1st aid for nosebleeds. First aid for nosebleeds. Local causes of nosebleeds

Nosebleeds are a fairly common occurrence. On the nasal mucosa is great amount blood vessels, which can burst from overvoltage and minor injury. If you act correctly, the blood can be stopped very quickly, literally in 5 minutes. But if you make a number of common mistakes, you can only aggravate the situation. That is why it is so important to be able to provide first aid to a person with nosebleeds, to know the reasons for the flow of blood from the nose, and also to avoid common mistakes in the process of stopping the blood.

Causes of nosebleeds

Sudden bleeding from the nose can occur in absolutely healthy person, this may be the norm and indicate some malfunctions in the body. However, if the nose bleeds regularly, you need to look for the cause. similar condition and eliminate it. Among the reasons that can cause bleeding, we can name the following.

1. The most common cause of nosebleeds is trauma or bruising. Moreover, the blow can be insignificant - if the blood vessels are located close to the surface, any touch can cause them to burst.
2. Overheating is also a cause of nosebleeds. Often this occurs in the summer on the beach when a person does not wear a hat under the sun.
3. Any disease in the nasal passage can cause inflammation of the mucosa and blood vessels. They become very fragile, which creates a risk of frequent bleeding.
4. Frosty or dry air can also cause nosebleeds.
5. The nose can bleed with poor blood clotting, platelets, and also while taking aspirin (it is known to thin the blood).
6. Another group of people who have a frequent flow from the nose is hypertension. But in this case, bleeding is the salvation of the body from a stroke. When blood flows due to high pressure, it is not necessary to stop it, when a certain amount of blood comes out, the pressure will decrease, the person will feel much better.
7. The nose often bleeds due to a lack of vitamin C.
8. Sometimes blood from the nose flows due to hormonal changes in the body, this is often observed in pregnant women.
9. Any surgical intervention in the nasal cavity foreign object, deviated septum, tumors or polyps in the nasal cavity - all this can cause sudden bleeding.

If the blood from nose goes regularly, no need to guess and diagnose yourself. Consult a doctor and he, on the basis of a blood test and a thorough examination, will give you the correct diagnosis. With a similar problem, it is worth contacting a number of specialists - a therapist, ENT, hematologist.

Nosebleeds always start suddenly. Many are often frightened, especially if blood is coming The child has. In this case, you should not give in to panic, you need to pull yourself together and give the patient first aid. This is not difficult to do, even if you do not have a medical education.

1. A patient who is bleeding from the nose should be seated on a sofa or chair with a back so that the person can lean back a little.
2. Head should be tilted forward heavy bleeding press your chin to your chest. This is done so that the blood has access to the exit.
3. After that, you need to pinch the nostril from which blood flows. Just pinch the wing of your nose and breathe through your mouth. Can be placed in the nostril instead cotton swab dipped in hydrogen peroxide. So we protect the open fate of the mucosa from infection.
4. You need to put a cold object on the bridge of your nose - frozen meat, something from the refrigerator, or just a wet napkin. Cold should also be applied to the back of the neck.
5. If the bleeding does not stop within 5 minutes, you can drip into the bleeding nostril vasoconstrictor drops or lemon juice.
6. Advice from Chinese alternative medicine– during bleeding, tie with a rope or rubber band for money thumb hands in the middle of the nail. Points active for nose bleed, are right there. This technique helps to stop bleeding quickly and safely.
7. If nosebleeds occur regularly, you can buy at the pharmacy hemostatic sponge. It has hemostatic properties and acts very quickly. It is simply placed in the nasal cavity and left until completely absorbed. It not only stops the blood, but also restores damaged tissues.
8. If bleeding is caused high pressure Don't be in a hurry to stop him. Let the "excess" blood come out by placing a tissue or handkerchief against the nostril. After 3-4 minutes, there will be less blood, you can insert a cotton swab into the nostril. In doing so, you must be sure that the this case bleeding was caused by hypertension.

If the bleeding does not go away within 10 minutes or worsens, you need to call an ambulance as soon as possible. Prolonged nosebleeds can lead to severe blood loss.

What not to do when bleeding

The vast majority of people with nosebleeds instinctively try to throw their heads back. It is absolutely impossible to do this. In this position, blood begins to drain into the nasopharynx and food passage, causing coughing, sneezing and vomiting. In addition, blood can enter the respiratory tract, which can contribute to the development of inflammation. For the same reason, a person with a nosebleed should not be placed on a flat surface. If the patient is unconscious, bring him to a semi-sitting position or place a hard pillow under his head and tilt his head to the side. When blood flows from the nose, you can’t blow your nose either - tension in the nasal mucosa can aggravate bleeding.

In the piggy bank folk wisdom there are many tips that can stop running blood from the nose into as soon as possible.

1. If you have fresh plantain or nettle leaves on hand, you can use their juice. For nosebleeds, soak a cotton swab in the juice of one of these plants and insert it into the affected nostril.
2. If you are tormented by frequent bleeding, you need to regularly drink a decoction of yarrow three times a day before meals for half a glass. Full course- two weeks, which can be repeated in a month. Yarrow has a powerful hemostatic effect, but it has contraindications - pregnant women should not drink the decoction. This may cause a miscarriage.
3. With frequent bleeding, eat a small piece of aloe every day on an empty stomach.
4. Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water, pour the solution into a small teapot and insert the spout into one nostril. Tilt your head to one side until water starts to pour out of the second nostril at a certain angle. Salt washes not only stop bleeding, but also strengthen blood vessels.
5. Viburnum bark can stop severe and prolonged bleeding. It should always be at your fingertips if this situation happens often. A couple of tablespoons of bark should be crushed and pour a liter of boiling water. The decoction should be infused in a thermos for about a day. You can drink a decoction of viburnum if necessary (when blood has gone) or for prevention (half a glass in the morning every day).
6. In the villages, this method was used to stop bleeding. A tub was poured over the patient's head cold water. sharp narrowing blood vessels stopped even the most severe bleeding.

Thyme, sage, chamomile, sea buckthorn, bird cherry, horsetail, sorrel and oak also have hemostatic properties.

How to prevent nosebleeds

Prevention of nosebleeds is to eliminate the underlying cause similar symptom. Hypertensive patients need to monitor the level of blood pressure. If there are formations or polyps in the nose, you need to start treating them. With various ENT diseases, it is necessary to treat the disease itself, and not a symptom in the form of bleeding.

In order for the air in the room to be humid, you need to ventilate the rooms more often, use a humidifier, breed houses houseplants. If permanent crusts form in the nose from dry air, moisten the mucous sea ​​buckthorn oil. In addition, you cannot be for a long time under the sun with a bare head - avoid heat stroke.

To improve blood clotting will help tea from nettle, plantain, sea buckthorn. With a lack of vitamin C, ascorbic acid should be taken. To prevent blood from flowing from the nose, you can not intensively pick your nose, sneeze with your mouth closed. In addition, overexertion, both moral and physical, should not be allowed.

You can feel the approach of nosebleeds. If you suddenly have tinnitus, you feel unwell, and your nose is uncomfortable - bleeding will soon begin. This knowledge will help you keep your clothes clean and ready for the situation ahead. After the flow of blood, you need to be at rest for some time - you can not run and jump. Also, in the near future, you should not drink and eat hot drinks and dishes - this can provoke re-bleeding.

Nosebleeds are common and not at all dangerous. It happens at least once in every person's life. But if bleeding occurs frequently and regularly, this may indicate more serious problems. In this case, the trip to the doctor should not be postponed.

Video: how to stop nosebleeds

Nosebleeds in early childhood occurs rarely, in the older - more often and most often - during puberty.

Most often, epistaxis occurs from the anterior-inferior part of the nasal septum, called the Kisselbach zone. This is due to the fact that the anterior-lower section of the nasal septum is characterized by a significant development of the vascular network. In addition, it is here that the nose is most often injured.

The main causes of nosebleeds are:

• blood diseases (leukemia, hemophilia, etc.)
• heart disease
• vascular disease
• kidney disease
• liver disease
• nasal injuries (including nose picking, severe blowing of the nose)
• tumors
• excitement
• overheating.

First aid for nosebleeds

When providing emergency care, you must first of all calm the patient, which is of great importance, since with excitement there is a rapid heartbeat, and this in turn increases nosebleeds. The patient should be seated or given a semi-sitting position with the head slightly tilted forward.

It is not recommended to tilt your head back! This makes it difficult for blood to flow through the veins of the neck, as a result of which nosebleeds can increase. In addition, in this position of the head, a false impression is created of reducing bleeding. In fact, blood usually flows down the throat, then into the lower respiratory tract, and if swallowed, hematemesis can occur.

When providing emergency care to the patient, it is necessary to unfasten the collar, loosen the tight parts of the clothing, ensure the flow fresh air(for example, open a window), make him breathe deeply, inhaling through his nose and exhaling through his mouth. Breathing through the nose helps to increase blood clotting and stop bleeding. On the bridge of the nose and the area of ​​​​the nose, an ice pack or cloth moistened with cold water, and to the feet - a heating pad.

To relieve the sneeze reflex next move: pressure in the corner between upper lip and nose. In this case, the sneeze reflex is eliminated by a stronger painful sensation in the pressure area.

It is better not to bury any drops in the nose, as they can contribute to the appearance of nausea and swallowing movements, which are clearly undesirable in this case, as well as the formation of blood clots. In addition, instillation of drops into the nose is dangerous in that the contents of the nasal cavity, together with the medicinal liquid, penetrate into auditory tubes and may contribute to otitis media.

If the nosebleed continues, you can press the wing of the nose against the nasal septum with your finger and at the same time apply an ice pack to the nose.

If these measures do not help, then a ball of sterile cotton or gauze moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution should be inserted into the anterior part of the nasal cavity and kept for 10-15 minutes.

If these measures are not enough, then it is necessary to call " ambulance» for hospitalization of the patient.

Treatment of nosebleeds

In the case of long-term ongoing nosebleeds in a hospital, cauterization of the nasal mucosa is performed. For this, a wide variety of cauterizing agents are used: chromic, trichloroacetic, lactic acid, a solution of silver nitrate, alum, tannin, zinc salts; they also resort to galvanocaustics or surgical diathermy. All these means differ from each other in the degree and depth of cauterization. A scar is subsequently formed at the site of cauterization.

AT recent times for nasal bleeding, ultrasonic disintegration, laser therapy and cryotherapy are successfully used liquid nitrogen. Exposure to cold can be carried out by a one- or two-cycle method.

AT severe cases are held general events. Their purpose is to increase blood clotting and narrow peripheral vessels. Great importance given to agents acting on the anticoagulant system of the blood. It is advisable to use a 10% solution calcium chloride, vitamin K (vikasol 0.015 g each), rutin, corticosteroids.

Oxygen therapy can be used to stop nosebleeds. If you give oxygen from an oxygen bag to a patient with a calm and even breathing, then the bleeding stops quite quickly. Apparently, such an event prevents or eliminates blood stasis, and has a calming effect.

The patient is forbidden to talk, to move, to read.

If nasal bleeding cannot be stopped by the listed measures, one should resort to ligation of the adducting blood vessels along their length. If, after ligation of a blood vessel on one side, the bleeding does not stop, then it is necessary to ligate the other side. In some cases, only such a measure of assistance can prevent death. These activities are carried out in specialized otorhinolaryngological or general surgical departments of hospitals.

If the nosebleed is significant, then you should temporarily refrain from eating. Don't have to give hot food and especially hot drinks such as strong tea, cocoa, as they can help increase blood pressure and expand the lumen of blood vessels. The food is recommended rich in proteins(taking into account sensitivity to it): cottage cheese, lightly fried liver, concentrated chicken bouillon, as well as fresh vegetables, fruits, juices, vitamins.

Nosebleeds with timely assistance does not pose a danger. Sometimes, such as high blood pressure, it can lower arterial pressure to prevent cerebral hemorrhage. If the bleeding becomes threatening, it must be stopped immediately, immediately.

Recurrent nosebleeds raise the suspicion of common disease- kidney disease, Werlhof's disease, leukemia, liver cirrhosis, hemophilia - and require a comprehensive examination.

Treatment and first aid for nosebleeds

AT Everyday life nosebleeds are not uncommon and can occur in both adults and children. At first glance, this is an absolutely harmless phenomenon, but in fact it can make itself felt. serious pathology. Faced with similar situation, it is important to know what first aid for nosebleeds should be given to the patient, because this condition is very dangerous, and in some cases poses a threat to life.

General information

A pathological condition in which blood is released from the nasal passages is called epitaxis. The phenomenon is quite common, it can occur at any age.

If seizures are rare, patients practically do not go to the doctor and stop nosebleeds with improvised means. Causes, first aid, treatment methods will differ in the case when relapses with large blood loss occur frequently and cause a deterioration in well-being.

Causes of nosebleeds

Allocate local and common causes occurrence of nosebleeds.

Local causes include:

• Nose injury (fracture, bruise).
• Neoplasms in the nasal cavity (polyps, tumors).
• Dystrophic changes (curvature of the septum, chronic stage atrophic rhinitis).
• Burns of the nasal cavity of various etiologies.
• Dryness of the nasal membrane.
• ENT pathologies (adenoids in childhood, sinusitis).

• Sudden increase (hypertension) or decrease in blood pressure (hypotension).
• Overheating of the body sunstroke.
• Diseases of the cardiovascular, blood-forming systems.
• Pathology of the kidneys, liver.
• Hormonal changes (pregnancy, the onset of menstruation in girls).
• Anemia.
• Foreign body in the nose (especially in childhood).

Despite the fact that the pathology usually resolves on its own (with the help of certain manipulations), the first health care in case of epistaxis should be provided in any case. It is advisable to do this as soon as possible so that blood loss does not cause a deterioration in general well-being.

Nosebleeds: types

AT medical practice nosebleeds are distinguished by the place of localization, intensity, duration. In 90% of cases, the pathology occurs in the Kisselbach zone (the anterior part of the nasal septum with choroid plexus). In this place, the vessels are located close to the surface. Such bleeding is not intense and does not pose a threat to life.

With posterior localization, large vessels are damaged, a significant amount of blood is released. The provision of first aid for nosebleeds in this case should be immediate and carried out by specialists. Intensive bleeding is almost impossible to stop on your own.

According to the intensity and volume of lost blood, there are:

• Minor nosebleed - passes without severe symptoms of a deterioration in the patient's well-being. Up to several milliliters of blood is lost, which does not pose a threat to life.
• Moderate (moderate) nosebleeds - the patient may feel unwell, the appearance of tinnitus, pallor appears skin. About 15% of blood is lost (no more than 300 ml).
• Severe (intense) nosebleeds - the first medical aid to the patient in this case should be provided immediately. Blood loss can be up to 1 liter. This is fraught hemorrhagic shock, loss of consciousness, sharp decline blood pressure.

Diagnostics

When applying for a qualified medical assistance the specialist will conduct an initial examination and interview the patient. Sometimes a differentiated diagnosis is made in order to distinguish nosebleeds from pulmonary or gastric ones.

To determine the type of pathology, the doctor prescribes rhinoscopy (nose endoscopy). The procedure will allow you to investigate the source of bleeding, take material for analysis, and perform microsurgical interventions. An x-ray is needed if a fracture is suspected.

Why does the nose bleed in children?

The most common cause of nosebleeds in children is damage to the nasal cavity. Most often this happens when picking a finger in the nose, but it can also occur after getting a foreign object (small parts of toys, buttons). First aid for nosebleeds should be given to the child on time.

AT adolescence the body is subjected to increased stress (training, physical, psycho-emotional) and hormonal changes, which can also cause the development of pathology.

First aid for nosebleeds: an algorithm of actions

When assisting a patient with nosebleeds, the following rules should be followed:

• The patient should be calmed down. Emotional overexcitation, excitement increase the heartbeat, which, in turn, will increase blood loss. To do this, it is enough to breathe evenly and deeply.
• Give correct position. It is desirable to seat the patient, slightly tilt his head forward. It is strictly forbidden to tilt your head back! In this position, blood will enter the stomach, which can provoke vomiting. By tilting your head forward, you can track the amount of blood lost.
• Press the wings of the nose with your fingers. This will help constrict the blood vessels.
• Apply cold to the bridge of the nose (ice, a cloth soaked in cold water).
• Drip vasoconstrictor drops into the nasal passages ("Nafthyzin", "Farmazolin").
• Insert cotton swabs into the nose. This is done in case of suspicion back bleeding or if the measures above do not apply. For best effect swabs are moistened with a solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Specialized first aid for nosebleeds is necessary if it cannot be stopped on its own within 20 minutes. In this case, the patient must be called (in without fail) ambulance.

Precautionary measures

A patient with nosebleeds should not be laid down. This position will only increase the flow of blood, which can enter the lungs or esophagus. It is also forbidden to blow your nose to free the nasal passages from blood clots. This will lead to the breakage of the thrombus and re-bleeding.

First aid for nosebleeds in children is no different from that in adults, but parents need to coordinate the actions of the child. If the cause of the pathology is the ingress of a foreign object, it is forbidden to get it on your own. Any such manipulation can further damage the mucous surface and increase bleeding.

If a swab was used to stop bleeding, it must be moistened with hydrogen peroxide before being removed from the nostril. Pulling out a dry swab, you can damage the formed blood clot, and blood will go again.

Medical attention should be sought when frequent relapses nosebleeds. Also indications are vomiting with blood impurities in the patient, high blood pressure, the presence of pathologies that affect the formation and coagulation of blood, nose injuries, and large blood loss.

How to treat?

In severe cases, specialized first aid is indicated. With nosebleeds that last more than 20 minutes, hospitalization of the patient is necessary. Medical therapy will be selected by the doctor depending on the type of pathology. Hemostatic drugs may be given intramuscularly (intravenously) or orally.

• "Dicinone" (sodium etamsylate) - taken in the form of tablets or injected. Produces a quick hemostatic effect and does not cause increased clotting, which makes it possible to use it long time(by doctor's prescription).
• Calcium chloride - is prescribed to enhance the effect of hemostatic drugs. Helps improve vascular contractility.
• Aminocoproic acid - reduces vascular permeability and blocks the process of blood thinning. It is administered intravenously, but has some contraindications.
• "Vikasol" - an analogue of vitamin K, is prescribed for problems with blood clotting.

You can influence the problem with recipes traditional medicine. Plants such as shepherd's purse, stinging nettle, yarrow, have hemostatic properties.

Surgical methods

AT rare cases when first aid for nosebleeds and drug therapy do not give positive results, shown surgical intervention. The most simple surgically stopping the release of blood from the nasal cavity is cauterization of the mucous surface (coagulation) with a laser, electricity, ultrasound, liquid nitrogen or special substances (silver nitrate in solution, trichloroacetic acid).

Depending on the severity of nosebleeds and the frequency of relapses, they may prescribe the introduction of Lidocaine or Novocaine under the mucous surface of the nose, ligation of blood vessels.

Nose bleed

Nosebleeds that stop quickly and are accompanied by a small amount of blood loss are not dangerous. Prolonged and massive bleeding is a threat to life. More often, bleeding occurs from one half of the nose, it can spontaneously stop. Most often, bleeding occurs when the vessels of the anterior lower part of the nasal septum are damaged.

The reasons

Most nosebleeds are associated with head injuries, surgical operations, as well as diseases accompanied by blood clotting disorders. In addition, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, liver and kidney diseases, and anemia can become their cause. Sometimes nosebleeds occur with infectious diseases and heart defects. Staying in a room with dry air contributes to the occurrence of nosebleeds.

Symptoms

Sometimes nosebleeds happen unexpectedly. Small nosebleeds can be detected by blowing your nose. If a relatively large vessel is damaged, blood flows out of the nasal passages in a trickle. With extensive damage to the mucosa or large vessels blood is poured from the nose in a large volume.

At horizontal position sick or injured, throwing back the head when vertical position blood can flow down back wall pharynx into the esophagus and the amount of blood loss remains unknown.

With profuse and prolonged nosebleeds, symptoms appear total blood loss. These include pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, lowering blood pressure, increased heart rate. wicking a large number blood in the stomach can lead to vomiting, and entry into the lower respiratory tract can lead to coughing and suffocation.

Urgent care

With nosebleeds, you can not throw back your head, blow your nose and insert a dry cotton swab into the nasal passages. Blowing the nose prevents the bleeding from stopping and provokes new bleeding. When removing the tampon from the nose after stopping the bleeding, the mucosa is again damaged.

Children often react to nosebleeds with fright. So the first thing to do is calm them down. It is recommended to tilt your head slightly forward and substitute a container for flowing blood. To stop slight bleeding you can press the wing of the nose against the nasal septum with your finger for several minutes (5-10). At this time, you should calmly breathe through your mouth and do not strain. On the bridge or occipital part apply a towel moistened with cold water or an ice pack to the head (see chapter 18). This causes a reflex constriction of blood vessels and helps to stop bleeding. After it, it is recommended to soften the nasal mucosa with petroleum jelly, baby cream. If crusts form in the nose, do not immediately remove them, it is better to drip vaseline oil or hydrogen peroxide solution into the nose to soften them (see Chapter 18). For the first time after stopping the bleeding, it is undesirable to tilt the head or torso down.

In the absence of the effect of these measures or initially severe bleeding, it should be injected into the bleeding nasal passage gauze swab moistened with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution or vaseline oil. You can use a hemostatic sponge or fibrin film to pack the nasal cavity.