What to do if a person sees hallucinations. Drugs that cause hallucinations. Medicines, drugs, pills for the treatment of hallucinations

The desire of a person to escape from the daily routine made him discover drugs - chemical compounds that distort the perception of reality, provoking various visions and sounds that are not really there. Hallucinogenic drugs sold in modern pharmacies are very popular among people adolescence. Such funds contain substances that can enter the patient into a state of euphoria and cause hallucinations. However, these drugs are by no means harmless, and can be highly addictive.

Why do people have hallucinations

There are many reasons why a person has imaginary images that do not correspond to reality. These include:

mental illness - schizophrenia, alcoholic psychosis, epilepsy, paranoia and others;
pathologies of a somatic nature - neoplasms, brain damage;
infections - meningitis, encephalitis, syphilis of the brain, severe illness blood vessels and heart, intoxication;
taking drugs that affect the central nervous system: drugs, alcohol, medicines, as well as the use of certain plants and fungi that have a toxic effect on the brain;
chronic stress and sleep deprivation.

Hallucinations can affect all the senses, while patients are able to hear voices or sounds, see people or animals that do not exist.

Most often, illusions arise under the influence of serious diseases affecting the brain.. However, sometimes illusory effects can appear due to the refusal of sleep for more than 2 days, after surgery, with depression, during menopause in women and during puberty in adolescents.

Substances that cause imaginary images

Some people seek to escape from reality purposefully, using chemicals or narcotic compounds internally. One well-known psychedelic is lysergic acid diethylamide, known as LSD..

In addition, some synthetic compounds and plants containing alkaloids have a hallucinogenic effect:

RSR, " Angel dust"or phencyclidine;
cocaine is a drug in the form of a powder or paste, which is obtained from coca growing in South America and Africa;
opium, a drug derived from the poppy;
heroin - a derivative of morphine in the form of a powder;
psychedelics - marijuana, marijuana, hashish, synthesized from hemp;
ecstasy, MDMA, or methylenedioxymethamphetamine, an amphetamine that has become part of street culture;
salvia (sage sage) - a plant that can be found in the forests of Mexico;
peyote is a hallucinogenic cactus;
poisonous mushroom Psilotsibum;
ayahuasca - a decoction made from vines;
iboga plant native to Africa.

To provoke hallucinations, it is enough to eat mushrooms that cause clouding of consciousness, for example, pale grebe or fly agaric. Some plants - belladonna and datura - also have hallucinogenic properties.

Drugs and alcohol taken in large doses, as well as an overdose of certain medications, can cause a violation of the perception of reality.

What drugs cause hallucinations

Some medications used in psychiatry, dentistry, surgery and other areas of medicine can cause hallucinogenic effects.

A well-known psychedelic drug is nitrous oxide - "laughing gas", which is used in dentistry. Inhalation of a large amount of this substance can provoke a short-term onset of hallucinations.

Other medications that can cause hallucinations include:

analgesics of narcotic and non-narcotic origin: Indomethacin, Ketamine, Morphine, Pentazocine, as well as salicylates;
antibacterial drugs - Acyclovir, Amantadine, Amphotericin, Chloroquine, Benzylpenicillin and others;
antihistamines - Suprastin, Tavegil;
anticonvulsants - Suxilep, Hexamidin;
some drugs prescribed by doctors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease also have a hallucinogenic effect, for example, Levodopa, Bromocriptine, Carbidopa;
if the dosage is exceeded, ordinary nasal drops can cause a violation of consciousness - Ephedrine, Nazol;
antidepressants - Amitriptyline, Trazodone;
cardiotropic drugs, for example, Lidocaine, Digoxin, Novocainamide;
Clonidine, Dopegit, Inderal, Propranolol - such solutions and tablets cause hallucinations in the treatment of hypertension;
tranquilizers - Triazolam, Diazepam, Relanium;
steroid substances - Prednisolone, Dexamethasone.

Most commonly, hallucinogenic drugs are taken to numb or put patients into artificial sleep. These medications usually have side effects, including hallucinations.

The most dangerous substances

Among the most dangerous pharmaceutical preparations that cause a hallucinogenic effect and addiction, one can note preparations containing:

ethanol;
cocaine;
nicotine;
morphine;
heroin;

Opioids are of particular concern.:

tramal;
buprenorphine;
oxycodone;
lortab and others.

Stimulants that elevate mood and increase energy, such as cocaine, as well as drugs with morphine sulfate, fentanyl, methadone, can cause great harm to the body.

The list of pharmacy drugs includes codeine-containing drugs that cause powerful physical and psychological addiction:

kofeks;
nurofen plus;
sedalgin;
solpadeine;
terpincode;
codeterpine;
pentalgin N;
sedal M and others.

Dependence on these drugs is serious illness and needs serious treatment.. In addition, at uncontrolled use The following means can cause glitches:

Lyrica is a drug for people suffering from epilepsy. Has properties similar to opioids;
tropicamide - available as eye drops. Able to provoke a hallucinogenic effect and fainting;
tramadol is taken for pain relief by patients suffering from malignant neoplasms;
psychedelic drugs containing dextromethorphan (Tussin +, Glycodin, Atussin);
muscle relaxant Baclofen, anticholinergics Parkopan, Taren;
mescaline, dimethyltryptamine and psilocin do not cause strong psychological and physiological dependence, but are very dangerous for the brain. Often they become the cause of impaired perception, psychosis and decreased intelligence.

The most popular are drugs of the opioid group, including codeine, ephedrine and tramadol, as well as tranquilizers with a sedative effect.

Effects of hallucinogenic drugs

Sometimes the visions and images of an addict are quite harmless, but they can also be dangerous. At the same time, voices appear in the person’s head, ordering to perform any aggressive actions or deeds. Besides, taking hallucinogens can lead to severe poisoning and be fatal.

Hallucinations from pills can manifest as:

imaginary voices and non-existent objects;
distorted perception of taste and smell;
touch sensations that are not there.

Hallucinogens with prolonged use can provoke the patient:

convulsions;
disorientation in time and environment;
falling into a coma and a state of delirium.

Exceeding the dosage leads to depression of the psycho-emotional state of a person. The most dangerous are drugs that stimulate the central nervous system - amphetamine and cocaine.. In overdose, they cause the strongest hallucinogenic effect, overexcitation and psychosis.

Uncontrolled use of psychedelic substances often causes coma, arrhythmias, and even death.

Effects

Hallucinogenic drugs are often purchased by drug addicts for their further synthesis with other harmful substances. Combining substances with chemicals, a person turns them into a poison that can destroy him in a few years. The most popular drugs are Desomorphine, Koldakt, Vint.

An addict can become addicted very quickly.. The strongest desire to enjoy and eliminate bad feeling forces him to use hallucinogens. With the so-called withdrawal, the drug addict experiences the following symptoms:

fever or chills;
panic attacks;
tendency to diarrhea;
lacrimation, discharge from the nose;
cramps in the abdomen;
excessive sweating;
bouts of nausea and vomiting;
confusion;
sleep disturbance or drowsiness;
deterioration in coordination;
restless behavior, anxiety, depression, irritability.

The systematic intake of a hallucinogen causes the brain to gradually adapt to it, and the body's addiction leads to the need to increase the dose.

Hallucinogenic substances can be highly addictive. In this case, the psychological dependence is usually stronger than the physical one.

In addition, the regular use of drugs entails severe damage to the central nervous system, a mental disorder that is expressed by symptoms similar to schizophrenia. This is especially pronounced in old age: older people are more prone to accidents and injuries under the influence of drugs.

Narcotic drugs have a negative impact on the state of health in general, they can destroy the liver and brain. The likelihood of addiction formation increases several times with the use of drugs in high doses, their combination with alcohol and pain medications.

Any psychiatrist today will say that the mechanism of the formation of hallucinations and, in fact, their etiology is not fully understood, but there is certain knowledge in this area, which sometimes very successfully allows you to deal with phenomena and images that do not exist in reality.

A hallucination is a deceptive perception of reality caused by a malfunction of the sense organs and the brain, as a result of which a person has all sorts of visions that other people do not see.

Hallucinations are divided into:
- auditory;
- visual;
- tactile (that is, when a person feels touches that are not there);
- taste;
- tactile (that is, when various smells are felt).

It is believed that these hallucinations are caused by various types of diseases, as well as the use of high doses of drugs, alcohol and toxic substances.

Hallucinations due to a mental disorder

In the first place in terms of the activity of the formation of hallucinations are mental illnesses, which include:
- schizophrenia (in all its manifestations and types);
- epilepsy;
- various hallucinatory syndromes;
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome, delirium (delirious tremens);
- heart attack;
- various psychoses.

All these types of diseases are accompanied to some extent by hallucinations, which can be eliminated with the help of psychopharmacological drugs. With these diseases, hallucinations are caused by a malfunction of the central nervous system and the brain, which forms false visions and sensations in the senses due to the violation.

hallucinations due to poisoning

Artificial disruption of the brain is caused by various narcotic drugs, such as:
- marijuana:
- LSD;
- amphetamine;
- poppy drugs ( and );
These substances have been taken by Indian tribes and South African peoples since ancient times to induce visions during the performance of various religious cults. Substances have been modified and have come down to our times, today they are considered drugs that are prohibited for free circulation.

Also, hallucinations are caused by the intake of various kinds of toxic substances, by inhaling them. These substances include:
- synthetic adhesives;
- various types of varnishes and paints;
- solvents;
- gasoline. When the vapors of these substances are inhaled, a person develops hypoxia and false hypoxia of the brain (there is a substitution chemical compound in a brain cell), which provokes ephemeral visual images.

Hallucinations can also be caused by various medications - mainly painkillers and psychotropic drugs - when the recommended dosage is exceeded. These drugs include:
- anticonvulsants;
- antihistamines;
- antidepressants;
- psychostimulants;
- tranquilizers;
- some types of anti-tuberculosis drugs;
- antihistamines;
- narcotic analgesics.

Hallucinations occur due to errors or malfunctions in the work of certain sense organs. They are characterized by the perception of non-existent objects, imaginary perception, as well as its errors. This means that a person can see, feel or hear something that is not really there.

It is known that there is not much knowledge about the functioning of the brain in mankind. Hallucinations belong to the field of unknown phenomena, among which there are still many unusual and mysterious. The brain shows us something that does not really exist, makes us hear voices that do not exist. Because of this, hallucinations have been known since ancient times. Of course, all this was perceived somewhat differently: among many peoples, priests and shamans deliberately used various mushrooms and plants to fall into a trance and, for example, communicate with deceased relatives of fellow tribesmen or revered deities. The attitude towards such hallucinogenic drugs was appropriate: ornaments and statues of mushrooms are often found in many temples, which indicates a widespread opinion among the ancients about their divine origin. The Maya Indians used such drugs for both religious and medical purposes as an anesthetic.

History also knows the use of hallucinations in art, culture and science. A large number of world famous talented people caused them in one way or another (alcohol, schizophrenia, periodic psychoses and opium use). Oddly enough, it was very effective: the masterpieces of Edgar Poe, Gogol, Yesenin, Vincent van Gogh, Vrubel, Chopin, as well as the development of the laureate Nobel Prize John Forbes Nash speak for themselves. Truly incredible can be the result of the creativity of geniuses who have been exposed to a psychopathic process, as a result of which the world of perceptions, real and spiritual, are intertwined. The only sad thing is that this is accompanied by gradual degradation and, as a result, complete devastation.

There are several types of hallucinations associated with different sense organs: visual, muscular, gustatory, visceral and olfactory.

Causes of hallucinations

Hallucinations associated with the organs of vision are characterized by the patient's vision of various images or scenes that do not exist in reality, in which he can take part.

May appear as a result of alcohol poisoning (one of the symptoms of delirium tremens), with the use of drugs or psychostimulants (for example, LSD, hashish, opium, cocaine and a number of others), M-anticholinergic drugs (scopalamine, phenothiazines, orphenadrine, antidepressants, toxins of some plants and fungi), as well as certain organic structures of tin. Visual, along with auditory hallucinations, are inherent in some diseases. These include, for example, peduncular hallucinosis.

"Voice from above", orders and praise from unseen friends, hails - all these refer to auditory hallucinations that often come along with schizophrenia, alcoholic hallucinosis, poisoning and simple partial seizures.

The sensation of non-existent odors is characteristic of olfactory hallucinations, which occur in schizophrenia, which often makes patients feel unpleasant odors - rot, rancidity, and so on. They can also cause damage to the brain, namely its temporal lobe. Herpetic encephalitis, as well as partial seizures, can also add to olfactory hallucinations and taste hallucinations, during which patients feel a pleasant or disgusting taste in the mouth. Naturally, the taste stimulus is unrealistic.

Hallucinations of a tactile nature are manifested in the sensation of objects that do not really exist. The cause is alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is also accompanied by auditory and visual visions.

During bodily hallucinations, the patient feels various discomfort, for example, passing through the body electric current. It can also be touching the body, grasping the limbs, feeling bubbles bursting in the intestines. They are observed in diseases such as schizophrenia and encephalitis.

In addition to differentiation according to the source of occurrence, hallucinations are divided into true and false. With true hallucinations, a person is an observer from the outside, the images that he sees exist in an accurate projection of the existing reality. A feature of false hallucinations is that they do not go beyond the head of the patient and are projected exclusively in it. This means that the sense organs are not involved in such hallucinations.

Hallucinations can be either simple or complex. With simple hallucinations, the work of only one of the sense organs is disturbed, while with complex hallucinations at least two are captured. This means that if a little devil comes to visit you one day, you will not only see his visual image, but you will also feel the chill that binds your muscles and you will be able to chat with him heart to heart. Complex hallucinations can occur only at a certain level of autosuggestibility, mental state and human complexes. Personality traits also matter.

Diseases that cause hallucinations

The cause of hallucinations can be many diseases, such as the already mentioned schizophrenia. It is also epilepsy, alcoholic psychosis, syphilis or brain tumors, drug poisoning, hypothermia, and so on.

With hallucinatory - paranoid syndrome a person perceives as a reality the things that seem to him during hallucinations. The nature of the visions is usually delusional and bleak - murders, cruelty, threats and violence. Causes of development: syphilis of the brain, schizophrenia, alcoholic psychosis.

Persistent and well-defined hallucinations occur with hallucinosis, which most often accompanies syphilis and alcoholism.

Hallucinations - red elephants.

True hallucinations of a visual nature, delirium and motor anxiety appear with one of the alcoholic psychoses - alcoholic delirium. It is the result of a hangover or refusal to drink alcohol. It all starts with relatively harmless illusions and gradually develops into visiting the patient with devils, various insects and animals, as well as imaginary people. As a rule, the matter does not end here with visual hallucinations, and auditory, tactile and olfactory ones are added to them. As a result, the movements of the patient and the uttered delirium are completely subordinated to the visions.

The characteristic features of alcoholic hallucinosis are auditory hallucinations, insomnia, sudden anxiety and uncontrollable fear. The patient feels a threat from a delusional perception of the real world. Usually the voices swear and argue with each other, as a result of which the feeling of fear gradually increases and makes the patient flee. Most often leads to hallucinosis long drinking. In various forms, it can last from two days to six months.

In chronic tactile hallucinosis, the patient all the time feels crawling on the surface of the body, as well as worms in case of organic damage brain or with psychosis associated with aging.

Sometimes, tetraethyl lead poisoning from leaded gasoline can cause a psychotic state. It is usually accompanied by hallucinatory experiences and disorders of consciousness.

Syphilis of the brain is accompanied by hallucinations, manifested in the form of sounds, shouts, unpleasant visual images.

hallucinations caused by long-term use narcotic substances are a mixture of terrible unrealistic visions, auditory deceptions, paranoia and jealousy.

Cardio decompensation vascular diseases changes the mood of the patient, causes a feeling of fear, unreasonable anxiety as well as insomnia and hallucinations. With the return to normal physical condition and the process of blood circulation, all the above symptoms disappear.

In diseases of a rheumatic nature, the patient suffers from intolerance, irritability, sleep disturbances, and sometimes influxes of hallucinations.

Malignant tumors can also cause auditory and visual hallucinations. Their development is influenced by the degree of toxicity of the disease, the level of exhaustion of the patient and the state of his brain, as well as the use of narcotic substances in the treatment.

Many infectious diseases in the list of their symptoms have various types of hallucinations. For example, typhoid and typhus, malaria and others. Before the temperature drops, delirium and illusory perception of the environment can be observed.

Finally, it is worth mentioning amentia - the most severe form of impaired consciousness. Its characteristic features are impaired synthesis of perceptions, thinking, speech, inability to navigate in space, severe hallucinations. It is often the result of endogenous psychoses caused in turn by trauma, infection, or poisoning. For the patient, it can be fatal, while those who have undergone amentia almost always suffer from memory loss.

Hallucinogenic mushrooms

The list of mushrooms that can cause hallucinations includes more than twenty different species that grow in various parts of nature. Due to the neurotoxic poison they contain, the consumption of such mushrooms is accompanied by a variety of effects: from hallucinations to neurosis and death. Almost always drug use causes addiction.

Drugs that cause hallucinations

Part medicines can cause hallucinations when consumed. These include narcotic analgesics, sulfonamides, some antidepressants, anti-tuberculosis and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as psychostimulants and tranquilizers.

Examination of a patient with hallucinations

When examining patients suffering from hallucinations, it should be borne in mind that some of them are aware of the unreality of their visions, and some firmly believe in them. Scenes that correspond to reality are more believable. For example, communication with relatives. At the same time, some patients feel something like a signal that reports the appearance of a vision in the near future. Contacts with the patient can determine his condition by strange behavior- movements, gestures, conversations with invisible interlocutors or with oneself. If a person is inadequate and cannot independently assess his own condition, he should be taken to the nearest medical institution for a proper examination.

The main thing in the pre-medical stage is to ensure the safety of both the patient and the people around him, in order to prevent possible injuries.

Which doctor should I contact if hallucinations occur

If hallucinations occur, it is worth making an appointment, first of all, with a neurologist and a psychiatrist. Then visit a narcologist and an oncologist.

Treatment of hallucinations

Based on the disease, one of the symptoms of which are hallucinations, the patient is treated individually. Hospitalization is required only during exacerbations. Severe hallucinations are treated with antipsychotics, tranquilizers, or sedatives. Detoxification therapy is also carried out.

Consultation with a doctor about hallucinations

Question: if a person is completely healthy, can hallucinations visit him?

Answer: For healthy people Illusions are characteristic, in which the perception of objects that actually exist is distorted. For example, the sound of pouring water can be taken by us for a conversation, any silhouette in the dark - for a person, and so on. Illusions can be provoked by poisoning, an infection that has entered the body, or its exhaustion.

Hallucinations - description and essence of the symptom, causes, types (auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, etc.), treatment. What is the difference between true hallucinations and illusions and pseudo hallucinations? How to induce hallucinations?

Brief description and essence of the symptom

Understanding the essence and scientific definition of hallucinations was made during the study of this problem within the framework of the general development of psychiatry. Thus, the translation of the Latin word "allucinacio" means "unfulfilled dreams", "idle chatter" or "nonsense", which is quite far from the modern meaning of the term "hallucinations". BUT modern sense The term "hallucinations" was acquired only in the 17th century in the work of the Swiss physician Plater. But the final formulation of the concept of "hallucination", which is still relevant today, was given only in the 19th century by Jean Esquirol.

A hallucination is a “vision” of a non-existent object on an object that actually exists in the surrounding space.
Pseudo-hallucination is "seeing" a non-existent object inside own body.
An illusion is a “vision” of real-life objects distorted, with characteristics that do not actually exist in them (a coat is perceived as a lurking person, a chair is seen as a gallows, etc.).

The line between all these psychiatric terms is quite thin, but very significant from the point of view of the mechanisms of their development and the degree of mental disorders, to which each variant of the disturbance in the perception of the surrounding world corresponds.

What are hallucinations?

Currently, there are several classifications of hallucinations, which subdivide them into types depending on various characteristics symptom. Let us consider the classifications that are most important for understanding the characteristics of hallucinations.

1. Associated hallucinations. They are characterized by the appearance of images with a certain logical sequence, for example, a stain on a chair predicts the appearance of flies from a water tap if a person tries to turn on the water.

2. Imperative hallucinations. They are characterized by the appearance of an orderly tone emanating from any surrounding objects. Usually such an orderly tone commands a person to perform some action.

3. Reflex hallucinations. They are characterized by the appearance of a hallucination in another analyzer in response to the impact of a real stimulus on any analyzer (auditory, visual, etc.). For example, turning on the light (an irritant for the visual analyzer) causes an auditory hallucination in the form of voices, orders, noise of the installation for guidance laser beams etc.

4. Extracampal hallucinations. They are characterized by going beyond the field of this analyzer. For example, a person sees visual images that are hallucinations behind a wall, etc.

Auditory hallucinations (for example, a person hears voices, speech, or just individual sounds). Sounds can be loud or soft, episodic or constant, indistinct or clear, familiar or strangers or objects, in character - narrative, accusatory, imperative, in form - monologues, dialogues on different languages, and by localization - in front, behind, above, below relative to the person.

Visual hallucinations (a person sees something simple, such as spots, zigzags, flashes of light, or complex images, such as people, unknown non-existent creatures, as well as entire scenes and panoramas unfolding before his eyes, like in a movie). Visual hallucinations can be black and white, multicolored, single color, transparent or colorless, moving or frozen, kaleidoscopic, panoramic or portrait, large, small or normal sizes, threatening, accusatory or neutral.

Taste hallucinations (a person feels a non-existent taste, for example, sweetness from chewing rubber, etc.).

Olfactory hallucinations(a person feels smells that do not exist in reality, for example, rotten meat, beautiful perfumes of a woman, etc.).

Tactile (tactile) hallucinations (sensation of any touch to the skin, heat, cold, etc.). These hallucinations can be localized on the surface of the skin or under it, a person can feel objects, insects, animals, ropes, heat, cold, touch, moisture or grasping.

Visceral hallucinations (a person feels certain objects inside his body, for example, some kind of implanted chip, worms, some kind of tool, etc.). With these hallucinations, a person can see their own internal organs in a normal or altered form, to feel their movement inside the body, to feel manipulations with the genitals (masturbation, rape, etc.), and also to feel animate and inanimate objects inside the body.

Proprioceptive hallucinations (feeling of movement that does not exist in reality in the legs, arms and any other parts of the body).

Vestibular hallucinations (feeling of a position of the body in space that does not correspond to reality, for example, a feeling of flight, constant rotation around its axis, etc.).

Complex hallucinations (sensations concerning several analyzers at the same time, for example, a feeling of sweet taste from a spot sitting on a chair, etc.).

In addition, hallucinations are divided into the following types depending on their complexity:

The simplest hallucinations. Characterized by the incompleteness of an erroneously perceived image. For example, visual simplest hallucinations include seeing spots, sparks, circles, rays, etc.; to auditory - unclear rustles, creaking, the sound of steps, inarticulate sounds, syllables, shouts, pronouns, etc.
Object hallucinations. They are characterized by the completeness of an erroneously perceived image that affects only one analyzer. For example, visual object hallucinations are animals, people, body parts, any objects, etc.; auditory are words, commands, sentences, or even monologues or texts.
Complex hallucinations. They are characterized by the fact that several analyzers are involved in their formation, as a result of which a person sees entire scenes or panoramas, like in a movie. For example, a person can see mythical aliens and hear their speech, etc.

True hallucinations - video

Pseudo-hallucinations - video

Hallucinations - Causes

The causes of hallucinations can be the following conditions and diseases:

Schizophrenia;
Epilepsy;
Psychosis;
Hallucinosis (alcoholic, prison, etc.);
Hallucinatory-delusional syndromes (paranoid, paraphrenic, paranoid, Kandinsky-Clerambault).

2. Somatic diseases:

Tumors and brain injuries;
Infectious diseases affecting the brain (meningitis, encephalitis, temporal arteritis etc.);
Diseases that occur with severe fever (for example, rash and typhoid fever, malaria, pneumonia, etc.);
Stroke;
Syphilis of the brain;
Cerebral atherosclerosis (atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels);
Cardiovascular diseases in the stage of decompensation (decompensated heart failure, decompensated heart defects, etc.);
Rheumatic diseases of the heart and joints;
Tumors localized in the brain;
Metastases of tumors in the brain;
Poisoning by various substances (for example, tetraethyl lead - a component of leaded gasoline).

3. The use of substances that affect the central nervous system:

Alcohol (hallucinations are especially pronounced in alcoholic psychosis, called "delirious tremens");
Drugs (all opium derivatives, mescaline, crack, LSD, PCP, psilobicine, cocaine, methamphetamine);
Medications (Atropine, drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, anticonvulsants, antibiotics and antiviral drugs, sulfonamides, anti-tuberculosis drugs, antidepressants, histamine blockers, antihypertensives, psychostimulants, tranquilizers);
Plants containing toxic substances acting on the central nervous system (belladonna, dope, pale grebe, fly agaric, etc.).

Hallucinations: causes, types and nature of the symptom, description of cases of hallucinations, connection with schizophrenia, psychosis, delirium and depression, similarity with a dream - video

Treatment

The treatment of hallucinations is based on the elimination causative factor that caused their appearance. In addition, in addition to therapy aimed at eliminating the causative factor, drug relief of hallucinations is carried out. psychotropic drugs. Antipsychotics are most effective for stopping hallucinations (for example, Olanzapine, Amisulpride, Risperidone, Quetiapine, Mazheptil, Trisedil, Haloperidol, Triftazin, Aminazin, etc.). The choice of a specific drug for the relief of hallucinations is carried out by the doctor in each case individually, based on the characteristics of the patient, the combination of hallucinations with other symptoms of a mental disorder, previously used therapy, etc.

How to induce hallucinations?

To cause hallucinations, it is enough to eat hallucinogenic mushrooms (pale toadstool, fly agaric) or plants (belladonna, dope). You can also take drugs, alcohol in large quantities or drugs that have a hallucinogenic effect in large doses. All this will cause hallucinations. But simultaneously with the appearance of hallucinations, poisoning of the body will occur, which may require urgent medical care up to resuscitation. In severe poisoning, death is also likely.

Semantic hallucinations

Semantic hallucinations is the name of a popular musical group. There is no such thing in medical terminology.

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pills for hallucinations

The appearance of hallucinations is a cause for concern not only for the person suffering from them, but also for his relatives. In some cases, they are considered a sign of severe mental disorders. In no case should this situation be ignored, you should consult a doctor who, with the help of medical correction, will improve the patient's condition. Our article will tell you how to get rid of hallucinations with the help of medications.

The occurrence of hallucinations requires immediate medical attention. Most often, the responsibility for treatment falls on the shoulders of the patient's relatives, since usually the latter do not understand the seriousness of the situation and are in no hurry to see a specialist. Before treating hallucinations, it is necessary to consult a doctor who, before prescribing treatment, establishes the cause that caused this problem and, in accordance with it, establishes adequate therapy.

If this condition is caused by drugs, then you should not only stop taking them, but also rid the body of intoxication. When auditory hallucinations occur simultaneously with visual hallucinations, it is necessary for the patient to be hospitalized in a hospital. Today there are different medical preparations to help cure various types of hallucinations.

Important! Before prescribing treatment if mental illness, dementia, the doctor must be warned, because some types of pills can worsen the course of the disease.

Antipsychotics

Therapy of hallucinations is most often carried out with the help of medications belonging to the group of neuroleptics, which quite successfully cope with this problem. Antipsychotics are psychotropic drugs designed to treat neurological and psychological problems. However, these drugs have many side effects, although today there are antipsychotics. modern generation, which are more secure than the previous one.

New generation drugs help not only cure hallucinations, but also relieve muscle tension, have a mild hypnotic effect, and clarify the thought process. The most popular remedies that help treat hallucinatory-delusional syndrome today include:

Abilify. Assign simultaneously with antidepressants for dementia, schizophrenia, depression. However, it must be remembered that this remedy can cause increased anxiety. Usually, in schizophrenia, the drug is prescribed from 10 to 15 mg per day, for the treatment bipolar disorders the recommended dose varies from 15 to 30 mg per day. The usual treatment course is from 1 to 3 months.

A contraindication to the use is considered to be children under 16 years of age and individual intolerance to the drug. Patients also having cardiovascular diseases should be subjected to special control. To adverse reactions include dizziness, drowsiness, pneumonia, decreased appetite.

Quetiapine. It is used according to the following scheme: on the first day 50 mg is used, on the 2nd day - 100 mg each, on the 3rd day - 200 mg each, on the 4th day - 300 mg each. Then the dosage varies mg per day. Elderly patients at the beginning use 25 mg per day, then the dose is increased by 25 mg daily. The same dosage is prescribed for patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency.

These pills for hallucinations are contraindicated in case of intolerance to them, in children under 18 years of age, during breastfeeding. In patients with a history of convulsive phenomena, cardiovascular diseases, the use should be carried out under the supervision of a physician. Treatment course appointed individually, based on the severity of the disease. The most common side effects are: insomnia, nausea, tachycardia, dizziness, delirium.

Etaperazine. It is not indicated for endocarditis, brain disease, in violation of the central nervous system, during pregnancy, lactation, children under 12 years of age. This medicine it is used starting from 10 mg daily, if the patient has previously taken treatment with this drug, then 40 mg daily may be prescribed.

Further daily dosage increases to 80 mg and is taken as a 4-month course. Etaperazine has many side effects, among which the most common are dizziness, muscle weakness, anxiety, increased blood pressure, nausea, tachycardia, frequent urination, fever, urticaria.

tranquilizers

Often, the treatment of hallucinations requires the addition of tranquilizers that have a calming effect. Tranquilizers stop panic, anxiety, stress, depression, help eliminate hallucinations. These drugs will help relieve internal tension, while not affecting cognitive processes. Tranquilizers for hallucinations are prescribed if the pathology is caused by an increased anxiety state. The most prescribed drugs include:

Gidazepam. Refers to "daytime" drugs that do not cause drowsiness. The usual dosage is 0.02 to 0.05 g three times a day. The duration of the course varies from the condition of the patient and is within 4 months. This drug contraindicated in pathology of the kidneys and liver, muscle weakness, employment at work that requires a speed of reaction. The most common side effects are dizziness, itching, decreased sex drive, nausea.

Grandaxin. Applicable for increased voltage, fear, autonomic disorder, reduced activity. Usually prescribed for 5 mg. The average dosage of adults is 0.01 g three times with the usual therapeutic course of no more than 2 months.

If there is a need, then the subsequent repetition of the use of the drug is possible after 1 month. The most common side effects include various disorders digestion, itching. Contraindications for the use of Grandaxin is the 1st trimester of pregnancy, psychopathological disorders. If there is a need, then it is possible to prescribe for children from 1 year old, while the doctor should select the dose based on the weight of the baby.

Seduxen. Calms the central nervous system, relaxes muscle tone, relieves emotional stress, anxiety, irritability, hallucinations against the background of fear. This drug is prescribed with 0.0025 mg twice, with gradual increase which it is possible to bring it up to 5 mg per day. With increased fears, accompanied by auditory hallucinations, it is allowed to increase the drug to 20 mg daily.

The daily dosage is divided into 3 doses. If there is a stably disturbed sleep, then the medicine is given at night. It is possible to use from 1 year, while the dose is selected exclusively by the attending physician. Side effects include nausea, dizziness, tremor. Contraindicated for use during pregnancy, in the presence of renal failure and cardiovascular diseases.

Antidepressants

Drugs active against depression, helping with debilitating psychiatric disorders motor activity, autonomic disorders, decreased mood, loss of reality, are called antidepressants. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants for hallucinations include:

Amitriptyline. Contraindicated in case of intoxication of the body, pregnancy, during breastfeeding, glaucoma, cardiovascular diseases, depressive psychosis, alcoholism, asthma, stroke.

This remedy has the following side effects: tachycardia, tremor, increased blood pressure, arrhythmia, diarrhea, nausea, decreased libido, headache, insomnia. Amitriptyline at the beginning of the reception is prescribed 25 mg at night, then over 5 days the dosage is gradually increased to 200 mg three times. If necessary daily dose can be raised to 300 mg.

Paroxetine. It belongs to the drugs of a new generation, it quickly relieves anxiety, depression, and is well tolerated by patients. Contraindicated during pregnancy, lactation, in children under 14 years of age, with epilepsy, heart disease, glaucoma, epilepsy. The instruction states that Paroxetine is taken once with meals. If the patient has depression, then appoint 20 mg for 2-3 weeks.

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If necessary, the dosage may be increased, but it should not exceed 50 mg. During the use of the drug, the following may occur side effects: increased sweating, diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite, impaired sexual desire, frequent urination, muscle weakness, dizziness, insomnia, tachycardia.

Tianeptine. Able to improve mood, increase overall muscle tone, relieve depression, increased anxiety, frequent mood changes. Contraindicated in hypersensitivity to the remedy, pregnancy, children under 15 years of age, in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, during breastfeeding.

Cases of the following side effects are known: dizziness, drowsiness during the day, arrhythmia, chest pain, shortness of breath, feeling hot, "lump" in the throat, nausea, bloating, hot flashes. Usually prescribed 12.5 mg three times. If patients also have kidney failure, then the dosage is reduced to 12.5 mg twice.

Important! It is impossible to independently use medicines aimed at the treatment of hallucinations, since the human psyche is a rather delicate system, incorrectly chosen medicines can unbalance it for a long time.

The occurrence of a hallucination should imply treatment only under the constant supervision of a specialist. With proper monitoring of the patient and systematic treatment, it is possible to long time get rid of this unpleasant symptomatology.

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Drugs that can cause psychosis (hallucinations) or delusions

For a person of any age with symptoms of a psychiatric disorder (eg, hallucinations) or delirium, it is important to carefully determine whether these symptoms are caused by medication before starting antipsychotic medication. For a person 60 years of age or older, there is Great chance that hallucinations, delirium, or other symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia may be caused by taking the drugs listed below or abruptly stopping alcohol, barbiturates, or other sleeping pills and tranquilizers.

Such drugs and non-narcotic analgesics like idnomethacin (INDOCIN), ketamine (KETALAR), morphine, pentazocine (FORTRAL), and salicylates (eg, aspirin).

Antibiotics and other antibacterials, eg acyclovir (ZOVIRAX), amantidine (MIDANTAN), amphotericin B (FUNGISONE), chloroquine (DELAGIN), cycloserine, ethionamide, isoniazid (NIDRAZIDE), nalidixic acid (NEGRAM), benzylpenicillin (PENICILLIN G).

Anticonvulsants such as ethosuximide (SUXILEP), phenytoin (DIFENIN), and primidine (HEXAMIDINE).

Antiallergic drugs, for example, antihistamines (suprastin, tavegil, etc.).

Antiparkinsonian drugs such as levodopa and carbidopa (combination drug - pp) or bromocriptine (PARLODEL).

Antidepressants such as trazodone (AZONA) and tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (AMIZOL) and doxepin.

Cardiotropic drugs such as flaxseed preparations (digoxin, etc.), lidocaine (XYLOCAINE) and procainamide (NOVOCAINAMIDE).

Antihypertensive drugs such as clonidine (CLOFELINE), methyldopa (DOPEGIT), prazosin (POLPRESSIN), and propranolol (INDERAL).

Common cold remedies such as ephedrine, oxymetazoline (NAZOL), and pseudoephedrine.

Such narcotic drugs, like amphetamines (most amphetamines (for example, phenamine, pervitin, "ecstasy") do not cause hallucinations. Among the hallucinogenic amphetamines, the most famous are mescaline), PCP (pheniccyclidine), barbiturates, cocaine and crack (the free base of cocaine). It should also be noted that hallucinations may be due to the accidental or intentional ingestion of certain narcotic plants, such as certain types mushrooms).

Tranquilizers such as alprazolam (XANAX), diazepam (RELANIUM), and triazolam.

Steroids such as dexamethasone (DEXAVEN) and prednisolone (DECORTIN).

Other drugs, eg atropine, aminocaproic acid, baclofen, cimetidine (TAGAMET), ranitidine (ZANTAC), disulfiram (ESPERAL), hormones thyroid gland and vincristine (CYTOMID).

hallucinations

Description:

Hallucinations - perceptions that occur without a real object, deceptions of the senses; the patient sees or hears what is in reality in this moment does not exist.

Hallucinations Symptoms:

Hallucinations are divided by analyzers (visual, tactile, auditory, etc.) and by the nature of their occurrence. The most important in practical terms are the following. Hypnagogic - visual and auditory hallucinations that occur when falling asleep (with eyes closed!) and often serve as a harbinger of developing alcoholic delirium. Visual hallucinations are most common in acute exogenous psychoses and impaired consciousness. They are observed mainly in the evening and at night. microoptical - visual hallucinations in the form of images of people or animals that differ in very small sizes (often with alcoholic delirium). Imperative - auditory hallucinations, "voices" ordering to perform certain, often dangerous for the patient or others, actions; sometimes they forbid the patient to talk, make him resist examination or examination, etc. The danger of these hallucinations is that patients are often unable to resist the "order". Auditory hallucinations often occur in silence, when the patient is alone and is not distracted. Auditory hallucinations are especially common in schizophrenia and alcoholic hallucinosis. Olfactory hallucinations are expressed by various imaginary smells, more often unpleasant; usually found in schizophrenia and presenile paranoids; their appearance in the clinical picture of schizophrenia usually means a tendency to an unfavorable course of the disease with resistance to treatment. With tactile hallucinations, the patient experiences a feeling of crawling under the skin of insects, goosebumps, small objects (with alcoholic delirium, cocaine intoxication). With taste hallucinations, patients experience an unusual taste that is not characteristic of this food or the appearance of unpleasant taste sensations in the mouth without eating.

There are true hallucinations and false (pseudo-hallucinations). A patient with true hallucinations is convinced of the reality of their existence, since for him they are projected in the surrounding space, not differing from ordinary sounds, voices and visual images.

Pseudo-hallucinations are localized within the patient's own body and are accompanied by a feeling of alienation and madeness (they hear voices in their heads that are transmitted to them from space; they are "made visions"; they are convinced of an outside influence on their thoughts and feelings, often expressing their thoughts about nature of such influence - "hypnosis", "laser", etc.). Pseudo-hallucinations, as a rule, are combined with delusions of influence. If true hallucinations are more characteristic of alcoholic, traumatic and organic psychoses, then pseudohallucinations are only for schizophrenia.

Hallucinosis - psychopathological syndrome, characterized by pronounced, abundant ( various types) hallucinations that dominate the clinical picture. Hallucinosis is often accompanied by delusions, the content of which depends on "voices" or visions (hallucinatory delusions). Acute hallucinosis usually develops with infectious or intoxication (usually alcoholic) psychoses. In the event of an unfavorable course or insufficient treatment against the background of organic or vascular diseases of the brain, acute hallucinosis becomes chronic, in which auditory and less often tactile hallucinations predominate. With it, the behavior of patients is more ordered, perhaps a critical attitude towards "voices", patients can even remain able to work.

Causes of hallucinations:

The appearance of hallucinations indicates a significant severity of mental disorders; in patients with neuroses, they usually do not happen. Studying the features of hallucinations in each case can help establish the diagnosis of mental illness and predict its outcome. For example, in schizophrenia, the voices that the patient hears are more likely to address him, comment on his actions, or order him to do something. With alcoholic hallucinosis, voices speak of the patient in the third person and usually scold or condemn for drunkenness.

Hallucination Treatment:

The occurrence of hallucinations is an indication for hospitalization (with the obligatory accompaniment of such patients by a paramedic) and active therapy with antipsychotics (haloperidol, triftazin, etaperazine, leponex, etc.). Chronic hallucinatory states in schizophrenia and other mental illnesses require constant maintenance therapy with psychotropic drugs and dynamic monitoring by a psychiatrist. It should be borne in mind that in some cases, patients, when talking with a doctor, can hide their hallucinations (dissimulation), and in the presence of nursing staff, "forget" and demonstrate objective signs of experienced hallucinations. Staff should be sure to inform the doctor if the patient has hallucinatory disorders.