DTP vaccination after illness. Akds when they do it - how and when they vaccinate babies. Correct injection site

The issue of vaccinations has always been acute - a lot of materials are devoted to this topic both in the pro-vaccination and anti-vaccination zones. We will not enter into a debate about the benefits or harms of vaccinations, but simply talk about one of the most serious - DPT. Parents make the most complaints about this vaccination, most of the questions and “horror stories” are associated with it. As a doctor and a young mother, I consider it my duty to convey to parents objective information about this vaccination and answer the main questions that are associated with it. The choice is up to the parents...

What's this?

The DTP vaccine is called adsorbed vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. In Russia, children begin to vaccinate with this vaccine at the age of three months, then they give a second injection at four and a half months and a third at six months, revaccination is done at a year and a half, six months after the third vaccination. In parallel with it, poliomyelitis and hemophilic infection are done (since January 1, it has been included in the list of mandatory calendars).

Why vaccinate so early, why not postpone these vaccinations to a later date?

In fact, if it were not important and not scientifically substantiated, the timing would, of course, be different. However, if there are no contraindications, it is necessary to vaccinate the baby at this time. Before the introduction of vaccination, most of these diseases ended in death, especially in these babies. It is especially dangerous for a young child to get whooping cough, this leads to suffocation, which can damage the brain and cause disability. Although diphtheria with tetanus is no less terrible, with diphtheria, the baby simply suffocates due to a blockage. respiratory tract films, and with tetanus, he experiences excruciating pain and dies from paralysis of the respiratory muscles. You can save the baby only if you introduce serum, but they can remain very serious consequences.

At the age of one, the baby gradually expands the boundaries of his space, because he begins to move, studying the world. Often there are injuries, wounds or scratches, contacts with children are expanding. Immunity in children is not formed immediately, therefore, in order to reliably protect it from these infections by the age of one, it is necessary to carry out three vaccinations at such an interval. A year later, to maintain and form a full-fledged immunity, a final injection is given - now the baby is reliably protected from diseases for the coming years - approximately before school.

Then the pertussis component of the vaccine is no longer vaccinated, and tetanus and diphtheria are carried out in full at 7 and 14 years. And then adults every ten years should be vaccinated during adult polyclinic. How long have you been vaccinated yourself? Think you're protected? Do you go to the country or nature? Then any wound with contamination can threaten you with tetanus. And the carriage of diphtheria bacillus is widespread. Diphtheria usually starts as a common cold or sore throat, and the mortality from these infections is still very high.

DTP vaccination is carried out in most countries of Europe and Asia, the preparations for vaccination may be different, but the principles are the same - all countries vaccinate children from an early age no later than 2-4 months at intervals of 1-3 months. In Russia, there are now several vaccines - domestic and imported, which are vaccinated. In the clinic, they make for free those that the state has purchased (usually domestic, although it may be imported), in pay centers you are free to choose from several vaccines that will suit you in terms of price and composition, will be recommended to you by an immunologist or pediatrician.

What to do if the vaccination period is missed?

Sometimes, due to a medical exemption or for other reasons, the timing of vaccination is violated. In order to vaccinate correctly and as efficiently as possible, with minimal risk to health, you need to know certain rules.

All DTP vaccines are administered three times with a minimum allowable interval between administration of 45 days, and revaccination must be carried out 12 months after the last vaccination. If by the time last shot the child is not yet 4 years old - he is given a full DPT, after four years, vaccination is done only with ADS or ADS-m vaccine without a pertussis component. But, there is a slight deviation - if a child was vaccinated with the Infanrix vaccine, the whooping cough restriction does not apply to it - the baby is revaccinated even after three years with Infanrix.

If the deadlines between the introduction of the vaccine are violated, the vaccinations do not disappear, all the injections performed are credited to the child, and then all the remaining ones are completed according to the proper schedule - between the first three injections for a month and a half, revaccination no earlier than a year later. The DTP vaccine is compatible with all other drugs except BCG, so DTP is often combined with Haemophilus influenzae and polio.

What is in the vaccine?

Usually, vaccines are presented in an ampoule with a cloudy liquid, before it is administered, it is thoroughly shaken until a homogeneous medium is obtained. Mom can control the action nurse- ask to show you the expiration date on the package, the ampoule itself for integrity and the absence of foreign inclusions. If there are flakes, sediment or inclusions in the ampoule - most likely, it was stored incorrectly and this is evidence of its unsuitability, refuse to use such a vaccine.

The vaccine includes killed cells of the whooping cough pathogen (in imported vaccines, the pertussis component is acellular) and 40-60 IU of tetanus toxoid and 30 IU of diphtheria toxoid. Such dosages of these toxins are determined by the need to create the desired level of antibodies in the child's immune system, and it is not yet fully formed and is working hard.

The cellular pertussis component is contained in our ACDI and Tetracoccus vaccine - they usually give more reactions due to the pertussis component. But today for immunization is increasingly used imported vaccines Infanrix and Pentaxim - in them, the pertussis component is devoid of a cell wall. This means that it is less reactogenic (does not give strong reactions), but creates the same good immunity.

The presence of an adsorbent in the vaccine creates the greatest criticism - it is aluminum hydroxide. It is necessary in the vaccine, as it creates an immunogenic depot of the vaccine - this is the bump at the injection site, from which the vaccine is gradually released in portions and forms immunity. Our mothers love to treat this bump so much with compresses, but you don’t need to do this - you are doing a “bear” service to the immune system.

With the right alignment, an inflammation zone is formed at the site of vaccine administration due to the injection and aluminum hydroxide with the vaccine - a much larger volume of immune cells is attracted to it and a more active formation of immunity occurs. But, if there are no bumps at the injection site, this does not mean that there will be no immunity. The degree of development of inflammation varies for everyone, and children's organisms are different.

Another serious concern for parents is the preservative-stabilizer of the vaccine, mercury salt (thiomersal). The word mercury is simply the horror of parents. However, these compounds are not toxic and not dangerous, especially at those concentrations in the vaccine, much large dose You get mercury as you walk past a highway—on a daily basis.

Where are they vaccinated?

Any of the types of DTP vaccines are injected only intramuscularly. If it was previously practiced to introduce it into the buttock (an injection in the ass), then today this technique must be abandoned, and you have the right to demand an injection according to the rules - in the thigh. The structural features of the buttocks in children are such that the thigh muscles lie deep and are covered with a thick layer of fat to cushion falls on the fifth point. With injections in the ass (and the needles on modern syringes are thin and not long), the vaccine can get into the fat, and there will be no sense from it, only an abscess will form and the risk of suppuration will be high. There is no fat in the thigh, and the vaccine hits exactly the target, gradually dissolves and forms immunity.

In babies, an injection is made only in the front surface of the thigh, closer to the outer part. In older children, you can do it in the upper third of the shoulder, this is the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe deltoid muscle. And ADS or ADS-m vaccines are injected into the subscapular region with a special needle.

What are the usual reactions to DPT vaccination?

With the introduction of any substance in the body, a response can form, even if it is an injection sterile water. The body's response to immunogenic substances, such as vaccines and toxoids, is especially actively formed. Yes, the DTP vaccine is one of the most serious vaccines in our modern calendar, it has the most complaints and complaints. However, it is necessary to be able to distinguish between normal post-vaccination reactions and pathology, and not to mix everything up and escalate panic, as is done by ardent "anti-vaccinationists".

What to expect?

A child may or may not react to both domestic (cellular) and imported (cell-free) drugs, but according to statistics, Tetracoc and DTP give more reactions domestic production. All reactions to vaccination can be divided into local and general. However, pay attention - the reaction to the administration of DTP can develop only in the border of the first two to three days after its administration. There can be no reaction to them either in a week or in a month - these are myths.

Let's start with a discussion local reactions, they are more common and appear at the injection site. Usually, parents of babies or older children themselves note soreness at the injection site. This is due to puncture and violation of the integrity of tissues, as well as compression of tissues and nerves by the injected volume of the vaccine. Swelling and redness may develop at the injection site - in children, tissue reactions are very pronounced, they are more hydrophilic, that is, saturated with water, and more loosely arranged. Swelling and redness indicate active inflammation, which gives rise to an active immune response, lymphocytes are attracted there and familiarity with the components of the vaccine and the formation of antibodies are formed. Thus, cells remember the components of the infection and, multiplying, transmit information from generation to generation.

The development of swelling and redness up to eight centimeters in diameter is quite acceptable, and swelling and redness most often occur when injected into the ass, and the resorption of such infiltrates occurs slowly.

What parents should not do and should not be recommended to doctors is to make lotions at the injection site and apply ointments, Vishnevsky's ointment, dimexide and various antibiotics are a particular sabotage. With such, so to speak, "compresses", a normal reaction can be translated into abscess formation. And at the site of normal injection, an abscess is formed. What needs to be done is to provide peace to the leg - do not touch, do not press, do not smear or massage this place, if the baby is naughty - give children's nurofen in half the dose and drink valerian yourself.

Despite the fact that the widespread use of the DPT vaccine has practically saved mankind from epidemics of whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, this vaccine is still viewed with distrust. And for good reason: it can cause quite serious complications, and some side effects(which, however, occur quite rarely) shock young parents and force them to call an ambulance.

What does AKDS mean?

Decryption medical term sounds like this: adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. This means that a mixture of three vaccines is injected into the child's blood - antibodies to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. All these ailments are deadly for humans.

Complications in children after vaccination with DTP vaccine arise due to the rare presence of lipopolysaccharides and pertussis toxins in it. It is they who can cause an unpredictable reaction of the immune system within three days after the injection.

What diseases does vaccination protect against?

The DTP vaccine is administered to the baby to protect against three dangerous infections: tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria.

Tetanus

Doctors call tetanus an infectious disease, the causative agent of which is considered to be a special ubiquitous bacterium Clostridium tetani, which can penetrate into open wounds on the surface of the epidermis or mucous membranes of a person. Tetanus is characterized by high fever, dehydration and severe convulsions often leading to death.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria - acute infection, transmitted both by airborne droplets and by contact, caused by the so-called diphtheria bacillus - Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The disease most often affects the nasopharynx (a fibrinous film forms on the mucous membranes), causing Quincke's edema and asphyxia, another frequent fatal dangerous complication is myocarditis.

Whooping cough

Whooping cough is infectious, predominantly childhood disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which is transmitted by airborne droplets. The disease causes uncontrolled spasms of the tracheal muscle and its necrosis, frequent cough like a bird call. Frequent damage to the heart muscle and lungs, asthma attacks, in babies - severe hypoxia, encephalopathy and convulsions.

DTP vaccination plan

Despite the fact that the DPT vaccination is the vaccination that most often causes any side effects in babies, it is imperative to do it: in this way, you may very well save your child's life or save him from disability and other consequences of serious infections.

DPT for babies

Young children are vaccinated four times:

• the first time - at the age of two or three months;
• the second time - one and a half months after the previous one;
• the third time - three months after the first;
• the fourth time (revaccination) - in a year and a half.

Compulsory vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough is recommended (but not required) before the baby enters the Kindergarten.

DTP for adults

Unfortunately, only a quarter of the adult population of our country knows about these recommendations and adheres to them, and they often give a “tetanus shot” only when the infection of the body has already begun - with severe injuries soft tissues, animal bites.

Mandatory DTP vaccination of the entire population during the Soviet period practically drove out epidemics of diphtheria and tetanus, and whooping cough was much more common. fewer children(and the disease proceeded more easily than in the unvaccinated). However, in our time, many are again beginning to refuse vaccines, which gives rise to bursts of epidemics of dangerous infections.

Contraindications for vaccination

Doctors distinguish two groups of contraindications for inoculation with DTP vaccine:

• Relative contraindications:
  1. A recent acute respiratory disease or acute respiratory viral infection, as well as an exacerbation of seasonal allergies, are reasons to postpone vaccination until complete recovery to exclude complications.
  2. Neurological ailments are a reason for postponing vaccination until a period of calm (lack of progression of neurology).
• Absolute contraindications:
  1. Diseases of the central nervous system in a state of progress.
  2. Previously present convulsive syndrome against the background of high body temperatures.

In the presence of absolute contraindications Babies are vaccinated with the ADS vaccine, a pertussis-free variant that rarely causes a reaction in children.

Who needs to be vaccinated?

• polycystic;
• bronchial asthma;
• chronic diseases liver;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels;
• chronic kidney disease;
• neurology in remission.

The point is that a favorable outcome possible infection diphtheria, tetanus or whooping cough among these children is unlikely - the infection can kill them or make them profoundly disabled.

When is the best time to vaccinate?

• in case of severe course of acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections;
• during other serious illnesses;
• with progressive neurology;
• with a strong reaction to a previous dose of vaccine.

In the latter case, pediatricians are advised to purchase an analogue domestic vaccine- Pentax. Foreign drug does not cause side effects due to the replacement of the whole-cell component of pertussis with acellular one and is well tolerated by children.

DTP vaccination: side effects

During a traditional examination by a pediatrician before vaccination, doctors often warn mothers that they need to monitor the baby for at least 24 hours after vaccination - it is during this period that 99% of severe complications develop.

The consequences of DTP vaccination can be:

• An increase in temperature in a child. The complication is considered quite normal reaction immunity to foreign antibodies, you will most likely be warned about this by a pediatrician or a nurse in the treatment room. When the temperature rises above 38.5 ° C, it is necessary to give the child antipyretic drug. Which one - ask the doctor, he will prescribe the dosage corresponding to the age and weight of the baby. If the reaction turned out to be unexpectedly strong and the temperature rises to 39 ° C and above, convulsions have joined - call ambulance, such complications are best treated under the supervision of experienced doctors.
• Sleep disorders in a baby associated with itching and discomfort in the injection area, as well as neurological features. If the child’s leg hurts after DTP (he may limp slightly on the first day, “save” it), lubricate the injection site with ointment (a prescription can be obtained from the pediatrician in advance).
• Lethargy, lack of appetite is also a normal reaction of the body. Do not load the baby, let him lie down alone - soon acute period passes.
• Tearfulness, anxiety crumbs.
• Thickening and redness of the thigh at the injection site. If it does not bleed and does not itch, its diameter is less than 2-3 cm - this is the norm. A constantly growing spot size of more than 3 cm is a reason to see a doctor. Attention! The injection can not be heated, scratched and rubbed! If necessary, wipe the injection site with alcohol.
• Cough, runny nose and other symptoms of SARS that occur after vaccination are not the consequences of vaccination, but indicate weak immunity child. In addition, in the clinic, where sick children are often brought for examination, it is easy to catch an infection.

Severe complications after DTP

The following symptoms are very rare, but parents should be aware of them and be prepared to take the baby to the hospital immediately if they occur:

• Shriek syndrome (occurs in infants under the age of six months) is an extremely rare neurological complication after vaccination. It is characterized by a sharp and piercing baby cry, lasting for hours. Take your little one to a specialist immediately!
• Convulsive syndrome is more common and is accompanied by high body temperature, which is very dangerous. Sometimes children lose consciousness from convulsions.
• Exacerbation or first manifestations chronic diseases(diathesis, bronchial asthma, etc.).

What to do after vaccination?

For possible prevention and alleviate the consequences of vaccinating an infant, parents should behave as follows:

1. A couple of hours after DPT vaccination the baby can be given a dose of an antipyretic recommended by the pediatrician.
2. At night, give the baby an antihistamine drug (the pediatrician will prescribe the name and dosage to the child in accordance with his age, weight and developmental characteristics).
3. At night, if possible, go to the baby to check how he sleeps. It would be ideal to spend the night in one bed.
4. Let's drink as much as possible: offer your child favorite drinks (jelly, juices, compote, sweet tea).
5. Do not introduce new complementary foods to the child within 10-14 days after vaccination.
6. If the baby is breastfeeding, mom is forbidden to eat new foods and drinks, if possible, it is recommended to exclude potential allergens for at least three to four days.
7. Avoid contact with strangers two to three days after DTP vaccination: the child's immunity is weak, he can easily catch the infection.
8. Ventilate the children's room frequently.
9. Walk on fresh air(if there is no temperature).

Vaccination of the population today is the most effective method of combating infections. One of the first prophylactic injections that a baby encounters is the measles, diphtheria, and tetanus vaccine. DTP vaccination helps build immunity to these extremely dangerous diseases which are often fatal when infected.

The latest discoveries in the field of medicine and the development of potent drugs are not able to reduce the number deaths from these infections. And for those who have coped with the disease, the risk of complications that threaten disability increases.

Deciphering the abbreviation and variety of the drug

Decipher DTP as an adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. This combination drug, is represented by both foreign and Russian manufacturers.

In addition to the DTP and Infanrix vaccines, vaccines have been developed that combine substances to protect against other infections.

• In Pentaksim, in addition to DPT, there is a component from infantile paralysis and hemophilic disease;
• Bubo-M and Tritanrix - HB supplemented with protection against hepatitis B;
• Tetrakok is designed to protect against measles, diphtheria, tetanus and polio.

The pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine is the main one in the immunoprophylaxis of these diseases. But the antipertussis component can cause a strong reaction. Sometimes revaccination is required only for tetanus and diphtheria. In these cases, another vaccine is used - ADS. In our country, the use of the following drugs is accepted:

• ADS-m - tetanus, diphtheria, for vaccination of children over 6 years of age and adults;
• AS - tetanus;
• AD-m - diphtheria.

Do I need to be vaccinated?

The DPT vaccine is given to children all over the world. Part of European countries in recent times a decision was made to vaccinate with drugs without pertussis component. The result of this experiment was an increase in the number of infected and deaths from this disease.

Is it worth getting vaccinated? There are quite a few opinions on this topic, and much depends on how the question is raised. Someone is interested in whether vaccination is allowed in a certain period of time, some are ardent opponents of vaccinations, someone is simply alarmed by possible complications.

When parents decide not to vaccinate their child, no one will put DTP. If mothers are afraid, believing that the child's body will not tolerate the adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, then this is far from the case. The child's body copes with it perfectly.

Refuse DTP without honey. withdrawals are not worth it. A preliminary visit to the pediatrician and his permission for vaccination minimize the risk of complications. Most often, complications after DTP occur in those children whose parents neglected medical contraindications. Also backfire may occur due to incorrect administration of the vaccine or a spoiled drug.

How many times is the vaccine given?

The purpose of vaccination is to develop children's body a sufficient amount of antibodies that can resist pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus infections. This will require four times the use of the drug. The vaccine is given:

• three-month-old baby;
• 4-4.5 month old baby;
• half year old baby
• one and a half year old child.

Such a scheme for administering the drug will form the immunity of the child. Later revaccinations support required amount antitoxins. They are usually held at the age of 7 and 14 years. Those. the first is DTP for babies, and the last is the sixth, already a teenager.

Intervals between vaccinations

DPT vaccination in infants takes place in three stages. At the age of one year, the baby receives three servings of the vaccine. It is important that the interval between vaccinations is at least 1-1.5 months. Sometimes it is necessary to postpone the vaccination period due to the illness of the baby or for some other reason. If necessary, the date of introduction of DPT can be postponed for quite a long time, but DPT vaccination should be delivered as soon as such an opportunity arose.

When is DTP contraindicated?

Vaccination is a serious medical manipulation that has a number of contraindications.

Postpone vaccination if congenital diseases are in a state of exacerbation.

The vaccine is not given if the child has an allergic reaction to the diphtheria, pertussis or tetanus component of the vaccine.

If the child has a weak immune system, it is also prohibited to vaccinate him. The body may simply not cope with any infectious agents.

Do not vaccinate children with leukemia until their full recovery, as well as women in a position during breastfeeding.

It is not forbidden to vaccinate if the baby has a high temperature. An important condition at the same time is the absence convulsive conditions and neuralgia. Vaccine in this case should contain only tetanus and diphtheria components.

In addition to direct contraindications, there are also false ones. This means that in the presence of certain diseases little patient or his relatives, vaccination is allowed only after a detailed examination. A sparing vaccine should be used if there are:

• perinatal encephalopathy;
• consequences of premature birth;
• an allergic reaction in relatives to DPT components;
• convulsive attacks in relatives.

The first acquaintance with the vaccine

When a newborn reaches the age of three months, he is first vaccinated against measles, diphtheria and tetanus. This age was not chosen by chance. Antibodies obtained by the fetus during pregnancy are only enough for 2 months. In the presence of honey withdrawals from manipulation or unwillingness of parents to put it, vaccination is allowed until the age of four. Babies who have not received a full injection before the age of 4 are vaccinated with drugs without whooping cough.

The body can react to drugs very violently. To minimize unpleasant consequences, only healthy children are allowed to be vaccinated. If there is even the slightest ailment, the vaccination should be postponed. It is especially dangerous when children with thymomegaly are vaccinated (violations in thymus). In this situation, it is not so much the reaction that is terrible, but the serious consequences and possible complications.

For primary use, any vaccine, Russian or foreign production, is suitable. The reaction to vaccines of Russian manufacturers occurs in 30% of cases, while foreign equivalent the child is tolerated without any problems.

Second vaccination

DTP is repeated for babies in one to one and a half months. For vaccination, it is preferable to choose the same drug as the previous time, but in its absence, any other vaccine will do. The World Health Organization has secured permission to do this in its requirements, since all DPT vaccines developed to date are considered interchangeable.

The fact that the baby had the first vaccination easily does not mean that the reaction to the repeated DTP will be as easy. There is no need to be afraid of this, you need to prepare in advance for possible consequences. The fact is that after the first injection, antibodies began to be produced in the baby's body, which now meet infections fully armed and actively fight pathogens. The second vaccination conceived causes a stronger reaction in infants.

When the baby's reaction to the first injection was severe, it is advisable to give the next injection with another drug. Sometimes a decision is made to use the ADS vaccine.

Third injection

It is allowed to vaccinate a child only when enough time. The body of some children does not give a pronounced response to the first and second vaccinations, but this does not mean that they will also easily endure the third.

How to prepare for vaccination?

The DTP vaccine is capable of causing the most violent reactions of the body. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare for vaccination properly. You need to start preparing the baby in advance, for this you will need:

• strict daily routine;
• walks;
• refusal to visit friends and acquaintances.

A visit to the pediatrician should only take place when the child:

• went in a big way so as not to cause constipation;
• got hungry so that the intestines were not overloaded and, again, did not provoke constipation.

The baby's clothes should be made of natural fabrics, loose and comfortable, so as not to injure the injection site.

In addition, you will need additional medical support for the body. So that the consequences of the vaccination do not affect the well-being, 3 days before the vaccination of the child, you need to drink antihistamines. And on the day when you need to inject DTP, use antipyretics.

Modern children's antipyretic necessarily contains paracetamol or ibuprofen. These substances are well anesthetized and help relieve the child from soreness and discomfort at the injection site.

If the consequences of vaccination are expressed by severe pain, you can additionally use other analgesics. An antipyretic must be in my mother's first aid kit. It is good if there are several antipyretics: with paracetamol and ibuprofen, as well as in the form various forms(candles, syrups).

Sometimes a drug with paracetamol is not suitable for a child and the temperature does not stop, then another remedy containing ibuprofen will come in handy.

Antihistamines also help children cope with the effects of vaccination. As an antiallergic agent, children can. On how to prepare the baby and how to give drugs? The scheme of preparations for vaccination is quite simple.

Giving Fenistil should be started 3 days before vaccination. Dr. Komarovsky strongly recommends visiting a pediatrician in advance, if the child is prone to allergies, he may make changes to the dosage or number of doses of the drug.

injection site

DPT refers to intramuscular drugs. Only the introduction of the vaccine into the muscle ensures its distribution at the right speed and the gradual formation of immunity. When administered subcutaneously, the vaccine will not be effective, since the drug will be absorbed very slowly. Where is DTP injection for babies?

Babies are given vaccines at thigh muscle. The choice of place is explained by the development of the muscles of the legs acceptable for the injection. Giving babies an injection in the gluteal muscle is very dangerous. The risk of hurting blood vessels or nerves is too great. does not allow it and subcutaneous tissue. Its amount in this place is too large, so the injection may not even reach the muscle and become useless.

Natural reaction to DTP

After carrying out diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccination, the body reacts as follows.

The injection site is red and swollen, possibly painful hardening. Sometimes the area of ​​redness reaches 10 cm in diameter. Her condition must be constantly monitored so that sepsis does not develop. Calm down severe pain Dr. Komarovsky advises analgesics, and compresses and ointments are also used to soothe soreness.

High fever may appear for 3 days after vaccination. This is how the body tolerates the formation of antibodies. Speaking about vaccinations, Komarovsky recommends knocking it down right away so that the temperature does not interfere with the formation of immunity.

Side effects such as cough and runny nose after DTP are also quite acceptable. Mild rhinitis is caused by the antipertussis component, with time the snot will pass.

The intestines also do not always respond positively to the vaccine; in an infant, the vaccine sometimes causes constipation.

Severe consequences of the vaccine

Some children develop complications after vaccination. It is worth watching the baby more closely if he has increased excitability, or he cries non-stop for 3 hours. Perhaps the complications caused a malfunction of the central nervous system.

If the rise in temperature is not significant, but the baby, this is also evidence that complications have affected the central nervous system. Sometimes noted constant appearance convulsive syndrome when the temperature rises. Complications after vaccination on the central nervous system may be different. At the same time, not only the arms and legs of the baby are shaking, but a tremor of the head can be observed.

Complications can be expressed in allergic reactions. The mild form causes a rash. AT severe cases development of diathesis or atopic dermatitis is possible.

DTP is a series of vaccinations that are so important in a person's life. The abbreviation hides such formidable diseases as Pertussis, Diphtheria and Tetanus. What does the letter A mean in DTP? Absorbed vaccine - i.e. a vaccine that contains aluminum hydroxide. It is this substance that is preserved muscle tissue long time after injection, the substance is not absorbed into the blood. It absorbs diphtheria and tetanus toxoids- this is how immunity against them is developed.

Is DTP so terrible

Many parents are afraid to vaccinate their child with DTP and opt for DTP due to serious reactions that occur quite often. The culprit of parental fears is the whooping cough component, it is because of him that the vaccine most difficult to bear. But why deny your child his right to be immune to whooping cough, a highly contagious disease that is deadly to children in early age. In addition, it should be remembered that in modern vaccines, which are called AAKDS, the pertussis component is purified and side reactions are minimized. These vaccination vaccines are not produced on the territory of Ukraine, usually they are European manufacturers, which affects the price.

About reactions and complications

Let's bring common list mild reactions after DTP vaccination:

• temperature rise
• swelling, some swelling, redness and soreness at the injection site
• vomit
• irritability, moodiness, lethargy and decreased or no appetite.

One in a million

More rare reactions include convulsions, fever above 40 degrees, extremely rare serious allergic reactions, coma, prolonged convulsions, loss of consciousness, permanent brain damage.

About cramps

It is worth remembering that at an early age fever body a child can cause seizures, that is, seizures are not a consequence of vaccination, but a consequence high temperature.

Oh, they got sick ... Is the vaccine to blame?

Parents often note with annoyance that a few days after vaccination their child gets sick - acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections, flu ... They blame the nasty vaccination for everything. And you should blame the trip to the clinic - alas, healthy children are seen there less and less, and those who come for vaccination have time to catch the infection of those who came to be treated.

Approach the issue of vaccination responsibly - if you cross the threshold of the clinic, then make sure that it will be in "day healthy child» , avoid contact with other children, especially those who go to kindergarten. In the season of exacerbations respiratory diseases do not use public transport with baby and the slightest sign influenza at home, transfer them to "quarantine".

The disease against the background of the vaccination period is not fatal, but highly undesirable, because the immune system the child is already busy accumulating antibodies against other diseases.

injection site

There is a risk of injection into the buttock:

• entry into blood vessels
• entry into the sciatic nerve
• preservation of the drug in the subcutaneous tissue.

It is also worth noting that the level of antibody formation when DTP is injected into the thigh is significantly higher. Pay attention to the manipulations of the nurse who is going to vaccinate - DPT should be done only in the thigh.

About preparing for vaccination

It's simple - do not introduce new foods into complementary foods 2 weeks before vaccination, do not overfeed the child, walk more often.

When to do?

DTP vaccination is not done once. According to vaccination calendar Ukraine, DTP is made in 3, 4, 5 months first year of life, from revaccination in 1.5 years and 5 years. In developed countries, vaccination starts at two months.

Instilling your baby DTP, you protect him from diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Many parents refuse to vaccinate their children based on information about the possible dire consequences of vaccinations. Is vaccination really that bad? Who risks their health more - a vaccinated child or one whose parents refused to be vaccinated?

Why are children vaccinated and revaccinated with DTP?

DPT - adsorbed vaccine against the 3 most dangerous childhood infectious diseases: whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. DTP vaccination is used by doctors around the world to protect children from severe consequences these pathologies. It is these infections that occupy the first places among the common causes of infant mortality.

DPT vaccination is the introduction of dead or weakened cells of the causative agent of diphtheria and pertussis and tetanus toxoids into the child's body. After entering the blood, these foreign agents create the appearance of a disease in mild form, and the child's body begins to fight them. The formation of persistent defensive forces. In order to maintain immunity to a specific disease at the required level, revaccination is periodically carried out - reintroduction lightweight vaccine.

Many parents ask themselves which immunity is stronger - artificial or natural (if the child has this disease). In fact, the answer is obvious, because the DTP vaccination course will protect the child's body from diseases for 6-12 years. Whereas the transferred diphtheria and tetanus, firstly, are extremely life-threatening, and secondly, the body does not develop immunity to them on its own. A child who has been ill with whooping cough receives protection for the same period as when vaccinated. Why risk your health?

What drugs are used for immunization in Russia:

• DPT. Domestic remedy in the form of a suspension for intramuscular injections. Not sold in pharmacies, but available in clinics.
• Infanrix (we recommend reading:). Belgian drug, available in 0.5 ml ampoules.
• Pentax (see also:). The French vaccine is sold in the form of a syringe with a suspension. A hemophilic component with tetanus toxoid is additionally added to the preparation.
• ADS. Recommended for vaccination over the age of 4 years. It has no pertussis component. It is not needed - with timely DTP vaccination, immunity to whooping cough has already been acquired.
• ADS-M. A vaccine that forms a strong immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in children over 6 years of age.

Also used means that protect the child from 4 or more infections. Among them: Infanrix IPV (protection against tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria and poliomyelitis), Infanrix Hexa (protection against the same infections, as well as hepatitis B, polio and hemophilic infection). It is desirable to do all vaccinations with the same drug, but with individual reaction the doctor will suggest a different option for the composition of the vaccine.

DTP vaccination and revaccination calendar

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If the baby was born prematurely, or medical contraindications to immunization (recent colds, infectious diseases, elevated body temperature, exacerbation of chronic diseases), then a delay in vaccinations is possible.

The complex effect of the drug is quite strong, therefore, if the patient has an allergic reaction in the anamnesis, it is recommended to replace the severe DPT with a simplified ATP-M, in which there is no pertussis component, which often causes allergies.

The second and subsequent DPTs play at least important role than the first one. Thanks to their use, the body receives the highest degree of protection against infections. How older child, the easier it is to tolerate the vaccine, because with age, immunity becomes stronger. Vaccinations are done in stages, starting from 2 months, the last DTP vaccination is given at the age of one and a half years. Then, throughout life, revaccination is carried out at certain intervals.

According to the vaccination schedule, primary course vaccination is carried out:

• 1st - at 2-3 months;
• 2nd - at 4-5 months;
• 3rd - at 6 months;
• 4th - at 18 months.

It is believed that in the first few months after the birth of a child, it protects innate immunity. Antibodies to these diseases pass through cord blood from mother. Interval between DTP vaccinations may increase depending on the condition of the child and his health. For example, if the first vaccination was given to a baby at 3 months, then the second, according to indications, should be no earlier than a month later. The same goes for the third and fourth and last vaccinations.

Regardless of location medical institution All data on vaccinations are entered into the vaccination card. This is necessary so that in the future, as the baby grows older, it can be seen when and with what vaccine the immunization was carried out. This is important both for medical statistical control and for further immunization activities.

An important condition is the maintenance of the minimum interval between vaccinations (30 days), and only the fourth vaccination is carried out a little later. Doctors recommend not to take a break between revaccinations more than a year, this may reduce the effect of immunization. It is these 4 procedures for administering the drug that are the main vaccination that allows you to protect the child's body from the occurrence of diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Then, at certain intervals, a revaccination with a cell-free pertussis component (ADS) is done:

• at 6-7 years old;
• at 14;
• further - in adulthood every 10 years.

Unfortunately, DPT revaccination in adulthood in Russia does not always take place according to the calendar. In case of violation of the revaccination schedule adult DTP WHO recommends not starting vaccinations from the beginning, but resuming them from the stage at which the "failure" occurred, and doing as many revaccinations as necessary.

How do children tolerate vaccination?

Babies are vaccinated intramuscularly by injecting the drug into a massive femoral muscle. Older children, starting at 4 years old, are vaccinated in the muscles of the forearm. The specificity of the drug is such that, getting into the muscle, it is not immediately absorbed into the blood, but gradually, which stimulates the production of antibodies by the body. Immunization can go completely unnoticed for a child. However, sometimes parents may notice changes at the injection site or in the child's behavior.

The child's body can react to the vaccine easily, but it can also "rebel". In order to understand when the body responds to the vaccine normally, and when the injection is difficult to tolerate, you should seek help from a doctor.

Normal adverse reactions

The appearance of some of these symptoms in a child indicates a normal reaction of the body to the vaccine:

• The injection site becomes more dense, redness is possible. To eliminate this reaction, you can do alcohol compress to the injection site.
• Loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea are possible. With diarrhea, the intake of enterosorbents (Smecta, Enterosgel, activated charcoal) is recommended.
• A slight increase in body temperature. This symptom is the most common and may persist for several days. Antipyretics will alleviate the condition of the child.
• Cough. Usually passes without ancillary treatment in a few days.
• Rash. Allergy goes away after taking antihistamines.
• The child limps on one leg. This is due to the fact that children have a small muscle mass, and this makes it difficult to absorb the drug. To eliminate the symptom, you can massage your leg, wrap it with a warm towel.
• Behavior change. From calm and quiet, he became capricious and whiny, or vice versa - an active baby becomes lethargic, inhibited and sleepy.

All the symptoms considered are a standard reaction to the introduction of foreign and hostile cells, because these are precisely the elements of the vaccine in relation to the body. The child, when a reaction to the first vaccination appears, is likely to react the same way during the second, third and subsequent ones. Therefore, parents should have pre-prepared medicines in the medicine cabinet to eliminate unpleasant symptoms. The child must be supervised and sharp deterioration condition go to the hospital. Such manifestations can be not only a normal reaction of the body to vaccination or revaccination, but a sign individual disease manifested after vaccination.

What symptoms require immediate medical attention?

Negative consequences after DPT immunization appear during the first day. If the child's health deteriorated a few days after the procedure, it is worth establishing a different reason. What are the symptoms after vaccination that you need to urgently consult a doctor to avoid an acute reaction:

• a sharp increase in body temperature up to 39 degrees;
• at the site of injection of the vaccine, edema appeared more than 5-8 cm in circumference;
• The child has been crying continuously for several hours.

Possible complications after DTP vaccination

According to statistics, serious consequences after the vaccination or revaccination in question are enough a rare event(they are observed in only 1-3 children out of 100 thousand).

These complications are potentially possible, and they provoke a deterioration in the overall health of the baby:

• severe allergy to one or more components of the vaccine;
• convulsive syndrome that arose without an increase in body temperature;
• neurological complications due to high body temperature (the pertussis component of the DTP vaccine acts on meninges) (we recommend reading:).

Enough rare complications immunizations are pathologies of the kidneys, liver or diseases of the central nervous system. Chance of severe side effects small enough, but if you suspect such complications, you should immediately consult a doctor. The hospital will check general state child, and if necessary, provide qualified assistance.

Features of caring for a child after vaccination

The DPT vaccination differs from all others by a high risk of adverse reactions body, but you should not refuse it. After vaccination and revaccination according to the schedule, the child will develop strong immunity to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The baby should be prepared for vaccination to minimize the risk of adverse reactions:

• if the child is prone to allergies (frequent diathesis, food allergies), a few days before the procedure, it is worth drinking a course of antihistamines;
• directly on the day of the procedure, you need to give the child a syrup or tablet (for a baby under one year old - put a candle) to prevent an increase in body temperature.

Before any vaccination, an examination by a pediatrician is necessary, and testing is indicated. The first vaccination requires a visit not only to a pediatrician, but also to narrow specialists: a neuropathologist, an otolaryngologist, an allergist. If the child has no pathologies, and there are no contraindications to vaccination, the drug is administered to him.

For 2-3 days after vaccination, follow the recommendations:

• provide the child plentiful drink and control the temperature in the room where the baby is located;
• do not bathe the child on the day of vaccination;
• for several days it is advisable to avoid crowded places;
• do not introduce new complementary foods before or immediately after vaccination;
• several days to measure body temperature even without visible reasons for anxiety, give a prophylactic dose of an antipyretic at bedtime;
• you can give the child an anti-inflammatory drug - this will not harm, and the baby will sleep better.

Following these recommendations will help the baby calmly endure immunization. Each parent decides for himself whether to conduct DPT revaccination to your child. However, it is worth remembering that timely immunization according to the schedule will help the child acquire immunity from diseases that are dangerous to his health and life. One child not vaccinated in time is a potential threat to huge amount of people.