Can soft tissue sarcoma be cured? Modern treatment of sarcoma Organs of the chest cavity

The age of most cases does not exceed 25 years, so this type of cancer is called childhood disease. What is Ewing's sarcoma? This is the name of a malignant neoplasm that forms from the bone tissues of the skeleton. The age of most cases does not exceed 25 years, so this type of cancer is called childhood disease. This is the most common type of cancer of the musculoskeletal system. It is typical for representatives of the Caucasian race. Among adolescents, the disease is more often found in boys.

Essence of pathology

Ewing's sarcoma is an extremely aggressive malignant neoplasm that affects the lower parts of the long bones, ribs, shoulder blades, and collarbones. Starting to form in the bone, the tumor quickly captures more and more large volumes of the surrounding soft tissues. The pathological process develops so rapidly that metastases are detected a few weeks after the first signs appear. They most commonly affect the bones, lungs, and bone marrow.

At the time of the first visit to the doctor, metastases are detected in 50% of patients. In most cases of Ewing's sarcoma, so-called micrometastases appear, which cannot be detected using standard diagnostic procedures. In patients younger than 20 years, the tumor is most often localized in the tubular bones of the legs and arms. At a more mature age, it captures the vertebrae, ribs and skull.

Ewing's sarcoma is an extremely aggressive malignancy that affects the lower parts of the long bones, ribs, shoulder blades, and collarbones.

There are several types of such neoplasms, the most common of which is typical Ewing's sarcoma. The tumor is localized in the ilium - the largest part of the hip joint. Iliac sarcoma accounts for more than 50% of cancer cases in children.

An extraskeletal tumor is a rarer form of cancer that affects soft tissues.

Causes of the disease

The exact causes of Ewing's sarcoma have not been identified. However, provoking factors have been identified that significantly increase the risk of its occurrence. First of all, it is a genetic predisposition. The tumor is more often found in patients whose close relatives suffered from this disease. Congenital malformations of the genitourinary system, previous traumas and belonging to the white race can be considered other reasons for the development of Ewing's sarcoma. Persons aged 5 to 20 years are predisposed to this oncological disease.

Ewing's sarcoma (video)

Clinical picture of the disease

The disease makes itself felt by the appearance of a pain syndrome at the site of the formation of the neoplasm. As the tumor grows, the intensity of the pain increases, especially at night. Pain cannot be relieved by fixing the affected area or taking pain medications. On palpation, the intensity of discomfort increases, the skin over the tumor swells, turns red and becomes hot. Pain at night contributes to sleep disturbance, and in the daytime - the appearance of a feeling of fatigue and irritability.

In the later stages of Ewing's sarcoma disease, symptoms manifest as pain in the nearby joint and limitation of its mobility, up to the formation of a contracture. The disease is developing rapidly. After a few months, the tumor grows so large that it can be seen with the naked eye. The spread of cancer cells contributes to a decrease in bone density, which often causes pathological fractures. In parallel with local manifestations, a clinical picture of cancer intoxication of the body develops. The patient weakens and loses weight dramatically, up to cachexia. The temperature rises to febrile values ​​and is kept at this level for a long time. At this stage, damage to the regional lymph nodes is detected. A complete blood count reflects moderate or severe anemia.

Starting to form in the bone, the tumor quickly captures more and more large volumes of the surrounding soft tissues.

The appearance of specific signs depends on where exactly the tumor develops.

If Ewing's sarcoma affects the bones of the legs, lameness appears.

The tumor of the ribs contributes to the violation of the functions of the respiratory system, the development of exudative pleurisy or hemoptysis.

Like any cancer, Ewing's sarcoma develops in 4 stages:

1. A small swelling forms on the surface of the bone.
2. The tumor grows into the thickness of the bone tissue.
3. Metastases appear in surrounding tissues and organs.
4. There are secondary foci in remote areas.

In the early stages of the disease, the symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma can be confused with manifestations of conventional trauma or inflammation.

Ewing's sarcoma most often metastasizes to the lungs, bone marrow, and bones. In the later stages, secondary lesions appear in the brain. The tumor rarely metastasizes to the mediastinum, pleura, and abdominal organs. Is a full recovery possible with Ewing's sarcoma?

Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvic bones in children (video)

Diagnosis and treatment of the disease

In the early stages of the disease, the symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma can be confused with those of normal trauma or inflammation. With the wrong treatment, cancer cells can spread rapidly throughout the body. To exclude errors in the diagnosis, the following research methods should be used:

1. Radiography of the affected bone is the most informative way to detect sarcoma.
2. MRI and CT - determine the stage, localization and extent of the tumor.
3. Histological examination of the affected tissues - reveals the type of cancer.
4. Bone marrow puncture - allows you to detect the presence of metastases in the bone marrow.
5. Complete blood count - reflects an increase in ESR, moderate leukocytosis and an increase in the level of lactate dehydrogenase.
6. Bone scintigraphy - a study using radioactive isotopes - is used to detect metastases.
7. Ultrasound - allows you to identify secondary foci in the internal organs.

The pathological process develops so rapidly that metastases are detected a few weeks after the first signs appear.

The treatment regimen for the disease includes several methods.

Chemotherapy contributes to the disruption of the growth and division of cancer cells, it can be used to destroy the smallest metastases. It affects almost all tissues of the human body, and healthy cells are also affected. Therefore, treatment is carried out in short courses with fairly long breaks. It will take more than one year to be treated for sarcoma, a relapse of the disease after chemotherapy is not excluded. If metastases are found in the bone marrow, aggressive polychemotherapy and stem cell transplantation are prescribed.

Radiation therapy can be given both before and after surgery. This method of treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is considered the safest and most effective. Irradiation not only destroys existing metastases, but also prevents the recurrence of the disease. The dose of radiation and the duration of the course of treatment are selected depending on the individual characteristics of the organism.

Surgery involves the partial removal of the affected bone. The volume of the operation is determined by the prevalence of the malignant neoplasm. Resection is complemented by endoprosthetics, amputations are extremely rare.

The disease makes itself felt by the appearance of a pain syndrome at the site of the formation of the neoplasm. As the tumor grows, the intensity of the pain increases, especially at night.

How many live with this disease? With Ewing's sarcoma, treatment significantly increases the chances of recovery. How long you can live with this disease depends on the stage and extent of the tumor, the general condition of the body and the age of the patient.

Inoperable forms of sarcoma have an extremely unfavorable prognosis. No more than 1/3 of patients with bone marrow metastases live 5 years after diagnosis. If a tumor is detected at stages 1-2, the probability of complete recovery is about 70%.

Modern methods of treatment give chances for survival even with advanced forms of cancer.

The main thing is to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma in time and follow all the recommendations of the attending physician. Cancer should not be considered a verdict, cases of complete recovery are not uncommon.

Soft tissue sarcoma: what is the danger of a tumor and can it be cured?

There are different types of malignant tumors. One of these are sarcomas - a group of malignant tumors that form from immature connective tissue structures.

The cells that are the basis of the malignant process can be located in any part of the human body. One of the rare varieties of such tumors is soft tissue sarcoma.

Concept and varieties

Soft tissue sarcomas account for about 1% of the total number of tumors. Such malignant formations occur with the same frequency in patients of both half-year age groups.

On average, soft tissue sarcomas are found in one in a million people. The structures of soft tissues contain fatty tissue and tendons, layers of connective tissue and fascia, synovial and striated muscle tissues, etc. It is in these tissues that sarcomas are formed.

This photo shows what a soft tissue sarcoma looks like.

Soft tissue sarcomas are classified into many varieties:

Classify soft tissue sarcomas and the degree of malignancy. Tumors with a low degree of malignancy are distinguished by a high differential index and insignificant blood supply, they have few oncocells and necrotic foci, but a lot of stroma.

High-grade sarcomas are poorly differentiated in nature with active cell division. The blood supply is actively developed, there are a lot of necrotic foci and oncocells, however, there are few stroma.

To the touch, such formations are jelly-like, soft or dense, are predominantly single in nature, although the formation of a multiple tumor is not excluded.

Risk factors and stages of development

Reliable causes of sarcoma have not yet been identified, although doctors have identified a list of factors that provoke such tumor processes:

1. Genetic abnormalities and disorders such as Gardner or Werner syndromes, intestinal polyposis, tuberous sclerosis, basal cell nevus syndrome, etc .;
2. Viral etiology like herpes or HIV;
3. Carcinogenic effects of chemicals;
4. Immunodeficiency states of a congenital or acquired nature;
5. Aggressive environmental impact (unfavorable ecology, radiation, hazardous production, etc.);
6. Frequent trauma;
7. Abuse of steroid anabolics and other medicines;
8. Precancerous conditions like neurofibromatosis, deforming osteitis, etc.

Soft tissue cancer develops in several stages:

• In the first stage, the tumor has a low level of malignancy and does not metastasize;
• At the second stage of development, the tumor grows up to 5 cm;
• At the third stage, the tumor grows more than 5 cm, metastasis is observed in regional lymph node structures;
• At the 4th stage of development, the tumor is characterized by active metastasis to distant tissues.

Symptoms of soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma implies a wide variety of tumors, but they also have common symptoms:

1. Constant feeling of tiredness, weakness, excessive fatigue;
2. Sharp and intense weight loss;
3. With the development of the tumor process, cancer becomes visualized, and it can be noticed without the use of any diagnostic devices;
4. Pain syndrome. A similar symptom is considered a rather rare symptom and occurs when the tumor process affects the nerve endings;
5. The skin cover over the tumor often changes color and ulcerates.

Usually, all of the above symptoms manifest themselves in the later stages of the pathology, when there is no longer any chance for recovery and life in patients.

In about half of the cases, soft tissue cancer is localized on the legs, more often in the thighs. On the hands, a similar kind of sarcoma is found in a quarter of cases, and the remaining 25% are localized in the trunk, neck or head.

Externally, soft tissue sarcoma is a bumpy or smooth node, without a capsule, of various consistency. For example, dense - fibrosarcoma, soft - liposarcoma or angiosarcoma, and jelly-like - myxoma.

Signs of femoral localization

Femoral sarcoma can form from any type of tissue present in the area - from blood vessels, connective tissue elements, muscles and fascia, etc.

If the tumor grows to a significant size, then the cancer patient begins to experience general cancer symptoms such as malaise and weakness, exhaustion, fatigue, and low-grade fever.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of pathology begins with a medical examination, during which the oncologist will collect an anamnesis and note the presence of external cancer signs such as emaciation, pallor, etc.

If the tumor process has a high rate of malignancy, then cancer is usually accompanied by intoxication manifestations such as hyperthermia, lack of appetite, hyper sweating and weakness.

Then the patient is sent for additional studies:

• Laboratory diagnostics. It consists in a variety of blood tests, cytogenetic analysis, histology and biopsy;
• X-ray examination;
• CT scan;
• Ultrasound diagnostics, etc.

In about 80 out of 100 cases, soft tissue cancer metastasizes hematogenously to the liver and lung tissues. Therefore, in the process of diagnosis, it is in these organs that secondary foci of a malignant tumor process are most often detected.

Treatment in adults and children

Soft tissue sarcoma is considered a rather serious and dangerous diagnosis. In comparison with traditional forms of cancer, sarcomas are considered the most aggressive and early metastasizing.

The treatment option is selected by a consultation of doctors on an individual basis. The difficulty of therapy lies in the fact that even removal of the formation at the initial stage of development does not guarantee a 100% cure, because sarcomas are prone to recurrence, which often occurs several months after removal.

The only way to radically treat the tumor is surgery.

Removal of primary foci is based on the principle of sheathing, according to which the formation growing inside a kind of sheath or capsule of fascia and muscle tissue is removed along with the capsule.

It happens that a similar principle cannot be applied in certain situations, then the removal is carried out according to the principle of zoning, when zones of healthy tissues located around the tumor are removed. Such an approach is necessary to prevent relapse. If the tumor is extensively localized, then the patient's limb is amputated.

Sometimes, after surgery or if the formation is inoperable, chemotherapy or radiation is prescribed.

Radiation therapy plays a preventive role, because it reduces the likelihood of recurrence of the tumor. Irradiation is also carried out before surgery in order to facilitate the surgical procedure, as well as to reduce the likelihood of relapses.

Patient Survival Prediction

Sarcoma is quite difficult to predict, since the outcome of the pathology is influenced by a lot of factors, such as the stage of the process and the degree of its malignancy, the response of the tumor to treatment, the presence of metastases, etc.

When a tumor is detected at stage 1-2, the prognosis is conditionally favorable, and the survival rate is about 50-70%, because there is a high risk of cancer recurrence.

In most clinical cases, soft tissue cancer detected at the stage of metastasis formation is characterized by negative prognosis, because the 5-year survival rate does not exceed 15% of patients.

Video on advances in drug therapy for soft tissue sarcomas:

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Symptoms and treatment of sarcoma in 2018

Sarcoma symptoms

This type of malignant tumor is characterized by an oligosymptomatic course, since there is no pain, and the tumor itself looks like a benign one. The location can be different, from the lower extremities to the head. Most often it is a rounded formation of milky white or pinkish color. At the initial stage, a seal of the lymph node or subcutaneous region may appear.

Sarcoma treatment

Currently, effective drugs and special preparations for this disease do not exist. Sarcoma is removed by surgery. With the rapid growth of the tumor, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are additionally carried out to curb the development of metastases and prevent recurrence of the disease. To significantly increase the chances of complete healing, it is necessary to be treated with complex methods. Excision of the tumor, if possible, is carried out with complete preservation of the organ, however, in the case of germination of metastases in the bone or nervous system, even amputation of the limb is possible.

Soft tissue sarcoma is one of the malignant tumors. It is characterized by poor detection of symptoms. This disease can be called rare. Soft tissue tumors of this kind have a share of 1% in the total volume of malignant tumors. According to statistics, there is 1 disease per 1 million people. Men are more susceptible, but the form of leakage is the same for both women and men. As a rule, people from 30 to 60 years old are exposed to the disease. It is characterized by high mortality.

What does it look like and where is it located?

Soft tissue sarcoma can occur anywhere there are soft tissues, namely muscles, fatty tissue, tendons. But in most cases it is the lower limbs or thigh. Its localization is possible both on the upper limbs and on the head. Such a tumor has a white or yellowish color, a smooth surface and looks like a rounded knot. To the touch it can be dense, soft and jelly-like. As a rule, the tumor occurs in one amount, but there are cases of multiple lesions located at a great distance.

Who is the first to get sick?

First of all, the risk of developing sarcoma is present in those people who have genetic disorders, such as basal cell nonsus syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, intestinal polyposis, Werner's or Gardner's syndrome.

Features and signs of soft tissue sarcoma

The most important symptom is the appearance of a slight swelling (node) and limited mobility of the formation. Its dimensions range from 2 cm to 25 cm. The skin, as a rule, does not change, but a network of dilated veins and skin ulceration may occur. In some cases, such swelling may be the only sign. If the tumor is located deep in the tissues, then for a long time it may be invisible. Then, the main indicators are pain and swelling of the limbs. Late signs are staining of the skin in a purple color, varicose veins, bleeding.

1. Tumor cells tend to spread, so when removed, the sarcoma often reappears.

2. There are many sources of sarcoma, and the prevalence process is underestimated, which hinders surgical intervention.

3. It is characterized by hematogenous metastasis (in the lungs up to 80%).

The process of development and course of soft tissue sarcoma

The speed and pace of its growth is different. Sometimes it is characterized by a long course without complications, and in some cases, growth occurs quickly and is accompanied by pain, dysfunction of the limbs. If development is slow, then the growth rate can only change upwards. The opposite does not happen.

As soon as the tumor grows, it begins to spread to the vessels, bones, nerve trunks and joint capsules. This leads to intense pain, which is not always amenable to painkillers. As a rule, severe pain worries at night and during physical exertion.

Causes of soft tissue sarcoma

Many factors influence its development. The most obvious causes of soft tissue sarcoma are as follows.

1. Sarcoma can develop at the site of scarring, which has become an unpleasant consequence of a fracture, surgery, burns.

2. Radiation therapy can stimulate its development. Sarcoma sometimes develops in the area of ​​radiation.

4. Congenital immunodeficiency or acquired.

5. Genetics or hereditary predisposition.

Few people pay due attention to sudden swelling and neoplasms, believing that everything will pass by itself. It is this attitude that provokes a rapid process of development and severe consequences, up to death.

Very often, a tumor is discovered by chance. As soon as there is the slightest suspicion, it is necessary to make a diagnosis and, with a positive result, begin treatment.

Types of soft tissue sarcomas

There are many types. These are angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma, malignant schwannoma, malignant mesenchymoma, synovial soft tissue sarcoma, and so on.

According to the degree of its malignancy, the following types are distinguished.

1. With a low level.

2. With a high degree.

The first option assumes high cell differentiation, weak tumor vascularization, a large amount of stroma and a small number of foci of necrosis in the tumor.

The second option is characterized by reverse properties. These are low cell differentiation, a small amount of stroma and large foci of necrosis in the tumor.

There is Kaposi's sarcoma. It is a malignant tumor that originates from the blood vessels (and lymphatics). It is located in the skin. The cause is the herpes virus type 8. And because of the lack of immunity, sarcoma begins to develop. There are 4 types of this type of disease.

1. Idiopathic type. He's a classic. It predominantly affects men. It is located in the lower part of the body, but in the process of development it goes up. This type is characterized by burning, fever, itching and pain. The course of the disease can be acute, chronic and subacute. Chronic is not so pronounced, unlike the other two. If during the period of the disease a person catches another concomitant disease, then the outcome can be fatal.

3. AIDS-associated is characteristic of those who are infected with AIDS. If you do not engage in treatment, the disease will affect the lungs, the stomach, which, due to the diseases of the organs that occur in parallel, will cause death.

4. African type. Often found in Central Africa. It can proceed, like the idiopathic type, in a chronic form, and at lightning speed, which is typical for children. The lymph nodes are affected, and after 3 months death occurs.

Diagnostics

Soft tissue sarcoma is diagnosed by biopsy. Only in this way the diagnosis will be correct.

Ultrasound, positron emission, magnetic resonance and computed tomography, radiography, angiography, which refers to medical imaging, help determine the location of the tumor and the presence of metastasis.

Diagnosis is carried out by a specialist who examines tumor tissue using medical imaging and biopsy methods. The choice of diagnostics is carried out individually, in accordance with each case, but magnetic resonance imaging is considered the most popular and informative.

A biopsy is performed in several ways, therefore, there are two types of it.

The first is carried out through the incision, that is, it is open. The biopsy method is effective and widely used.

Treatment and results

In general, the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma is surgical. If surgery is not possible, then chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used. But they are not as effective on their own. Only all together will give a significant result.

The operation is a radical but effective method. It depends on how widespread the tumor is. Standard surgical intervention involves a wide incision of the affected tissues. Intermuscular tumors are removed together with adjacent muscles. But if the tumor has grown into the bone, nerve trunks and great vessels, then amputation of the limb is often performed.

Radiation therapy acts as an adjunct. It reduces the risk of recurrence. Radiation therapy is given before and after surgery. In the last few years, the use of chemotherapy has begun. It reduces the risk of subsequent occurrence of sarcoma.

In general, the result depends on the severity and neglect of the tumor. In one case, long-term treatment is required, and the other case does not require serious interventions.

Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare but very dangerous disease. Often the symptoms are ignored. Therefore, this leads to dire consequences. It is timely diagnosis and treatment that will help to avoid an unpleasant outcome of the disease.

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Treatment of sarcoma: can it be cured and how?

This is a malignant oncological formation that can occur in any part of the body. There are several types of sarcoma, symptoms that characterize these types, methods of treatment and prevention.

This disease begins with damage to the connective tissue. Subsequently, it affects muscle tissue, organs, bone marrow, lymph nodes and more.

Causes of the disease

Modern medicine identifies several different causes of the formation of sarcoma. This disease can appear due to the influence of several factors: poor ecology, frequent mechanical damage, hereditary predisposition, and more. There are several risk factors that, as a rule, provoke the occurrence of this tumor.

1. genetic predisposition. Basically, it concerns close relatives of parents, sisters and brothers;
2. influence of radiation. If the patient's body has ever been exposed to radiation, then the risk of developing a malignant neoplasm increases one and a half times;
3. herpes. This is one of the specific causes that leads to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma;
4. injuries, suppuration and other mechanical damage;
5. organ transplant. This factor increases the likelihood of sarcoma by 75%.

Symptoms

The symptoms are varied. They depend on the location of the tumor itself, its special characteristics and underlying causes. The first symptom that characterizes this neoplasm is a deformity that increases in size and is easily visualized.

During the development of a tumor neoplasm, more and more tissues and organs are involved in the malignant process, which can lead to the following symptoms:

• rapid growth of the neoplasm and its spread to neighboring tissues;
• unbearable pain that occurs in the case of bone or bone marrow sarcoma;
• slight pain, which is aggravated by tactile contact;
• disruption of the organs affected by the tumor;
• increase in body temperature;
• deformation of the limbs on which a malignant neoplasm has arisen;
• circulatory disorders, if the tumor squeezes the blood vessels.

It's important to know! Some types of sarcoma develop without symptoms and do not show any signs for many years.

These are just general symptoms that characterize sarcoma. There are a number of specific symptoms that occur with certain types of this disease.

Metastases

These are secondary neoplasms of the tumor. They are formed as a result of detachment of a part of the malignant formation and its penetration into the blood vessels, as well as into the lymph. The affected tissue moves throughout the body and can stop anywhere in it. This is how metastases or secondary tumor formations are formed.

Symptoms of the appearance of metastases depend on the localization of the tumor itself. Most often, there are cases when metastases appear in adjacent lymph nodes. Metastases develop along with the tumor, affect nearby organs, and then move further and further throughout the body.

The most common sites of secondary neoplasms are the lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, and bone tissue. To cure metastases and prevent tumor recurrence, it is necessary to remove the primary tumor and adjacent tissues. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment help in this case to get rid of metastases. If secondary tumor neoplasms have reached a large size, they are removed through surgery.

Diagnostics

This is the most important set of measures, since it is through diagnosis that it is possible to establish a specific type of sarcoma, localization, the presence of metastases and the causes of the neoplasm. Diagnosis of sarcoma includes several different methods:

• visual examination by an oncologist;
• ultrasound procedure;
• CT scan;
• x-ray;
• neurovascular examination;
• biopsy (this is an invasive research method that involves taking part of the damaged tissue and further study in order to establish an accurate diagnosis);
• morphological study (it is carried out to determine the stage of development of the disease and the choice of adequate treatment tactics). This method allows predicting the further development of the tumor.

Sarcoma treatment

Just a few years ago, the only treatment that was considered effective was surgery. However, today there are many alternative methods that allow you to cure sarcoma at any stage of development at any localization.

Below we list the main methods used to treat this malignant neoplasm.

Surgery

Surgical intervention, despite the achievements of modern medicine, remains traditional and the most popular. It can be used to remove only the tumor, as well as neoplasms and adjacent tissues. It depends on the location of the tumor and the degree of metastasis.

Local removal of the tumor

This method is used only when the attending physician is absolutely sure that the tumor has not started to metastasize. After the operation, chemotherapy and X-rays are used. This is necessary to prevent relapses and destroy possible metastases.

With this method of treatment, recurrence of sarcoma is possible only in 10% of cases. As a rule, this method is relevant in the case when the sarcoma is at an early stage of development.

Wide excision of the tumor

In this case, the doctor removes not only the malignant neoplasm, but also adjacent tissues, which are located at a distance of about 5 centimeters from the tumor itself. Relapses after such treatment occur in 40% of cases.

Radical resection

This is the removal of the tumor and adjacent tissues. Its difference from wide excision is that it is compared with amputation. After such treatment, prosthetics, plastic surgery, resection and implantation are used.

Relapses of the disease in this case occur in every fifth.

Amputation

This is the total removal of limbs that are affected by sarcoma, or an organ and adjacent tissues.

In this case, relapses occur in every 20 patients.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is one of the most important methods of cancer treatment. It is used before and after surgery. With the help of the strongest drugs, it is possible to prevent metastasis and completely destroy malignant neoplasms.

Carrying out such therapy before surgery can reduce the size of the tumor.

There are side effects with chemotherapy. Vomiting, nausea, hair loss and leukopenia. These are quite terrible symptoms, but it should be remembered that the life of the patient and his health depend on it.

In some cases, side effects can be avoided. For this, treatment tactics should be chosen only by an experienced specialist. The effectiveness of this method depends on the accuracy of the information obtained during the diagnosis.

Targeted Therapy

This method is a targeted chemotherapy. Drugs that are injected into the human body affect only the affected tissues.

This is a modern and very effective method that does not affect healthy tissues.

Radiation therapy

This method of treatment is applied 5 weeks after surgery. It is used by the course for three months.

This method of treatment involves the use of x-rays, which act exclusively on the location of the tumor, where recurrence is possible.

Treatment of sarcoma with folk remedies

Doctors do not get tired of repeating that self-medication is an unsuccessful way out of the situation in case of sarcoma. For this reason, treatment with folk remedies should be supervised by an experienced specialist.

Traditional medicine recipes that help cure sarcoma are based on the medicinal properties of various herbs and natural materials. Below we will talk about several recipes that help in the treatment of this malignant neoplasm.

From this plant, after 5 weeks, make a tincture that has a healing effect on the body as a whole. Take 6 large leaves of this plant and put for a day in a place where the temperature does not exceed 4 degrees Celsius.

After that, cut the plants into pieces and pour 0.5 liters of alcohol or vodka. Insist for two to three weeks in a cool place where the sun's rays do not penetrate. Shake the jar of tincture daily. You need to take it one spoonful before meals no more than 3 times a day.

Propolis tincture

This is one of the universal remedies that has been helping to treat various diseases for centuries. Take 100 g of propolis and 300 ml of alcohol. Fill propolis with alcohol, close the lid, mix thoroughly for an hour.

It is necessary to infuse the mixture for 1 week in a dark place. Every day you need to shake the jar of tincture. After a week, strain the resulting tincture and take 10 drops, diluted in two hundred ml of cold water. Drink tincture 3 times a day.

Birch buds

Take 35 g of birch buds and fill them with 125 ml of vodka. It is necessary to infuse the mixture for two to three weeks. Shake the jar of tincture every day.

After that, strain the mixture, put on a rack on gauze and apply on the affected area of ​​the body. Carry out this procedure twice a day.

Plantain

You will need some fresh plantain leaves. They need to be washed and squeezed out of them juice. Juice can be taken orally, as well as moisten gauze and apply it to the affected area.

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The materials of the site are for informational purposes only, consultation with a doctor is required!

Sarcoma is a malignant tumor that can develop in bone or soft tissue. Approximately 60% of sarcomas develop on the arms and legs, 30% on the trunk, and 10% on the head or neck. Sarcoma is relatively rare in adults - approximately 1% of cases. At the same time, about 15% of cancers in children are sarcomas. In general, sarcoma is a rare type of cancer.

Types of sarcoma

There are three main types of sarcoma:

• soft tissue sarcoma
• bone sarcoma;
• gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Common types of bone sarcoma: chondrosarcoma, chordoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma .

The reasons

The exact causes of sarcoma development are unknown. Some hereditary diseases can cause a predisposition to sarcoma, but in practice there are very few such cases. Patients who had childhood retinoblastoma, an eye cancer, have a genetic defect that makes them more likely to develop sarcoma in the future. People with neurofibromatosis type 1 (a disease that can cause malignant or benign tumors) also have a predisposition to sarcoma.

Occasionally, sarcoma is found in patients who have received radiation therapy to treat another type of cancer. Such a sarcoma can develop many years after the end of the course of radiotherapy.

medical intervention

Despite all the variety of types of sarcoma, they are all treated in approximately the same way (with a few exceptions, as a rule, with sarcoma in children).

The most effective treatment for sarcoma is surgery.

Patients with bone sarcoma chemotherapy is often prescribed before and after surgery; with soft tissue sarcoma, it is used less often. Sometimes radiation therapy is also used. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors tend to respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For their treatment, a new drug imatinib can be used.

How does it manifest

For most cases of sarcoma, the appearance of a tumor formation is characteristic, increasing depending on the growth rate, either slowly (within months) or rapidly (within weeks). For some time, the sarcoma grows without causing changes in healthy tissues. Only later, when the surrounding tissues and organs are involved in the process, do signs appear that indicate damage to the bones, joints, nerve trunks, muscles, and so on. The manifestations of superficially located sarcomas differ from sarcomas of internal organs or deeply located tissues, for which general manifestations of tumor intoxication (poisoning by tissue decay products) are more characteristic.

Soft tissue sarcoma is characterized by a tendency to grow into surrounding tissues and organs (bones, blood vessels, nerve trunks, skin, and so on). The first sign of soft tissue sarcoma is the appearance of a tumor that does not have a clear outline, sometimes pain. The temperature above the tumor does not differ from the temperature of the surrounding tissues. Most often, soft tissue sarcoma is located on the limbs in the region of large muscle masses (thigh, shoulder, and so on).

For bone sarcoma, the appearance of pain that does not subside at night, impaired function of the limb, and the appearance of swelling in the area of ​​​​the bone are characteristic. As the tumor grows, the function of the nearby joint suffers. If the tumor can be felt, then this is a late sign of bone sarcoma. With bone sarcoma, all signs of the disease increase rapidly, often with the development of fractures of the affected bone. When cartilage tissue is affected, the disease develops slowly, over several years.

Sarcoma often metastasizes (tumor cells are transferred to distant tissues and organs and begin to develop there), while metastases spread through the blood and lymphatic vessels.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of sarcoma is based on its characteristic manifestations, as well as the results of x-ray and laboratory studies. With the help of various types of x-ray studies, the nature of tissue damage, the boundaries of the tumor and its extent are determined. To detect metastases in the lymph nodes, an X-ray examination of the lymphatic system is performed.

To study the structure of the tumor before treatment, a puncture (puncture) with a thin needle is used, which makes it possible to obtain biological material to determine the cellular composition of tissues. If in this way it is not possible to determine the nature of the tumor, then an open biopsy is performed - taking the tumor tissue for examination during the diagnostic operation.

The proposed Technique for Activating the Functional Reserves of the Body (TAFRO) and the Manual Immunity Management (ROONE) technique is not a panacea, it is a tool that, if used and applied skillfully, will lead you to good results and complete healing.

To heal does not mean to make a sick person healthy, it means to teach him to control his body and consciousness!
Tibetan medicine

• Classes according to the ROONEY method are neither affirmations nor meditation, when this means turning off or changing consciousness (leaving reality).
• Classes according to the ROONEY method are a practice in which a person uses the technique of consciously focusing his mind and attention on a specific object or point in his body, while simultaneously developing skills to evoke appropriate sensations in these parts of the body. It also includes working on your emotions.
• All these processes contribute to the formation of new or strengthening of existing neural connections in the corresponding parts of the brain.
• During the course of training and conducting practical and seminar classes at the Arbuzov Center, no purposeful external influence or influence on the human body or psyche is produced and does not occur!
• Since the proposed technique is an acquired skill, then drawing an analogy with the study of foreign languages: the more regularly and thoroughly you practice, the more your abilities increase. If you stop practicing, then gradually your skills are lost and abilities are lost.
• We recommend diligently practicing until you are completely healed and gain confidence in your condition. Then the skill can be maintained: after all, having a unique tool and successfully mastering it, why lose it?

There are practically no restrictions for practicing the technique. There are only a few features and we talk about them in detail in the training videos and materials on the site. The proposed technique does not have any external or traumatic effect on the body. The purpose of practical exercises according to the method is to reduce the impact of cellular immunity in favor of humoral immunity in the body on oncology foci. Which in turn reduces the occurrence and impact of inflammatory processes and their depressing effect on all internal organs and body systems. Therefore, by practicing according to the proposed method, you are trying to direct your body along the path of humoral effects on oncology foci.

We do not recommend or restrict you in the choice and use of one or another type or type of treatment, as well as the use of medicines and various methods of cancer treatment. This is your personal and informed choice! But you must understand that any drugs and preparations or external effects on the body can stimulate the activation of cellular immunity or suppression of immunity functions in general, and also affect the viability of rapidly dividing cells, and they also include b lymphocytes, which are a component humoral immunity!

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is a group of malignant tumors that consist of immature connective tissue. Typical for such tumors is a pinkish-white color on the cut. A number of characteristics related to cancerous tumors are also inherent in sarcoma. This is an infiltrating growth, in which tissues located nearby are destroyed; manifestation of recurrence after removal of the tumor, the rapid appearance that are distributed in lungs (if there is a sarcoma of the limbs, neck, head, trunk) or in liver (if there is a sarcoma of the abdominal cavity).

Most malignant tumors that occur on soft tissues are classified as sarcomas. Such formations are characterized by an oligosymptomatic course, in which the overall clinical picture is very similar to benign tumors and diseases of a non-tumor nature.

Malignant soft tissue tumors are a relatively rare disease. In men, this disease manifests itself more often than in women. Most cases of the disease occur in people between the ages of thirty and sixty.

Features of sarcoma

soft tissue sarcoma can show up anywhere. Most often, this type of sarcoma affects the thigh. Less commonly, sarcoma occurs on the head.

As a rule, the color of the resulting tumor is purple, but sometimes the color may have a red, brown or purple hue. The neoplasm sometimes rises slightly above the skin, but in other cases it can be completely flat. The tumor looks like spots or nodules without pain. Sometimes this disease is combined with damage to the lymph nodes, the palate mucosa. The disease proceeds rather slowly. If Kaposi's sarcoma is diagnosed in a patient with , then this diagnosis allows, as a result, to determine the patient's AIDS. With soft tissue sarcoma, the course is asymptomatic. At the same time, special care is needed during the diagnosis, because the clinical picture of the disease is very similar to benign tumors, as well as some non-tumor diseases.

Kaposi's sarcoma is a fairly rare disease. It is more commonly diagnosed in males.

Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by an infection caused by a virus. person of the eighth type. This virus can be transmitted sexually - with saliva or blood. When a person is infected, specific antibodies appear in his blood a few months before the patient shows visible foci of Kaposi's sarcoma. However, the presence of only this virus does not yet provoke the development of Kaposi's sarcoma. This ailment manifests itself only in the presence of serious violations in the functioning of the immune system. As a result, the virus multiplies rapidly, provokes the oncological disease.

Symptoms of Kaposi's sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma can appear in almost every part of the body. If there is a classic form of Kaposi's sarcoma, then the foci of the disease first appear on the limbs, namely on the feet and legs. Symmetry and multifocal lesions can be noted as defining features of this disease. Sarcoma looks like a rounded node, the color of which is white or gray-yellow. The surface can be both smooth and with tubercles. Spots, plaques, similar to nodules appear on the skin. Lesions can have a different color - from reddish-cyanotic to brown. The outlines of the lesions are also different. As a rule, they have clear boundaries, a dense and elastic consistency, and there is no pain on palpation. Sometimes ulceration of tumors occurs, swelling of the extremities affected by the disease appears. In some rare cases, only the genitals, eyes, auricles, mucous membranes and other organs are affected. Other subjective symptoms include aches, pain, burning, limited joint mobility. Due to the fact that Kaposi's sarcoma is a systemic disease, lymph nodes, bones and other organs can be involved in the disease process.

If the classical form of Kaposi's sarcoma is mainly manifested in older men, and in the process of development of this disease, the feet and legs are affected, then with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma, there is no question of a specific location of the disease at all. So, the first foci of the disease appear on any part of the skin. Initially, a single node or spot of purple or purple color is visible on the code. Pain does not occur. Often there are several foci of the disease at once. In later stages, the disease can develop in different ways. So, in some cases, the shape and color of the nodes does not change for several years, but it happens that the modification occurs even in a few weeks. If the formation grows too fast, then the person often feels pain, and the skin near the tumor turns yellow-green due to constant hemorrhages. Often, ulceration and a focus appear in the center of the formation. . Also, the tumor may bleed a little. The nodes and plaques that have arisen can merge, as a result of which a very strong edema . If Kaposi's sarcoma occurs on the oral mucosa, then the foci appear on the hard palate. First comes erythema purple, later plaques or nodes appear at the site of erythema. In addition, lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma sometimes occur on the genitals.

In the process of diagnosing this disease, specialists are guided by the presence of a number of signs described above.

Both systemic and local methods are used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma. In local therapy, radiation, cryotherapy, injections of chemotherapeutic agents directly into the tumor, etc. are used. Irradiation is carried out mainly in the presence of large and painful foci.

Sarcoma of the uterus- This is a malignant formation that occurs in the uterus. To date, the disease is relatively rare. Uterine sarcoma most often occurs in women aged 43-53. With sarcoma of the uterus, the characteristic features of the disease are a rapid increase in the uterus, the manifestation of disturbances in the monthly cycle, the presence of pain in the pelvis, discharge of a watery nature, sometimes having an unpleasant odor. If uterine sarcoma occurs in myomatous nodes, then the clinical picture of the disease may be similar

In the course of the development of the disease, large areas of necrosis may appear, infection of the tumor, resulting in anemia , after which comes cachexia . As a rule, patients turn to a specialist a few months after the onset of symptoms of the disease.

It is customary to determine several stages of uterine sarcoma, which are distinguished according to the degree of spread of the tumor.

Diagnosis is carried out, guided by the data of the anamnesis, the results of ultrasound examination, as well as the use of hysteroscopy methods and separate diagnostic curettage.

The main treatment for uterine sarcoma is surgery. For this, an extended extirpation of the uterus with appendages is performed. After surgery, patients, as a rule, are assigned a certain number of radiation therapy sessions, during which the pelvic organs are irradiated.

With sarcoma of the uterus, relapses of the disease very often occur, and even at the first stage of the disease, the survival rate is very low due to the rapid manifestation of metastases.

If the sarcoma develops in the myomatous node, then the prognosis will be more favorable.

Diet, nutrition for sarcoma

List of sources

• Kozachenko V.P. Clinical oncogynecology. 2005.
• Molochkov, A.V., Kazantseva I.A., Gurtsevich V.E. Kaposi's sarcoma. "BINOMIAL". M. 2002.
• Bokhman Ya.V., Urmancheeva A.F. Sarcomas of the uterus. SPb., 1996.
• Lazareva N.I., Kuznetsov V.V., Zakharova T.I. Sarcomas. Clinical oncogynecology: A guide for physicians. Ed. V.P. Kazachenko. M.: Medicine, 2005.

Sarcoma is a name that unites oncological tumors of a large group. Different types of connective tissue under certain conditions begin to undergo histological and morphological changes. Then the primary connective cells begin to grow rapidly, especially in children. A tumor develops from such a cell: benign or malignant with elements of muscles, tendons, and blood vessels.

Connective tissue cells divide uncontrollably, the tumor grows and without clear boundaries passes into the territory of healthy tissue. 15% of neoplasms become malignant, the cells of which are carried by blood throughout the body. As a result of metastasis, secondary growing oncoprocesses are formed, therefore it is believed that sarcoma is a disease that is characterized by frequent relapses. In terms of lethal outcomes, it occupies the second position among all oncological formations.

Is sarcoma cancer or not?

Some of the symptoms of sarcoma are the same as those of cancer. For example, it also grows infiltratively, destroys neighboring tissues, recurs after surgery, metastasizes early and spreads to organ tissues.

How is cancer different from sarcoma?

• cancer tumor has the appearance of a bumpy conglomerate, rapidly growing without symptoms in the early stages. Sarcoma is pinkish, reminiscent of fish meat;
• epithelial tissue is affected by a cancerous tumor, muscular connective tissue is affected by sarcoma;
• cancer develops gradually in any particular organ in people after 40 years of age. Sarcoma is a disease of young people and children, it instantly affects their organisms, but is not tied to any one organ;
• cancer is easier to diagnose, which increases the rate of its cure. Sarcoma is more often detected at stages 3-4, so its mortality is 50% higher.

Is sarcoma contagious?

No, she's not contagious. A contagious disease develops from a real substrate that carries the infection by airborne droplets or through the blood. Then a disease, such as influenza, can develop in the body of a new host. Sarcoma can get sick as a result of changes in the genetic code, chromosomal changes. Therefore, patients with sarcoma often have close relatives who have already been treated for any of its 100 types.

Sarcoma in HIV is a multiple hemorrhagic sarcomatosis called "angiosarcoma" or "". It is recognized by ulceration of the skin and mucous membranes. A person becomes ill as a result of herpes infection of the eighth type through the lymph, blood, secretions of the secretion of the skin and saliva of the patient, as well as through sexual contact. Even with antiviral therapy, Kaposi's tumor often recurs.

The development of sarcoma on the background of HIV is possible with a sharp decrease in immunity. At the same time, AIDS or a disease such as lymphosarcoma, leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, or multiple myeloma can be detected in patients.

Causes of sarcomas

Despite the variety of types, sarcoma is rare, only in the amount of 1% of all oncological formations. The causes of sarcoma are varied. Among the established causes are: exposure to ultraviolet (ionizing) radiation, radiation. And also risk factors are viruses and chemicals, harbingers of the disease, benign neoplasms that turn into oncological ones.

The causes of Ewing's sarcoma may be in the rate of bone growth and hormonal levels. Important risk factors such as smoking, work in chemical industries, contact with chemicals.

Most often, oncology of this type is diagnosed due to the following risk factors:

• hereditary predisposition and genetic syndromes: Werner, Gardner, multiple basal cell pigmented skin cancer, neurofibromatosis or retinoblastoma;
• herpes virus;
• lymphostasis of the legs in a chronic form, the recurrence of which occurred after a radial mastectomy;
• injuries, wounds with suppuration, exposure to cutting and piercing objects (shards of glass, metal, wood chips, etc.);
• immunosuppressive and polychemotherapy (in 10%);
• organ transplant operations (in 75% of cases).

Informative video

General symptoms and signs of the disease

Signs of sarcoma appear depending on its location in the vital organs. The biological characteristics of the root cause of the cell and the tumor itself affect the nature of the symptoms. An early sign of a sarcoma is the noticeable size of the lesion as it grows rapidly. Pain in the joints and bones appears early (especially at night), which is not relieved by analgesics.

For example, due to the growth of rhabdominosarcoma, the oncoprocess spreads to the tissues of healthy organs and manifests itself in various pain symptoms and hematogenous metastasis. If sarcoma develops slowly, signs of the disease may not appear for several years.

Symptoms of lymphoid sarcoma are reduced to the formation of oval or round nodes and small swelling in the lymph node. But even with sizes of 2-30 cm, a person may not feel pain at all.

In other types of tumors with rapid growth and progression, fever, veins under the skin, and cyanotic ulcerations on them, may appear. On palpation of the formation, it is revealed that it is limited in mobility. The first signs of sarcoma are sometimes characterized by deformation of the joints of the extremities.

Liposarcomas, along with other types, can be of a primary multiple nature with sequential or simultaneous manifestation in different areas of the body. This significantly complicates the search for a primary tumor that metastasizes.

Symptoms of sarcoma, located in soft tissues, are expressed in painful sensations on palpation. Such a tumor has no outline, and it quickly penetrates into the tissues nearby.

With a pulmonary oncological process, the patient suffers from shortness of breath, which causes oxygen starvation of the brain, pneumonia, pleurisy, dysphagia may begin, and the right parts of the heart may increase.

Cells of the nerve membranes are reborn into neurofibrosarcoma, connective tissue cells and fibers - into. Spindle cell sarcoma, consisting of large cells, affects the mucous membranes. Mesothelioma grows from the mesothelium of the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium.

Types of sarcomas by location

Types of sarcoma are distinguished depending on the location.

And Out of 100 species, sarcomas most often develop in the area:

• peritoneum and retroperitoneal space;
• neck, head and bones;
• mammary glands and uterus;
• stomach and intestines (stromal tumors);
• fatty and soft tissues of the limbs and trunk, including desmoid fibromatosis.

Especially often new ones are diagnosed in fatty and soft tissues:

• developing from adipose tissue;
• , which refers to fibroblastic / myofibroblastic formations;
• fibrohistiocytic soft tissue tumors: plexiform and giant cell;
• - from smooth muscle tissue;
• glomus oncotumor (pericytic or perivascular);
• from the muscles of the skeleton;
• and epithelioid hemangioepithelioma, which refers to vascular formations of soft tissues;
• mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma - bone and cartilage tumors;
• malignant SM of the gastrointestinal tract (stromal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract);
• tumor formation of the nerve trunk: peripheral nerve trunk, newt tumor, granular cell tumor, ectomesenchymoma;
• sarcomas of unclear differentiation: synovial, epithelioid, alveolar, clear cell, Ewing, desmoplastic round cell, intimal, PEComu;
• undifferentiated / unclassified sarcoma: spindle cell, pleomorphic, round cell, epithelioid.

From bone oncological formations according to the WHO classification (ICD-10), the following tumors are often found:

• cartilage tissue - chondrosarcoma: central, primary or secondary, peripheral (periosteal), clear cell, dedifferentiated and mesenchymal;
• bone tissue - osteosarcoma, an ordinary tumor: chondroblastic, fibroblastic, osteoblastic, as well as telangiectatic, small cell, central low-grade malignancy, secondary and paraosteal, periosteal and superficial high-grade malignancy;
• fibrous tumors - fibrosarcoma;
• fibrohistiocytic formations - malignant fibrous histiocytoma;
• / PNET;
• hematopoietic tissue - plasmacytoma (myeloma), malignant lymphoma;
• giant cell: malignant giant cell;
• oncology of the chord - "Dedifferentiated" (sarcomatoid);
• vascular tumors - angiosarcoma;
• smooth muscle tumors - leiomyosarcoma;
• adipose tissue tumors - liposarcoma.

The maturity of all types of sarcomas can be low, medium and highly differentiated. The lower the differentiation, the more aggressive the sarcoma. The treatment and prognosis of survival depends on the maturity and stage of education.

Stages and degrees of the malignant process

There are three degrees of malignancy of sarcoma:

1. Poorly differentiated degree, in which the tumor consists of more mature cells and the process of their division is slow. It is dominated by stroma - normal connective tissue with a small percentage of oncoelements. Education rarely metastasizes and recurs little, but can grow to large sizes.
2. A highly differentiated degree in which tumor cells divide rapidly and uncontrollably. With rapid growth, a dense vascular network with a large number of high-grade cancer cells forms in the sarcoma, and metastases spread early. Surgical treatment of a high-grade mass may be ineffective.
3. A moderately differentiated degree, in which the tumor has an intermediate development, and with adequate treatment, a positive prognosis is possible.

The stages of sarcoma do not depend on its histological type, but on the location. More determines the stage according to the state of the organ where the tumor began to develop.

The initial stage of sarcoma is characterized by small size. It does not extend beyond those organs or segments where it originally appeared. There are no violations of the working functions of organs, compression, metastasis. Virtually no pain. If a highly differentiated stage 1 sarcoma is detected, positive results are achieved with complex treatment.

Signs of the initial stage of sarcoma, depending on the location in a particular organ, for example, are as follows:

• in the oral cavity and on the tongue - a small node up to 1 cm in size and with clear boundaries appears in the submucosal layer or mucous membrane;
• on the lips - the node is felt in the submucosal layer or inside the tissue of the lip;
• in the cellular spaces and soft tissues of the neck - the size of the node reaches 2 cm, it is located in the fascia, limiting its location, and does not go beyond them;
• in the larynx area - the mucous membrane or other layers of the larynx limit the node, up to 1 cm in size. It is located in the fascial case, does not go beyond it and does not disturb phonation and breathing;
• in the thyroid gland - a node up to 1 cm in size is located inside its tissues, the capsule does not germinate;
• in the mammary gland - a node up to 2-3 cm grows in a lobule and does not go beyond its limits;
• in the area of ​​the esophagus - the onconode up to 1-2 cm is located in its wall, without disturbing the passage of food;
• in the lung - manifested by the defeat of one of the segments of the bronchi, without going beyond it and without violating the working function of the lung;
• in the testicle - a small node develops without involvement of the albuginea in the process;
• in the soft tissues of the extremities - the tumor reaches 5 cm, but is located within the sheaths of the fascia.

Stage 2 sarcoma is located inside the organ, germinates all layers, disrupts the functional work of the organ with an increase in size, but there is no metastasis.

The oncoprocess manifests itself as follows:

• in the oral cavity and on the tongue - a noticeable growth in the thickness of the tissues, the germination of all membranes, mucous membranes and fascia;
• on the lips - germination of the skin and mucous membranes;
• in cellular spaces and soft tissues of the neck - up to 3-5 cm in height, beyond the fascia;
• in the region of the larynx - the growth of the node is more than 1 cm, the germination of all layers, which disrupts phonation and respiration;
• in the thyroid gland - the growth of the node is more than 2 cm and the involvement of the capsule in the oncological process;
• in the mammary gland - the growth of the node up to 5 cm and the germination of several segments;
• in the esophagus - the germination of the entire thickness of the wall, including the mucous and serous layers, the involvement of the fascia, severe dysphagia (difficulty swallowing);
• in the lungs - compression of the bronchi or spread to the nearest pulmonary segments;
• in the testicle - germination of the albumin;
• in the soft tissues of the extremities - the germination of fascia, limiting the anatomical segment: muscle, cell space.

At the second stage, when the tumor is removed, the excision area is expanded, so relapses are not frequent.

Sarcoma stage 3 is characterized by the germination of fascia and nearby organs. Sarcoma metastasizes to regional lymph nodes.

The third stage appears:

• large size, severe pain syndrome, disruption of normal anatomical relationships and chewing in the mouth and tongue, metastases in the lymph nodes under the jaw and on the neck;
• large sizes, deforming the lip, spreading through the mucous membranes and metastases in the lymph nodes under the jaw and on the neck;
• violation of the functions of the organs located along the neck: the innervation and blood supply, swallowing and respiratory functions are upset with soft tissue sarcoma of the neck and cellular spaces. With growth, the tumor reaches the vessels, nerves and nearby organs, metastases reach the lymph nodes of the neck and sternum;
• a sharp violation of breathing and distortion of the voice, germination in the organs, nerves, fascia and vessels in the neighborhood, metastasis from oncology of the larynx to the superficial and deep lymphatic cervical collectors;
• in the mammary gland - large sizes that deform the mammary gland and metastasize to the lymph nodes under the armpits or above the collarbone;
• in the esophagus - huge in size, reaching the tissue of the mediastinum and disrupting the food passage, metastases in the mediastinal LU;
• in the lungs - by squeezing the bronchi with large sizes, metastases in the LU of the mediastinum and peribronchial;
• in the testicle - deformation of the scrotum and germination of its layers, metastasis to the LU of the groin;
• in the soft tissues of the arms and legs - tumor foci 10 cm in size. As well as dysfunction of the limbs and deformation of tissues, metastases to regional lymph nodes.

At the third stage, extended surgical interventions are carried out, despite this, the frequency of recurrence of sarcoma increases, the results of treatment are ineffective.

Stage 4 sarcoma is very difficult, the prognosis after its treatment is the most unfavorable due to its gigantic size, sharp compression of the surrounding tissues and germination in them, the formation of a continuous tumor conglomerate, which is prone to bleed. Often there is a recurrence of sarcoma of soft tissues and other organs after surgery or even complex treatment.

Metastasis reaches regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and bone marrow. It stimulates a secondary oncoprocess - the growth of a new sarcoma.

Metastases in sarcoma

Ways of metastasis of sarcoma can be lymphogenous, hematogenous and mixed. From the organs of the small pelvis, intestines, stomach and esophagus, larynx, metastases of sarcoma reach the lungs, liver, bones of the skeleton and other organs along the lymphogenous pathway.

Tumor cells or metastases also spread through the hematogenous pathway (through venous and arterial vessels) to healthy tissues. But sarcomas, for example, of the mammary and thyroid glands, pulmonary, bronchial, from the ovaries spread by lymphogenous and hematogenous routes.

It is impossible to predict the organ where the elements of the microvasculature will accumulate and the growth of a new tumor will begin. Dust metastases of the sarcoma of the stomach and pelvic organs spread through the peritoneum and chest area with hemorrhagic effusion - ascites.

Oncoprocess on the lower lip, the tip of the tongue and in the oral cavity metastasizes more to the lymph nodes of the chin and under the jaw. Formations in the root of the tongue, at the bottom of the oral cavity, in the pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland metastasize to the lymph nodes of the vessels and nerves of the neck.

From the mammary gland, oncocells spread to the region of the clavicle, to the LN from the outside of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. From the peritoneum, they enter the inner side of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and can be located behind or between its legs.

Most of all, metastasis occurs in adults, lymphosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrous histiocytoma, even with a size of up to 1 cm due to the accumulation of calcium in the oncological focus, intense blood flow and active growth of oncocells. These formations lack a capsule that could limit their growth and reproduction.

The course of the oncological process does not become more complicated, and its treatment due to metastases to regional lymph nodes will not be so global. With distant metastases in the internal organs, on the contrary, the tumor grows to large sizes, there may be several of them. Treatment becomes more complicated, complex therapy is used: surgery, chemistry and radiation. Remove, as a rule, single metastases. Excision of multiple metastases is not carried out, it will not be effective. Primary foci differ from metastases in a large number of vessels, cell mitoses. In metastases, there are more necrosing areas. Sometimes they are found earlier than the primary focus.

The consequences of sarcoma are as follows:

• surrounding organs are compressed;
• obstruction or perforation may occur in the intestine, peritonitis - inflammation of the abdominal sheets;
• elephantiasis occurs against the background of a disturbed outflow of lymph during compression of the lymph nodes;
• limbs are deformed, and movement is limited in the presence of large tumors in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bbones and muscles;
• internal hemorrhages occur during the disintegration of oncological formation.

Diagnosis of sarcomas

Diagnosis of sarcoma begins in the doctor's office, where it is determined by external diagnostic signs: emaciation, jaundice, pale skin color and discoloration over the tumor, cyanotic tint of the lips, swelling of the face, congestion of veins on the surface of the head, plaques and nodules in skin sarcoma.

Diagnosis of high-grade sarcoma is carried out according to the pronounced symptoms of intoxication of the body: loss of appetite, weakness, elevated body temperature and sweating at night. Cases of oncology in the family are taken into account.

When conducting laboratory tests, they examine:

• biopsy by histological method under a microscope. In the presence of tortuous thin-walled capillaries, multidirectional bundles of atypical cancer cells, altered large-nuclear cells with a thin membrane, a large amount of substance between the cells containing cartilaginous or hyaline connective tissue substances, histology diagnoses sarcoma. At the same time, in the nodes there are no normal cells characteristic of the tissue of the organ.
• anomalies in the chromosomes of cancer cells by the cytogenetic method.
• there are no specific blood tests for oncomarkers, so there is no way to unambiguously determine its variety.
• complete blood count: with sarcoma, it will show the following deviations:

1. hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels will decrease significantly (less than 100 g / l), which indicates anemia;
2. the level of leukocytes will slightly increase (above 9.0x109 / l);
3. the number of platelets will decrease (less than 150․109/l);
4. ESR will increase (above 15 mm/h).

• a biochemical blood test, it determines an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase. If the enzyme concentration is above 250 U/l, then we can talk about the aggressiveness of the disease.

The diagnosis of sarcoma is supplemented by a chest x-ray. The method can detect a tumor and its metastases in the sternum and bones.

Radiological signs of sarcoma are as follows:

• the tumor has a rounded or irregular shape;
• the sizes of education in a mediastinum happen from 2-3 mm to 10 and more cm;
• the structure of the sarcoma will be heterogeneous.

X-ray is necessary to detect pathology in the lymph nodes: one or more. In this case, the LU on the radiograph will be darkened.

If a sarcoma is diagnosed on ultrasound, then it will be characteristic, for example:

• heterogeneous structure, uneven scalloped edges and lesions of the LU - with lymphosarcoma in the peritoneal region;
• the absence of a capsule, compression and expansion of surrounding tissues, foci of necrosis inside the tumor - with sarcoma in the organs and soft tissues of the abdominal cavity. Knots will be visible in the uterus and kidneys (inside) or in the muscles;
• formations of different sizes without borders and with foci of decay inside them - with skin sarcoma;
• multiple formations, heterogeneous structure and metastases of the primary tumor - with fatty sarcoma;
• heterogeneous structure and cysts inside, filled with mucus or blood, fuzzy edges, effusion in the cavity of the joint bag - with joint sarcoma.

Tumor markers in sarcoma are determined in each specific organ, as in cancer. For example, with ovarian cancer -, with breast sarcoma -, gastrointestinal tract - CA 19-9 or, lungs - ProGRP (precursor of gastrin, releasing, peptide), etc.

Computed tomography is performed with the introduction of an X-ray contrast agent to determine the location, boundaries of the tumor and its forms, damage to surrounding tissues, blood vessels, lymph nodes and their fusion into conglomerates.

Magnetic resonance imaging is carried out to identify the exact size, metastases, destruction of the skin, bones, tissues, periosteal fibrillation, thickening of the joints, and more.

The diagnosis is confirmed by a biopsy and determines the malignancy by histological examination:

• bundles of tangled spindle-shaped cells;
• hemorrhagic exudate - fluid coming out of the walls of blood vessels;
• hemosiderin - a pigment formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin;
• giant atypical cells;
• mucus and blood in the sample and otherwise.

Lumbar (spinal) puncture tests will indicate sarcoma, where there may be traces of blood and many atypical cells of different sizes and shapes.

Do not remove:

• after 75 years;
• with severe diseases of the heart, kidneys and liver;
• with a large tumor in vital organs that cannot be removed.

The following therapeutic tactics are also used:

1. With low- and moderately differentiated sarcomas at stages 1-2, operations and regional lymph node dissection are performed. After - polychemotherapy (1-2 courses) or external beam radiation therapy for sarcoma.
2. With highly differentiated sarcomas at stages 1-2, surgical treatment and extended lymph node dissection are performed. performed before and after surgery, and with complex treatment is added.
3. At the third stage of the oncological process, combined treatment is carried out: before surgery - radiation and chemotherapy to reduce the size of the tumor. During the operation, all germinating tissues, collectors of regional lymphatic drainage are removed. Restore important damaged structures: nerves and blood vessels.
4. Amputation is often required for sarcoma, especially osteosarcoma. Bone resection is performed for low-grade superficial osteosarcomas in older people. Next is prosthetics.
5. At the 4th stage, symptomatic treatment is used: anemia correction, detoxification and analgesic therapy. For complex full-fledged treatment at the last stage, access to oncological formation in order to remove it, a small size, location in the surface layers of tissues, and single metastases are required.

Of the modern methods, remote radiation therapy with linear accelerators is used according to special programs that plan the irradiation fields and calculate the power and doses of exposure to the oncoprocess zone. Radiotherapy is carried out under full computerized control and automatic verification of the correctness of the settings set on the accelerator control panel in order to eliminate human error. used for sarcomas of different localization. It accurately irradiates the tumor with a high dose of radiation without damaging healthy tissue. The source is introduced into it by remote control. Brachytherapy can replace surgery and external radiation in some cases.

Traditional medicine for sarcoma

Treatment of sarcoma with folk remedies is included in complex therapy. For each type of sarcoma there is its own medicinal herb, mushrooms, resins, food. Diet in oncology is of great importance, since fortified foods with the presence of micro- and macroelements increase immunity, give strength to fight cancer cells, and prevent metastasis.

For malignant sarcomas, treatment is carried out:

• infusions;
• alcohol tinctures;
• decoctions;
• poultices.

Herbs used:

• henbane black;
• hemlock spotted;
• bullock;
• cocklebur;
• water lily white;
• grape clematis;
• poppy samosey;
• sun milk,
• red fly agaric;
• norichnik knotty;
• mistletoe white;
• incense pikulnik;
• peony evasive;
• European wormwood;
• common hop;
• common blackhead;
• large celandine;
• saffron seed;
• ash is tall.

With chronic sarcoma ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes, they treat avran officinalis, skin sarcoma - wolfberry, medicinal sweet clover, cocklebur, kirkazon and grape-leaved clematis, euphorbia-sun-gazer and bittersweet nightshade, common tansy and European dodder, common hops and medicinal garlic.

During the oncological process in the organs, drugs will be needed:

• in the stomach - from wolfberry, crow, common dope and cocklebur, evading peony, large celandine and bitter wormwood;
• in the duodenum - from aconites, marsh belozor;
• in the esophagus - from spotted hemlock;
• in the spleen - from wormwood;
• in the prostate gland - from spotted hemlock;
• in the mammary gland - from spotted hemlock, icterus levkoin and common hops;
• in the uterus - from evading peony, bitter wormwood, hellebore Lobel and sowing saffron;
• in the lungs - from the magnificent colchicum and cocklebur.

Osteogenic sarcoma is treated with tincture: crushed St. John's wort (50 g) is poured with grape vodka (0.5 l) and infused for two weeks with daily shaking of the container. Before meals, take 30 drops 3-4 times.

With sarcoma, folk remedies are used according to the method of M.A. Ilves (from the book "The Red Book of the White Land"):

1. To increase immunity: mixed in equal weight fractions: tartar (flowers or leaves), calendula flowers, tricolor and field violets, cocklebur, chamomile flowers and veronica, celandine and sandy immortelle flowers, mistletoe and young burdock root. Brew 2 tbsp. l. collection of 0.5-1 l of boiling water and insist 1 hour. Drink during the day.
2. Divide the herbs from the list into 2 groups (5 and 6 items each) and drink for 8 days each collection.

Important! In the collection, plants such as celandine, violet, cocklebur and mistletoe are poisonous. Therefore, the dose cannot be exceeded.

To eliminate cancer cells, the treatment of sarcoma with folk remedies includes the following Ilves recipes:

• grind celandine in a meat grinder and squeeze out the juice, mix with vodka in equal parts (preserve) and store at room temperature. Drink 3 times a day for 1 tsp. with water (1 glass);
• crush 100 g of root marin (evading peony) and pour vodka (1 l) or alcohol (75%), leave for 3 weeks. Take 0.5-1 tsp. 3 times with water;
• grind white mistletoe, place in a jar (1 l) by 1/3, pour vodka to the top and let it brew for 30 days. Separate the thick and squeeze, drink 1 tsp. 3 times with water;
• grind the root of the meadowsweet - 100 g and pour vodka - 1 liter. Insist 3 weeks. Drink 2-4 tsp. 3 times a day with water.

The first three tinctures should be alternated after 1-2 weeks. The tincture of the meadowsweet is used as a spare. All tinctures are taken for the last time before evening dinner. The course - 3 months, in the interval between the monthly course (2 weeks) - drink the meadowsweet. At the end of the 3-month course, drink meadowsweet or one of the tinctures once a day for another 30 days.

Nutrition for sarcoma

The diet for sarcoma should consist of the following products: vegetables, herbs, fruits, fermented milk, rich in bifidus and lacto bacteria, boiled (steam, stewed) meat, cereals as a source of complex carbohydrates, nuts, seeds, dried fruits, bran and germinated cereals , wholemeal bread, cold-pressed vegetable oils.

To block metastases in the diet include:

• fatty sea fish: saury, mackerel, herring, sardine, salmon, trout, cod;
• green and yellow vegetables: zucchini, cabbage, asparagus, green peas, carrots and pumpkin;
• garlic.

You should not eat confectionery products, as they are stimulators of oncocell division, as sources of glucose. Also products with the presence of tannin: persimmon, coffee, tea, bird cherry. Tannin, as a hemostatic agent, promotes thrombosis. Smoked meats are excluded as sources of carcinogens. You can not drink alcohol, beer, the yeast of which feeds cancer cells with simple carbohydrates. Sour berries are excluded: lemons, lingonberries and cranberries, since cancer cells actively develop in an acidic environment.

Life prognosis for sarcoma

A five-year survival rate for soft tissue and limb sarcoma can reach 75%, up to 60% for oncological processes on the body.
In fact, even the most experienced doctor does not know how long they live with sarcoma. According to studies, life expectancy with sarcoma is affected by forms and types, stages of the oncological process, and the general condition of the patient. With adequate treatment, a positive prognosis is possible in the most hopeless cases.

Disease prevention

Primary prevention of sarcoma includes active identification of patients at increased risk of developing the disease, including those infected with herpes virus VIII (HHV-8). Especially carefully it is necessary to monitor patients receiving. In prevention, conditions and diseases that cause sarcoma should be eliminated and treated.

Secondary prevention is carried out in patients in remission to prevent recurrence of sarcoma and complications after a course of treatment. As a preventive measure, you should drink brewed herbs instead of tea according to the Ilves method (p. 1) for 3 months, take a break for 5-10 days and repeat the intake. Sugar or honey can be added to tea.