Reasons for carelessness. Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet. Where does carelessness come from?

- “a feature of the great”, but so say people who do not want to get rid of their shortcomings, and not as harmless as it might seem.

What is distraction?

Experts determine distraction, as a state of attention, expressed in the inability of a person to focus on events and actions. Distractedness is also called lack of concentration, inattention and forgetfulness; sometimes it is emphasized that this is not a vice, but only a property of nature, or character.

However, no person is born absent-minded - of course, we are not talking about innate mental disorders. Some people, wanting to console their inattentive acquaintances, call absent-mindedness a “cute flaw,” but there are many cases when this flaw has caused real tragedies: for example, it turned into a violation of industrial safety regulations or a traffic accident. Of course, not all scattered people pose a threat to the security of society, but they create enough problems: they are ineffective at work, and in the family they cannot build relationships, creating domestic “cataclysms” and forgetting about the urgent needs of loved ones - everything is attributed to absent-mindedness and poor memory.

Distractedness has nothing to do with memory impairment- this is a violation of attention, and this feature in the vast majority of cases is not innate - it is acquired in the process of life. Consequently, distraction can and should be eliminated if you want to improve your life and stop causing minor, and possibly major, troubles to yourself and others.

Reasons for absent-mindedness

Experts distinguish two main types of distraction: real and imaginary.

In the first case distraction may indeed be due to health problems: these are neurasthenia, anemia different types, diseases respiratory system and nasopharynx, chronic fatigue syndrome and severe overwork. People in such cases can hardly keep their attention on something specific, and are easily distracted - in order to focus on an action or object, they have to make a lot of willpower.

The imaginary distraction, paradoxical as it sounds, often arises precisely because of concentration, but excessive, when attention is directed to one thing, and a person does not notice other objects and phenomena. This type includes the “absent-mindedness of the great”: scientists, professors, executives, and even businessmen and politicians often “suffer” from it - the absent-mindedness of the latter is quite costly for other people.

In Western culture, there is a belief that absent-minded people “cannot be fixed,” but this point of view is not based on anything - people simply do not want to take care of themselves. But in the east there are few scattered: oriental man it would not occur to him to justify his inattention to the world around him with a weak memory and character traits.

So that distraction is not a fatal property, and its causes can be completely eliminated on their own.

How to get rid of distraction

It is in our power to adjust our sleep and rest regimen, learn to avoid stressful situations, arrange for ourselves balanced diet and refuse bad habits. Already what has been enumerated here is often enough to make absent-mindedness recede; if it doesn’t work out to the end, it may be due to a lack of certain substances - for example, B vitamins, and especially folic acid and B12.

Folic acid needed by the brain for normal operation rich in peanuts, liver livestock and poultry, beans, lettuce and spinach, nuts and seeds, broccoli and wild garlic, barley and horseradish, mushrooms and leeks, citrus and whole grains, tomatoes and eggs. Some of the listed products contain a lot of vitamin B12, and it is also found in seafood and sea fish, rabbit meat, cheese and sour cream. If you make sure that these products are always in the diet - they can be alternated and combined - the manifestations of absent-mindedness will significantly decrease or disappear altogether.

True, it is worth adding to this some ways to train memory, and meditation, and also start learning to live and act in such a way that there is no room for absent-mindedness.

This is especially true for women: not because they are more forgetful or inattentive than men - they just often have to do several things at the same time. Psychologists recommend accustoming yourself to strictly follow certain rules.

To begin with, sadly, you will have to give up the habit of doing several things at once: do one thing at a certain point in time. When attention is restored, it will be possible to return everything “in place”, but without fanaticism.

Start any business after you have clearly thought out the sequence of actions. In general, it is proposed to do all the actions mentally - it will take some time, but you are unlikely to forget where you wanted to go, what you wanted to say, take, bring, do, etc.

Other tips: associate your thoughts with certain images, pick up visual cues - this can be done, but there is also such a way out - do not put off small things “for later”. If the task requires preparation and time, immediately compose a written reminder hint for yourself (or better, several, on bright sticky leaves), and leave it in the place where you visit most often: in the kitchen, in the bathroom, or on the mirror in hallway. Reception with a mirror helps many women - after all, we look into it more than once a day.

One more, pretty unexpected advice- write down in a special notebook everything related to your distraction. For example, you forgot to do something important, and on this basis there were problems, or even troubles - write it down, and do it every day: after a few weeks, you will notice that there are fewer cases of absent-mindedness.

Stop living "on the machine" and start being aware of yourself at every moment of time - be "here and now." You can start with the simplest: while performing actions, say out loud what exactly you are doing. Literally like this: “I close the car door”, “I turn off the electric stove”, “I take medicine” - gradually you will learn to track your actions in any situation, and “separation from the world” will disappear. Automatism is often the result of overwork: the brain needs rest, and it doesn’t care what happens to you if you forget about some business that is important to you - it will simply turn off your attention, and you will begin to act unconsciously and automatically. Review your affairs and responsibilities: perhaps some of them can be entrusted to others, and some of them can be completely abandoned, and it’s fine to do without them until your distraction did not lead to any life catastrophe.

If you cannot get rid of absent-mindedness on your own, you will have to go to a specialist: perhaps it is a hidden depression or another disease of the central nervous system - then special therapy, including medication, will be required.

Absent-mindedness and inattention is the inability to concentrate on any object or action. These character traits cause a lot of problems for absent-minded and forgetful people who have them. They suffer themselves, because they forget about important promises and meetings, their relatives and friends suffer. It happens that for this reason they are even fired from their jobs.

These people try, promise themselves to be attentive, but nothing works out for them. They make a list of things that they take with them on a trip, write down the things that they need to do, but as a result they forget where they put the notebook with the notes ...

And then they begin to think: maybe this is not, but a psychological deviation? Or maybe one of the symptoms of some disease? Perhaps the situation can be corrected by taking medications, vitamins, or adjusting the diet?

However, forgetfulness, distraction and inattention are so common that even the term "attention deficit disorder" has appeared. To some extent, all people are forgetful, because, probably, each of us at least once in our lives had to forget the purchased and paid for goods in the store. And an unplugged iron or a forgotten and burnt kettle or pan are generally classic examples of absent-mindedness.

Psychologists distinguish three types of inattention

1. Fluttering attention

This is a weak concentration of attention, which is characterized by easy involuntary switchability. Such inattention is inherent, for example, in preschoolers. It occurs with fatigue, after, during a headache or during monotonous monotonous work. A variation of such absent-mindedness is road hypnosis, when a person falls into a state of half-asleep that occurs during a long trip along a calm road.

2. "Professorial" distraction

In the second type of inattention, there is high concentration attention with the difficulty of switching, which is characteristic, for example, of scientists who are focused on their thoughts - the so-called "professorial" absent-mindedness. Many were scattered, as they were focused on their work.

For example, N. Zhukovsky, who is called the father of Russian aviation, once received guests in his own living room. A few hours later he got up, put on his hat and began to say goodbye, apologizing that he had stayed at a party and it was time to go home.

And the English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton once, deciding to boil an egg, put a watch in the water instead. It also came to such curiosities: the astronomer Galileo did not recognize his wife in the matrimonial bed, because he forgot that he had married. And the historian Mommsen, looking for his glasses, thanked the girl who gave them to him and asked her name. “Anna, your daughter, dad,” the girl replied.

The same type of inattention occurs in people who are being stalked. intrusive thoughts, or in people who are too absorbed in the implementation of an overvalued idea - a fixed idea.

3. Weak concentration

And the third type of inattention is a weak concentration of attention with even weaker switching. It is typical for people who have reduced strength and mobility of nervous processes. Usually in this case they speak of senile absent-mindedness. In healthy people, these processes decrease with overwork.

It is curious that psychologists, studying absent-mindedness and forgetfulness, during the experiment observed a group of people and noticed that in men these properties "aggravated" from 8 to 10 am, and in women - from 10 to 12 o'clock. And regardless of gender, the peak of making mistakes was observed from 4 to 6 pm and from 8 to 10 pm.

Reasons for absent-mindedness

To get rid of distraction, you need to know its causes. The main thing is that this is not an innate property of character, but acquired.

There is an opinion that absent-mindedness can occur:

on a subconscious level- if you do not want to do what you need to focus on;
with overwork, headache, fatigue, etc.;
during performing automatic actions in a familiar environment with a sudden distraction by external or internal factors. For example, a woman is peeling potatoes when her friend calls her with an exciting story. It is not surprising if, after listening, she automatically throws the potatoes into the trash can, and the peels into the pan. Or another story: a cashier working behind a cash register is mentally experiencing an upcoming divorce. Naturally, mistakes in her work are inevitable;
upon attempt do several things at the same time. People say about an absent-minded person that he considers a raven. That is, his attention is diverted from the main occupation of extraneous affairs;
with organic brain lesions;
with some mental illness (, anxiety disorders).

Often people who suffer from absent-mindedness and forgetfulness blame their memory, but it has nothing to do with it.

How to get rid of distraction easily

distraction- not such a harmless property of character, therefore, psychologists are studying its causes. After all, the inattention of people who service, for example, dangerous equipment, can cause a catastrophe or a man-made accident.

Distraction is treated or corrected depending on the cause. With depression or anxiety, a psychotherapist selects antidepressants. If it is caused by overwork, then rest, change of scenery, etc. will solve the problem.

5 steps

If absent-mindedness becomes chronic and firmly settled in our lives, we can analyze our lifestyle and take the following steps:

Set priorities and concentrate your attention on the performance of one task or only on one object. Most people are not good at doing two or three things at the same time. For example, a group of participants in a psychological experiment were asked to observe athletes at a volleyball match and count the number of balls thrown into the basket by team members in blue T-shirts. During the match, a man dressed as a gorilla walked across the field, but no one noticed him, as everyone was busy watching the players and counting the goals scored. After watching the game again, the participants in the experiment were very surprised that they did not notice such a clear fact;
During work remove all items scatter attention and create chaos. Extra items on the desktop - books, magazines, irrelevant, photographs that lead to thoughts of relaxation, those who have problems with concentration should be put away;
Use visual cues. Of course, you can keep a diary, where to write down upcoming tasks. Additionally, you can use some kind of object that will remind you of an important matter in the morning. For example, in the evening, put an ordinary sheet of paper or a book on the floor in the middle of the room. One look at them in the morning - and we will remember that we need to make an urgent call. This method is reminiscent of a grandmother's "memory knot". Such knots were tied on handkerchiefs by our grandmothers so as not to forget to do something important;
Pause to collect your thoughts and fix your attention on the current moment. For example, leaving the apartment, think not about whether we have time for the bus, but focus on thoughts about its safety: check electrical appliances, gas, water, etc .;
Solve all problems as they come, without delay. A pile of unfinished business also leads to chaos in thoughts and absent-mindedness.

Distracted attention is enough seriously infringement nervous system that anyone can face. Sometimes distraction goes away on its own, and sometimes, on the contrary, it provokes even bigger problems.

Attention impairment and its accompanying symptoms can cause severe discomfort and interfere with normal life. So what is distraction and inattention with medical point of vision, how does this condition manifest itself and how to deal with it?

What is attention in terms of psychology

Attention is a concept of cognitive psychology, which represents the degree of processing of specific information that our brain receives from the environment.

Thanks to mindfulness, successful orientation of the subject in the surrounding space is ensured, and also due to it, a complete and distinct reflection in the psyche is ensured. The object of attention falls into the center of our consciousness, the other elements are perceived weakly, not clearly, but the direction of our attention may change.

Attention is of several types:

random type. During the work of this type of attention, a person does not make an effort of will to concentrate, he does not even set a goal for himself.
Arbitrary type. During this variety, a person makes an effort of will to focus on a specific object.
Post-arbitrary type. During this type of attention, there is a decrease in volitional effort, but the goal of being attentive is maintained.

What is distraction

First of all, absent-mindedness is a state of inattention, constant forgetfulness, which constantly accompanies a person. It is worth remembering that a person is not born with absent-mindedness, he acquires it during his life.

The presence of this disorder in Everyday life may lead to various problems and sometimes quite serious. Communication with such people is quite troublesome, they cannot build normal relationships and they have a very hard time at work. Therefore, this condition must be treated so that it does not lead to more serious consequences.

Varieties of violation

Scattered attention can be of different types:

functional view;
poetic kind;
minimal kind.

functional attention disorder

Inattention of this kind can manifest itself in almost any person as a result of a monotonous and monotonous work process.

This type of failure can manifest itself due to permanent ones, as well as if a person has any illnesses.

Minimum distraction

Minimal inattention and forgetfulness is caused by the inability to focus one's attention on important objects, due to deep immersion in one's personal problems.

This type of violation occurs due to the fact that a person cannot be distracted from internal experiences. Personal experiences distract him from everything he does.

Poetic nature flies high...

With this violation of attention, a person is constantly in a state of daydreaming and fantasies. This view does not age restrictions. It refers mainly to people who have a creative nature, it is normal for them to be constantly in thought, search, reflection.

Varieties of manifestations

Distracted Attention Syndrome can manifest itself in different ways, namely:

Distracted attention - is it a disease, the psychotherapist answers:

Eh, I should be absent-minded and inattentive to live ...

Distracted attention can cause various reasons. To begin with, it is worth highlighting the physiological factors, not pathological, which provoke inattention, exhaustion, jumps and inertia of attention:

Against the background of physical and mental fatigue.
At chronic sleep deprivation, insomnia.
In a profession that requires performing the same monotonous actions or focusing on the same object. Often the disorder of volume and weakening of attention is caused by work behind the conveyor, behind the wheel.
Sometimes people of certain professions, in the course of their work, develop a habit in which they focus on the subject of their scientific research, which entails ignoring everything around them, this is the so-called inertia of attention (switchability disorder). At the same time, memory does not suffer, on the contrary, it improves, just people working in scientific field or another area, throw away everything that is not necessary and try to keep their attention on the most important.
Age changes. With age, especially in old people over 70, the functions of concentrating attention weaken and its disorder occurs.
Sometimes strong excitement prevents you from focusing your attention, which entails a state of absent-mindedness.

Neurological and other disorders

Absent-mindedness, forgetfulness and inattention can occur due to various diseases and disorders in the body:

Distractedness and forgetfulness in children are the main symptom of ADHD

Often absent-mindedness and forgetfulness in children and very young people is characterized by the inability to control oneself. The attention of a child depends on many psychological processes that occur in the body. At the very beginning of his journey, he needs motivation and control from his parents.

Distraction and inability to self-control is often one of the main signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (). If the child has this violation, then he has absent-mindedness such as "fluttering" attention. The main features of this condition are low level concentration and rapid involuntary switching of attention.

Causes and symptoms

Absent-mindedness and forgetfulness in young children can be provoked by seemingly harmless factors and causes:

various preservatives, flavorings, others nutritional supplements, which are found in large quantities in modern delicacies;
medicines that are derivatives of salicylic acid;
if available increased attraction to sweets;
problems with carbohydrate metabolism;
occurrence allergic manifestations for food;
if there is a shortage of the necessary chemical components for the child's body, especially iron and magnesium;
if available increased content in blood heavy metal- lead. Its excess can lead to severe pathologies CNS and mental retardation.

If a child develops ADHD, the following symptoms may appear:

a state of hyperexcitability, restlessness, constant fuss;
often switches from one occupation to another, while the previous business is not completed to the end;
the child cannot concentrate on one specific task;
him bad memory, ragged movements, absent-mindedness and forgetfulness.

In addition to these symptoms, you should pay attention to other signs:

Goals and methods of diagnosis

The initial stage of diagnosing in violation of attention and absent-mindedness includes the following examinations:

. During the examination, the doctor should assess the condition fine motor skills, as well as to identify neuralgic symptoms.
Conducting a survey with the completion of the diagnostic card.
Conducting neuropsychological testing. During this examination, the level of attention, intellectual abilities, performance in relation to a long task, and other conditions are assessed.

In addition, there are instrumental examinations and laboratory tests are given:

blood chemistry, at which the level of sugar, trace elements - iron, magnesium and lead is determined, the exchange of dopamine is studied;
genetic analyzes;
conducting with doppler;
(EEG, video-EEG) using methods (EP);
holding .

Package of measures

Treatment of ADHD and associated disorders should be comprehensive and should consist of the following steps:

behavior correction techniques;
psychotherapeutic methods;
neuropsychological correction.

Correction of absent-mindedness in a child can be carried out with the help of activities that are aimed at improving concentration. During these activities, various puzzles are solved, logical tasks. All classes must be clearly distributed over the day, while the main time must be allocated for physical activity and rest. However, if this treatment fails, other types of treatment can be used.

Main medicines, which allow you to deal with absent-mindedness, forgetfulness and inattention in a child - these are psychostimulants that should be taken only under the supervision of a doctor:

All drugs have contraindications and side effects so be sure to read the instructions for use before use.

During physiotherapy treatment, the following procedures are carried out:

laser therapy, full course consists of 7-10 procedures, during each of which 3-5 zones of the body are irradiated;
UHF therapy, it consists of 8-10 procedures;
inhalation procedures 5-10;
UVI of the nasopharynx, the full course consists of 3-5 procedures;
a course of magnetotherapy, which consists of 8-10 procedures.

How to develop mindfulness - it will be useful for both children and adults:

What should parents of an inattentive child do?

An important role in the problems of their child with attentiveness and perseverance is played by parents. They must fulfill the following requirements:

be sure to adapt to the regimen of your child and constantly observe it;
to control that during the day the child feels calm, so that he does not have overwork, it is also not desirable that he spends a long time in front of the TV or computer screen;
try to get the child interested sports games, you can record it in the pool, as well as walk with it constantly for a walk on Fresh air;
it is advisable to refuse to visit places with a large crowd of people, not to invite a large number of guests.

Attention in a child must be trained from childhood, so that in the future he does not have a state of restlessness, loss and absent-mindedness. It is desirable to interest him in various educational games. Also in infancy you need to show different toys and name them so that he can already focus on them.

If suddenly you have already noticed signs of an attention disorder in your child, then you need to initial stage start developing mindfulness and purposefulness on your own.

Buy educational games, constructor, mosaic. The child must develop perseverance, and each lesson must be completed to the end, and to facilitate this process, parents must help him in this.

Instruction

When starting any work, try to create appropriate conditions for this: extraneous conversations, music, noise, etc. should not distract from it. Organize your workplace so that you do not have to search for the necessary things.

When fatigue appears, try to take a short break in work: take a few exercise, switch your attention to some other object - look in the mirror, out the window, close your eyes, put things in order on a shelf or in a drawer, etc. Make a few deep breaths to increase the flow of oxygen to the brain - the efficiency of your work will only increase.

Not every job is fun. And if you resist it on a subconscious level, the result of this may also be a lack of concentration. So, either change jobs, or set specific goals for yourself, motivate her and control the implementation process.

Don't rush to speak up and don't let your emotions run wild while you're listening to what's being said to you. Always try to grasp the meaning of incoming information. It may be worth formulating and asking clarifying questions so that you understand everything you hear.

Develop the habit of focusing. For this, it is necessary to constantly monitor that thoughts do not “slide” onto extraneous things. Pull yourself up and get back to what's really important.

In order not to forget to do something, try to write down the most important tasks in a notebook and monitor their progress. It's a good idea to purchase special Velcro sheets: write down what you need on them and stick them in a conspicuous place, and after you've done this, throw them away.

Try to bring some actions to automatism. So, for example, if you are constantly looking for where you put your flash drive, documents, etc., allocate a specific place for these items and develop the habit of putting them there all the time. After a while, your actions will become automatic.

Quite often absent-mindedness amplifies as a result of overwork. In this case, other fatigues usually appear, for example, insomnia, nervous breakdowns, constant feeling anxiety. If you find yourself with such, first of all, normalize your daily routine - set aside time not only for work, but also for rest. Start doing serious things after a thorough rest.

To get rid of, plan daily walks in the fresh air, physical education or light jogging. In the morning, try to stretch the muscles of the shoulders and neck more.

Find it in books or on the Internet special exercises which help develop mindfulness and the ability to concentrate. Play logical games and such computer games where care is needed. Train your memory. To do this, study, read and learn something.

Reasons for absent-mindedness

Experts distinguish 2 types of absent-mindedness:

imaginary;
genuine.

Genuine inattention is a consequence of health problems in the presence of the following diseases: anemia, neurasthenia, severe overwork, syndrome chronic fatigue etc. In this case, a person cannot physiologically concentrate, and in order to focus attention on a specific object or action, he must make a lot of effort.

Imaginary absent-mindedness is a consequence of excessive concentration. Yes, yes, although it sounds paradoxical, it is a fact. It happens that a person is so passionate about something specific that he simply forgets about everything else. Politicians, businessmen, scientists and executives are subject to this kind of absent-mindedness. Understand: absent-mindedness is most often not a fatal property, but a feature that everyone can eradicate.

How to get rid of distraction and forgetfulness

Get ready that you will have to make strong-willed efforts, but believe me: it will only benefit! So, first it is important to establish a rest and sleep regimen: sleep at least 8 hours a day and allow yourself to relax when the body requires it. Give up bad habits, balance your diet, stop smoking, drink less alcohol. It is also desirable to reduce stressful situations to a minimum, although it is quite difficult.

Sometimes, to get rid of absent-mindedness, these measures are not enough: this means that the problem is aggravated by a lack of specific substances in the body: vitamin B12 and folic acid. Incorporate foods rich in folic acid: spinach and lettuce, seeds and nuts, cereals, eggs, tomatoes, liver and citrus fruits. Vitamin B12 is found in fish, seafood, sour cream, cheese and rabbit meat. In practice, it has been verified that with the regular use of these products, the manifestation of inattention is significantly reduced, and sometimes even completely disappears.

To minimize missed business meetings and broken promises, you will have to become more organized. The fight against absent-mindedness implies the observance of some rules:

Forgetfulness is the result of a lack of concentration, so it's important to focus on a specific task without being distracted by others at the same time.
In the process of work, it is necessary to take breaks, which will allow you to understand how much has been done and how much remains to be done. To avoid mistakes before starting work, you can make an oral or written plan and try to stick to it.
A great option to remember something important is to use visual reminders.
Quite often, people put off some small things for later. The fact that we delay the decision of any matter increases inattention. Make it a rule: if the case does not require lengthy training, it is better to do it immediately. Otherwise, in the end, you will accumulate a lot of small things, among which you will definitely forget something.
An artificially created condition for dissipating attention is a cluttered desktop with a pile of unnecessary papers, stationery, photographs and outdated labels. So that all this does not distract you from business, put things in order and arrange items on the table in such a way that it is convenient for you to work and this does not distract attention.
Put things in their places: this will not only save you from inattention, but also add order.
Write down important tasks in a notebook and cross off completed ones.
Turn off the phone, TV and radio during work, close the window.
Sit in a comfortable chair if possible.
Motivate and reward yourself for the work you do.

Understand: automatism is a consequence of constant moral overload and overwork. Let your brain rest: go out to breathe in the fresh air, just have a cup of tea away from working moments or the monitor. If you work at home, get distracted by household chores, and just paint your nails (and you can find out how to do it right).

The use of meditation techniques and special memory training also helps to get rid of distracted attention. Regularly reviewing the well-known “Find 10 Differences” puzzles will teach you to focus on the little things.

If this does not help, you may have to visit a doctor, because forgetfulness and absent-mindedness are considered frequent symptoms some diseases of the central nervous system or blood vessels. Experienced doctors will help you get rid of multiple sclerosis, which is manifested by problems with coordination of movement, a decrease muscle strength and joint sensitivity, as well as deterioration of vision and intellectual abilities (including attention, memory loss). However, this is a very serious and, fortunately, quite rare diagnosis.

Exercises to get rid of distraction

A calm state of mind helps to focus, which can be achieved with the help of quiet classical music, silence, or a beloved pet nearby. It is very important to learn to feel yourself here and now, and not to live automatically. At first, you can even speak aloud specific actions: this helps you learn to track your actions in various situations and soon no one will reproach you for being “out of this world”.

Exercises:

If you need to concentrate, but you can't do it, rub your shoulders for a minute, and then your ears. Special points on the earlobes activate the brain, and a rush of blood makes you cheer up.
Pay attention to passers-by, passing cars, their color and brand, and before going to bed, scroll through your day in colorful detail in your head.
Learn passages from novels or poems by heart. Learn one new word every day, replenish your vocabulary, learn foreign languages.
Breathe in the healing scent of rosemary, basil, mint, lemon or lavender to boost your focus.
Experts recommend putting conscious associations into practice. To do this, you need to come up with a connection between the case and the situation, an important task and a specific subject. As a result, as soon as you see this object or find yourself in a particular environment, your memory will remind you of what needs to be done.

Regular exercise and exercise help to get rid of absent-mindedness and improve concentration. physical exercise. It has been proven that forgetfulness and inattention can be the consequences of excessive enthusiasm virtual world. Reduce your time in in social networks giving preference to communication with living and close people.