Mental health and factors influencing mental health. Mental health category. Norm and pathology of mental processes. Risk Factors and Mental Health Well-Being Factors

Factors affecting it negatively. They favor the emergence and development of diseases. A risk factor is a sign that is somehow associated with the occurrence of a disease in the future. At the same time, a sign is considered a risk factor as long as the nature of its relationship remains completely undisclosed as probabilistic.

The immediate causes of the disease (etiological factors) directly affect the body, causing it to pathological changes. Etiological factors can be bacterial, physical, chemical, etc.

For the development of the disease, a combination of risk factors and immediate causes of the disease is necessary. It is often difficult to identify the cause of the disease, since there may be several causes and they are interrelated.

The number of risk factors is large and growing every year: in the 1960s. there were no more than 1,000 of them, now there are about 3,000. Risk factors may relate to the external environment (environmental, economic, etc.), the person himself (elevated blood cholesterol levels, arterial hypertension, hereditary predisposition, etc.) and behavioral patterns (smoking, physical inactivity, etc.). The combination of several factors sums up their effect. In this case, the final result is often potentiated, when the total Negative influence turns out to be more than just the sum of the individual contributions. Allocate the main, so-called large, risk factors, i.e., which are common to a wide variety of diseases: smoking, physical inactivity, overweight body, unbalanced diet, arterial hypertension, psycho-emotional stress, etc.

Primary and secondary risk factors for diseases

There are also primary and secondary risk factors. To primary factors include factors that adversely affect health: unhealthy image life, environmental pollution, burdened heredity, unsatisfactory work of health services, etc. To secondary risk factors include diseases that aggravate the course of other diseases: diabetes, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, etc.

We list the main primary risk factors:

• unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, drinking alcohol, unbalanced diet, stressful situations, constant psycho-emotional stress, physical inactivity, poor material and living conditions, drug use, unfavorable moral climate in the family, low cultural and educational level, low medical activity, etc.);
• elevated blood cholesterol, arterial hypertension;
• unfavorable heredity (hereditary predisposition to various diseases, genetic risk- predisposition to hereditary diseases);
• unfavorable state of the environment (air pollution with carcinogens and other harmful substances, water pollution, soil pollution, abrupt change atmospheric parameters, increase in radiation, magnetic and other radiations);
• unsatisfactory work of health authorities (low quality medical care, delay in the provision of medical care, inaccessibility of medical care).

The concept of medical prevention

The concept of “prevention in medicine” is closely related to the concept of risk factors. Prevention means prevention, prevention. This term is widely used in many fields of science and technology. In medicine, prevention means preventing the occurrence and development of diseases.

Distinguish between primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention is designed to prevent the occurrence of diseases, secondary - prevent the progression of the existing disease. Measures of primary and secondary prevention are medical, hygienic, social, socio-economic, etc. Prevention is also distinguished individual (personal) and public, that is, the actions of the individual and society to prevent disease.

The main preventive measures are hygiene education and, which occupy one of the leading places in the practice of a specialist in social work.

The ideas of disease prevention, along with diagnostics and treatment, originated in ancient times and usually consisted in observing the rules of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Gradually there was an idea of ​​the paramount importance of preventive measures. In the period of antiquity, the works of Hippocrates and other prominent physicians said that it is easier to prevent a disease than to cure it. Subsequently, this position was shared by many doctors, including Russian physicians of the 18th-19th centuries.

In the 19th century, when the causes of mass infectious and other diseases were revealed, a need arose for the development of public health ( social medicine) and prevention has become a major public health problem.

Since 1917, the preventive direction social policy national health care is the leading one, this was the main advantage of the domestic health care system, which was repeatedly recognized by physicians in other countries.

Means of medical prevention are:

• propaganda;
• organization and conduct of preventive vaccinations;
• periodic and targeted medical examinations;
• clinical examination;
• hygiene education, etc.

The emphasis should be on primary prevention, as it is much easier to prevent a disease than to cure it.

The main direction in the development of the national health care preventive policy is the development and implementation of numerous prevention programs. Priority among them should be programs for the formation of attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle. The main ones in prevention are district (family) doctors, nurses, teachers, children's workers preschool institutions, media workers. It is with them that social work specialists should contact in terms of disease prevention.

We conducted our own study, which was based on the study of correlations of psychological health with other personal characteristics. As a result, the main ten factors of psychological health were obtained. Each of them can be controlled in one way or another. These ten factors are listed below, ranked from most important to least.

1. Anxiety

Anxiety greatly lowers the level of psychological health. A person reacts to even minor events in his personal life with anxiety: “What if? ..”, “What if? ..” Anxiety lowers mood. It destroys activity, forcing a person to constantly be distracted by different kind doubts (often irrelevant). Anxiety inspires pessimism (“No matter what you do, it will still be bad”). Anxiety makes you believe in the bad more than the good. Anxiety makes people avoid, expecting threats from them.

Anxiety is largely associated with the inability to control one's thoughts, with low self-discipline. The world is probabilistic, there is always a place for various kinds of dangers in it. No one is completely insured, for example, from the fact that right now he is not on his head a meteorite will fall but is it worth it to be afraid?

An anxious person tends to overestimate the likelihood of negative events. Therefore, the fight against anxiety must begin with. It is important to be able to soberly assess the danger.

Second important step- self-discipline. We must learn to distribute their activities in time. If you really want, for example, to worry about your own health, you need to allocate special time for this. At this time, you can worry, think about your health. It is not possible at other times. Other times, other worries.

The third important step is the struggle with your own cowardice. Many anxious people show this cowardice, as they say, out of the blue: “I don’t want to go to work today: they will scold me there, but I can’t stand it.” good advice will be here - consistently develop your own courage, do not exaggerate the "psychological harm" that you receive.

2. Purposefulness

People with a high level of psychological health are goal-oriented. This is manifested both in general purposefulness (a person clearly sees what he wants, what he has to overcome), and situational (a person is usually collected, set up for activity, it is more difficult to knock him out of this mood).

People with low purposefulness have less integrity of behavior: today they are actively doing something, tomorrow they lie in bed and come up with all sorts of excuses for themselves. Such people often become victims.

Since the whole life of a person consists of activity, the importance of this circumstance, as they say, is difficult to overestimate. A person with low purposefulness spends his whole life in internal conflicts, self-justifications, throwing from one extreme to another.

Becoming a purposeful person is not so easy, but not so difficult either. For the beginning, you do not need to wait for some drastic changes. No "cool psychotechnics" will help you become purposeful in an hour. Purposefulness is also a kind of habit. We must, therefore, wait and consistently develop this good habit in ourselves.

How? The same self-discipline, personal standards of behavior. For the important, take more time (money, other resources). For the secondary, allocate less time and other resources. Third-rate try to completely exclude from life.

Stop doubting your goals. You've made up your mind, period. You will pursue this very goal. If you still understand that sooner or later you will have to reconsider the goal, then set certain deadlines. For example, you can only review your main life goals for the New Year.

Avoid total hedonism. If you need to do something, but you don't want to, do it anyway. After all, as the saying goes, appetite comes with eating. You will get involved in the activity, and it will start to please you.

3. Touchiness

Resentment is a very insidious feeling. Energetically, it feeds on (delayed, latent aggression). Resentment makes a person do something against his own will and mind. Resentment can smolder for years and become even brighter. Your resentment splashed out (in words, action) can lead to reciprocal resentment, as a result, relationships with the closest person can be permanently damaged. Resentment makes others suspect of malicious intent. Resentment can contribute to the formation of paranoid character traits. Chronic resentment leaves a characteristic imprint on a person's behavior: he becomes irritable, quick-tempered, angry and repulsive facial expressions predominate. Offended tend to feel their social status belittled. They, as they say, "carry water." Offended people tend to remember past grievances for hours on end and imagine their revenge: how and what can be said, what can be done for punishment. AT real life the offender may not get through even a hundredth part of the words that the offended one says to him in his imagination.

Feelings of resentment, as already noted, can exist for years. It is nourished and supported precisely by feelings about this: the more experiences, different fantasies on this topic, the longer this feeling exists. This is where the key to the puzzle lies: you just need to stop thinking about your resentment, and it will melt over time.

It is believed that you can simply forgive a person for all his past misconduct. There is even a special religious holiday when everyone forgives each other. To forgive this, of course, is good, but it will not change anything if the offended person continues to remember past grievances, past experiences.

If unpleasant images continue to haunt your mind, the best thing for you to do is to accustom yourself to the repression formula. At such moments, just give yourself the order to forget the unpleasant and say the key phrase: “Oh, fuck him!”, “Don't give a damn!”, “Tired!” or the like. Over time, this displacement formula will work better and better.

4. Tendency to neurotic states

Perhaps you really are not all right with the nervous system. Perhaps the problem is even worse. Do not forget and do not hesitate to contact medical specialists. It is, after all, their job.

If you feel serious deviations in your health, do not self-medicate.

But for prevention neurotic states can be advised to conduct a reasonable, rational image life. You should not torment your nervous system with overload at work or school, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, caffeine, etc. Gotta get some sleep. If you can’t get enough sleep on weekdays, you can do it at least on Sunday. Nutrition must be balanced. Most of the time it is better to be calm.

5. Exposure to stress

People who are often stressed have a lower level of psychological health. This is easily explained: the nervous system is overstressed, out of balance, and becomes uncontrollable.

Stress is related not only to the level of external load, but also to your own willingness to endure these loads. For the prevention of stress, it turns out that the best thing is ... to experience stress. It just needs to be done in moderation, carefully.

Stress can be associated, for example, with work: when, for example, you need to do as much in one day as you did not have time to do in two weeks. The natural conclusion: it is necessary to evenly distribute the load.

Strong emotional stress has a huge destructive effect on the psyche: a loved one died, a tram ran over a person before your eyes, a fire at home, unexpectedly fired at work, etc. In many of these situations, people simply "lose their heads", they are unable to regulate their condition. In such situations, it is good if there is someone close nearby who will help you survive the event: say a few soothing words, divert attention, call a specialist, pour a sedative yourself, etc.

Nevertheless, you can also be prepared for such events. Accustom yourself to calmness, to the search for rational ways out of the situation. Most importantly, do not trust your life to emotions. Emotions are based on blind instincts. These blind instincts, moreover, often blindly conflict with each other.

6. Overconfidence

Good quality for mental health. Self-confidence helps a person to feel in himself to the full extent of his own forces. Self-confidence does not let you lose heart in difficult situations. Self-confidence inspires optimism.

What can be advised to develop self-confidence? Approach life from a position of strength: crying, complaining, you will not achieve much. Feel the power in you life circumstances. Real, of course, power, not fictitious. Understand what you can change and what you cannot. Consistently accumulate your strength: both physical, and intellectual, and possessive, and social. Don't take on too many things at once. It is better to do one thing, but well. Try to find your niche in society. Understand what real benefit you can provide to people so that they give you money or another resource in return.

7. Fatigue

Bad quality for psychological health. Tired people often do not finish what they started, lose interest, etc. Including this gives rise to many internal conflicts.

To reduce fatigue, of course, the first remedy is physical education and sports. Also, one should not forget about healthy eating self-discipline and a generally healthy lifestyle.

8. Mood problems

There are two features in mind here: a tendency to depressed mood and a tendency to mood swings.

It's also bad for mental health. In general, the tendency to low mood is rather a symptom poor mental health. But nevertheless, it can also be considered as the cause of it: low mood, like anxiety, destroys activity, communication, makes you rush from side to side, etc.

Reduced mood is largely a consequence of fatigue (see previous paragraph).

Mood problems often stem from low self-motivation.

Another reason is problems in relationships with other people, frequent quarrels and conflicts.

9. Social frustration

It's also bad for mental health. Every person needs communication (although in varying degrees), in some social status. When he feels like an outcast, the self-concept changes dramatically, self-esteem drops sharply, and internal conflicts develop.

Not all communication is the same. Here we can advise, on the one hand, to have good friend(friends) with whom you can discuss any issues of concern. On the other hand, try to engage in social activities, even if not very significant. Social activity will expand the circle of your contacts, and will make you feel like a full-fledged subject of public life.

10. Sensitivity

It's also bad for mental health. Sensitivity (sensitivity) makes you vulnerable to various kinds of verbal aggression. People often say just some things that come to their mind. Or they just want to amuse themselves and those around them. You should not react sensitively to everything.

You can tell yourself phrases like this: "I'm behind a concrete wall, this does not concern me."

Many factors influence the health and well-being of the body, and those that cause poor health, disability, disease or death are known as risk factors. is a property, condition, or behavior that increases the occurrence of illness or injury. Often they talk about individual factors risk, but in practice they do not occur separately. They often coexist and interact. For example, the absence physical activity over time will cause excess weight, high blood pressure and high level cholesterol in the blood. These factors combine to increase the likelihood of chronic heart disease and other health problems. Population aging and increased life expectancy have led to an increase in long-term (chronic) diseases and disorders that require expensive treatment.

Demand for medical care is increasing and the industry's budget is under increasing pressure that it cannot always sustain. It is important that we, as members of society and users of health systems, understand the causes and risk factors for disease and take an active part in available programs prevention and treatment to save money.

In general, risk factors can be divided into the following:

• behavioral,
• physiological,
• demographic,
• Related environment,
• genetic.

Let's consider them in more detail.

Types of risk factors

Behavioral risk factors

Behavioral risk factors usually refer to actions that a person takes on their own. Therefore, such factors can be eliminated or reduced by changing lifestyle or behavioral habits. Examples include

• tobacco smoking,
• alcohol abuse,
• food image,
• lack of physical activity;
• prolonged exposure to the sun without proper protection,
• the absence of a series of vaccinations,
• unprotected sex.

Physiological risk factors

Physiological risk factors associated with the body or biological features person. They can be influenced by heredity, lifestyle and many other factors. Examples include

• overweight or obesity,
• high arterial pressure,
• high blood cholesterol,
• high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

Demographic risk factors

Demographic factors refer to the population as a whole. Examples include

• age,
• population subgroups based on occupation, religion or income.

Environmental risk factors

Environmental risk factors cover a wide range of phenomena such as social, economic, cultural and political factors, as well as factors of a physical, chemical and biological nature. Examples include

• Access to clean water and sanitary conditions
• Risk is the likelihood of harm or injury resulting from treatment in clinical practice or research. Harm or injury can be physical, but also psychological, social or economic. Risks include developing side effects of treatment or taking a drug that is less effective standard treatment(within the test). When testing a new medicinal product may arise side effects or other risks not foreseen by the investigators. This situation is most typical for initial stages clinical trials.
  
  Conducting any clinical trial involves risks. Participants should be informed about possible benefits and risks before deciding to participate (see definition of informed consent).

  " target="_blank">risks in the workplace,

• air pollution,
• social environment.

Genetic risk factors

Genetic risk factors are linked to a person's genes. A number of diseases such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy, are caused by the "genetic structure" of the organism. Many other diseases, such as asthma or diabetes, reflect the interplay of human genes and environmental factors. Some diseases, such as sickle cell anemia, are more common in certain population subgroups.

Global Mortality Risks and Demographic Factors

In 2004, the number of deaths from any cause worldwide was 59 million.

The table below lists the ten most common risk factors that have caused most deaths in 2004 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). All of the top six risk factors at the top of this ranking are associated with the potential for developing long-term conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

The factors in the above table rank differently when income and other demographic factors are taken into account.

Income

For high- and middle-income countries, the most important factors risks are those associated with long-term illnesses, while in countries with low level income, risk factors such as malnutrition in children and unprotected sex are much more common.

Age

Health risk factors also change with age. A number of risk factors, such as malnutrition and indoor smoke from solid fuels, affect almost exclusively children. Risk factors affecting adults also change markedly with age.

• Unprotected sex and addictive substances (alcohol and tobacco) are the causes of most diseases in young people.
• Risk factors causing prolonged illness and oncology, act mainly on people of a more mature age.

Floor

Health risk factors manifest themselves differently in men and women. For example, men are at greater risk of being harmed by factors related to substances addictive. Women often suffer from iron deficiency during pregnancy.

Reducing exposure to risk factors

Reduction existing factors risks and their impacts can significantly improve health and increase life expectancy for many years. This would reduce health care costs. The fact sheet of the SCORE project can be seen as an example of how significant the impact of existing risk factors on people's health and life expectancy can be.

Reference literature

1. World Health Organization (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization.Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/global_health_risks/en/
2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2015). risk factors to health. Retrieved June 23, 2015, from http://www.aihw.gov.au/risk-factors/

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• Newsletter Project SCORE
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  This fact sheet takes the SCORE Project as an example of how significant the impact of risk factors on people's health and life expectancy is, and what proactive steps people can take to reduce the impact of these risk factors on their health and well-being.

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  Learn more about risk factors for health and disease.

Environmental factors: family adverse factors and adverse factors associated with childcare facilities, professional activity, socio-economic situation in the country. It is well known that the most important factor normal development The personality of the infant is communication with the mother and a lack of communication can lead to various kinds child developmental disorders. However, in addition to the lack of communication, other, less obvious types of interaction between the mother and the baby can be distinguished, which adversely affect his psychological health. Thus, the opposite of a lack of communication is 1. the pathology of an overabundance of communication, leading to overexcitation and overstimulation of the child. 2. Alternation of overstimulation with the emptiness of relationships, i.e. structural disorganization, disorder. 3. Formal communication, i.e. communication, devoid of erotic manifestations necessary for the normal development of the child. This type can be implemented by a mother who seeks to completely build child care according to books, doctor's advice, or a mother who is next to the child, but for one reason or another (for example, conflicts with the father) is not emotionally included in the care process. Unfavorable types of mother-child interaction include: a) too abrupt and rapid separation, which may be the result of the mother going to work, placing the child in a nursery, the birth of a second child, etc .; b) continuation of constant custody of the child, which is often shown by an anxious mother. Important role In the development of psychological health, the way the upbringing of the child's neatness also plays a role. This is the "basic stage" where the struggle for self-determination is played out: the mother insists on the observance of the rules - the child defends his right to do what he wants. Therefore, a risk factor can be considered excessively strict and quick accustoming to neatness. small child. A place of relationship with the father for the development of the autonomy of the child. The father must be physically and emotionally available to the child, because: a) he gives the child an example of relations with the mother - relations between autonomous subjects; b) acts as a prototype outside world, i.e., liberation from the mother becomes not a departure to nowhere, but a departure to someone; c) is less of a conflict object than the mother and becomes a source of protection. Preschool age (from 3 to 6-7 years) is so significant for the formation of a child’s psychological health and is so multifaceted that it is difficult to claim an unambiguous description of risk factors for intra-family relationships, especially since it is already difficult to consider a separate interaction of a mother or father with a child, but it is necessary Discuss risk factors coming from the family system. The most significant risk factor in the family system is the interaction of the "child - the idol of the family" type, when the satisfaction of the child's needs prevails over the satisfaction of the needs of other family members. The next risk factor is the absence of one of the parents or a conflict relationship between them. Calls deep internal conflict in a child, can lead to violations of gender identity or, moreover, cause the development neurotic symptoms: enuresis, hysterical attacks of fear and phobias. In some children, it leads to characteristic changes in behavior: a strongly pronounced general readiness to respond, timidity and timidity, submissiveness, a tendency to depressive moods, insufficient ability to affect and fantasize. But, as G. Figdor notes, most often changes in the behavior of children attract attention only when they develop into school difficulties. The next phenomenon of parental programming, which can affect it ambiguously. On the one hand, through the phenomenon of parental programming, there is an assimilation of moral culture - the prerequisites for spirituality. On the other hand, due to an extremely pronounced need for parental love, the child tends to adapt his behavior to meet their expectations. School may be the most significant risk factor for mental health problems. Conventionally, the following stages can be distinguished in the process of reducing self-esteem. First, the child is aware of his school inability as the inability to "be good." But at this stage, the child retains the belief that he can become good in the future. Then faith disappears, but the child still wants to be good. In a situation of persistent long-term failure, the child may not only realize his inability to "become good", but already lose the desire for this, which means a persistent deprivation of the claim to recognition. Adolescence(from 10-11 to 15-16 years). This is the most important period for the formation of independence. In many ways, the success of achieving independence is determined by family factors, or rather, by how the process of separating the adolescent from the family is carried out. therefore, it is important that parents are able to provide the teenager with the rights and freedoms that he can dispose of without threatening his psychological and physical health. Bodrov three main characteristics of sustainability: control, self-esteem and criticality. In this case, control is defined as a locus of control. In their opinion, externals who see most events as the result of chance and do not associate them with personal involvement are more prone to stress. Internals, on the other hand, have greater internal control, more successfully cope with stress. Self-esteem here is a sense of one's own destiny and one's own abilities. First, people with low self-esteem have a higher level of fear or anxiety. Second, they perceive themselves as having insufficient ability to face the threat.

junior schoolchildren.

Determining the criteria for the norm of the psychological health of the child, which could become the basis for differentiation psychological help children, we proceed from the following position: the foundations of psychological health constitute a complete mental development a person at all stages of ontogenesis, i.e. in all age periods general development(I.V. Dubrovina). The psychological health of a child and an adult is distinguished by a set of personality neoplasms that have not yet appeared in a child, but should be present in an adult, and their absence in a child should not be perceived as a violation. Since psychological health presupposes the existence of a dynamic balance between the individual and the environment, the child's adaptation to society becomes a key criterion.

What conditions lead to a violation of the psychological health of younger students? What becomes risk factors? Risk can come from outside (objective or environmental factors) and from within (subjective or individual-personal factors).

Environmental factors as a source of risk of mental health disorders are very significant for the youngest school age, because with the beginning of active socialization, the child becomes especially closely dependent on the environment. Adverse psychosocial factors, in turn, are divided into two groups:

• 
  Family.
• 
  Associated with children's institutions.

Often the roots of a child's school problems lie in one of the early age periods.

What are the main risk factors for mental health disorders at different age stages of development? (3.15)

Infancy(from birth to one year). The main thing for the baby is communication with the mother. The lack of this communication becomes a risk factor, the consequences of which can manifest themselves much later. However, the psychological health of the infant is also harmed by excessive communication with the mother, leading to overstimulation of the child.

Disturbances in the interaction of the infant with the mother can lead to the formation of such negative personality formations as his anxious attachment to his mother and distrust of the world around him (instead of normal attachment and basic trust). These negative formations are stable, persisting until primary school age and beyond, acquiring a child in the process of growing up. various forms, depending on age and individual features. (5.206)

Early age(from one to three years)

In the early childhood the relationship with the mother retains its significance, but at this age the "I" of the child begins to form. He gradually becomes aware of himself as a separate person, internally separating himself from his mother. The result of development in early childhood should be the formation of autonomy, relative independence of the child, and for this, the mother needs to “let go” him to such a distance that he himself wants and can move away. In early childhood, communication with the father is very important for the development of independence of the child. The father must be physically emotionally available to the child, because, firstly, he is a clear example of relations with the mother as relations of autonomous subjects, and secondly, he acts as a prototype of the outside world, when some distance from the mother turns out to be not a departure to nowhere, but a departure to someone. then, and thirdly, the father is by nature less anxious, more psychologically stable than the mother and can be a source of psychological protection for the child, his peace of mind. If the father is rarely near the child, this negatively affects the formation of such important psychological properties this age, as independence and autonomy. The underdevelopment of these qualities subsequently turns into difficulties in school adaptation. (5.224)

preschool age (from three to six years) is so multifaceted and significant for the formation of the psychological health of the child. Risk factors in preschool age:

a) Sides of the family system as a whole, including the interaction of the child with all loved ones in the house. For many modern families the situation of the “child-idol of the family” is typical, when the satisfaction of the needs of the child prevails over the satisfaction of the needs of other family members or even comes to their detriment. The consequence of family interaction of this type can be a violation of emotional decentration, one of the most important neoplasms of preschool age. A child incapable of emotional decentration cannot perceive and take into account, in his behavior, the states, desires and interests of other people, he perceives the world only from the position own desires and interests, does not know how to deal with peers, does not understand the requirements of adults.

b) Parental programming. It can affect the child differently. On the one hand, parental programming ensures that the child learns the moral culture of the family, family traditions and values, creates the prerequisites for individual spirituality. On the other hand, a consequence of the excessive need for explicitly expressed parental love, the child learns to constantly adapt his behavior to the expectations of adults, based on their verbal and non-verbal signals.

c) Communication with children's institutions. The first meeting of a child with someone else's significant adult educator largely determines his further interaction with all significant adults.

AT kindergarten a child may have a serious internal conflict in case of strife with peers.

So, the psychological health of the child is formed with the rigid interaction of external and internal factors, and not only external factors are refracted into internal ones, but the internal force of the personality is also capable of modifying external influences. And once again we repeat that for the development of psychological healthy personality experience of the struggle leading to success is certainly necessary. (5.240)

Junior school age.

The beginning of schooling is one of the most significant moments in a person's life, the period of his qualitative change, the point of transition to a new state. Many teachers and parents underestimate the qualitative changes that occur in the child during his learning. Much more attention is paid to the quantitative parameters of the knowledge and skills acquired by the child. Qualitative changes are especially significant, they can play both a positive and a negative role, they can strengthen psychological health or undermine it. If gaps in knowledge can be subsequently filled, then the psychological disorders that have arisen can be persistent and difficult to correct. (2.11)

O.A. Loseva notes that the process of adaptation to educational institution may proceed differently in children with different state health: light, medium and heavy. At easy adaptation state of tension functional systems the child's body is compensated during the first quarter. When adapting moderate violation of well-being and health are more pronounced and can be observed during the first half of the year. In some children, adaptation is difficult, while significant health disorders increase from the beginning school year by the end.

Adapted is most often called the child who fits into the school system of norms and requirements, penitent in the first place - mastery educational material, and interpersonal relationships in the classroom. M.R. Bityanova notes that "sometimes more humanistically minded teachers add another criterion - it is important that this adaptation be carried out by the child without serious internal losses, deterioration in well-being, mood, self-esteem" (1.5)

“Adaptation is not only adaptation to successful functioning in a given environment (field of activity), but also the ability for further personal (sphere of self-awareness), social (sphere of communication) development” (A.L. Wenger)

G.V. Ovcharova notes that the concept of "school adaptation" began to be used in last years to describe various problems and difficulties encountered by children different ages in connection with schooling. The author refers to such difficulties:

1. 
   Unsuitability for the subject side learning activities because the child has insufficient intellectual and psychomotor development.
2. 
   Inability to voluntarily control one's behavior.
3. 
   Failure to pick up the pace school life(more common in somatically weakened children, children with developmental delay, with a weak type of nervous system).
4. 
   The inability to resolve contradictions between the family and school "we", i.e. school neurosis or "school phobia".

From the above, it follows that the main areas of maladaptation of younger students are:

Difficulties at school - the expectation of failure, disbelief in one's own strength, fear of punishment;

Difficulties in relationships with peers;

Difficulties in relationships with parents - fear of not meeting the expectations of parents, fear of punishment;

Depressive symptoms

Real and unreal fears and others emotional disturbances(aggressiveness, anxiety, isolation). (1.30)

Thus, almost half of all junior schoolchildren experience difficulties in adapting to school conditions, and this indicates how important it is during this period to pay close attention to the psychological health of junior schoolchildren and to the characteristics psychological processes characteristic of this age.

Note:

1. 
   Bityanova M.R. Adaptation of the child to school: diagnostics, correction, pedagogical support. - M., 1998, p.112.
2. 
   Davydov V.V. Psychological development younger students. - M., 1990, p. 166.
3. 
   Dubrovina I.V. Management practical psychologist. - M., 1997, p. 162.
4. 
   Obukhova L.F. Age-related psychology. - M., 1996, p. 372.
5. 
   Ovcharova R.V. Practical psychology in primary school. - M., Sphere, 1996, p. 238.