Consultation (preparatory group) on the topic: consultation for parents acute intestinal infections in children, their prevention. Consultation for parents "prevention of intestinal infectious diseases in children"

First of all, you need to assess the situation and understand what could happen. We remember what the child ate, and in what quantity. Where he was, where he swam and with whom he talked, whether any of the relatives feel similar symptoms, whether friends get sick. This is the first thing you must understand.

Second: assess the condition of the child on this moment. This will help you decide on your next steps. The child is lethargic or active, he has frequent liquid stools - or a rare stool, skin color is pale or normal, his eyes are clear or dull ... Sometimes a confused mother goes to the forum and asks: what to give a child for diarrhea? Advice is pouring in, one more beautiful than the other: linex, bifilin, coal, smecta, mezim-forte ... Mom clutches her head and realizes how bad and inattentive she is to her child. And urgently buys a list beneficial bacteria and enzymes, useless - and even very harmful in diarrhea. And then it turns out that there is nothing to treat, and loose stools do not cause much harm to the child: toxins are washed off, the process is underway, everything is in order.

If the condition of the child causes you anxiety: he lies in a layer, he often vomits - call a doctor! If the child is less than a year old, call an ambulance!

• Meat, fish, dairy dishes, broths, especially prepared for diet food, is an ideal breeding ground for microbes. Therefore, for a child, prepare meals no more than 1 day in advance.

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"Beware of Intestinal Infections" Advice for Parents

Watch out for intestinal infections" Advice for parents

Summer is a great time for vacations, trips to the sea, many hours of playing in the sandbox and on the grass ... and for intestinal sores. Bacteria and viruses simply adore the heat and multiply in it with great pleasure. Abdominal diseases are the absolute leaders among summer diseases. At home, we leave salads and open yogurts in a warm place, turning healthy foods in a bacteria hangout, on the street we live with unwashed bananas, and some mothers offer an unwashed banana to a child who has just played in the sandbox and has not washed his hands ... In the country, we overeat berries and put too many vitamins in a child - remember how many tiny bones are contained in raspberries , and now imagine thousands of bones in the child's stomach after eating a plate with a slide. They, like micro-bombs, destroy the balance of microflora in the intestines when overeating. On vacation, we come off with might and main: now we'll eat! What threatens us in the end after lack of washing and thoughtlessness?

Pediatricians divide acute intestinal infections into two main groups:

OKI of a bacterial nature:

caused by obviously pathogenic enterobacteria (dysentery, salmonellosis, cholera, yersiniosis, etc.);

called opportunistic pathogens(Klebsiella, Proteus, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.).

Viral diarrhea (caused by ECHO, Coxsackie viruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, etc.).

I ate two tablespoons too much, my mouse got a stomach ache ...

So, unwashed berries or hooked in in public places microorganisms turned into bombs and staged a war in the intestines.

First of all, you need to assess the situation and understand what could happen. We remember what the child ate, and in what quantity. Where he was, where he swam and with whom he talked, whether any of the relatives feel similar symptoms, whether friends get sick. This is the first thing you must understand.

Second: assess the child's condition at the moment. This will help you decide on your next steps. The child is lethargic or active, he has frequent loose stools - or a rare stool, skin color is pale or normal, his eyes are clear or dull ... Sometimes a confused mother goes to the forum and asks: what to give a child for diarrhea? Advice is pouring in, one more beautiful than the other: linex, bifilin, coal, smecta, mezim-forte ... Mom clutches her head and realizes how bad and inattentive she is to her child. And urgently buys a list of beneficial bacteria and enzymes, useless - and even very harmful for diarrhea. And then it turns out that there is nothing to treat, and loose stools do not cause much harm to the child: toxins are washed off, the process is underway, everything is in order.

In many cases, intestinal "breakdowns" that are not accompanied by high fever and extreme dehydration can be cured by two methods: dehydration and diet. Some situations require the intervention of drugs and should be under medical supervision. Therefore, we will not analyze them, but consider only non-drug treatment.

If the condition of the child causes you anxiety: he lies in a layer, he often vomits - call a doctor! If the child is less than a year old, call an ambulance!

CLEAN HANDS, FRESH FOOD, TASTY WATER…

Here are some simple but actionable advice, following which will keep your baby healthy.

When using ready-made dairy products, including those intended specifically for babies, be sure to inspect the packaging for expiration date, integrity and swelling.

If you forgot to put some product in the refrigerator, then you should not trust your feelings when you smell it or taste it: some pathogenic microbes, multiplying, do not affect taste properties dishes. At the very least, don't give it to your child.

Water should be drunk only boiled, because. household cleaning filters are not capable of retaining microorganisms.

Even on vacation, one should not forget about precautionary measures: one should not swallow water when bathing, store food and drinks only in cooler bags, one should not drink water from unknown sources, it is advisable to use bottled water and use disposable tableware. Use disposable wet wipes to clean hands.

Thoroughly wash vegetables, fruits, berries and herbs! Especially those that could come into contact with the ground, such as strawberries, lettuce.

Meat, fish, dairy dishes, broths, especially prepared for diet food, are an ideal environment for the reproduction of microbes. Therefore, for a child, prepare meals no more than 1 day in advance.

Do not buy products in places of unauthorized trade - along the route, along the roadsides, from private individuals, because. in these cases, you can purchase products that have expired or are manufactured in violation of sanitary norms and rules.

Purchased gourds (watermelons, melons) in cut form can bring great harm to health, since microbes from the surface are easily transferred and multiply in juicy pulp;

Do not buy food for the future, if possible, do not store anything for a long time, even in a refrigerator.

Don't buy expired products.

At home, you should not accumulate excess food, and the available perishable foods should be stored closed in bags, jars with lids in refrigerators.

When preparing salads, vegetables and fruits must be thoroughly washed. Salads should be dressed before serving.

Fight flies, as they are mechanical carriers of acute intestinal diseases. Sitting on food, they seed them with microbes that fall on their paws in cesspools and garbage containers.

Intestinal infection in a child - we treat it right!

The long-awaited summer time, long winter holidays, the enchanting and fragrant spring, autumn, bewitching with an abundance of colors and whirlwinds of leaf fall, can fade in the eyes of a loving mother because her baby is sick. According to statistics, one of the most common diseases in babies younger age is a work disorder digestive tract and intestines due to the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into it. Intestinal infection in children is an all-weather phenomenon. Adults are also not immune from it, but still, small children suffer more often. Why is this happening? Where does this infection come from? What is its danger? How does the disease affect the behavior of the baby? How to help a child with an intestinal infection? Can you save yourself from it? Now let's break it all down together.

Intestinal infection is a serious danger to the health of the child.

Why and where does an intestinal infection occur in a child

There are 2 reasons for the onset of an intestinal infection in humans, and both of them are a consequence of the penetration of harmful microorganisms into the body.

In the first case, the disease is caused intestinal viruses. There are about 10 groups of them. The most famous and frequently encountered among them are enterovirus, adenovirus and rotavirus intestinal infections. Babies are very hard to bear rotavirus or as they called him in the people " intestinal flu».

Detecting a viral infection

The first signs of rotavirus can appear within a day after infection, but more often they occur 3-5 days after the virus enters the body. Symptoms of the disease are acute, obvious:

rising sharply and strongly temperature(up to 38-39 0);

High temperatures are dangerous for babies.

several times a day (up to 3-6) occurs vomit;

general state the child is lethargic, apathetic;

starts frequent watery diarrhea with a pronounced light yellow tint and an unpleasant sour smell;

reddening of the mucous membranes of the eyes and throat occurs.

Enterovirus is more difficult to identify due to the fact that its symptoms are similar to many other diseases. Along with the manifestations of the disease described in the occurrence of rotavirus, in the case of enterovirus infection, the following can be observed:

fever;

convulsions and;

pain in the muscles and head;

During illness, children may have a headache, drowsiness and apathy can be observed.

inflammatory process in the nasopharynx;

fear of light (photophobia);

drowsiness and weakness;

pain in the heart muscle;

involuntary lacrimation;

rapid pulse rate.

Enteroviruses can cause complications in the heart, central nervous system, muscle and skin apparatus of the child.

Symptoms adenovirus infection appear more often in a runny nose and conjunctivitis, however, loose stools and lack of appetite can be found at least. These symptoms are the result of damage to the small intestine of the baby. Their manifestation can be observed during acute stage illness - about 2-3 days. The child is contagious for 10 days after the onset of the first symptoms of any type of viral disease.

In order for a child to grow up smart and healthy, parents should pay special attention to its development. Stimulate the work of the brain, creative activity will help finger games. Finger games will bring pleasure not only to kids, but also to their parents. The main thing is to engage with the child every day.

The sooner you introduce your baby to the world of numbers, the easier it will be for him to add and subtract in the future. You can engage in computational operations from the first days of life, read how to do it correctly here.

Viral differences stomach infection from bacterial

The second causative agent of intestinal infection in young children are bacteria. Bacterial infection is much better known by the names:

coli-infection;

dysbacteriosis;

salmonellosis and others.

signs bacterial infection similar to the manifestations of a viral infection - this is the same fever, but up to 37-38 0 C, vomiting (with viral infections it is always present, and with bacterial infections - in half of the cases), diarrhea (if watery diarrhea is observed with viral infections yellow color, sometimes with foam, then with a bacterial infection it necessarily contains blotches of mucus, has greenish tint, sometimes small blood clots are found in the feces - with a running form.

Any intestinal infection is accompanied by liquid stool.

The most dangerous for the baby (especially for the chest) are high fever and vomiting. The temperature can provoke a violation of the internal energy metabolism and convulsions, and vomiting can lead to dehydration.

Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky in his video school says that the best way to determine dehydration in young children at home is an ordinary disposable baby diaper.

How infection occurs

There are several ways for viruses and bacteria to enter the child's body:

Airborne- harmful microbes enter the cells of the body through the mouth and nasal passages along with air and microscopic droplets of saliva and mucus thrown into space when a sick person sneezes, talks or coughs.

Contact household- viruses and bacteria enter the body when people touch each other, animals or contaminated surfaces and objects (door handles, bathroom accessories, furniture, dishes).

Excessive love for a pet can lead to a serious problem.

Oral-fecal- people become infected through things soiled with sewage, objects and poorly processed products or hands. The scheme of infection is as follows:

if not properly sanitized, excrement or vomit may enter the drinking water, and from it - to vegetables, fruits and other water-treated products;

pathogens with food pathogenic flora enter the body through the mouth and cause a gastrointestinal infection.

The source of infection can be not only poorly treated water, but also insects that are a direct carrier of infection - flies that feed on the feces of infected animals or people.

Water- infection occurs directly through water in reservoirs, wells and with improper hygiene and sanitation at river water treatment plants.

food- The source of the spread of intestinal infections can be poorly washed fruits and vegetables, poor-quality thermally processed meat or minced meat, eggs, fish and dairy products, kissels, improperly stored sausages, and much more.

Most often in a child intestinal infection occurs in the summer. This is facilitated by a warm and humid environment. Bacteria and viruses are not afraid low temperatures and quite successfully survive at minus thermometers, but still prefer heat and moisture. Children who have a weakened immune system are more susceptible to infection. The main risk group includes children from six months to 3 years. During this life period, immunity is not yet strong enough, and the level acid environment in the stomach, which is a direct defender against harmful microorganisms, in children is much lower than in adults.

An epidemic of intestinal infection breaks out every summer in seaside resorts.

The sea coast is an ideal environment for the vital activity of microorganisms that harm us, and if we add to this the lack of the ability to fully comply with sanitary and hygienic measures on vacation, then an acute intestinal infection will definitely want to “make friends” with you.

How to save yourself?

Is it possible to avoid infection with any type of intestinal infection? Yes, but only if you strictly follow preventive measures. Prevention of intestinal infection is reduced to the following points:

limit visits to small children places large cluster of people;

wash the hands of the baby and all relatives often;

Cleanliness is the key to health.

keep the child's personal items clean (pacifier, bottle, spoon, plate, etc.);

breastfeed the baby. Breast milk does not protect against intestinal infections, but significantly reduces the possibility of infection;

monitor the quality and expiration date of food products;

carefully process food thermally;

instill in the baby the norms and order of nutrition (do not eat food on the go and do not take it from the table without first asking);

water the child boiled water;

Clean boiled water prevents dehydration.

isolate a sick family member from other relatives (if infection has occurred).

Methods of treatment

What if it was not possible to protect yourself from an intestinal infection? First of all, do not self-medicate the child. Improper treatment can lead to serious complications , which will take a long time to fight.

Call at home at the first signs of an intestinal infection children's doctor. On my own in medical institution It is better not to deliver the child because:

firstly, during the trip he may become worse;

secondly, by transporting a CI-infected child on your own, you can expose others to the risk of infection.

In especially difficult cases, call the "Ambulance".

It is necessary to treat intestinal infection in children comprehensively. The doctor usually prescribes 4 components of treatment:

Rehydration therapy- the fight against dehydration in the acute stage of the disease. If there are no signs of dehydration, then preventive measures are taken. For this child, they begin to solder from the first hours after the onset of the disease. Babies from infants to 2 years of age are allowed to drink 50 to 100 milliliters of water after each bowel movement, children from 2 to 10 years old - from 100 to 200 milliliters.

Antibacterial therapy- mainly given to younger children infancy(up to 3 months), however antibiotics can be used in older children with immunodeficiency, hematological diseases, or especially severe course illness.

In difficult cases, the doctor prescribes antibiotics.

Complementary Therapy - the use of drugs that normalize microflora of the digestive system.

diet therapy- is to comply with the regimen of therapeutic nutrition.

First aid from mom

What can be done before the doctor arrives? If the crumbs have very frequent vomiting and diarrhea, then you should try to prevent dehydration of the baby's body. How can I do that? It is necessary to give the child to drink, but not as usual - how much he drinks - he will drink as much, but in small, dosed portions.
source

Avoid dehydration at all costs!

You can drink the crumbs with warm boiled water from a spoon, a decoction of chamomile, or give him a special Regidron solution. The medicine is available in the form of a packaged powder. A single dose of Regidron must be dissolved in water (necessarily boiled) and the crumbs should be soldered with the resulting solution after each liquid defecation or vomiting process at the rate of 10 milliliters per kilogram of the body. Before each subsequent drinking, the solution must be shaken. Ready solution store in the refrigerator with temperature regime not higher than 8 0 С no more than a day.

The drug "Smecta" is an excellent absorbent, therefore, with an intestinal infection, this is one of the main means of helping a child, moreover, it is great for the smallest children. Folk remedies such as pomegranate peel or oak bark, do not use. Of course, they will give a fixing effect, but diarrhea is a manifestation of the body's defensive reaction to foreign pathogenic pathogens, aimed at removing them.

Smecta gently and carefully removes toxins from the child's body and promotes a speedy recovery.

Reviews of parents who have encountered an intestinal infection in their children confirm the effectiveness of treatment with the drugs listed above.

Nastasya complains about the difficulty of maintaining water balance with intestinal infection:

“First, the eldest daughter, 7 years old, was poisoned. She vomited all evening and half of the night, and at night diarrhea joined the vomiting, but there was no temperature. The doctor arrived. He diagnosed rotavirus (I don’t know, though, how he did it without tests ...) 3 days after the start of problems with the eldest, the youngest vomited for the first time. She is only 4 months old and is breastfeeding only. The condition of both my girls is terrible: one is lying and she doesn’t want anything at all, and the second is crying almost without a break and is already vomiting, as it seems to me, bile. Called the doctor again. By this time, the youngest had a fever and diarrhea also began. The doctor arrived in the morning and diagnosed an acute intestinal infection. The doctor insisted on hospitalization for an infection, but I refused. Then he prescribed both girls a course of desoldering with Regidron, with which he prescribed Smecta or Enterosgel. Also in without fail prescribed TIP - a complex immune preparation and strict diet for the eldest daughter. They drank medicines through “I don’t want” and “I won’t”, but with jokes it slowly worked out. After 3 days of treatment terrible symptoms almost disappeared. The doctor came for patronage and corrected the diet and the rest of the treatment. After 2.5 weeks, both of my girls were already healthy, cheerful and active.”

Help for the stomach and intestines of the baby

What to give a child with rotavirus? In each case, the doctor prescribes drugs, but there are common drugs, which are simply necessary for the baby during illness:

rectal suppositories "Kipferon"- help to support immunity of the kid during an illness. Viferon less efficient in this respect;

Kipferon - reliable assistant immunity.

enzyme preparation Creon(should be taken before each meal) is necessary to improve the process of digestion.

Eat right when sick

And what should be the diet for an intestinal infection? The amount of food consumed by the child should be less than with normal feeding, but fasting with an intestinal infection will not be useful. At the time of illness, the child is assigned special diet, excluding fresh from the usual diet:

• milk and dairy products.

The menu of a breastfed child remains unchanged. The menu of a baby eating from a common table looks something like this:

on the first or second day of illness for breakfast, you can give the child a concentrated rice water and white crackers (not rich);

for lunch the kid can get semolina cooked in water or vegetable broth and jelly with biscuit cookies;

Semolina porridge with crackers - that's the whole diet of a convalescent.

for lunch it is preferable to cook vegetable puree soup and jelly from pears or dried fruits. Instead of bread, offer your child white lean croutons;

afternoon snack should consist of pureed rice porridge, boiled in water or vegetable broth and baked sweet apple without peel;

for dinner, offer the baby a sweet fat-free kefir with white lean crackers.

On the third or fourth day (when acute symptoms have practically disappeared), you can carefully introduce into the child's diet cottage cheese and cream (during the second breakfast and afternoon snack), and leave the rest of the menu items unchanged. You can add to the menu later. boiled egg or steam omelette in milk, cereals in 2/3 diluted with water, boiled pureed meat.

Cottage cheese and cream will help restore strength.

After the normalization of the stool, it is allowed to feed the baby with all food groups, but only heat-treated. For 2-3 weeks - this is how long the process of complete recovery lasts - the child can switch to his usual table.

Nina fully supports diet therapy:

“About 80% of parents experience CI in their child, and I was no exception. At the first messengers of the disease, she urgently turned to a doctor who competently and intelligibly explained the treatment regimen. I more or less knew about her, but here's what to treat my sick child to acute period and on the decline of the disease, I really had no idea. Fortunately, the doctor had a special nutrition table, painted in the form: breakfast - so-and-so, lunch - so-and-so and dinner - so-and-so. A very good thing. If you find one somewhere, be sure to save it - it will help both children and adults a lot in the fight against CI.”

Diaper rash in breasts- a fairly common phenomenon that every second mother encounters. Diaper rash does not pose a serious danger to the life of the child, however, it gives him severe discomfort. To make the baby feel comfortable, the main thing is to take action in time.

Plano-valgus deformity of the feet - today everything more moms hears this diagnosis. What does this mean for the baby? How to avoid deformities of the feet? Read the answers to these and other questions here.

The reddened soft spot of the crumbs signals an internal imbalance in the body.

Is immunity developed?

If the baby first fell ill with an intestinal infection, then at the end of the disease, relative immunity is developed in his body. Relative because it is active only against one pathogen - the one that provoked the disease. However, after a dozen or a couple of decades, infection with the same virus may recur because by the time of growing up, the level of antibodies acquired in childhood decreases, but the disease will rage with much less force than the first time.

The main theses of the article:

intestinal infection - a disease mainly for children;

pathogens can be of viral or bacterial origin;

in order not to get sick, you must follow a simple set of preventive measures;

a sick person must be isolated from others, since he is a carrier of infection;

initial treatment and subsequent correction of therapy is carried out only by a doctor;

Do not self-medicate! Strictly follow all doctor's orders.

antibiotics in the fight against CI are used in exceptional cases;

the main task of parents is to prevent dehydration during illness;

sorbents and electrolytes - the most effective way fight against a microscopic enemy;

diet in CI should not be ignored.

sourcehttp://www.o-my-baby.ru/zdorovie/bolezni/kishechnaya-infekciya.htm

Advice for parents"Interoviral infection»

With the onset summer heat the season opens entero viral infections in children. Usually the season for enteroviruses lasts from July to October, so now is the perfect time for them.

These viruses can live on different surfaces for several hours, and even days, depending on the temperature and humidity of the environment. Enterovirus can be found on the mucous membranes, in the saliva and sputum of a sick person. Contact with an infected surface and then touching your nose, mouth, or eyes is the easiest way to catch enterovirus infection.

Enteroviral infection in children is transmitted by airborne droplets and by contact. When sneezing and coughing, the virus flies into the air along with droplets of saliva from an infected child to a healthy one.

The incubation stage lasts from two to ten days and usually does not show any symptoms. During this period, viruses that have entered the child's body settle on the mucous membranes and enter the lymphatic system where viruses actively multiply. The average duration of this stage is five days. Next comes the stage of the disease itself. As a rule, it all starts with a high body temperature, which reaches 38-39 degrees and lasts up to five days. It happens that the temperature rises for several days, then normalizes for a couple of days and rises again. has an undulating state. At elevated temperatures, the child is weak and lethargic, he moves little, whining and sleeps a lot. Also, the first days of illness may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting and headaches. As soon as the temperature returns to normal, the general condition of the child improves, associated problems leave. Another symptom enterovirus infection is exanthema. An exanthema is a rash on the body of a sick person. The rash appears at the same time, has the appearance of red spots on the head, chest or arms. Sometimes the rash is in the form of bubbles, after their disappearance, small dark spots passing in a few days. Intensity clinical manifestations completely depends on the immunity of the child, the received portion of the virus and the characteristics of the species infections.

For prevention enterovirus infections in children, it is necessary to wash their hands often, boil water before drinking, avoid crowds during the epidemic, and also increase the child's immunity.

If one child falls ill in a family, then all family members, especially children under 10 years old, are at risk. Therefore, for prevention enterovirus infection from other family members, it is necessary to provide the sick child with separate dishes and toys. In no case should you eat up food for a sick child! All family members are advised to wash their hands more often with soap and treat them with alcohol antiseptics.

Depending on the symptoms, the child may need the doctor's consultation.

Hospitalization is necessary if meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, severe combined lesions are suspected. Treatment of mild forms enterovirus infection in children is carried out at home.

Antiviral drugs that can suppress enteroviruses, does not exist. In this case, the body is able to cope with this disease on its own. As a rule, the disease disappears in 3-7 days.

Please note that a child with entererovirus infection easier to drink cool drinks and eat puréed foods room temperature.

Valentina Kololeikina
Consultation for parents "Enterovirus infection in children: symptoms, prevention and treatment"

Enterovirus infection in children: symptoms, prevention and treatment.

Enteroviral infection is an acute infectious disease, called enteroviruses(viruses active in the intestines). AT this moment More than 60 types of pathogens of this disease are known. These viruses have a capsule and a nucleus in their structure. The structure of the capsule can be very different, therefore, the so-called serotypes are isolated. (varieties).

After the postponed enterovirus infection stable lifelong immunity is formed. But immunity is formed only to the type of virus that the child has had and does not protect him from other varieties of these viruses. This feature makes it difficult to create a vaccine to protect against this disease.

Enteroviruses very resistant to environmental factors, which explains their ubiquitous distribution. They die fairly quickly at temperatures above 50°C. However, at 37°C the virus can remain viable for 2 months. Viruses withstand repeated freezing and thawing, they are also resistant to disinfectants(when exposed to concentrated chlorine solutions, viruses begin to die only after three hours).

Enteroviruses stored for a long time in tap or river water (more than 2 weeks). But they are quickly destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, during drying, boiling.

Enteroviral infection has a pronounced seasonality, outbreaks of the disease occur mainly in the summer-autumn period and occur annually.

How is it transmitted enterovirus infection.

The transmission mechanism can be airborne (when sneezing and coughing with droplets of saliva from a sick child to a healthy one) and fecal-oral in case of non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene. Most often, infection occurs through water, when eating raw (not boiled) water. It is also possible to infect children through toys if children take them by mouth. Most often, children aged 3 to 10 years are ill. At children who are breastfed, there is immunity in the body received from the mother through breast milk, however, this immunity is not stable even after cessation breastfeeding disappears quickly.

Symptoms of an enterovirus infection.

Viruses enter the body through the mouth or upper respiratory tract. Once in the child's body, the viruses migrate to The lymph nodes where they settle and begin to multiply. Further development disease is associated with many factors, such as virulence (the ability of the virus to resist the protective properties of the body, tropism (the tendency to affect individual tissues and organs) virus and the state of immunity of the child.

At enterovirus infections There are both similar manifestations and different ones, depending on the species and serotype. The incubation period (the period from the entry of the virus into the child's body, until the appearance of the first clinical signs) everyone has enterovirus infections the same - from 1 to 10 days (usually 2-5 days).

The disease begins acutely - with an increase in body temperature to 38-39 C. The temperature most often lasts 3-5 days, after which it drops to normal numbers. Very often the temperature has a wave-like flow: The temperature lasts for 2-3 days, after which it decreases and stays at normal levels for 2-3 days, then rises again for 1-2 days and finally returns to normal. When the temperature rises, the child feels weakness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting. With a decrease in body temperature, all these symptoms go away, however, with a second increase, they can return. The cervical and submandibular lymph nodes also increase, as viruses multiply in them.

Depending on the type of virus, the following clinical forms:

epidemic myalgia (damage to muscle tissue);

Damage to the nervous system (serous meningitis, encephalitis);

- enteroviral exanthema(skin lesion);

- enteroviral diarrhea(defeat gastrointestinal tract)

Eye lesions ;

SARS and herpangina

Often enteroviruses cause SARS. In this case, they have a short incubation period of 1-3 days and proceed relatively easily. Common symptoms(weakness, headache, fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, sometimes nausea and vomiting) without symptoms damage to the nervous system. During outbreaks enterovirus infections in children's groups, this form is 50-80% of all cases.

Herpangina is characterized by an acute onset with fever and sore throat. It manifests itself in the form of characteristic rashes on the anterior arches of the palate, tonsils and back wall throats. Small transparent bubbles appear, filled with liquid and surrounded by a red halo. Bubbles open within 1-2 days, in their place there is a red inflamed area. Submandibular and cervical lymph nodes. The disease ends within a few days and is only occasionally complicated by meningitis. Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, ECHO viruses 6, 9, 11, 16, 17, 22, and 25 and enterovirus 71 type.

Enteroviral(serous) meningitis

The most common manifestation of injury enterovirus nervous system is enteroviral(serous) meningitis. Serous meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Sometimes it is complicated by inflammation of the very substance of the brain. In this case, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, poliomyelitis, myelitis occur.

The incubation period at enteroviral serous meningitis is about 1 week. Children under 3-7 years of age who attend preschool institutions get sick more often.

The disease begins with an increase in temperature to 38-40 ° C, accompanied by severe headaches and muscle pain, repeated vomiting, restlessness, skin rashes, runny nose, diarrhea, photophobia, and meningeal symptoms(stiff neck, symptoms Kernig and Budzinsky, as well as bulging of the fontanel in children early age ).

However, meningeal symptoms may be absent, and meningitis in this case has an erased course. The main feature enteroviral meningitis is the isolation of the pathogen from the cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture (puncture in lumbar spine for extraction cerebrospinal fluid).

With timely treatment serous meningitis is easy current and within 7-10 days ends with a complete recovery. A lumbar puncture has a beneficial effect, which leads to a decrease in intracerebral pressure and contributes to a rapid improvement in the child's condition.

At involving In the inflammatory process of the substance of the brain, the disease becomes severe and has a high mortality rate. Such symptoms, as a violation of coordination of movements, a violation of breathing and the process of swallowing, paralysis of the upper and lower extremities, speech disorder. The disease in this case is lightning-fast and can progress to the stage of coma and loss of consciousness.

Enteroviral exanthema(specific skin lesion)

On the 2-3rd day of illness against the background of fever and other general symptoms a rash appears in the form of red vesicles with clear liquid on unaltered skin. on fingers and toes. Rashes on the mucous membrane of the tongue and oral cavity are possible, quickly turning into small erosions.

The rash persists for 1-2 days and disappears without a trace. Mostly children are ill. The most common pathogens are Kaksaki A and B viruses and enterovirus type 71.

Symptoms of damage by enterovirus type 71.

First phase: fever, vomiting, ulceration of the oral mucosa, rashes on skin hands and feet, herpangina. It begins acutely with an increase in temperature to 38-40 ° C, which lasts from 3 to 5 days, accompanied by headache, nausea, and vomiting. Pain in the abdomen and in the muscles, loose stools are often observed. Sometimes catarrhal phenomena of the upper respiratory tract, runny nose, cough. Usually the disease proceeds easily and ends with recovery.

The second phase - complications from the nervous systems: seen predominantly in young children(1 month - 3 years). Symptoms occur 2-5 days after the onset of the first phase of the disease and include 3 main syndrome: serous meningitis, acute paralysis, loss of consciousness. Newborns and young children represent a particular risk group. They have enterovirus can cause a sepsis-like form when the virus spreads throughout the body. In such cases infection proceeds at lightning speed, extremely hard and ends with the death of a child with severe damage to the liver and lungs, heart, pancreas and brain.

Enteroviral diarrhea(gastroenteritis)

Acute form with fever and damage to the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, abdominal pain, flatulence, loose stools). It proceeds quite easily and ends with a complete recovery.

Eye lesions (hemorrhagic conjunctivitis)

Characterized by such symptoms, as tearing, burning, eye pain, swelling and redness, hemorrhages are possible; enlargement of the parotid lymph nodes.

The above symptoms are not the only ones, but the most common.

Prevention of intestinal infections in children

Infection with microbes occurs due to the ingestion of contaminated fruits, vegetables, greens.

How to prevent intestinal upset, and what measures exist prevention of intestinal infections in children?

All intestinal infections divided into two large groups: caused by viruses and caused by bacteria. It is widely believed that most often children suffer from intestinal diseases. summer infections. This is not entirely true. 90% intestinal infections are diseases associated with viruses. For viral infections characterized by seasonality. Most often at children rotavirus occurs infection peaking in winter and spring.

Infection, which in an adult will cause a single loosening of the stool, in a child it will turn into intestinal infection with fever, frequent loose stools, dehydration, serious condition which may lead to hospitalization. Unlike adults, who are constantly exposed to viruses in everyday life, children there is no immunity to these viruses.

What hygiene rules will help in prevention of intestinal infections in children?

All these rules are good known:

Don't put anything in your mouth. It is clear that Small child explores the world through the mouth. This stage is called the stage of oral study of the world. However, the mother must understand the seriousness of the problem. If everything is available to the child, then he, accordingly, will go through everything.

General hygiene in the family. We often see how mothers first lick the nipple themselves, and then give it to their child.

Or they try mashed potatoes, a mixture, and then feed the baby from the same spoon. Or drink water from the same bottle with the child. It is absolutely impossible to do so! Each of us has our own flora in our mouths.

Dishes, a cup, a bottle for drinking, a towel should be each individual.

For children senior age groups be sure to wash your hands after walking, playing with animals and the toilet, as well as before eating.

Eating outdoors is unacceptable at any age. There is no reason for a child to eat outside. Rigid dietary stereotypes should be formed in the family. Children should not eat when they want and what they want.

Eat at home or children's institution, but not on the street - this is an absolutely rigid rule. If there are no conditions for food, then food should not be provided, no matter how the child asks. Otherwise, it is simply impossible to maintain hygiene.

When communicating with animals, one should not forget about elementary rules: do not put him at the table, do not kiss and be sure to wash your hands after playing with him. The animal itself also needs to be taught to discipline: it should not interfere with a person while eating, for which he needs to be fed before he goes to dinner (supper) a family.

Only good quality products should be used. Do not store products longer than the specified period.

There should be no double standards. The child sees everything perfectly and will act as they do it. parents. No edifying and educational processes addressed only to him will be carried out.

Washing hands before eating should not only the child, but all family members. Not only the child, but all family members should not eat on the street.

Coming from the street, not only the child, but all family members should wash their hands. Washing hands after using the toilet should not only the child, but all family members.

You need to start with education. Talk to your child about bacteria that may be on their dirty hands. Read poems with your child that emphasize hygiene and healthy way life.

These are the poems of S. Marshak, Y. Tuvim, known to us from childhood, "Moydodyr" K. Chukovsky, poems by S. Mikhalkov, etc. All our everyday life- this is contact with a huge number of viruses and bacteria. Nature has laid down that we will definitely encounter diseases. But this is not a reason to panic and go to rubber gloves, water everything with bleach and treat with quartz. You just need to consciously and respectfully treat your family, the people around you, observe elementary hygiene standards.

Enterovirus infection in children: symptoms, prevention and treatment.

Since the beginning of June, outbreaks of enterovirus infection have been recorded in different regions of Russia. The disease affects primarily young children and is complicated by the development of serous meningitis. The infection continues to spread rapidly throughout the country. How to protect your children and what parents need to know?

Enteroviral infection is an acute infectious disease caused by enteroviruses (viruses active in the intestines). Currently, more than 60 types of pathogens of this disease are known. These viruses have a capsule and a nucleus in their structure. The structure of the capsule can be very different, therefore, the so-called serotypes (varieties) are isolated.

After an enterovirus infection, a stable lifelong immunity is formed. But immunity is formed only to the type of virus that the child has had and does not protect him from other varieties of these viruses. This feature makes it difficult to create a vaccine to protect against this disease.

Enteroviruses are very resistant to environmental factors, which explains their ubiquitous distribution. They die fairly quickly at temperatures above 50°C. However, at 37°C the virus can remain viable for 2 months. Viruses withstand repeated freezing and thawing, they are also resistant to the action of disinfectants (when exposed to concentrated chlorine solutions, viruses begin to die only after three hours).

Enteroviruses persist for a long time in tap or river water (more than 2 weeks). But they are quickly destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, during drying, boiling.

Enterovirus infection has a pronounced seasonality, outbreaks of the disease occur mainly in the summer-autumn period and occur annually.

How infection occurs

Infection occurs in several ways: water, food, contact-household, airborne (during sneezing and coughing) and through the mother's placenta. Transmission factors are water, vegetables infected with enteroviruses. The virus can also be transmitted through dirty hands, toys and other objects of the external environment. Most often, infection occurs through water, when drinking unboiled water or swallowing water from reservoirs.

The incidence in children is much higher than in adults.

AT environment the virus comes from a sick person or from a virus carrier (a person who does not have clinical manifestations of the disease, but the virus is present in the body). Virus carrying can last up to 5 months and is sometimes formed after past illness or in people with stable immunity, in whom the virus, once in the body, could not cause disease.

Symptoms and complications of enterovirus infection

Symptoms of the disease are very diverse, depending on the type of virus that has entered the body.

Viruses enter the body through the mouth or upper respiratory tract. Next, the viruses enter the lymph nodes, where they settle and begin to multiply. The further development of the disease depends on the properties of the virus and the state of the child's immunity.

The incubation period of an enterovirus infection (i.e., the period from infection to the onset of the first symptoms of the disease) varies from 2 to 35 days, most often 5-7 days. The onset of the disease is acute. There is weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, sometimes chills. The temperature rises to 38-39oC. There is redness of the face and eyes. Cervical, submandibular and axillary lymph nodes increase (viruses multiply in them).

Depending on the type of virus, the following clinical forms occur:

Respiratory diseases, herpangina (tonsillitis, accompanied by rashes in oral cavity resembling a herpetic rash);

Epidemic myalgia (damage to muscle tissue);

Damage to the nervous system (serous meningitis, encephalitis);

Enteroviral exanthema (skin lesion);

Enteroviral diarrhea (infection of the gastrointestinal tract)

Eye lesions (hemorrhagic conjunctivitis);

SARS and herpangina

Very often, enteroviruses cause SARS. In this case, they have a short incubation period of 1-3 days and proceed relatively easily. Characterized by general symptoms (weakness, headache, fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, sometimes nausea and vomiting) without symptoms of damage to the nervous system. During outbreaks of enterovirus infections in children's groups, this form accounts for 50-80% of all cases.

Gerpangina characterized by an acute onset with fever and sore throat. It manifests itself in the form of characteristic rashes on the anterior arches of the palate, tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall. Small transparent bubbles appear, filled with liquid and surrounded by a red halo. Bubbles open within 1-2 days, in their place there is a red inflamed area. The submandibular and cervical lymph nodes are enlarged. The disease ends within a few days and is only occasionally complicated by meningitis. Herpangina is caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, ECHO viruses 6, 9, 11, 16, 17, 22, and 25, and enterovirus type 71.

Enteroviral (serous) meningitis

The most common manifestation of enterovirus damage to the nervous system is enteroviral (serous) meningitis. Serous meningitis is an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. Sometimes it is complicated by inflammation of the very substance of the brain. In this case, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, poliomyelitis, myelitis occur.

The incubation period at enteroviral serous meningitis is about 1 week. Children under 3-7 years of age who attend preschool institutions get sick more often.

The disease begins with an increase in temperature to 38-40 ° C, accompanied by severe headache and muscle pain, repeated vomiting, anxiety, skin rashes, runny nose, diarrhea, photophobia and meningeal symptoms (stiff neck, symptoms of Kernig and Budzinsky, as well as bulging fontanel in young children).

However meningeal symptoms may be absent, and meningitis in this case has an erased course. The main symptom of enteroviral meningitis is the isolation of the pathogen from the cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture (a puncture in the lumbar spine to extract cerebrospinal fluid).

With timely treatment, serous meningitis has a mild course and ends in complete recovery within 7-10 days. A lumbar puncture has a beneficial effect, which leads to a decrease in intracerebral pressure and contributes to a rapid improvement in the child's condition.

When the substance of the brain is involved in the inflammatory process, the disease becomes severe and has a high mortality rate. Such symptoms as impaired coordination of movements, impaired breathing and swallowing, paralysis of the upper and lower extremities, and impaired speech are added. The disease in this case is lightning-fast and can progress to the stage of coma and loss of consciousness.

Enteroviral exanthema (specific skin lesion)

On the 2-3rd day of illness, against the background of fever and other general symptoms, a rash appears in the form of red vesicles with a clear liquid on an unchanged skin background. on fingers and toes. Rashes on the mucous membrane of the tongue and oral cavity are possible, quickly turning into small erosions.

The rash persists for 1-2 days and disappears without a trace. Mostly children are ill. The most common pathogens are Kaksaki A and B viruses and enterovirus type 71.

Symptoms of damage by enterovirus type 71.

The disease is divided into 2 phases.

First phase: fever, vomiting, ulceration of the oral mucosa, rashes on the skin of the hands and feet, herpangina. It begins acutely with an increase in temperature to 38-40 ° C, which lasts from 3 to 5 days, accompanied by headache, nausea, and vomiting. Pain in the abdomen and in the muscles, loose stools are often observed. Sometimes catarrhal phenomena of the upper respiratory tract, runny nose, cough join. Usually the disease proceeds easily and ends with recovery.

The second phase - complications from the nervous system: observed mainly in young children (1 month - 3 years). Symptoms occur 2-5 days after the onset of the first phase of the disease and include 3 main syndromes: serous meningitis, acute paralysis, loss of consciousness. Newborns and young children represent a particular risk group. In them, an enterovirus can cause a sepsis-like form when the virus spreads throughout the body. In such cases, the infection proceeds at lightning speed, is extremely difficult and ends in the death of a child with severe damage to the liver and lungs, heart, pancreas and brain.

Enteroviral diarrhea (gastroenteritis)

Acute form with fever and damage to the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, abdominal pain, flatulence, loose stools). It proceeds quite easily and ends with a complete recovery.

Eye lesions (hemorrhagic conjunctivitis)

It is characterized by symptoms such as lacrimation, burning, eye pain, swelling and redness, hemorrhages are possible; enlargement of the parotid lymph nodes.

The above symptoms are not the only ones, but the most common.

Examination to establish a diagnosis

Diagnosis Enteroviral infection based on clinical manifestations and laboratory research blood samples, fecal samples, oropharyngeal swabs for herpangina, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Treatment

In most cases, treatment is carried out at home. With a deterioration in the condition, the addition of symptoms of damage to the nervous system, heart, liver, high temperature and severe sore throat hospitalization is indicated.

Mode

The child is shown bed rest for the period elevated temperature. It is necessary to isolate the child until the disappearance of all clinical manifestations of the disease.

Diet

Meals should be light, rich in proteins. Sweets, carbonated drinks, smoked meats are excluded, flour products, fatty and fried foods. Necessary enough liquids: boiled water, mineral water without gas, compotes, juices, fruit drinks. You need to feed the child 5-6 times a day in small portions.

Prevention

1. Isolation of sick children
2. Avoid large crowds of people shopping centers, markets, public transport)
3. Frequent thorough hand washing with antibacterial soap, use of antibacterial wet wipes outside the home
4. Thoroughly washing or scalding vegetables and fruits before eating
5. Do not consume tap water without boiling it
6. Frequent airing of the room and wet cleaning with the addition of detergents
7. Do not swim in stagnant water
8. Specific prophylaxis (vaccine) has not been developed.

Prevention of acute intestinal infections

With the onset of hot days, the risk of contracting acute intestinal infections increases.
Acute intestinal infections (AII) - This is a group of infections characterized by the fecal-oral mechanism of transmission, the localization of pathogens in the human intestine, repeated loose stools, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Today, more and more children and adults fall ill with intestinal infections caused by viruses (noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, coronaviruses, etc.).
The main route of transmission of pathogens is food when infection occurs through consumed food and dishes prepared from them, as well as vegetables and fruits contaminated with microorganisms and eaten without sufficient hygienic and heat treatment.
Water way of transmission It is realized when using, as a rule, raw water contaminated with AII pathogens (viruses or bacteria).
At contact-household way transmission the causative agent of the infection can be transmitted through contaminated hands, household items (linen, towels, dishes, toys).
Infection with AII at home occurs mainly as a result of eating infected food products, usually purchased from unauthorized street vendors, from "private traders".
In summer, food spoils much faster. When shopping, you should pay attention to the conditions in which products are stored, whether there are refrigeration equipment and what appearance the seller, in case of doubt about the quality of the goods, it is better to refrain from buying.
In order to protect yourself from diseases of intestinal infections, you need to know the basic measures for their prevention.
"Golden" rules for preventing food poisoning (infections):
1. Choosing safe food . Many foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are consumed raw, while others are risky to eat unprocessed. For example, always buy pasteurized rather than raw milk. It is especially dangerous to buy dairy and meat products from private merchants. Check the expiration dates of the products, the integrity of the packages. Foods that are consumed raw (vegetables, fruits, herbs) require thorough washing, preferably with boiled water.
2. Prepare food carefully. Many raw foods, mainly poultry, meat and raw milk, are often contaminated with pathogens. During the cooking (frying) process bacteria are destroyed, but remember that the temperature in all parts of the food product must reach 70 ° C. If the chicken meat is still raw at the bone, then place it again in the oven until it is fully cooked.
3. Eat cooked food without delay. When cooked food cools to room temperature, germs begin to multiply in it. The longer it remains in this state, the greater the risk of food poisoning. To be safe, eat food immediately after cooking.
4. Store food carefully. If you have prepared food ahead of time or want to save the rest of it after eating, keep in mind that it should be kept either hot (at or above 60°C) or cold (at or below 10°C). It's exclusive important rule especially if you intend to store food for more than 4-5 hours. It is better not to store food for children at all. A common mistake leading to food poisoning is storing large amounts of warm food in the refrigerator. This food in an overloaded refrigerator cannot cool completely quickly. When heat remains in the middle of a food product for too long (temperatures above 10°C), microbes survive and multiply rapidly to dangerous levels for human health.
5. Reheat cooked food thoroughly. it best measure protection against microorganisms that could multiply in food during storage (storage in the refrigerator inhibits the growth of microbes, but does not destroy them). Once again, before eating, thoroughly heat the food (the temperature in its thickness should be at least 70 ° C).
6. Avoid contact between raw and cooked foods.
Properly cooked food can be contaminated by contact with raw food. This cross-contamination can be obvious when, for example, raw poultry comes into contact with cooked food, or it can be hidden. For example, you cannot use the same cutting board and knife to cook raw and boiled (fried) poultry. This practice can lead to potential risk overcontamination of products and the growth of microorganisms in them, followed by human poisoning.
7. Wash your hands frequently. Wash your hands thoroughly before preparing food and after every break in the cooking process - especially if you changed the baby or were on the toilet. After cutting raw foods such as fish, meat or poultry, wash your hands again before handling other foods. And if you have an infected scratch (wound) on your hand, then be sure to bandage it or apply a band-aid before you start cooking. Also remember that pets - dogs, cats, birds - are often carriers of dangerous microorganisms that can get into food through your hands.
8. Keep your kitchen spotless. Since food is easily contaminated, any surface used for food preparation must be absolutely clean. Treat every food scrap, crumb, or stain as a potential reservoir of germs. Towels for wiping dishes should be changed every day. Rags for processing tables, floors should be washed and dried daily
9. Keep food protected from insects, rodents and other animals. Animals are often carriers pathogenic microorganisms that cause food poisoning. For reliable protection products, store them in tightly closed jars (containers).
10.Use clean water. Pure water essential for both drinking and cooking. Use only guaranteed safe water and drinks (boiled water, drinks in factory packaging).
11. When swimming in ponds and pools, do not allow water to enter your mouth.
Compliance with these simple rules will help you avoid many health problems, protect yourself from acute intestinal infections.
Recently, most intestinal infections occur in mild form, so some patients do not go to the doctor, often self-medicate. And it's not safe. In addition, each sick person must remember that he can be dangerous to others. Therefore, when the first signs appear intestinal disorder sick person should see a doctor!

Take care of your health and the health of your loved ones!

PREVENTION OF ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Reminder for parents.

Parents always worry about the health of their children. And now, in the holiday season, the number one problem is poisoning. Of course, prevention is better than cure. She is everywhere. After all, intestinal infections settle on vegetables and fruits, animal hair and objects. And, of course, they settle on dirty palms. And especially these harmful microorganisms are dangerous in summer, when, thanks to the heat, they are provided with the most optimal temperature for reproduction. The problem is further complicated by the fact that children get sick much more easily and endure intestinal infections much harder than adults. Children's immunity always weaker than in an adult, so the child is very susceptible to infections. And in the background respiratory viruses, when the immune system strongly weakened, intestinal infections are especially active.

Particularly alarming is the fact that an intestinal infection transferred once during the summer inflicts a severe blow on the child's immunity, nullifying all summer vacations and recreational activities.
Acute intestinal infections are caused by several groups microorganisms - bacteria, viruses and protozoa.
The source of infection is a person or an animal.

Leading transmission routes:

• contact-household (through contaminated household items, toys, pacifier, dirty hands)
• food (when eaten, insufficiently processed, poor-quality food)
• water (when drinking unboiled water, swimming in open water)

The entrance gate and the "target" organ is the gastrointestinal tract.

The main groups of symptoms of the disease are as follows:

• fever, weakness, loss of appetite
• diarrhea, vomiting, bloating
• stomach ache

The severity of the disease is indicated by retraction of the eyes, sharpening of facial features, retraction of a large fontanel, dry lips, convulsions.
A formidable symptom, indicating the extreme severity of the disease, is the absence of urine in a child for more than 6 hours.

Note!

With diarrhea, accompanied by pain in the abdomen, signs of intoxication:

• Do not use painkillers - this can greatly complicate the diagnosis. Pain medications can hide the manifestations of surgical diseases (appendicitis, acute cholecystitis and others);
• Do not use a heating pad, because. this can increase inflammation and cause sharp deterioration child's condition;
• Don't give an enema hot water, especially as the temperature rises.
• Do not give the child with diarrhea astringent (fixing) agents - imodium, lopedium, etc. In this case, the course of the disease may be complicated, because. instead of accelerating the removal of toxins from the body, you will provoke their accumulation.
• At infectious diseases occurring with fever, diarrhea, vomiting; suspicion of surgical disease should not be applied under any circumstances homeopathic remedies. Such conditions require medical advice and conventional therapy; delay in appointment traditional medicines can lead to dire consequences.

So, to avoid acute intestinal infections in children, do not forget about elementary prevention:

1. Observe elementary rules personal hygiene. Wash your child's hands more often, explain to him also that he should not eat anything on the street with dirty hands. Trim your baby's nails regularly.
2. Wash children's toys regularly.
3. On the street, from time to time, wipe the child's hands with antiseptic sanitary napkins.
4. Wash all fruits, vegetables and berries thoroughly under running water.
5. Buy all products only in authorized outlets, and only in places where there are refrigerated counters or refrigeration equipment.
6. Do not give your baby food that you forgot to put in the refrigerator. Food may look, taste, and smell normal, but it may actually contain disease-causing microbes.

We wish health to you and your children!!!