disease is high during the first two years after injury. If in the sixth year there are no signs of epilepsy, then it is considered that the danger has passed;
• children with CNS damage.

Treatment of the disease

Epilepsy is a chronic disease that cannot be cured. In severe forms, seizures torment people for the rest of their lives. Therefore, conservative therapy is mainly aimed at controlling the frequency of seizures.

There are two main approaches to the treatment of epilepsy:

1. Medication - taking anticonvulsant drugs (monotherapy). Commonly used: Phenobarbital, Primidone, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Sodium Valproate, Ethosuximide, Lamotrigine, Topiramate, Benzodiazepines. The choice of medication determines the etiology and type of epileptic seizures. In the case of positive dynamics, the doctor may decide to cancel therapy, and begin to gradually reduce the dosage. Unfortunately, many of these drugs have serious side effects.
2. Radical. Surgical intervention is resorted to when resistance to anticonvulsants is found, that is, the drugs do not work, the number of seizures does not decrease, and repeated courses of administration, increasing the dose do not give results. Also, to eliminate the manifestations of partial symptomatic epilepsy, in most cases, they resort to neurosurgery to remove the affected area of ​​the brain.

In addition to anticonsulants, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed in episodes of infection, and sedatives are prescribed to normalize sleep. Some patients are prescribed diuretics and enzymes. With myoclonus, patients require blood and plasma transfusions, intravenous droppers with glucose, vitamin B12 injections, and physiotherapy.

With regard to the treatment of newborns, with the help of drugs, doctors manage to stop the convulsive manifestation during the first four days of the baby's life. Forecasts for the future are usually favorable. But, if the brain damage was irreversible, then there is a high probability of a return of seizures after a few months or even years.

Prevention of epilepsy

To prevent the disease, you need to know its causes. In relation to the "falling" disease, there are three forms:

• congenital (idiopathic) - inherited due to a malfunction in the genes;
• symptomatic (secondary) - is the result of a negative impact on the body;
• cryptogenic, when the etiology cannot be established.

In the first and third cases, it is almost impossible to prevent the primary attack and the development of the disease, so doctors talk about the prevention of epileptic seizures themselves:

• continuous use of anticonvulsants. Moreover, self-replacement with generics is unacceptable, since the effect of the new drug is unknown;
• monitoring the effect of drug therapy on the body using an EEG and a blood test for the concentration of an anticonvulsant drug;
• compliance with the daily routine: it is better to fall asleep and wake up at the same time;
• follow a diet: eliminate salinity and reduce the amount of cape in the diet;
• do not drink alcohol. First, they greatly affect sleep. Second, alcohol can interfere with the way drugs work;
• with photosensitivity, limit TV viewing and reduce the time spent on a computer or tablet;
• when going out into the sun, wear dark glasses;
• the experience of specialists confirms a direct connection between the mental state of the patient and the frequency of seizures: when a person is nervous or experiences strong negative emotions (fear, anger), the likelihood of a seizure increases dramatically. Therefore, in order to prevent the onset of the formation of an epileptic focus, it is worth avoiding stress and resting more;
• a drop in blood glucose is a trigger for those with symptomatic epilepsy. Therefore, doctors recommend taking something sweet with you so that there is no hypoklemia;
• when a person begins to anticipate a seizure, the aroma of lavender oil will help, which can stop or delay the developing parocrysis.

Measures for the prevention of secondary epilepsy are associated with the prevention of lesions of the central nervous system:

• during pregnancy, the expectant mother should eat well, undergo all examinations for the presence of infections, do not smoke, do not drink alcohol and drugs, do not start chronic ailments;
• for children, it is the prevention of neuroinfections (encephalitis, meningitis), TBI. Parents during the illness of the baby should not allow him to have a high temperature, giving antipyretic drugs in a timely manner;
• in adults, in addition to brain contusions and alcoholism, epilepsy can be the result of somatic ailments, strokes and vascular crises.