Importance of vaccinations in the prevention of childhood diseases. The role of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases. Features of vaccination and National vaccination calendar

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Ulyanovsk Region

Regional state budgetary

professional educational institution

"Ulyanovsk Medical College"

COURSE WORK

Specialty: 060501 Nursing

Topic: "The role of preventive vaccinations in reducing infectious diseases"

Student: Anna Demidova

group 113 mk

Supervisor:

Pavlova Elizaveta Karpovna

Ulyanovsk - 2016

ATMANAGEMENT

In modern medicine, the main method of creating active acquired immunity is vaccination (immunoprophylaxis). With the help of vaccination, such a dangerous disease as smallpox was eradicated, and the number of polio ailments was minimized. Coordination of actions regarding the immunoprophylaxis of various ailments is carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO). The beginning of vaccination was laid by the brilliant experiment of E. Jenner, who in 1798 published a work entitled "A Study on the Causes and Effects of Variola Vaccine, a Disease Known as Cowpox". He called the grafting method vaccination, and the material taken from cow pox - vaccine. However, before a method of combating infectious diseases was scientifically substantiated and developed, an entirely new science had to arise - immunology. This science dates back to 1891, when Louis Pasteur discovered the ingenious principle: "If the toxicity of a microbe is reduced, it turns into a means of protection against the disease caused by it."

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL PART

Purpose of the study: Describe the features of immunoprophylaxis.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be completed:

1. To study the theoretical aspects of immunoprophylaxis as the basis for the prevention of infectious diseases.

2. To study the characteristic features of the Measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

3. Consider the features of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases.

1.1 Immunoprophylaxis as the basis for the prevention of infectious diseasesdiseases

Immunoprophylaxis- a method of individual or mass protection of the population from infectious diseases, by creating or strengthening artificial immunity.

Immunoprophylaxis is:

Specific - against a specific pathogen.

1) Active - creating immunity through the introduction of vaccines

2) Passive - the creation of immunity by the introduction of serum preparations.

Non-specific - activation of the entire immune

infectious diseases- widespread diseases caused by a variety of microorganisms, the distinguishing features of which are: contagiousness, the presence of an incubation period, the cyclic development of clinical symptoms and the formation of specific immunity .

Preventive vaccinations have led to a decrease in the incidence of polio, measles, whooping cough, mumps, tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid fever and some other diseases. .

According to incomplete data, in the structure of infant mortality indicators, the total share of infectious diseases (taking into account mortality from pneumonia, acute respiratory diseases, congenital infections) is at least 70%.

The overall improvement of our primary health care system requires significant effort and time. However, we need to ensure effective immunization of our children, without waiting for changes in this system. Current health practices and policies across the board mean that many preschool children do not receive vaccines according to the established schedule. This situation is primarily due to existing barriers to effective immunization and the many missed opportunities for vaccination during children's visits to health facilities. The shortcomings of today's immunization practices are illustrated by outbreaks of infectious diseases, resulting in rising infant mortality rates that could portend outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

1.2 Mainprinciplesimmunopprophylaxis

Vaccinations should be carried out in medical institutions. Before vaccination, the doctor must conduct a thorough analysis of the condition of the child being vaccinated, determine the presence of possible contraindications to vaccination. Simultaneously with the study of the anamnesis, it is necessary to take into account the epidemiological situation, that is, the presence of infectious diseases in the environment of the child. This is very important, since the addition of infections in the post-vaccination period aggravates its course and can cause various complications. In addition, the development of specific immunity is reduced. If necessary, laboratory examinations and consultations with specialists are carried out. Before the prophylactic vaccination, a medical examination is carried out to exclude an acute disease, mandatory thermometry. In the medical documentation, a corresponding record of the doctor (paramedic) about the vaccination is made. It is recommended to carry out vaccinations, especially live vaccines, in the morning. The vaccination should be carried out in a sitting or lying position to avoid falling during fainting. Within 1--1.5 hours after vaccination, medical supervision of the child is necessary, due to the possible development of allergic reactions of the immediate type. Then within 3 days the child should be observed by a nurse at home or in an organized team. After vaccination with live vaccines, the child is examined by a nurse on the 5-6th and 10-11th days, since reactions to the introduction of live vaccines occur in the second week after vaccination. It is necessary to warn the parents of the vaccinated about possible reactions after the introduction of the vaccine, to recommend an anti-allergic diet and a protective regimen.

1.4 Counterindications for vaccination

The effectiveness of immunization, along with the quality of the drug, is influenced by the state of the body before vaccination, compliance with the vaccination technique and schedule, vaccination coverage of the population, and other factors. This raises the question of contraindications to immunization. It is known that vaccinations in a number of cases not only have no effect, but negatively affect the health of the vaccinated. At the same time, an exorbitant expansion of contraindications is unacceptable, since a person left without vaccination is at risk of contracting the corresponding infection. Contraindications to vaccination in most cases are temporary, so usually the immunization of such persons is postponed for some time. The issue of contraindications in each specific case should be decided by a specialist doctor, which is recorded in the history of the child's development with a clear justification for the medical challenge.

Absolute contraindications;

* Severe reactions that have occurred previously with the same vaccine.

* complications that arose earlier with the introduction of the same vaccine.

* immunodeficiency.

Relative or temporary;

* acute respiratory viral disease (especially if it occurs with high t).

* the presence of some chronic diseases (vaccination is carried out only after consultation with a specialist).

* premature infants (they begin to be vaccinated subject to a stable weight gain).

1.4 Vaccinesnation. The role of vaccination

Preventive vaccinations(vaccination) - the introduction of medical immunobiological preparations (vaccines and antitoxins) into the human body to create specific immunity to infectious diseases.

Types of vaccination:

Single (measles, mumps, tuberculosis)

Multiple (polio, DPT)

The multiplicity indicates how many times it is necessary to receive a vaccine for the formation of immunity.

Revaccination is an event aimed at maintaining immunity. Usually done a few years after vaccination.

On the effectiveness of vaccination immunity affect sl. factors;

Dependent on the vaccine itself (purity of the preparation, antigen lifetime, dose, frequency of administration)

From the body (the state of individual immune reactivity, age, the presence of immunodeficiency, the state of the body as a whole, genetics)

Vaccination process - This is a change in homeostasis that occurs in the body after the introduction of a vaccine preparation. It has been established that vaccinating preparations introduced into the body have a multifaceted effect on its various functions, causing their cyclic changes.

In most children, these changes practically do not go beyond physiological fluctuations, last 3-4 weeks and are not clinically manifested. But still, in some cases, reactions may occur, accompanied by clinical signs. The latter are called in practice post-vaccination reactions. They, as a rule, are of the same type and are more or less characteristic for each type, and are specific when using live vaccines.

Vaccine reactions are:

-Local reaction- this is tissue compaction at the injection site, not exceeding 8 cm in diameter, redness and mild soreness. These signs develop after administration of the drug, and disappear within a few days (1 - 4 days). They occur in 5-20% of children.

-General reactions characterized by fever, malaise, headache, sleep disturbance, appetite.

1.5 Characterization of vaccine preparations

For active immunization, various types of biological preparations are used, the main of which are vaccines and toxoids.

Vaccine- a medical product designed to create immunity to infectious diseases.

Anatoxin(toxoid) - a drug prepared from a toxin that does not have pronounced toxic properties, but at the same time is capable of inducing the production of antibodies to the original toxin.

Currently, the following types of vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases:

1. Vaccines that include whole killed microorganisms, for example, pertussis, typhoid, cholera or inactivated virus vaccines - influenza polio vaccine.

2. Toxoids containing an inactivated toxin produced by a microbial pathogen, for example, diphtheria, tetanus toxoids.

3. Vaccines consisting of live attenuated viruses: measles, mumps, influenza, polio, etc.

4. Vaccines containing live cross-reacting microorganisms that are immunologically related to the causative agent of the given disease, but when administered to humans, cause a weakened infection that protects against a more severe one. This type includes the smallpox vaccine and the BCG vaccine.

5. Chemical vaccines consisting of fractions of killed microorganisms (typhoid-paratyphoid, pneumococci, meningococci).

6. Genetically engineered recombinant, subunit, polypeptide, chemically synthesized and other vaccines created using the latest achievements in immunological science, molecular biology and biotechnology. Thanks to these methods, vaccines have already been obtained for the prevention of hepatitis B, influenza, HIV infection, etc.

7. Associated vaccines, which include several monovaccines. An example of such vaccines currently used for immunization of children is the DTP vaccine widely used throughout the world, as well as the mumps-measles and rubella-mumps-measles vaccines used in a number of foreign countries.

1.6 Vaccine composition and quality control

Vaccines must include:

1. Active or immunizing antigens;

2. Liquid base;

3. Preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics;

4. Auxiliary means.

1.7 Prospects for vaccination

According to leading experts, the ideal vaccine should meet the following requirements:

1. Induce lifelong immunity in 100% of those vaccinated with a single injection.

2. Be polyvalent, that is, contain antigens against the maximum possible number of infectious diseases.

3. Be safe.

4. Administered orally.

Vaccines against measles, rubella, mumps, yellow fever and, to a lesser extent, poliomyelitis currently meet these requirements most closely. It is with the introduction of these vaccines that lifelong immunity is created, while reactions to the introduction are rare and do not threaten human health.

Thus, strict requirements, many years of production experience, well-established technologies are a guarantee of the safety of these drugs. Over the past decades, tens of millions of doses of vaccines have been administered annually. World and domestic experience in the fight against infectious diseases shows that it is vaccination that is the most accessible means of individual and mass prevention, especially for children.

1.8 Activities for warnings dissemination infections

In kindergartens, orphanages, groups where children are gathered for supervision, as well as large families, conditions often arise for the spread of infectious diseases. According to the Ministry of Health and the RF Ministry of Health, more than half of all infectious diseases among children registered in the country occur in preschool institutions. Therefore, the program for the prevention of infectious diseases should be aimed primarily at preventing infection in children in children's institutions.

Conceptually, it should include a system of measures aimed at:

1) prevention of the introduction of an infectious disease into the team,

2) interruption of the ways of spreading an infectious disease in the team,

3) increasing the resistance of children to infectious diseases.

Among the measures aimed at increasing the immunity of children to infectious diseases, vaccination is of decisive importance. According to WHO experts, universal immunization at the appropriate age is the best way to prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization is especially important for preschool children, as they are the most susceptible to measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and hepatitis A. Service personnel should also receive all vaccines recommended by the vaccination calendar. All staff must be fully vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus and revaccinated every 10 years. They should also be vaccinated against measles, polio, mumps, and rubella. For all employees of preschool institutions and newcomers to work, it is mandatory to test for infection with tuberculosis using the Mantoux test.

Thus, in order to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens of infectious diseases in children's institutions, it is necessary to consistently implement the following measures:

1. Strictly observe the principle of maximum separation of groups, avoid crowding, carry out early diagnosis and timely isolation of the source of infection, maintain a high level of sanitary and anti-epidemic regime.

2. Achieve 100% vaccination coverage. Modern vaccine preparations have high immunogenicity and weak reactogenicity. All children can be vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, measles, rubella, tuberculosis, mumps. There are practically no contraindications to the introduction of these vaccines. In some cases, when there is a threat of a reaction to the administration of the relatively reactogenic pertussis component of the DTP vaccine, a weakly reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccine can be used. In children with an immunodeficiency state, in order to avoid the occurrence of complications of a live polio vaccine in the form of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis.

3. Exercise strict and constant control over the work of the catering department.

4. Staff and children must observe the rules of personal hygiene.

5. Children infected with pathogens transmitted parenterally (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus infection, HIV infection, etc.) can attend an organized children's group, but additional precautions are introduced for them.

Each child care institution must operate according to the rules regulated by state epidemiological supervision under the obligatory supervision of a pediatrician and an epidemiologist.

1.9 Features of vaccination and National vaccination calendar

Nationalcalendarpreventivevaccination

Each country, based on its own interests, creates its own vaccination scheme, which can and should change, be updated and improved depending on the epidemiological situation in the country and scientific achievements in the field of immunoprophylaxis .

National calendar of preventive vaccinations- a normative legal act that establishes the terms and procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens. The National Immunization Schedule includes vaccinations against hepatitis AAT, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, poliomyelitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, mumps, hemophilic infection, influenza.

The preventive vaccination schedule should be compiled taking into account a number of points. First - what must be taken into account is the ability of the organism to an appropriate immunological response. Second- minimizing the negative effects of the vaccine, that is, its maximum harmlessness.

Rational construction of the immunization schedule should take into account the following conditions:

1. The epidemiological state of the country, due to the socio-economic, climate - geographical and sanitary conditions in which the population lives.

2. The effectiveness of existing vaccines, the duration of post-vaccination immunity and the need for revaccinations at certain intervals.

3. Age-related immunological characteristics, that is, the ability of children of a certain age to actively produce antibodies, as well as the adverse effect of maternal antibodies on the active immunological response of children.

4. Features of allergic reactivity, the body's ability to respond with an increased reaction to the repeated introduction of an antigen.

5. Accounting for possible post-vaccination complications.

6. The possibility of simultaneous administration of several vaccines, depending on the established synergy, antagonism and the absence of mutual influence of antigens that make up various mono- or associated vaccines.

7. The level of organization of health care in the country and the possibility of implementing the necessary immunization .

The immunization schedule in our country begins with vaccination against hepatitis B, for the first time 24 hours of life, including children born to healthy mothers and children from risk groups. The next vaccination, carried out in accordance with the calendar against tuberculosis, is carried out in the first week of life. Then at the age of 2-3 months they are vaccinated against polio. The live oral polio vaccine is given in most countries at the same time as the associated diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, which is usually given at three months of age. In the period from three to six months, a second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis is carried out (according to the vaccination schedule). At 7 months they are vaccinated against hemophilic infection, at 12 months against measles, rubella. In the period up to 24 months, subsequent vaccinations and revaccinations with vaccines are carried out. At 3-6 years of age, vaccination against hepatitis A is carried out. At 7 years of age, revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, the first revaccination against tuberculosis. Currently, vaccines against 9 diseases are included in the preventive vaccination calendar. This vaccination is federally funded.

In practice, it often happens that for a child, for various reasons, the generally accepted scheme of vaccination is violated. Scientific and practical studies have established that skipping the timing of immunization does not require repeating the entire series. Immunization should be carried out or continued at any time, as if the immunization schedule had not been violated. In these cases, an individual immunization scheme is developed for this child, taking into account the generally accepted vaccination schedule in the country and taking into account the individual characteristics of the child's body. .

Currently, the percentage of vaccinated children is approximately 95 - 98%. In order to increase this percentage, conditions are being created for the transportation, storage and use of vaccine preparations. Explanatory work is being carried out with the population about the need for preventive vaccinations. However, unresolved issues remain in vaccine prevention. For example, insufficient funds were allocated from the budget for hepatitis B vaccination in 1998, which led to a large number of cases: 10 per 100 thousand people. Money for the purchase of the vaccine was allocated in 2005. After that, the incidence of hepatitis decreased in 2007 by 1.3 compared to 2006, the figure was 5.28 per 100,000 people.

CHAPTER 2. PRACTICAL PART

immunoprophylaxis infectious disease vaccine

The research work was carried out on the basis State Healthcare Institution "City Children's Polyclinic No. 1

Conclusion: Comparing these two graphs, you can see that the majority support immunization, we see that in 2015, the percentage of vaccination increases compared to 2014, we see this in the percentage of vaccination against tuberculosis, the same situation for diphtheria and polio, which means that people with each year, more and more people understand the importance of this procedure, but the majority treats this method with distrust and wariness, many believe that vaccination is more dangerous than the disease itself, I believe that this is an erroneous opinion, since with the advent of vaccination, the incidence rate has decreased significantly, my research work at this facility, I want to clearly show that a large number of people undergo this procedure, and of course there are adverse reactions to the vaccine, but this is much better than getting sick with one of the listed infectious diseases. It must be remembered that not doing preventive vaccinations you endanger not only yourself, but also your loved ones.

Implementation of a planpreventive vaccinations.

For 2014

Implementation of a planvaccination of the national calendarpreventive vaccinations.For 2015

Sender's address: Ulyanovsk, Prospekt Aviastroiteley 5

ZCONCLUSION

Immunoprophylaxis is the most important function in the fight against infectious diseases in children from 0 to 7 years old, and hence for the health of the nation. According to WHO experts, universal immunization at the appropriate age is the best way to prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization is especially important for preschool children, as they are the most susceptible to measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and hepatitis A. Thanks to targeted work on immunization, Russia has managed to achieve the absence of morbidity for a number of preventable infections. In some regions of our country, the coverage of children with preventive vaccinations has improved up to 98-99%. Vaccination is one of the very best means to protect children against infectious diseases that caused serious illness before vaccinations were available. It is important to make sure that children are immunized at the right time, in full compliance with legal documents, the national vaccination schedule, using high-quality drugs and necessarily qualified medical staff, in specially equipped rooms, be it a clinic, kindergarten or maternity hospital. All the prerequisites for further improvement of immunoprophylaxis are available, new vaccines and new technologies are being developed. Modern vaccine preparations have high immunogenicity and weak reactogenicity. It is necessary to achieve 100% vaccination coverage of all children from birth. Carry out explanatory work with the population about the need for preventive vaccinations, both at the local and state levels, through the global promotion of vaccination. Ideally, immunoprophylaxis should be an integral part of a set of measures to protect the health of the child, supported by the state from the financial, logistical, scientific and legislative side. This is the ultimate goal, the steady pursuit of which should lead to the creation of the best model of primary disease prevention that can exist within the health system.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Federal Law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" dated September 17, 2011, No. 157//http://www.privivki.ru/law/fed/main htm

2. Order "On the National calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications." //http://www.lawmix.ru/med.php?id=224

3. Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation “On additional immunization of the population of the Russian Federation”. //http://www.rg.ru/2005/11/29/privivki.html

APPS

Order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011

On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 51n dated January 31, 2011

Application No. 1

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

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Infectious diseases - This is a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms into the body. This group includes such serious diseases as malaria, rubella, measles, whooping cough, viral hepatitis, influenza and other acute respiratory diseases, mumps, dysentery, salmonellosis, diphtheria, plague, cholera, brucellosis, botulism and many others.

These diseases have been known to mankind since ancient times. Epidemics of "plague diseases" covered vast territories, including entire states and peoples, and their prevention and control has always been the most serious social problem.

Prevention of infectious diseases and their spread includes the following measures:

• increasing the body's resistance to hygiene and physical education;
• carrying out preventive vaccinations;
• quarantine measures;
• cure of the source of infection.

The most efficient method prevention of infectious diseases - graft .

GRAFT- this is the introduction into the body of weakened or destroyed pathogens in the form of a vaccine. The task of vaccines is to “acquaint” the human body with the infection before the body encounters the “wild” virus. For vaccines, either the constituent parts of microbes and viruses, or highly weakened and devoid of all dangerous properties of microorganisms, are used.

How does the vaccine work?

From the point of view of the immune system, any substance that enters the body is foreign. And almost any foreign substance is the so-called "antigen", that is, it can cause an immune response of the body. After vaccination, in response to vaccine antigens, the body begins to produce antibodies- special substances that can fight the virus of a particular disease. Having protective antibodies in sufficient quantities, a person becomes immune to the disease against which the vaccine was made. Some vaccinations need to be done once in a lifetime - full immunization, while others need to be repeated regularly.

Grafting Idea appeared in China in the ΙΙΙ century AD, when humanity was trying to escape from smallpox. The meaning of the idea was that the transfer of an infectious disease could prevent this disease in the future. Therefore, a method was invented inoculation- transfer, or prophylactic infection smallpox by transferring smallpox pus through an incision.

In Europe, this method appeared in the 15th century. A French chemist made a great contribution to the development of vaccination Louis Pasteur who studied bacteriology. He proposed a new method to weaken the infectious disease. This method paved the way for new vaccines. The method proposed by Pasteur consisted in successive dilutions of the product of the disease, which contained the pathogen, in order to weaken it. In 1885, Pasteur inoculated against rabies a boy named Josef Meister, who had been bitten by a rabid dog. The boy survived. This has become a new round of development of vaccination.

Every year, 130 million children are born on the globe and approximately 12 million children die between the ages of 1 week and 14 years. About 9 million die from infectious diseases, with 3 million from infections for which effective vaccines are available.

To date, vaccination is the only reliable way to avoid infectious diseases and the complications they cause. Currently, 80% of the world's child population is vaccinated, which helps to save 3 million lives annually and prevent the development of severe complications from these infections.

In the 20th century, prominent scientists developed and successfully used vaccinations against poliomyelitis, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza. New vaccines are now available, such as the cervical cancer vaccine.

Safety of modern vaccines , meeting international standards of cleaning and efficiency, is not questioned. The effectiveness of vaccination is clearly demonstrated by the example of individuals included in high-risk groups.

In modern medical practice, various types of drugs are used to form protection against infections:

* Live vaccines - consist of specially grown live microorganisms (bacteria, viruses). When ingested, they do not cause the development of an infectious disease, because they are devoid of aggressive properties. But at the same time, they form a strong and long-lasting (sometimes lifelong) immunity. Live vaccines are used to create immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and other infections.

*Killed (inactivated ) vaccines - consist of specially grown killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses). Inactivated vaccines are used to create immunity against whooping cough, influenza and other infections.

*Vaccines that do not contain the whole microorganism , but only its individual components (antigens). These include vaccines for the prevention of viral hepatitis B, acellular (cell-free) pertussis vaccine, etc.

The causative agents of some infectious diseases (diphtheria, tetanus, etc.), when they enter the human body, release toxins that determine the symptoms and severity of the disease. In order to prevent the development of severe forms of such diseases and deaths, toxoids are used. They are produced by special processing of toxins to deprive them of their toxic properties and preserve their immunity-building properties.

We are on the verge of a new generation of vaccines.

If the purpose of classical vaccines is to teach the immune system to recognize a weakened or dead enemy for prevention purposes, then therapeutic vaccines are designed to help already initiated patients when the body has already entered the battle with the virus.

REMEMBER!

ANY VACCINATION IS HUNDREDS OF TIMES SAFE THAN THE DISEASE IT PROTECTS FROM.

Deputy chief physician

on the medical side

Kisel I.V.

Updated 25.04.2016 25.04.2016

In the Leningrad Region, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, from 20 to 26 April 2009, European Immunization Week(ENI).

This initiative of the European Bureau of the World Health Organization (WHO) is held annually to raise awareness and awareness of the population regarding the importance of immunization, that every person needs protection from diseases preventable by means of specific prophylaxis, and has the right to do so.

The main goal is to increase the number of vaccinated people through measures aimed at informing the public about the importance and availability of immunization and overcoming skepticism about the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations.

The bodies of education, culture, youth policy, and the mass media are called upon to participate in EIW.

Immunization against infections such as poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles has significantly reduced the incidence. Every year in Russia, thanks to vaccination, the lives and health of about three million people are saved. As early as the beginning of the last century, measles killed almost a million children under the age of five every year, 21,000 newborns and 30,000 women died from tetanus, which still affects the poorest layers of children and women in some countries, when births take place in unsanitary conditions and mothers do not vaccinated against tetanus.

While developing countries are struggling to get vaccines for children, other problems arise in developed countries: the population has calmed down due to the low incidence of diseases in children and adults, parents unreasonably refuse to vaccinate their children. These false beliefs can lead to an increase in cases of such diseases as diphtheria, measles, whooping cough, mumps, which we had the opportunity to verify in the early 90s of the last century on the example of the diphtheria epidemic in the Russian Federation, incl. in the Leningrad region.

Currently, there are about 20 million people on the planet with the consequences of poliomyelitis. June 21, 2008 marked the 7th anniversary of WHO's recognition of the territory of the European Region, including the Russian Federation, free from poliomyelitis.

In the context of the unfavorable global epidemic situation for poliomyelitis, the threat of importing the infection into our country, including the Leningrad Region, is sharply increasing. In 2007, an imported case of acute paralytic poliomyelitis was registered in the Russian Federation in a child not vaccinated against this infection, who arrived in the Russian Federation from Kazakhstan, already being sick. Every child can and should be vaccinated against polio. Immunization against poliomyelitis is carried out in medical and preventive institutions (HCF), regardless of the place of residence and the availability of an insurance policy. Polio cannot be cured, but it can be prevented. The polio vaccine will protect your child from this deadly disease.

In 2008, no cases of measles were registered in the region, however, the importation of infection into the region from other regions of Russia and neighboring countries and the presence in the region of persons susceptible to the measles virus among the adult population may contribute to the spread of infection. Measles can lead to pneumonia, seizures, mental retardation, hearing loss, and even death. The most effective protection against measles is vaccination.

Today, not only children and adolescents are vaccinated against measles, but also adults under the age of 35 who belong to “risk” groups: those who have not been ill and not vaccinated against measles, vaccinated once, and those who do not have information about vaccinations. Surrounded by a patient with measles, additional immunization is carried out for all contacts, regardless of age.

Currently, there is a trend towards a decrease in the incidence in the region. mumps. In 2008, 37 patients were registered. Mumps (or mumps) is primarily a childhood infection. Sometimes mumps runs very hard. One in 10 sick children has symptoms of meningitis. Many children who have had this infection have had hearing loss. . In boys, mumps is often accompanied by painful swelling of the testicles, which can lead to impaired fertility. Approximately 1/4 of all cases of male infertility is due to an infection transferred in childhood.

In recent years, thanks to the introduction of the domestic mumps-measles vaccine into public health practice, the rates of vaccination against mumps in children at the decreed dates have significantly improved.

Rubella continues to remain relevant due to its wide distribution, high morbidity in the child population and possible infection of pregnant women and the fetus with severe adverse consequences for the child.

Since 2000, rubella has been included in the number of infections controlled by means of specific prophylaxis. After the introduction of active immunization of the child population, since 2003, the region has seen a downward trend in the incidence of rubella: in 2008, the rate was 18.8 per 100,000 population, which is 2.8 times lower than the incidence rate in 2007. This is due to the active work on immunization of the population within the framework of the priority national health project.

This infection is most dangerous for pregnant women. When a woman falls ill in the first three months of pregnancy, in almost 90% of cases, the fetus develops severe lesions of the heart, organs of vision, hearing, and brain. Therefore, rubella vaccination is mandatory, especially for girls, expectant mothers. This will help to avoid the serious consequences that the disease can lead to during pregnancy. Since 2007, as part of the priority national health project, immunization against rubella has been carried out in women aged up to 25 years. From 2004 to 2008, 264,856 people were vaccinated against rubella in the region, including women under the age of 25.

Fig.1. The incidence of rubella and vaccination against this infection of the population of the Leningrad region in 2002-2008.

Viral hepatitis B (HV) is a widespread liver disease caused by a virus. Infection can occur through sexual and contact-domestic contact, with intravenous drug use, tattooing, and with various medical manipulations.

Transmission of the infection from mother to child is possible.

The danger of hepatitis B lies in the significant frequency of the transition of the acute form to the chronic one, with the further development of liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Hepatitis B, acquired at an early age, in 50 - 90% of cases takes a chronic course, in adults - in 5-10% of cases.

According to WHO estimates, out of 2 billion people in the world who have had acute hepatitis B, about 350 million have become chronically ill or carriers of this infection. This indicates the paramount importance of protecting the population from hepatitis B, and preventive measures should be carried out among children from a very young age.

Vaccination is recognized throughout the world as the only active means of preventing this disease in children and adults, especially in families where there is a patient with chronic hepatitis B or a carrier. The use of a highly effective and safe hepatitis B vaccine provides a high level of protection against this infection and dangerous disease outcomes.

Since 2006, as part of the implementation of a priority national health project, immunization against hepatitis B has been carried out for children, adolescents and adults aged 18-55 who have not been ill or vaccinated. For 2006-2008 about 457,736 people were vaccinated in the region. or 30.0% of the region's population. In 2009, immunization of adults up to 55 years of age continues as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the field of healthcare.

Fig.2. The incidence of acute viral hepatitis B and vaccination against this infection of the population of the Leningrad region in 2003-2004.

B
thanks to the widespread immunization of children and adults against diphtheria in the region remains a stable situation in terms of morbidity. Over the past 5 years, severe forms of the disease, deaths among children have not been recorded. In 2008 no cases of diphtheria were registered.

Epidemiological situation in terms of morbidity whooping cough has been tense in recent years. Immunization remains one of the safest medical interventions available today, able to protect young children from such a severe infection as whooping cough.

The upward trend in the number of parents refusing to immunize their children and adults themselves continues. There are a significant number of children in the region who have not been vaccinated against various infections due to a lack of understanding by parents of the importance and effectiveness of vaccination. Refusal to immunize children is a violation of the child's right to life and health.

And today, the entire responsibility for protecting children from infections controlled by means of specific prevention lies with the parents.

By vaccinating a child now, you prevent not only the development of the disease itself, but, more importantly, the occurrence of severe complications. Help the child now, while he is not yet infected! Make his future life safer, give yourself the joy of having healthy grandchildren!

Immunization Week is your chance to protect your child and yourself today!

From April 20 to April 26, 2009, visit the vaccination room and make the necessary vaccinations for your child and yourself, if indicated!

Get actively involved in European Immunization Week!

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IMMUNIZATION

ITS ROLE IN ERADICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES!!!

Vaccination is the best protection against infection The best protection against infection is VACCINATION!

Dear parents!

Vaccinations can reliably protect your children from a number of serious diseases.

In the history of mankind, infections have caused epidemics more than once, claiming millions of lives. But with the development of medicine, we have found protection against deadly infections - vaccination. Infections pose more and more challenges to scientists, and doctors never tire of reminding us of the benefits and necessity of immunoprophylaxis.

Vaccination is an element of the body's specific defense. But we also have non-specific factors that protect the body. What else contributes to the resistance of our body to viruses, bacteria? As for the general strengthening of the body's defenses, this is a combination of a balanced diet, a healthy lifestyle, staying in the fresh air, wet cleaning and airing the room, and general rules of personal hygiene. There are also non-specific preparations: onion, garlic. All this is aimed at maintaining health promotion. In children's groups, these are hardening procedures, the use of multivitamins during the season, various herbal preparations that stimulate the immune system. The pediatrician can advise, taking into account the age, the dosage of these herbal ingredients. That is, it is very good when non-specific protection is supported by specific and vice versa. Then, in combination, they give a very good result, especially on the eve of the epidemic season.

There are infectious diseases in the world that cause mass diseases, epidemics. Severe consequences with a fatal outcome are possible. Therefore, vaccine prevention is developing widely. Each country has a National calendar of mandatory preventive vaccinations. According to the National Immunization Schedule, routine vaccination against nine infectious diseases is carried out: against tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, against measles, mumps and rubella. These are the infections that are most relevant in our country.

A little about mandatory vaccinations

Measles-mumps-rubella

It is widely believed that it is better for a child to get sick with these infections in childhood rather than to be vaccinated. It is illogical on the one hand and harmful on the other.

Because the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines are live, the vaccine is essentially a small infection caused by live vaccine viruses, specially attenuated to minimize side effects. By choosing a natural infection over a vaccine one, parents expose their child to an unnecessarily greater risk.

Natural measles, in particular, causes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) with a frequency of up to 1 in 1 thousand cases, and unlike encephalitis as a complication of measles vaccination, they are more severe and with a significantly higher risk of life-long complications up to disability. There are frequent cases of bacterial complications after a massive measles rash, leading to various consequences - from life-threatening to cosmetic (scars, pigmentation).

It would not be superfluous to mention that parotitis, known for its complications on the male reproductive system, is, among other things, the second cause of viral encephalitis after measles. And although rubella encephalitis is much more rare, do not forget that rubella, measles, and mumps pose a threat not only to the child himself, but also to his parents, who, firstly, with a 30% probability do not have the appropriate immunity, and secondly, they will suffer these infections much harder than their children.

There is also an opinion that in order to minimize adverse reactions, vaccinations against measles-mumps and rubella should be done separately. The fallacy of this approach lies in the fact that with separate vaccinations, the child and the parents themselves are subjected to 3-fold stress, ballast substances are introduced into the child's body 3 times, the immune system is "set in motion" 3 times instead of once. Thus, a single vaccination with a combined vaccine is a safer and more convenient solution in all respects. By the way, in developed countries, combined vaccines have almost completely replaced separate vaccines for a long time, with the exception of situations when a person has been ill with some of the infections that the combined vaccine protects against.

In Russia, two combined vaccines are most widely used - the Belgian "Priorix" and the American-Dutch MMR-II (2). In Ukraine and some other CIS countries, the French Trimovax vaccine is available. All three drugs are the best examples of this class of vaccines, tested by decades of use around the world.

Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio

According to the calendar, vaccinations against these infections should be done by 2 years of age. At the same time, there are often cases when, for various reasons, the dates of these vaccinations are postponed, and upon admission to kindergarten, the question may arise about the availability of all vaccinations required for a given age.

Here, briefly, are some of the subtleties regarding vaccinations against these infections.

The whooping cough vaccine is one of the most unpleasant childhood vaccinations, but at the same time it protects against one of the most serious childhood infections, with a high frequency of both short-term (up to life-threatening) and long-term (frequent colds) consequences. Given the ever-decreasing relevance of this infection, it is hardly worth neglecting this vaccination, especially before entering the children's team. In addition, the risk of adverse reactions can be significantly reduced by their special prevention (see the article on the principles of the use of DTP vaccines). Of the technical subtleties, it is important to note that the Russian DTP vaccine is used only up to the age of 4 years, its French counterpart (DPT + IPV) Tetracoc can be used up to the age of 6 years.

It is not uncommon for parents, on their own or on someone's advice, to change the DTP vaccine to its pertussis-free version of ADS-M (the French counterpart is Imovax D.T.Adyult) with a reduced content of diphtheria and tetanus components.

The mistake is that vaccines of this class are intended for immunization of children over 6 years of age and adults. In young children, these vaccines are not effective enough. In other words, it is better not to vaccinate at all than to do it in vain, especially since this violates the instructions for vaccines. The correct alternative to DTP for children under 6 years of age is the DTP vaccine or its French equivalent, D.T.Vax.

It is also not uncommon for children who are vaccinated with inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax Polio or as part of the Tetracoc vaccine) to enter the kindergarten and the question arises of the 5th polio vaccination. And although the administration of the 5th dose is not required when vaccinated with IPV vaccines, from the point of view of the Russian calendar, calculated on the use of live OPV vaccine, 5 vaccinations should be given before the age of 2 years. The best way out of this situation is to agree to the "missing" vaccination with live OPV vaccine, which can be given as soon as it is required. This will save money and not do the fifth IPV vaccination, which is not very necessary from the point of view of immunity, and at the same time once again strengthen immunity to polioviruses from the intestines.

Hepatitis B

Contrary to popular belief, hepatitis B is transmitted not only through direct contact with blood (blood transfusion and other medical manipulations, drug addiction) and through sexual contact. As the epidemic process grows, the “domestic” transmission path begins to become increasingly important, when the virus is transmitted in the smallest amounts of blood through contaminated household items, toys, sports equipment, and it is this route of transmission of the virus that is relevant for preschool children.

Taking into account the fact that the number of only identified carriers in some Russian regions reaches several percent, vaccination against hepatitis B is, in fact, the minimum necessary for a person of any age.

The vaccination course consists of three vaccinations according to the scheme 0-1-6 months. The vaccine is inactivated, and due to the peculiarities of its production technology, even theoretically it cannot contain either a live or a whole virus. It contains only one single antigen protein and an immunity enhancer - therefore the vaccine is tolerated exceptionally easily and the biggest and most common problem is redness and induration at the injection site.

pneumococcal infection

Pneumococci - microbes that normally inhabit the upper respiratory tract of a person, can lead to a variety of diseases in the event of a weakening of the body's defenses. Among the diseases caused by pneumococci, the most common are acute respiratory infections (up to half of cases), otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear, half of cases), bronchitis (20%), pneumonia (pneumonia, up to 75% of cases).

The body of a child entering the kindergarten is under severe stress. "Acquaintance" with new microorganisms, nervous experiences, colds, etc. All this can serve as a factor in reducing the protective barriers of the body and, thus, increases the risk of pneumococcal infection.

The purpose of vaccination against pneumococcal infection in preparation for kindergarten is both in direct protection against pneumococci and to enhance the effects of other vaccinations. In particular, vaccinations against Hib infection in terms of preventing frequent acute respiratory infections, as well as otitis media, pneumonia and bronchitis, since Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci are capable of joint action against the body's defense systems. In addition, vaccination against pneumococcal infection doubles the final effectiveness of influenza vaccination due to the combined prevention of both influenza itself and SARS, and their bacterial complications.

A single vaccination, which can be done from the age of 2 years, protects for a period of about 5 years, after which, if necessary, the vaccination can be repeated. Adverse reactions are minimal, occur in 5-7% of those vaccinated, and in the vast majority are expressed by local manifestations - redness and induration.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection can be done in a planned manner, that is, all children (as, in particular, in the USA), but it is most indicated for children who have chronic diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine (diabetes mellitus) and hematopoietic systems of the body.

Meningococcal infection

Meningitis is an inflammation of the soft lining of the brain. The current belief that the cause of meningitis is hypothermia of the head is erroneous. The disease is infectious, mainly bacterial in nature. The most common causes of meningitis in children are meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) infections, which together account for 90% of all cases of meningitis in children.

In the past, rises in the incidence of meningococcal infection in the territory of the former USSR were recorded every few decades, but recently the incidence has become more constant, which is caused by the mixing of the population from regions with different endemicity due to migration. All this translates the vaccination against meningococcal infection from the category of "exotic" into a means of constant necessity. Moreover, in some territories of Russia, this vaccination has become mandatory upon admission to kindergarten.

In general, taking into account the current situation with meningococcal disease and the immediate prospects, vaccination as of mid-2004 can be recommended for all children living in the urban area. The criterion in deciding the need for vaccination in each case can be the general situation of meningococcal infection in the city, as well as the history of the incidence in the area.

It would be useful to mention the fact that in some Western countries (in particular, Great Britain), vaccination against meningococcal infection of group C is already being done on a planned basis, for all children and as new type vaccines (for children from 2 months old) become available, vaccinations against meningococcal infections are highly likely to be included in the schedules of routine vaccinations in all developed countries.

All vaccines against meningococci are inactivated, they do not contain either live or whole meningococci, that is, it is impossible to get sick as a result of vaccination. In Russia, two vaccines are most common - domestically produced, protecting against group A meningococci and French, against meningococci of groups A and C ("Meningo A + C"). The vaccination is also done once, and protects for a period of at least 3 years, after which, if necessary, the vaccination can be repeated.