Treatment of the gastrointestinal tract in a child. What happens in the human digestive tract. Common gastrointestinal diseases in children

FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN CHILDREN

OMSK - 2010

The textbook "Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children", intended for students of the pediatric faculty, is published by decision of the Central Medical Committee of the Omsk State Medical Academy and the educational and methodological association for medical and pharmaceutical education of Russian universities.

Reviewers: Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Yu.G. MUKHINA

MD M.A. LIVZAN

Potrokhova E.A., Sobotyuk N.V. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children: tutorial/E.A. Potrokhova, N.V. Sobotyuk // Omsk, 2009 - 105 p.

The manual sets out modern ideas about functional disorders ah gastrointestinal tract in children. Classifications are given, clinical and diagnostic issues are highlighted, the main groups of drugs used in the treatment of this pathology are presented.

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….4

2. ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN CHILDREN…………………5

3. FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN CHILDREN…………………………………….. 11

3.1 Background……………………………………………….…11

3.2 Epidemiology…………………………………………………...12

3.3 Etiology and pathogenesis……………………………………….….13

3.4 Classification……………………………………….………….19

3.5 Diagnosis…………………………………………………………21

3.6 Treatment………………………………………………………………28

3.6.1 Correction of neuropsychiatric disorders………………………………………………………28

3.6.2 Diet therapy………………………………..…………32

3.6.3 Drug therapy…………………………...37

4. PRIVATE PATHOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………65

4.1. Infantile regurgitation………………………………..…65

4.2 Rumination syndrome……………………………………….66

4.3 Syndrome of cyclic vomiting………………………………..…67

4.4 Infant colic…………………………………………...70

4.5 Functional diarrhea………………………………………..72

4.6 Infantile difficulty defecation (dyschezia)…………75

4.7 Functional constipation……………………………………………75

4.8 Aerophagia……………………………………………………………78

4.9 Functional dyspepsia……………………………………79

4.10 Irritable bowel syndrome………………………...83

4.11 Abdominal migraine…………………………………………87

4.12 Functional abdominal pain……………………...88

4.13 Functional fecal incontinence…………………………..91

5. DISPENSARY SUPERVISION OF CHILDREN WITH FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…95

6. TESTS…………………………………………………...97

7. SITUATIONAL TASKS……………………………….…………98

8. REFERENCES……………………………………………….103

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, in general, there has been an increase in the number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: in 1999, diseases of the digestive system in children amounted to 450 cases per 10,000 children, and in 2003 - 525, in adolescents, respectively - 402 and 412. the most common diseases of childhood, ranking second in frequency. When studying the structure of morbidity, it is noted that the first place is occupied by functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

The problem of functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is becoming increasingly important, due to the widespread prevalence of this pathology and the numerous problems associated with it. Every second inhabitant of our planet has such disorders as functional dyspepsia, biliary tract dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, which significantly worsen the quality of life, limit social and labor activity. Worldwide, hundreds of millions of dollars are annually spent on the diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, many doctors still treat this pathology as insignificant and not requiring treatment.

Diagnostics functional disorders often causes significant difficulties for practitioners, leading to a large number of unnecessary examinations, and most importantly, to irrational therapy. In this case, one often has to deal not so much with ignorance of the problem as with its misunderstanding. In terms of terminology, it is necessary to differentiate between functional disorders and dysfunctions, two consonant, but somewhat different concepts that are closely related to each other. Violation of the function of one or another organ can be associated with any reason, including its organic damage. Functional impairment, in this light, can be seen as special case dysfunction of an organ that is not associated with its organic damage.

Deepening the doctor's knowledge on the problem of functional pathology of the gastrointestinal tract in childhood and adolescence, timely and high-quality preventive and dispensary observation, treatment using modern schemes, shifting the focus of helping gastroenterological patients to outpatient services is one of the conditions for the prevention of organic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in subsequent age periods.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN CHILDREN

The formation of the digestive organs begins from the 3-4th week of the embryonic period, when the primary intestine is formed from the endodermal plate. At the front end of it, a mouth opening appears on the 4th week, and a little later, at the opposite end, anus. The intestine quickly lengthens, and from the 5th week of the embryonic period, the intestinal tube is delimited into two sections, which are the basis for the formation of the small and large intestines. During this period, the stomach begins to stand out - as an extension of the primary intestine. At the same time, the formation of mucous, muscle and serous membranes gastrointestinal tract, in which blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve plexuses, endocrine cells are formed.

The embryo before implantation in the uterine wall is fed by reserves in the cytoplasm of the egg. The embryo feeds on the secrets of the uterine mucosa and the material of the yolk sac (histotrophic type of nutrition). Since the formation of the placenta, hemotrophic (transplacental) nutrition, provided by the transport of nutrients from the mother's blood to the fetus through the placenta, is of primary importance. It plays a leading role until the birth of a child.

In the first weeks of pregnancy, the endocrine apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract is laid in the fetus and the production of regulatory peptides begins. In the process of intrauterine development, the number of endocrine cells increases, the content of regulatory peptides in them increases (gastrin, secretin, motilin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, enteroglucagon, somatostatin, neurotensin, etc.). At the same time, the reactivity of target organs with respect to regulatory peptides increases. In the prenatal period, peripheral and central mechanisms of nervous regulation of the activity of the gastrointestinal tract are laid.

In the fetus, the gastrointestinal tract begins to function already at the 16-20th week of intrauterine life. By this time, the swallowing reflex is expressed, amylase is found in the salivary glands, pepsinogen in the stomach, and secretin in the small intestine. A normal fetus swallows a large amount of amniotic fluid, the individual components of which are hydrolyzed in the intestine and absorbed. The undigested part of the contents of the stomach and intestines goes to the formation of meconium. From 4-5 months of intrauterine development, the activity of the digestive organs begins and, together with hemotrophic, amniotrophic nutrition occurs. The daily amount of liquid absorbed by the fetus in the last months of pregnancy can reach more than 1 liter. The fetus absorbs amniotic fluid containing nutrients (proteins, amino acids, glucose, vitamins, hormones, salts, etc.) and hydrolyzing enzymes. Some enzymes enter the amniotic fluid from the fetus with saliva and urine, the second source is the placenta, the third source is the mother's body (enzymes through the placenta and, bypassing it, can enter the amniotic fluid from the blood of a pregnant woman).

Part of the nutrients are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract without prior hydrolysis (glucose, amino acids, some dimers, oligomers and even polymers), since the intestinal tube of the fetus has a high permeability, fetal enterocytes are capable of pinocytosis. This is important to consider when organizing the nutrition of a pregnant woman in order to prevent allergic diseases. Some of the nutrients of the amniotic fluid are digested by its own enzymes, that is, the autolytic type of digestion plays an important role in the amniotic nutrition of the fetus. Amniotrophic nutrition of the type of own abdominal digestion can be carried out from the 2nd half of pregnancy, when pepsinogen and lipase are secreted by the cells of the stomach and pancreas of the fetus, although their level is low. Amniotrophic nutrition and the corresponding digestion are important not only for the supply of nutrients to the blood of the fetus, but also as a preparation of the digestive organs for lactotrophic nutrition.

In newborns and children in the first months of life, the oral cavity is relatively small, the tongue is large, the muscles of the mouth and cheeks are well developed, in the thickness of the cheeks there are fatty bodies (Bish's lumps), which are distinguished by considerable elasticity due to the predominance of solid (saturated) fatty acids in them. These features provide full breast sucking. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is tender, dryish, rich in blood vessels(easily hurt). The salivary glands are poorly developed, produce little saliva (submandibular, sublingual glands function to a greater extent in children infancy, in children after a year and adults - parotid). The salivary glands begin to function actively by the 3-4th month of life, but even at the age of 1 year, the volume of saliva (150 ml) is 1/10 of the amount in an adult. The enzymatic activity of saliva at an early age is 1/3-1/2 of its activity in adults, but it reaches the level of adults within 1-2 years. Although enzymatic activity saliva at an early age is low, its effect on milk contributes to its curdling in the stomach with the formation of small flakes, which facilitates the hydrolysis of casein. Hypersalivation at 3-4 months of age is due to teething, saliva may flow from the mouth due to the inability of children to swallow it. The reaction of saliva in children of the first year of life is neutral or slightly acidic - this can contribute to the development of thrush of the oral mucosa if it is not properly cared for. At an early age in saliva low content lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A, which determines its low bactericidal activity and the need to comply proper care behind the mouth.

The esophagus in young children has a funnel-shaped form. Its length in newborns is 10 cm, with age it increases, while the diameter of the esophagus becomes larger. The relatively short esophagus helps keep part of the stomach in chest cavity, and part - in the abdominal. There are 3 physiological constrictions in the esophagus: in the area of contact of the esophagus with back wall left ventricle (during esophagoscopy, when the endoscope passes through this section, various heart rhythm disturbances can be observed); when passing through the diaphragm; at the level of the tracheal bifurcation. The transition of the esophagus to the stomach in all periods of childhood is located at the level of the X and XI thoracic vertebrae.

The stomach in infants is located horizontally, its fundus and cardia are poorly developed, there is no tight coverage of the esophagus by the legs of the diaphragm, all these features, combined with increased intragastric pressure, explain the tendency of children of the first year of life to regurgitation and vomiting. As the child begins to walk, the axis of the stomach becomes more vertical, and by 7-11 years it is located in the same way as in an adult. The capacity of the stomach in a newborn is 30-35 ml, by the year it increases to 250-300 ml, by the age of 8 it reaches 1000 ml. The secretory apparatus of the stomach in children of the 1st year of life is underdeveloped, in the gastric mucosa they have 2.5 times fewer glands per kilogram of body weight compared to adults. Although the composition gastric juice children are the same as adults hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, pepsin, rennet, lipase), but the acidity and enzymatic activity are lower, which determines the low barrier function of the stomach and pH of gastric juice (pH of gastric juice in the first 6-12 hours is 1.0-2.0 due to lactic acid, then very quickly within a few days rises to 6.0; by the end of the first week - pH 4.0-6.0; by the end of 1 year - pH 3.0-4.0; in adults, pH - 1, 5-2.2). The high pH of the stomach, on the one hand, preserves the integrity of anti-infective factors, including immunoglobulins, supplied with breast milk, on the other hand, leads to insufficient breakdown of proteins in the stomach by pepsin (the required pH for pepsin activity is 1-1.5), so proteins they are cleaved mainly by cathepsins and gastrixin produced by the gastric mucosa, their optimum action is at pH 4-5. Lipase of the stomach (produced by the pyloric part of the stomach, the optimum activity at pH - 4.0-8.0) splits into acidic environment together with lipase of human milk to half of the fats of human milk. These features must be taken into account when assigning various kinds nutrition for the child. With age, the secretory activity of the stomach increases. Motility of the stomach in children of the first months of life is slowed down, peristalsis is sluggish. The timing of the evacuation of food from the stomach depends on the nature of feeding. Women's milk lingers in the stomach for 2-3 hours, cow's - 3-4 hours, which indicates the difficulties of digesting the latter.

The intestines in children are relatively longer than in adults. Newborns do not have omental processes, the bands of the colon are barely visible, haustra are absent up to 6 months. The caecum is mobile due to the long mesentery, the appendix, therefore, can be located in the right iliac region, shift into the small pelvis and the left half of the abdomen, which creates difficulties in diagnosing appendicitis in young children. The appendix is shorter (4-5 cm in newborns, 9-12 cm in adults), has a large inlet diameter, is easily drained, therefore in young children, appendicitis rarely develops. Mesentery small intestine longer and more easily stretchable, which can lead to torsion, intussusception, and other pathological processes. The weakness of the ileocecal valve also contributes to the occurrence of intussusception in young children. A feature of the intestines in children is the better development of the circular muscles than the longitudinal ones, which predisposes to intestinal spasms and intestinal colic. Weak development of small and big omentum leads to the fact that the infectious process in the abdominal cavity (appendicitis, etc.) is often complicated by the development of diffuse peritonitis. The ascending part of the colon in newborns is short, the descending part is slightly mobile. The sigmoid colon is relatively long, which predisposes to constipation in children, especially if the mother's milk contains an increased amount of fat. The rectum in children in the first months of life is also relatively long, with weak fixation of the mucous and submucosal layers, and therefore, with tenesmus and persistent constipation, prolapse of the mucous membrane through the anus is possible. The ampulla of the rectum is poorly differentiated, fatty tissue is not developed, as a result of which the ampulla is poorly fixed. The anus in children is located more dorsally than in adults at a distance of 20 mm from the coccyx.

Digestion processes are intensively occurring in the intestine, represented by 3 types: extracellular (cavity), membrane (parietal) and intracellular. Extracellular (cavity) digestion is carried out in the intestinal cavity, where enzymes are secreted from large and small food glands; membrane (parietal) digestion is carried out in space by enterocyte enzymes themselves, as well as enzymes of pancreatic origin, absorbed by various layers of the glycocalyx; intracellular digestion is carried out in special vacuoles of the cytoplasm of the epithelium with the help of pinocytosis. In children of the first year of life, there is a low activity of the cavity and a high activity of the membrane and intracellular processes of digestion.

The secretory apparatus of the intestine by the time of the birth of the child is generally formed, the intestinal juice contains the same enzymes as in adults (enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase, erypsin, amylase, maltase, lactase, nuclease, etc.), but their activity is low. Under the influence of intestinal enzymes, mainly the pancreas, there is a breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. However, the pH of duodenal juice in young children is slightly acidic or neutral, so the breakdown of protein by trypsin is limited (for trypsin, the optimal pH is alkaline). Especially intense is the process of digestion of fats due to the low activity of lipolytic enzymes. In children who are breastfed, lipids emulsified by bile are cleaved by 50% under the influence of maternal milk lipase. Digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine under the influence of pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases. intestinal juice. The processes of putrefaction in the intestines do not occur in healthy infants. The structural features of the intestinal wall and its large area determine in young children a higher absorption capacity than in adults and, at the same time, an insufficient barrier function due to the high permeability of the mucous membrane for toxins and microbes.

motor function gastrointestinal tract in young children also has a number of features. Peristaltic wave of the esophagus and mechanical irritation of its lower part food bolus cause a reflex opening of the entrance to the stomach. Motility of the stomach consists of peristalsis (rhythmic waves of contraction from the cardiac section to the pylorus), peristoles (resistance exerted by the walls of the stomach to the tensile action of food) and fluctuations in the tone of the stomach wall, which appears 2-3 hours after eating. The motility of the small intestine includes a pendulum movement (rhythmic oscillations that mix intestinal contents with intestinal secretions and create favorable conditions for absorption), fluctuations in the tone of the intestinal wall and peristalsis (worm-like movements along the intestine, promoting the promotion of food). Pendulum and peristaltic movements are also noted in the large intestine, and antiperistalsis in the proximal sections, which contributes to the formation of fecal masses. The time of passage of food gruel through the intestines in children is shorter than in adults: in newborns - from 4 to 18 hours, in older ones - about a day. It should be noted that with artificial feeding, this period is extended. The act of defecation in infants occurs reflexively without the participation of a volitional moment, and only by the end of the first year of life does defecation become arbitrary.

For a newborn in the first 7 days after birth, physiological dyspepsia (physiological intestinal catarrh) is characteristic. The first act of defecation is characterized by the release of original feces, or meconium, in the form of a thick mass of dark olive color and odorless. In the future, as the intestines are populated with a variety of microflora, stools increase up to 5 times, the stools become watery, frothy with abundant wetting of diapers (transitional stools). By the 7th day, a normal microbial landscape is established and milk stools appear - mustard-like, doughy consistency with a sour smell from 1 to 4-5 times a day. At an older age, the chair becomes decorated, 1 time per day.

The intestines of a child in the first hours of life are free from bacteria. In the future, the gastrointestinal tract is populated by microflora, while 3 stages are distinguished: 1 - (aseptic) - lasts 10-20 hours from the moment of birth; 2 - (settlement) - 2-4 days; 3 - (stabilization) - 1-1.5 months. In the oral cavity baby you can find staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, E. coli and some other bacteria. E. coli, bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacilli, etc. appear in the feces. With artificial and mixed feeding, the phase of bacterial infection occurs faster.

Functions of microflora

Protective - a barrier against microbial contamination, reducing the permeability of the intestinal mucosa for macromolecules

Immune - stimulation of the maturation of the lymphoid apparatus of the intestine, maturation of phagocytes.

Metabolic

Synthesis of vitamins of group B, K

Exchange of iron, bile acids, participation in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

Digestive breakdown of carbohydrates, enzyme synthesis, parietal digestion, absorption regulation, stimulation of gastrointestinal motility.

Gut bacteria contribute to the processes of enzymatic digestion of food. With natural feeding, bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacilli predominate, and in a smaller amount - Escherichia coli. With artificial and mixed feeding, due to the predominance of decay processes in feces, there are many coli, fermentative flora (bifidoflora, lactic acid sticks) is present in smaller quantities.

The liver in children is relatively large, in newborns it is about 4% of body weight (in adults - 2% of body weight). In young children, bile formation is less intense than in older children. The bile of children is poor in bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin, salts and alkali, but rich in water, mucin, pigments and urea, and also contains more taurocholic than glycocholic acid. It is important to note that taurocholic acid is an antiseptic. Bile neutralizes the acidic food slurry, which makes possible the activity of pancreatic and intestinal secretions. In addition, bile activates pancreatic lipase, emulsifies fats, dissolves fatty acid, turning them into soaps, enhances peristalsis of the large intestine.

Thus, the system of the digestive organs in children is distinguished by a number of anatomical and physiological features that affect the functional ability of these organs. In a child in the first year of life, the need for food is relatively greater than in older children. Although the child has all the necessary digestive enzymes, the functional capacity of the digestive organs is limited and can only be sufficient if the child receives physiological food, namely human milk. Even small deviations in the quantity and quality of food can cause digestive disorders in an infant (they are especially frequent in the 1st year of life) and ultimately lead to a lag in physical development.

List of gastrointestinal diseases in children

The formation of the work of the gastrointestinal tract () occurs in the first year of a child's life. It is during this period that almost all babies suffer from functional disorders associated with the immaturity of the digestive system. Such disorders bring a lot of experiences, but usually when the child reaches 3 months of age, they disappear.

There are also congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract that require surgical intervention. It is important to notice suspicious symptoms in time, and consult a specialist.

In this article, we will consider the main diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of a child that any young mother may encounter.

stomach cramps

The most common problem is stomach cramps and excess gases. This disorder is completely natural process due to insufficient maturity of the microflora of the stomach. There are many reasons that provoke this phenomenon from the outside. So, if the mother is not breastfeeding, the mixture may not suit the baby. Also important role plays feeding baby. Excessive swallowing of air provokes gas formation, causing discomfort to the baby.

Colic goes away on its own as soon as the baby's digestive system gets a little stronger. A properly organized feeding process, the diet of a nursing mother, massage, dry heat, and the use of symbiotics will help speed up and facilitate this process.

Vomit

A fairly common symptom that can indicate a number of diseases, but can also be a physiological process.

If vomiting is frequent, with a "fountain", while the child's skin is pale, the temperature rises - this is a reason to consult a doctor. Such symptoms appear with viral diseases, intestinal infections, injuries of the abdominal organs.

Single vomiting after eating may be the result of overfeeding. It should be remembered that immediately after feeding the child can not be laid.

regurgitation

The physiological process due to the capture of large volumes of air during feeding, as well as the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the child's stomach. Regurgitation does not cause autonomic disorders and changes in the mood of the child. To solve the problem, it is necessary to reconsider the tactics of feeding, to exclude overfeeding.

If regurgitation is accompanied by vomiting, and the child is not gaining weight well, this may be a reason to contact a specialist.

Violation of the patency of the gastrointestinal tract

Due to the insufficient development of the child's digestive tract (esophagus, intestines, etc.). The process of food processing slows down, the stool becomes irregular, which leads to pain, gas, bloating, and other troubles.

Cardiospasm. An anomaly of the esophagus, characterized by the presence of spasms at the site of its transition to the stomach. In children, it is manifested by vomiting, "pressure" during meals.

Pylorospasm. Disorder of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is characterized by vomiting "fountain", frequent regurgitation, disorders of the baby's nervous system.

These diseases in without fail require careful diagnosis (including radiography). In case of violation of the work of organs, but physiological norm, conservative treatment is prescribed.

Congenital obstruction of the digestive tract

It is characterized by a violation of the passage of food through the digestive tract due to the presence of malformations of their location. After a thorough diagnosis, urgent surgical intervention is required. For example, with intestinal obstruction, feces cannot pass naturally thereby releasing toxins into the blood. This condition is dangerous for the life of the baby.

The main symptoms of this disease are problems with stool, vomiting, pale skin color of the child.

Dysbacteriosis - a state of deficiency in the intestines beneficial microflora. It is characterized by acute intestinal disorders, bloating, loose stools, poor weight gain. Treatment includes the introduction into the child's diet of mixtures with beneficial bacteria(if breastfeeding is not possible). Special preparations are prescribed to suppress the growth of opportunistic microorganisms, with a further population of the intestinal microflora by bacteriophages.

Alimentary dyspepsia - indigestion due to malnutrition. Overfeeding, non-compliance with the rules for the preparation and storage of mixtures, a quick transition to artificial nutrition, improper selection of the mixture - all these factors cause dyspeptic disorders.

Prevention of diseases of the digestive tract in newborns

It is necessary to monitor the condition of the child, and do not miss important symptoms. Whenever possible, the mother should breastfeed her baby. Milk contains everything necessary elements for the population of the child's sterile intestines with beneficial bacteria. This is an excellent prevention of dysbacteriosis and intestinal infections, which can be easily "caught" even in the hospital.

A young mother needs to follow the correct feeding regimen for a child. It is easy for mothers who are breastfeeding to observe it - the child himself will give up the breast when he is full. Mothers of formula-fed babies should remember that it is better to underfeed than to overfeed. Overeating will not bring the baby any benefit, but it will add problems. Also, do not supplement a child under the age of 6 months with sweet tea or juice. Artificial babies can be given some water in between feedings. Babies don't need anything other than breast milk.

Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract - what is it? Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a syndrome characterized by a violation of the movement of intestinal contents due to a mechanical obstruction or functional dysmotility.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract)

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are becoming more and more common. The active way of life of a modern person often does not leave time for quiet consumption. wholesome food. Fast food snacking has reached the level of a significant problem.

Stress and ecology, regular use of antibiotics followed by dysbacteriosis complete what was started by malnutrition, and as a result, a person begins to get sick: the organs cannot withstand the harsh attack of adverse factors.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract significantly rejuvenated. Gastritis has become a mass phenomenon even in primary and secondary school, a significant part of children of different ages suffer from dysbacteriosis. As a result, such serious diseases of the digestive tract as colitis of various origins develop, problems with the pancreas begin, which leads to a predisposition to diabetes mellitus.

That is why diseases of the gastrointestinal tract should be detected and treated in time before they begin to take a chronic form.

Symptoms and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Knowing the symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases, and you can think about treatment. The symptoms are quite rich, paying attention to its features, you can not only confidently consult doctors, but also take care of more proper nutrition, regimen and other therapeutic and preventive measures.

Symptoms of housing diseases include:

The "top" of the abdomen is occupied epigastric region and hypochondrium (right and left, respectively). This is a kind of arc, the pain on which is characteristic of colitis, an inflammatory process in lower esophagus, fundic gastritis, gastric dilatation and the initial stage of food poisoning.

If vomiting also joins this symptom, then it is appropriate to assume that this is an ulcer, but it is difficult to determine in the stomach or in the duodenum. In addition, it is also characteristic of intestinal obstruction.

In the right hypochondrium is the liver and, located under it, the gallbladder. Severe pain and colic usually come from them. A similar feeling on the left is inherent in gastritis (especially in tandem with nausea and its consequences), acute pancreatitis and other digestive diseases.

The middle of the abdomen is reserved for mesogastrium. In the umbilical region, the concentration of pain is associated with
violations intestinal functions. This may be inflammation of the small intestine, enteritis, Crohn's disease, etc.

At the same level, only on the right, pain is assigned to hepatitis, and on the left - ulcerative colitis, inflammation of polyps and problems with the colon.

Hypogastrium, he is the lowest "level" of the abdomen. Pain in his area rarely indicates diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. More often it comes from the bladder or genitals. But on the right is appendicitis, it can make itself felt in this place, as well as intestinal infections with diseases of the caecum. In the left iliac space is sigmoid colon which can become inflamed and cause pain. It is also appropriate to assume dysentery.

Symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract help to make the correct diagnosis.
During the initial examination, palpation and listening to the patient, percussion (tapping) are performed.
The history of the disease itself is not enough. Having established, according to the patient, the symptoms of housing and communal services, treatment does not begin without various types of laboratory and instrumental studies (probing, pH-metry, gastrography and manometry). At the same time, it is important not only to determine the disease, but also its root cause, since only its elimination can completely restore the health of the patient.
Radiation diagnostics - ultrasound, X-ray, scintigraphy, is used by a doctor to clarify the diagnosis.

The treatment itself, depending on the result, can be conservative or surgical. At conservative treatment diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, drug treatment is provided, the appointment different diets, physiotherapy homeopathic methods can be used.

Sometimes the disease requires surgery. In such cases, the patient is prepared for surgery by restricting food and drink, and if necessary, enemas are given. After an operable intervention, a recovery course is carried out, the main methods of which are the use of antiseptics and antibiotics and strict adherence to prescribed diets.

Features of the treatment of certain diseases of the housing and communal services

Separately, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, their symptoms and treatment are singled out, since such diseases are neglected and require a long-term serious approach from the doctor and the patient himself.

Common among patients are:

Chronic colitis and enterocolitis.
Chronic cholecystitis.
Chronic pancreatitis.
Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer.

Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract require the attention of a gastroenterologist, an infectious disease specialist. In addition, they very often proceed similarly to other, non-infectious diseases.

Common triggers are:

Bacteria:

Typhoid fever.
Salmonella.
Cholera.
Bacterial toxin - botulism.
Staphylococcus.

Viruses:

Rotavirus.
Enterovirus.

The treatment of such diseases is not only the task of destroying the infection, but also the elimination of dehydration of the body, and later a long work to restore the natural microflora.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children are characterized by an acute course and severe tolerability. They are usually accompanied strong weakness, rapid dehydration, high temperature and intense anxiety.

Often the disease is accompanied by blurred symptoms. According to statistics, the incidence is characterized by bursts of two age peaks, which depend on age and occur at 5-6 years old, 10-11 years old, and are explained by physiological and social distinctive features of age.

Can hurt:

Diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diet in diseases of the housing and communal services is almost crucial during the recovery period and important during treatment.

Its violations can provoke a relapse of the violation.

No. 1. Diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with exacerbation of peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and recovery from acute gastritis. Allows you to normalize the activity of the stomach, its peristalsis, protecting the mucous membranes and providing normal nutrition for the body.
The food includes yesterday's bread (white), soups with heavily boiled cereals seasoned with butter or a mixture of milk and eggs. Meat, fish must be obtained in a ground form - they will do steam cutlets, meatballs, it is possible to bake with vegetables. Boil or bake vegetables, use non-acidic dairy products fat-free. Drink lightly brewed tea, juices, cocoa, rose hips.
No. 1a) for the same diseases is indicated for the first four days of treatment. A sparing diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract allows you to quickly heal ulcers, resist inflammatory processes, and is indicated if you have to comply with bed rest. All food is consumed grated, liquid or gruel, pre-boiled or steamed. There are temperature restrictions: + 60-15 degrees. The feeding process is according to the crushed principle, the last feeding is warm milk. Fermented milk products, vegetables are excluded, but cereals, eggs and meat without fat are suitable. Berries as part of decoctions, juices, jelly or jellies.
No. 2b) with the subsidence of the course of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis with high acidity. Less strict than #1a), it allows non-acid grated cottage cheese, white breadcrumbs, thinly sliced, grated vegetables.
No. 2 is indicated for chronic colitis, enterocolitis and gastritis with high acidity. In addition, at comorbidities pancreas, biliary tract and liver. Temperature-limiting products are excluded; fried products are suitable if a hard crust has not formed after such processing. Yesterday's bread, inedible pastries, meat and fish are not fatty, vegetables and fruits are ripe even at the end of the heat treatment.
No. 3 is designed to improve the activity of the intestines during its chronic problems. Food is fractional, 5-6 times daily. In the morning on an empty stomach 1 tbsp. l. honey with a glass of water. For the evening, dried fruits, kefir. Any bread, but yesterday's baking. Food will heal by boiling or steaming, vegetables are allowed raw. Weak tea, instant coffee, all other drinks are allowed, except for alcoholic and sweet waters.
No. 4 - a diet for diseases of the housing and communal services, with diarrhea. The goal is to reduce the number inflammatory processes, reduce the development of fermentation and decay in the organs of the housing and communal services. For this purpose, chemical and physical components that can affect the mucous membrane are limited: grated, boiled or steamed food, white bread, can be slightly dried. Meat and fish of low-fat varieties, passed through a meat grinder several times. Soups and broths, non-acidic cottage cheese, immediately after cooking. Eggs can occasionally be soft-boiled. Cereals - buckwheat, rice, oatmeal. Drink decoctions of quince, dogwood, bird cherry, tea and black coffee.
No. 4b) is prescribed after exacerbation of chronic intestinal diseases, improvement of acute diseases. Recipes for dietary nutrition for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in such cases include minced meat and fish without fat, fermented milk (without strong acid) products, rice, buckwheat, oatmeal in a well-boiled version. From vegetables, potatoes, pumpkin, zucchini, carrots and cauliflower are recommended. Drinks according to the diet option number 1. All food is boiled or cooked in a double boiler, grated or chopped.
No. 4c) - a diet for diseases of the housing and communal services, the purpose of which is to ensure sufficient nutrition of the body with incomplete functioning of the intestinal tract. It is used for recovery after acute intestinal diseases and a period of remission after an exacerbation of chronic diseases. Eat food in 5-6 sittings. Yesterday's bread can be dried fresh, but a small amount of dry cookies is allowed. Baking without muffin, no more than a couple of uses per week. Soups, meats the minimum amount fat, it is allowed not only chopped, but also a whole piece. All dairy products with a limited amount of fat, mild cheeses. oatmeal, rice, buckwheat dissolve well. Raw fruits - apples, pears, watermelon, oranges and grapes, peeled. Vegetables on diet No. 4b). Drink diluted juices in half with cooled boiling water, milk is added to the usual drinks, but not cream.
Dietary table No. 5 for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is intended during the recovery period after an exacerbation with chronic cholecystitis and hepatitis, recovery from acute cholecystitis and hepatitis, gallstones and cirrhosis of the liver. Recipes for such diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include food from a double boiler, boiled, stewed and baked. Only products with high content fiber and tough meats. Nasty pastries with various savory and not spicy fillings. Soups with milk, vegetables, cereals, pasta. Baked meat is allowed without a crust. The dairy group is represented by low-fat cottage cheese and milk. Raw vegetables and fruits are allowed, as long as they are not acidic. The patient prefers sweet dishes, then sweeteners are used instead of part of the sugar. Diet drinks No. 4c).

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases

It is much easier and painless to avoid the disease instead of treating it. Prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract includes elementary rules healthy way life:

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in children follows the same rules, but more attention is paid to the diet and the quality of the dishes prepared. In addition to fried foods, children are limited to the consumption of spicy, too hot or cold foods, sour and sweet.

It is very important to teach children to always wash their hands before eating, not to eat unwashed vegetables and fruits, to spend money on school breakfasts in the canteen, and not on hot dogs. In addition, categorically exclude products that contain harmful dyes and preservatives, sweet water, unnatural seasonings.

Exercise therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

During the rehabilitation period for diseases of the housing and communal services, physiotherapy exercises (LCF) and herbal medicine are widely used. Exercise therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract helps to improve blood circulation, restore motor functionality, strengthen the muscles of the press and improve the body in general.

Indications for exercise are diseases:

Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers
Colitis and enterocolitis
Splanchnoptosis
Diaphragm hernia
Biliary dyskinesia.

Exercises consist of tilts in different directions, turns, work of the press and legs. In particular, the legs work in the prone position for extension, flexion, crossing, lifting, breeding.

With colitis with a tendency to constipation, there are many relaxation exercises, in the case of intestinal atony - with a greater load and the use of power complexes.

A prerequisite for performing exercises is the state of 2 hours after eating. In addition, calm walking on level ground, swimming and bathing are recommended. Loads are carefully dosed, raised gradually. For some diseases, a special massage is prescribed, capturing certain areas.

Separate exercise therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract uses breathing exercises, which help not only to restore the body as a whole, but also to organize proper blood circulation in all problem areas of the human body.

In order to get advice or join a therapeutic gymnastics group, you need to contact a physiotherapist, a specialist in the recovery of patients after diseases of the housing and communal services, or a coach in therapeutic gymnastics.

If the patient is going to use any complex on their own, it is necessary to first consult a specialist who will take into account not only general diagnosis patient. But also his current state.

Herbal medicine for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is indicated, since the patient's body is usually weakened, and freely selected fees can quickly fill human organs nutrients, without damaging painful places housing and communal services

Various infusions, decoctions and juices will help you quickly get rid of beriberi, anemia, they are instantly absorbed and at the same time additionally treat diseases, acting gently and accurately.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract respond well enough to treatment, and even the most difficult problems can often be cured. This is possible only if the patient and the doctor actively cooperate, the patient strictly follows the doctor's recommendations and fulfills all prescriptions even after the disappearance of unpleasant symptoms.

Diets and LCF can only be a good help in recovery, and not an opportunity for self-treatment.

According to statistics, in recent times disorders and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract occupy leading place among other diseases. Residents of big cities are especially susceptible to them. The reason for this is the wrong lifestyle and constant stress. Therefore, by the age of 30, every fourth person suffers from gastrointestinal diseases.

Characteristics of the digestive system

It's no secret that the digestive tract plays a very important role in the life of the body. With it, we get vitamins, trace elements, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and beneficial acids. Some of them serve as a building material for cells, provide us with energy. Other substances contribute to the smooth functioning of organs and systems. Therefore, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can not only disrupt the normal rhythm of a person's life, affecting his health, but in some cases lead to death.

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the following components: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines, which includes thin, thick and straight sections. The main functions of all these organs are: the breakdown of food, the removal of its residues from the body, the production of beneficial enzymes that contribute to proper digestion and absorption of the necessary substances. Without the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, a person feels discomfort, he feels unwell, which, due to the lack of treatment, can become chronic.

Causes of diseases

There are a lot of them and most of them belong to wrong image life. The main causes of gastrointestinal diseases are as follows:

Unbalanced diet: constant diets, overeating, harmful snacks and chewing on the go, regular visits to fast food establishments, lack of healthy fiber, instead, the predominance of animal fats and indigestible carbohydrates in the diet.
Ecology: low quality drinking water, Availability a large number nitrates and pesticides in vegetables; antibiotics and preservatives in meat products.

Sharp and chronic diseases The gastrointestinal tract has a number of signs that make it easy to determine if you have problems with this part of the body. These include the following symptoms:

Abdominal pain. With ulcers, it is sharp, with frequent localization, in the case of appendicitis and hernia - strong, pulsating, when a person has colic - cramping.
Heartburn. Painful sensations are characteristic for her with an ulcer, intensification - with a hernia.
Belching. Sour speaks of indigestion, with the smell of rotten eggs - about a pathological delay in food in the stomach and intestines.

Among the symptoms, vomiting and nausea are also distinguished, which are more characteristic of chronic diseases. For example, for gastritis. If the vomit contains bloody issues and clots, it may be an open ulcer or stomach cancer. If the patient regularly suffers from flatulence, he may be diagnosed with dysbacteriosis, secretory pancreatic insufficiency, complete or partial obstruction intestines.

Other signs

Gastrointestinal diseases have less severe symptoms, which indicate damage to the digestive system: bad breath, a feeling of bitterness, the appearance of a white coating on the tongue, poor appetite(especially aversion to meat products), constant thirst, increased salivation, a sharp decline body weight, the development of anemia, pallor, dizziness, weakness, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, prolonged stool disorder (constipation or diarrhea), as well as the appearance of feces bloody secretions.

These symptoms in themselves are not dangerous, but can disrupt the normal rhythm of life, affect its quality, and also indicate the development of pathology. Therefore, the sooner you see a doctor, the faster and easier the treatment will be, the therapy will work effectively and the result will be complete healing. If the disease is not found in early stage and not cured, it can provoke serious complications or it will regularly worsen until the end of life.

Major diseases

They are characteristic of a larger percentage of patients who seek medical help. Firstly, it is gastritis, the development of which provokes bacterium Helicobacter pylori, as well as errors in nutrition, the presence of bad habits and constant neuroses. With gastritis, the mucous membrane of the gastric walls suffers, because of which a person feels pain, suffers from indigestion. Secondly, it is an ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. For her, among other things, painful sensations are characteristic, and also heartburn, problems with the assimilation of food. An ulcer is formed when the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are damaged and the integrity of the tissues is violated, and this can lead to life-threatening complications.

Third, most common illness GI tract, is colitis. Occurs under the influence of pathogenic bacteria, against the background of infection. Localized in the intestinal mucosa and is inflammatory character. Nonspecific colitis causes ulcerative lesions, which cause peritonitis, intestinal bleeding, malignant tumors and obstruction.

Other diseases

Their list is huge. What diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are most common among patients? First of all, it is pancreatitis and dysbacteriosis. The first one refers to inflammatory diseases pancreas, which is characterized by vomiting, nausea, indigestion and painful sensations. The second is the consequences of a change in the natural state of the intestinal microflora, as a result of which its full functioning is disrupted, problems arise with the digestibility of food, its normal excretion from the body.

The most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include such ailments: cholecystitis - inflammation gallbladder, which is accompanied by bitterness in the mouth, nausea, pain, problems with stools and dyspeptic symptoms, cirrhosis of the liver is a deadly disease in which large-scale damage to the cells of the organ occurs. Digestive diseases also called hemorrhoids and appendicitis.

Clinical picture in children

Unfortunately, recently there has been an increase in cases of digestive pathologies in babies. Gastrointestinal diseases in children occur due to several factors: poor ecology, heredity and malnutrition. As for the latter, it manifests itself in the uncontrolled use by minors of carbonated drinks, fast food products, sweets that contain emulsifiers, dyes and preservatives. Doctors say that intestinal diseases in babies most often appear at the age of 5-6 and 9-11 years. Clinical picture while it looks like this: the baby has a stomach ache, he is sick or vomits, he complains of diarrhea or constipation.

Even babies are not immune from disease. Often they suffer from so-called colic. The reason is artificial feeding. Therefore, doctors do not get tired of insisting that breast milk is the best food for the smallest children. It not only has a beneficial effect on the stomach, but also helps to strengthen the immune system. An organism that receives enough natural vitamins, microelements and antibodies from mother's milk, can also provide decent resistance to various bacteria that cause diseases of the stomach.

Intestinal diseases in children

Acute intestinal diseases of children are classified as separate group diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. These are salmonellosis and dysentery, which cause intoxication, dehydration and various dyspeptic disorders. These symptoms are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization. Interestingly, it is children who most often suffer from intestinal infections. This is due to the fact that babies defense mechanisms organisms are not yet perfect. The reasons are also ignoring sanitary standards by children and physiological features their gastrointestinal tract.

Acute infectious diseases The gastrointestinal tract can provoke a delay in physical development, “kill” the immune system and cause a number of more serious complications and irreversible consequences. They are usually accompanied total absence appetite, fever, painful sensations in the abdomen, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The kid complains of weakness and fatigue, he is inhibited, lethargic. Such a child needs medical care: antibiotic therapy is prescribed by a pediatric gastroenterologist.

Treatment

First you need to contact a specialized doctor - a gastroenterologist. Only after passing the necessary tests and examinations, he will make an accurate diagnosis. Treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, its duration and intensity will depend on the specific disease, the form and stage of its development, the degree of neglect, general condition patient. Usually used drug therapy, but in some cases urgent surgical intervention is required.

Tactics are selected individually. The following drugs are usually prescribed:

Antacids - neutralize stomach acid.
Alginates - normalize acidity.
Prokinetics - stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
Antispasmodics - relieve spasms of smooth muscles.
Antibiotics and probiotics.
Enterosorbents - against intoxication.
Antimicrobial agents.
Enzymatic digestive preparations, etc.

In combination with drug treatment, traditional medicine is also used: infusions and decoctions medicinal plants. For example, immortelle, nettle, yarrow, lemon balm. They are very effective, but you can only take them under the supervision of your doctor.

Diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

All diseases from this series are so different that specific recommendations can be given only after a detailed study of the diagnosis. The ration is subject to adjustment at each individual case. But there are also general requirements for the patient's diet. First, you need to eat often - 6 times a day. Portions should not be large, it is best if the dish is rare or crushed. So you will not overload the stomach and intestines. Secondly, the patient needs to drink 2 liters of water per day.

Diet for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract must be sparing. Preference should be given to soufflé, mashed potatoes, omelettes, low-fat fish and meat broths. Fried, smoked, canned, pickled, salted - under a strict ban. It is also necessary to abandon various sauces, semi-finished products, seasonings and spices. Vegetables that cause fermentation processes should also be excluded. These are all legumes, corn, peas, cabbage, turnips and radishes. Other vegetables must be thoroughly boiled or stewed. Food should be fresh and easy to digest. The more fiber in the diet and less refined food, the better the digestive tract will work.

Prevention

First of all - it's all the same balanced and proper nutrition. Prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract includes such measures: compliance with the rules of sanitary cooking and personal hygiene. Thus, you protect yourself and your family from intestinal infections. Eat only useful products: vegetables, fruits, herbs, low-fat dairy products, fish and meat. Try to have the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in your daily diet.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are very "like" passive people. Therefore, try to move more, play sports, spend a lot of time on fresh air. Swimming is a great option. easy run, aerobics and even hiking. Give up bad habits - they provoke malfunctions in the intestines and stomach. Try to protect yourself from stress, do not be too nervous, take natural sedatives: valerian or motherwort. When the first anxiety symptoms consult a doctor immediately - this way you will avoid the progression of the disease and prevent its transition to a chronic form, and, of course, achieve a complete recovery.

The work of the digestive organs at an early age has its own specific features and therefore, not every specialist in the treatment of adult patients can accurately diagnose and choose the best way to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in a child. Is engaged in the identification and treatment of diseases of the digestive system in a child pediatric gastroenterologist. A highly qualified gastroenterologist can recognize and prescribe a course of treatment for such diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in a child as gastritis, sigmoiditis, esophagitis, hepatitis, peptic ulcers (duodenal ulcers, stomach ulcers), duodenitis, colitis and others.

The slightest concern about burning and pain in the gastrointestinal tract in a child should alert you - effective treatment without possible complications of diseases of the digestive system depends on the timely identified disease on early stage development.

Pediatric gastroenterologist You should definitely examine your child if the following symptoms appear:
1. Vomiting, nausea, belching, heartburn
2. Violation of the defecation process
3. Chronic pain in the abdomen
4. Loss of appetite
5. Bleeding from the digestive organs
6. Bad breath
7. Violation of the stool (diarrhea, constipation, unstable stool)
8. Weight loss

Pediatric gastroenterologist will examine the child, listen to complaints and take an anamnesis about the development of the child, find out the features of the possible previous treatment of diseases and the features of the diet. Then the gastroenterologist will prescribe additional examinations and diagnostics: stool tests for coprology, dysbacteriosis, carbohydrates,
general blood analysis,
ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the digestive system,
if necessary, refer the child for examination by other specialists for a more accurate diagnosis.

Below is information about the main diseases of the digestive system in children, which reveals pediatric gastroenterologist and then prescribes a course of treatment:

How to recognize the symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in an infant?
Abdominal pain in an infant is manifested by twisting of the legs, frequent anxiety, bending the legs to the stomach, and strong crying. The baby's tummy can be dense, noticeably swollen, and make specific sounds: transfusion and rumbling. At the same time, the baby makes an effort, blushes strongly, groans.
Pain in the tummy in an infant may appear due to the accumulation of gases, severe colic (spontaneous spasms of the intestines), which leads to sleep disturbance and a decrease in appetite.

An experienced pediatric gastroenterologist will determine the causes of symptoms of digestive diseases in an infant. The reasons can be very different:
1. The general immaturity of the digestive system in an infant, which is characteristic of any infant at an early age (frequent colic and accumulations of gases are quite normal phenomena for perfectly healthy babies up to 4 months of age)
2. Intestinal dysbacteriosis
3. Lactase deficiency due to imperfection of enzymatic systems in the child's body
Lactose intolerance is a fairly common phenomenon for children under 1 year old. lactose (or milk sugar) is found in fermented milk products, breast milk, cow's milk and infant formulas. Deficiency of the enzyme that breaks down lactose (lactase) in the body of an infant leads to poor tolerance dairy products and poor absorption of lactose (lactose intolerance).
Lactase deficiency in an infant can develop both due to hereditary predisposition, and against the background of intestinal dysbacteriosis or general enzymatic immaturity. Symptoms of lactose intolerance in an infant: pain in the tummy during or after feeding, frequent liquid (and even frothy) stools (more than 10 times a day), bloating and weight loss. After examining the baby, a pediatric gastroenterologist may give a referral for a stool test for carbohydrates to confirm the diagnosis.

If the balance of the intestinal microflora is disturbed with the developing dominance of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system is disrupted and dysbacteriosis begins in children. Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis (study of intestinal microflora) allows you to accurately establish the diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment to correct the intestinal microflora and restore the digestive system in a child.

Often to a pediatric gastroenterologist bring children with recurrent acute pain in the abdomen, which are not associated with diseases of the digestive system. The child complains of pain in the abdomen after suffering shocks, psycho-emotional stress. These are the so-called neurotic pains in children. After the examination, the gastroenterologist may advise you to consult a pediatric neurologist, a child psychologist, as well as a cardiologist - pain in the abdomen can be part of vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Why does the child have a stomachache? The most common causes of digestive disorders in children that are encountered pediatric gastroenterologist in my medical practice:

1. Overeating
It often occurs in very young children. Do you ever refuse your child a supplement? Do not be surprised if, after some time after overeating, the child begins to complain of pain in the tummy, he develops lethargy, apathy, slight nausea.
If this happens, put the baby to bed and if he vomited, let him drink some water. Enzyme preparations can significantly alleviate the condition, but they can only be given after consultation with a pediatrician!
And most importantly - try to teach your child to eat in moderation!

2. Colic (spontaneous spasms of the intestines)
If the child is very small (a few months old), then colic is usually provoked by air collecting in the intestines.
Manifestations of colic in a child - the baby cries a lot for a long time after eating.
What you need to do - if you are breastfeeding, make sure that he captures not only the nipple, but also the areola around it with his mouth. Try to eat only easily digestible foods. And if your baby is on artificial nutrition, then consult a pediatrician in order to choose the right option. baby food(mixture) for the baby.
Prevention: Keep the baby upright for a while after feeding until the excess air is expelled from the intestines.

3. Constipation
You should be alerted by too rare bowel movements in a child (only a few times a week), as well as the appearance of periodic pain in the tummy and frequent flatulence.
What to do: Be sure to take the child to the examination to a pediatric gastroenterologist. Constipation can be the result of functional disorders of the pancreas or thyroid gland, as well as the liver. But similar reasons are not common and in most cases it is enough to change the lifestyle and diet of the child. Give your child more foods that perfectly activate the work of the intestines, maintaining the balance of microflora - acidophilus milk, yogurts with bifidobacteria, kefir, as well as dried fruits (dried apricots, prunes, raisins) and raw and boiled vegetables (carrots, beets, apples, tomatoes) .
Constipation in a child can also be the result of dehydration - give the baby as much liquid as possible (juices, fruit drinks, compote).
The best way to deal with constipation in a child is to eat a nutritious diet, drink plenty of fluids and walk more in the fresh air.

4. Pathogenic bacteria
One of the most common disease causing bacteria digestive system are salmonella and shigella.
Symptoms of salmonellosis in a child are fever, diarrhea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps.
What to do? Be sure to show the child to the pediatrician to clarify the diagnosis. Usually a course of antibiotics is prescribed. Treatment begins with the use of sorbents - activated carbon, sillard, smectite.
With shigellosis (dysentery) in a child, the child's body temperature rises to 38-39 degrees, watery stools appear mixed with mucus and blood, painful urge to defecate.
What to do? Be sure to take the child to the pediatrician for examination. Dysentery is usually treated with antibiotics. Be sure to give a glucose-salt solution, and when the baby gets better, replace it with a weak solution of unsweetened tea. Diet for dysentery - steam cutlets, cereals, baked apples. Give more fruits, berries and vegetables (wash them thoroughly).

5. Viral diseases
A fairly diverse group of pathogens - enteroviruses lead to indigestion in a child.
Enteroviral diarrhea. Absolutely any child can get sick by taking a dirty toy in his mouth or talking with an infected peer. Usually enterovirus diarrhea affects children under the age of 4 years. Symptoms - fever up to 38 degrees, cough, stuffy nose, sore throat. For symptoms of diarrhea, check with your pediatrician for the dosage of cold medicines and the treatment regimen. Let your child drink as much liquid as possible. Engage in boosting your child's immunity.
Another disease caused a certain kind enteroviruses - Hepatitis A in a child. The infection is transmitted through personal hygiene items, contaminated dishes, tap water (if the child drank raw water). Symptoms - the temperature rises sharply, the child is tormented by nausea and acute pain in the abdomen. The stool becomes discolored, and the urine becomes dark yellow. Yellowness of the whites of the eyes appears, then the face and then the whole body (signs of infectious jaundice).
With hepatitis A, the child will have to lie down for some time in the hospital. Diet for hepatitis A - vegetable soups, dietary meat (rabbit, turkey, chicken meat), stewed, boiled and raw vegetables.
The best cure for hepatitis A is vaccination. Encourage your child to eat only washed fruits and to wash their hands thoroughly before eating.

6. Acetonomic Crisis
The causes of occurrence are malnutrition, frequent overwork, a long trip - severe stress for the child's body, leading to excessive production of ketone bodies in the blood (acetone-acetic acid and acetone).
Symptoms - the child often vomits undigested food mixed with bile. The temperature rises, there are severe pains in the abdomen. From the mouth of the child smells of acetone.
Be sure to take the child to the examination to a pediatric gastroenterologist to clarify the diagnosis. Every five minutes, give your child a teaspoon of a solution of rehydron or alkaline mineral water without gas. Make an enema to cleanse the intestines (2 teaspoons of soda per 200 grams of water). Give the child a sorbent (Polysorb, Smecta, Sillard). Diet - for several days, give the baby cereals, crackers, mashed vegetable soups.
Complete diet and elimination stressful situations prevent the recurrence of the child's illness with an acetone crisis.

Analyzes and diagnostics prescribed by pediatric gastroenterologist :
1. Fecal analyzes for carbohydrates, dysbacteriosis, coprology
2. Biochemical analysis blood
3. Diagnosis of the pancreas and liver
4. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, proteinogram (protein fractions), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, total bilirubin, antitrypsin, cholinesterase, etc.
5. Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the abdominal cavity