Rare space phenomena. The scariest things in space. What is a cosmic body? What characteristics should it have?

Space is fraught with many unexplored mysteries. The eyes of mankind are constantly turned to the Universe. Each sign we receive from space provides answers and at the same time raises many new questions.

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What cosmic bodies can be seen with the naked eye from

Group of space bodies

What is the name of the nearest

What are celestial bodies?

Celestial bodies are objects that fill the Universe. Space objects include: comets, planets, meteorites, asteroids, stars, which necessarily have their own names.

The subjects of the study of astronomy are cosmic (astronomical) celestial bodies.

The sizes of celestial bodies that exist in the universal space are very different: from gigantic to microscopic.

The structure of the star system is considered on the example of the solar system. Planets move around the star (Sun). These objects, in turn, have natural satellites, dust rings, and an asteroid belt has formed between Mars and Jupiter.

On October 30, 2017, residents of Sverdlovsk will observe the asteroid Irida. According to scientific calculations, an asteroid of the main asteroid belt will approach the Earth by 127 million kilometers.

Based on spectral analysis and the general laws of physics, it has been established that the Sun consists of gases. The view of the Sun through a telescope is the granules of the photosphere creating a gas cloud. The only star in the system produces and radiates two types of energy. According to scientific calculations, the diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth.

In the early 10s of the 21st century, the world was engulfed in yet another doomsday hysteria. Information was spread that the "planet of the devil" was carrying the apocalypse. The Earth's magnetic poles will shift as a result of the Earth being between Nibiru and the Sun.

Today, information about the new planet fades into the background and is not confirmed by science. But, at the same time, there are allegations that Nibiru has already flown past us, or through us, changing its primary physical indicators: comparatively reducing its size or critically changing its density.

What cosmic bodies form the solar system?

The solar system is the Sun and 8 planets with their satellites, the interplanetary medium, as well as asteroids, or dwarf planets, united in two belts - the near or main and the far or Kuiper belt. Kuiper's largest planet is Pluto. This approach gives a concrete answer to the question: how many large planets are there in the solar system?

The list of known large planets of the system is divided into two groups - terrestrial and Jupiterian.

All terrestrial planets have a similar structure and chemical composition of the core, mantle and crust. This makes it possible to study the process of atmospheric formation on the planets of the inner group.

The fall of cosmic bodies is subject to the laws of physics

The Earth's speed is 30 km/s. The movement of the Earth together with the Sun relative to the center of the galaxy can cause a global catastrophe. The trajectories of the planets sometimes intersect with the lines of motion of other cosmic bodies, which is a threat that these objects will fall on our planet. The consequences of collisions or falls to Earth can be very severe. Paralyzing factors as a result of the fall of large meteorites, as well as collisions with an asteroid or a comet, will be explosions with the generation of colossal energy, and strong earthquakes.

Prevention of such space catastrophes is possible if the efforts of the entire world community are united.

When developing systems of protection and opposition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the rules of conduct during space attacks must provide for the possibility of manifestation of properties unknown to mankind.

What is a cosmic body? What characteristics should it have?

The earth is considered as a cosmic body capable of reflecting light.

All visible bodies in the solar system reflect the light of stars. What objects are cosmic bodies? In space, in addition to clearly visible large objects, there are a lot of small and even tiny ones. The list of very small space objects begins with cosmic dust (100 microns), which is the result of gas emissions after explosions in planetary atmospheres.

Astronomical objects come in different sizes, shapes and positions relative to the Sun. Some of them are combined into separate groups to make it easier to classify them.

What are the cosmic bodies in our galaxy?

Our Universe is filled with various space objects. All galaxies are a void filled with various forms of astronomical bodies. From the school course of astronomy, we know about the stars, planets and satellites. But there are many types of interplanetary fillers: nebulae, star clusters and galaxies, almost unstudied quasars, pulsars, black holes.

Large astronomically - these are stars - hot light-emitting objects. In turn, they are divided into large and small. Depending on the spectrum, they are brown and white dwarfs, variable stars and red giants.

All celestial bodies can be divided into two types: those that give energy (stars) and those that do not (cosmic dust, meteorites, comets, planets).

Each celestial body has its own characteristics.

Classification of cosmic bodies of our system according to composition:

• silicate;
• ice;
• combined.

Artificial space objects are space objects: manned spacecraft, manned orbital stations, manned stations on celestial bodies.

On Mercury, the Sun moves in the opposite direction. In the atmosphere of Venus, according to the information received, they suggest finding terrestrial bacteria. The Earth moves around the Sun at a speed of 108,000 km per hour. Mars has two satellites. Jupiter has 60 moons and five rings. Saturn is contracting at the poles due to its rapid rotation. Uranus and Venus move around the Sun in the opposite direction. On Neptune there is such a phenomenon as.

A star is a hot gaseous cosmic body in which thermonuclear reactions take place.

Cool stars are brown dwarfs that do not have enough energy. The list of astronomical discoveries completes the cold star from the constellation Bootes CFBDSIR 1458 10ab.

White dwarfs are cosmic bodies with a cooled surface, inside of which the thermonuclear process no longer occurs, while they consist of high-density matter.

Hot stars are celestial bodies that emit blue light.

The temperature of the main star of the Beetle Nebula is -200,000 degrees.

A trace in the sky that glows can be left by comets, small shapeless space formations left over from meteorites, fireballs, various remnants of artificial satellites that enter the solid layers of the atmosphere.

Asteroids are sometimes classified as small planets. In fact, they look like stars of low brightness due to the active reflection of light. The largest asteroid in the universe is Cercera from the constellation Canis.

What cosmic bodies can be seen with the naked eye from Earth?

Stars are cosmic bodies that radiate heat and light into space.

Why are there planets in the night sky that don't emit light? All stars glow due to the release of energy during nuclear reactions. The resulting energy is used to contain gravitational forces and for light emissions.

But why do cold space objects also emit a glow? Planets, comets, asteroids do not radiate, but reflect starlight.

Group of space bodies

Space is filled with bodies of different sizes and shapes. These objects move differently relative to the Sun and other objects. For convenience, there is a certain classification. Examples of groups: "Centaurs" - located between the Kuiper belt and Jupiter, "Volcanoids" - presumably between the Sun and Mercury, 8 planets of the system are also divided into two: the inner (terrestrial) group and the outer (Jupiterian) group.

What is the name of the closest cosmic body to the earth?

What is the celestial body that orbits a planet called? Around the Earth, according to the forces of gravity, the natural satellite of the Moon moves. Some planets of our system also have satellites: Mars - 2, Jupiter - 60, Neptune - 14, Uranus - 27, Saturn - 62.

All objects subject to solar gravity are part of the vast and so incomprehensible solar system.

2 Zombie Stars

3 Vampire Stars

4. Giant black holes

But these are very real objects that are quite common throughout the universe. In fact, astronomers believe that supermassive black holes are at the center of most (if not all) galaxies, including our own Milky Way. Supermassive black holes are mind-boggling in size.

5 Killer Asteroids

And even an asteroid only 40 meters in size can cause serious harm if it hits a populated area. Probably the influence of the asteroid is one of the factors that changed life on Earth. It is assumed that 65 million years ago, it was the asteroid that destroyed the dinosaurs. Fortunately, there are ways to redirect dangerous space rocks away from Earth, if, of course, the danger is detected in time.

6. Active sun

April 12 marks the 56th anniversary of the appearance of man in space. Since then, astronauts regularly tell incredible stories that happened to them in space. Strange sounds that cannot propagate in vacuum, inexplicable visions and mysterious objects are present in the reports of many astronauts. Further, the story will go on about what so far there is no unambiguous explanation.

Already a few years after the flight, Yuri Gagarin attended one of the concerts of the popular VIA. Then he admitted that he had already heard similar music, but not on Earth, but during a flight into space.

This fact is all the more strange, since before Gagarin's flight, electronic music did not yet exist in our country, and it was precisely such a melody that the first cosmonaut heard.

Similar sensations were experienced by people who visited space later. For example, Vladislav Volkov spoke about the strange sounds that literally surrounded him during his stay in space.

“The earthly night was flying below. And suddenly from that night came the barking of a dog. And then the crying of the child became distinctly audible! And some voices. It is impossible to explain all this, ”Volkov described the experience in this way.

Sounds followed him almost the entire time of the flight.

American astronaut Gordon Cooper said that, flying over the territory of Tibet, he was able to see the houses with the surrounding buildings with the naked eye.

Scientists have given the effect the name “ground objects magnification,” but there is no scientific explanation for being able to view something from a distance of 300 kilometers.

A similar phenomenon was experienced by cosmonaut Vitaly Sevastyanov, who said that when flying over Sochi, he was able to see his own two-story house, which caused controversy among opticians.

Candidate of technical and philosophical sciences, test cosmonaut Sergei Krichevsky first heard about inexplicable cosmic visions and sounds from his colleague, who spent half a year on the Mir orbital complex.

When Krichevsky was preparing for his first flight into space, a colleague informed him that while in space, a person can be subject to fantastic daydreams that many astronauts have observed.

Literally, the warning was as follows: “A person undergoes one or more transformations. Transformations at that moment seem to him a natural phenomenon, as if it should be so. Visions of all astronauts are different ...

… One thing is similar: those who have been in such a state determine a certain powerful flow of information coming from outside. None of the astronauts can call it hallucinations - the sensations are too real.

Later, Krichevsky called this phenomenon the "Solaris effect", which was described by the author Stanislav Lemm, whose fantastic work "Solaris" accurately predicted inexplicable cosmic phenomena.

Although there is no definitive scientific answer to the occurrence of such visions, some scientists believe that the occurrence of such inexplicable cases is due to exposure to microwave radiation.

In 2003, Yang Liwei, who became the first Chinese astronaut to go into space, also witnessed the unexplainable.

He was on board the Shenzhou 5 when one night on October 16th he heard a strange sound from outside, like crackling.

According to the astronaut, he had the feeling that someone was knocking on the wall of the spacecraft in the same way as an iron ladle knocks on a tree. Liwei says that the sound did not come from outside, but not from inside the spacecraft either.

Liwei's stories were called into question, since in a vacuum, the propagation of any sound is impossible. But on subsequent Shenzhou missions in space, two other Chinese astronauts heard the same knock.

In 1969, American astronauts Tom Stafford, Gene Cernan, and John Young were on the dark side of the moon, quietly removing craters. At that moment, they heard an “otherworldly organized noise” coming from their headset.

“Space Music” went on for one hour. Scientists suggested that the sound arose due to radio interference between spacecraft, but could three experienced astronauts mistake ordinary interference for an alien phenomenon.

On May 5, 1981, Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut Major General Vladimir Kovalenok noticed something inexplicable in the window of the Salyut station.

“Many astronauts have seen phenomena that go beyond the experience of earthlings. For ten years I never spoke of such things. At that time we were over the South African region, moving towards the Indian Ocean. I was just doing some gymnastic exercises when I saw an object in front of me through the porthole, the appearance of which I could not explain ...

… I was looking at this object, and then something happened that is impossible according to the laws of physics. The object had an elliptical shape. From the side, it seemed as if it was spinning in the direction of flight. After that, there was a sort of explosion of golden light…

… Then after one or two seconds there was a second explosion somewhere else and two spheres appeared, golden and very beautiful. After this explosion, I saw white smoke. The two spheres never returned."

In 2005, American astronaut Leroy Chiao, commander of the ISS, led her for six and a half months. One day he was setting up antennas 230 miles above the Earth when he witnessed the inexplicable.

“I saw lights that seemed to line up. I saw them fly, and I thought it looked terribly strange, ”he later said.

Cosmonaut Musa Manarov spent a total of 541 days in space, of which one in 1991 he remembered more than others. On the way to the Mir space station, he managed to capture a cigar-shaped UFO on camera.

The video is two minutes long. The astronaut said that this object shone at certain moments and moved in a spiral in space.

Dr. Story Musgrave has six PhDs and is also a NASA astronaut. It was he who told a very colorful story about UFOs.

In a 1994 interview, he said: “I saw a snake in space. It is elastic because it had internal waves and it followed us for quite a long period of time. The more you stay in space, the more incredible things you can see there.”

Cosmonaut Vasily Tsibliyev was tormented by visions in his sleep. During sleep in this position, Tsibliyev behaved extremely restlessly, he screamed, gnashed his teeth, and tossed about.

“I asked Vasily, what’s the matter? It turned out that he had enchanting dreams, which he sometimes took for reality. He could not retell them. He only kept repeating that he had never seen anything like it in his life, ”said a colleague of the ship commander.

Six cosmonauts aboard the ISS, waiting for the arrival of Soyuz-6, observed translucent figures 10 meters high for 10 minutes, which accompanied the station, and then disappeared.

Nikolai Rukavishnikov observed flashes in near-Earth space during a flight aboard the Soyuz-10 spacecraft.

During the rest, he was in a darkened compartment with his eyes closed. Suddenly he saw flashes, which at first he took for the signals of a flashing light panel, shining through his eyelids.

However, the board burned with a steady light and its brightness was not sufficient to create the observed effect.

Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin recalled, "There was something there, close enough to us that we could see it."

“During the Apollo 11 mission on its way to the moon, I noticed a light in the porthole of the ship, it seemed that it was moving with us. There were several explanations for this phenomenon, another ship from another country, or it was the panels that came off when we removed the rocket from the lander. But it wasn't all that."

“I feel absolutely convinced that we are face to face with something incomprehensible. What it was I could not classify. Technically, the definition could be one "unidentified"."

James McDivitt made the first manned flight on Gemini 4 on June 3, 1965 and recorded: “I looked out the window and saw a white spherical object against the black sky. He abruptly changed the direction of the flight.

McDivitt also managed to photograph a long metal cylinder. The Air Force command again resorted to a tried and tested trick, announcing that the pilot confused what he saw with the Pegasus-2 satellite.

McDivitt replied: "I report that during my flight I did see what some people call a UFO, namely an unidentified flying object."

At the same time, many fellow astronauts also observed unidentified flying objects during flights.

They say that the archives of Roskosmos describe an unusual story with the crew of the Soyuz-18 spacecraft that happened in April 1975 - it was classified for 20 years. Due to the failure of the carrier rocket, the cabin of the spacecraft was fired from the rocket at an altitude of 195 km and rushed towards the Earth.

The astronauts experienced enormous G-forces during which they heard a "mechanical, like a robot" voice that asked if they wanted to live. They did not have the strength to answer, then the voice said: We will not let you die in order for you to pass on to your own - you need to abandon the conquest of space.

Having landed and climbed out of the capsule, the astronauts began to wait for rescuers. When night fell, they lit a fire. Suddenly they heard a growing whistle and at the same time they saw some kind of luminous object in the sky, hovering right above them.

By the way, the ISS cameras record unknown space objects with enviable regularity.

Cosmonaut Alexander Serebrov expressed his opinion on this issue: “There, in the depths of the Universe, no one knows what happens to people. The state of the physical is more or less studied, but changes in consciousness are a dark forest. Doctors pretend that a person can be prepared for anything on Earth. In fact, this is absolutely not the case."

Vladimir Vorobyov, Doctor of Medical Sciences and Senior Researcher at the RAMS Center, states the following: “But visions and other inexplicable sensations in space orbit, as a rule, do not torment the astronaut, but give him a kind of pleasure, despite the fact that they cause fear ...

… It is worth considering that there is also a hidden danger in this. It is no secret that, after returning to Earth, most space explorers begin to experience a state of longing for these phenomena and at the same time experience an irresistible, and sometimes painful craving to feel these states again.”

Every year, scientists are increasingly confronted with phenomena on our planet that they cannot explain. In the United States, not far from the city of Santa Cruz (California), there is one of the most mysterious places on our planet - the Praser zone. It occupies only a few acres, but scientists believe that this is an anomalous zone. After all, the laws of physics do not apply here. So, for example, people of the same height, standing on a completely flat surface, will appear one - higher, and the other - lower. Blame the anomalous zone. Researchers discovered it back in 1940. But for 70 years of studying this place, they have not been able to understand why this is happening. In the center of the anomalous zone, George Prazer built a house in the early 40s of the last century. However, a few years after the construction, the house tilted. Although it shouldn't have happened. After all, it was built in compliance with all the rules. It stands on a solid foundation, all angles inside the house are 90 degrees, and the two sides of its roof are absolutely symmetrical to each other. Several times this house was tried to level. They changed the foundation, put iron supports, even rebuilt the walls. But the house returned to its original position each time. Scientists explain this by the fact that in the place where the house is built, the earth's magnetic field is disturbed. After all, even the compass here shows absolutely opposite information. Instead of north, it points south, and instead of west, it points east. Another curious feature of this place is that people cannot stay here for a long time. Already after 40 minutes of being in the Prazer zone, a person experiences an inexplicable feeling of heaviness, legs become cottony, dizzy, pulse quickens. Long stay can cause a sudden heart attack. Scientists cannot yet explain this anomaly, one thing is known that such an area can both have a beneficial effect on a person, endowing him with strength and vitality, and destroy him. Researchers of the mysterious places of our planet have come to a paradoxical conclusion in recent years. Anomalous zones exist not only on Earth, but also in space. And it is possible that they are related. Moreover, some scientists believe that our entire solar system is a kind of anomaly in the universe. Having studied 146 star systems that are similar to our solar system, the researchers found that the larger the planet, the closer it is to its star. Closer to the star is the largest planet, then the smaller one follows, and so on. However, in our solar system, everything is just the opposite: the largest planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptupe - are on the outskirts, and the smallest are located closest to the Sun. Some researchers even explain this anomaly by the fact that supposedly our system was artificially created by someone. And this someone specially arranged the planets in such an order to make sure that nothing happens to the Earth and its inhabitants. For example, the fifth planet from the Sun - Jupiter - is a real shield for the planet Earth. The gas giant is in an atypical orbit for such a planet. So, as if specially located so as to serve as a kind of space umbrella for the Earth. Jupiter plays the role of a kind of "trap", intercepting objects that would otherwise fall on our planet. Suffice it to recall July 1994, when fragments of the Shoemaker-Levy comet crashed into Jupiter at great speed, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe explosions was then comparable to the diameter of our planet. In any case, science now refers to the issue of searching and studying anomalies, as well as trying to meet other intelligent beings already seriously. And this is bearing fruit. So, suddenly, scientists made an incredible discovery - there are two more planets in the solar system. An international group of astronomers recently published even more sensational research results. It turns out that in ancient times our Earth was illuminated by two suns at once. It happened about 70 thousand years ago. A star appeared on the outskirts of the solar system. And our distant ancestors, who lived in the Stone Age, could observe the radiance of two heavenly bodies at once: the Sun and a foreign guest. This star, which tours alien planetary systems, is called the Scholz star by astronomers. Named after the discoverers Ralf-Dieter Scholz. In 2013, he first identified it as a star belonging to the class closest to the Sun. The size of the star is equal to one tenth of our Sun. How long the celestial body stayed visiting the solar system is not exactly known. But at the moment, Scholz's star, according to astronomers, is at a distance of 20 light years from the Earth, and continues to move away from us. Astronauts talk about many anomalous phenomena. However, often their memories are hidden for many years. People who have been in space are reluctant to reveal the mysteries they have witnessed. But sometimes astronauts make statements that become sensational. Buzz Aldrin is the second person after Neil Armstrong to walk on the moon. Aldrin claims that he observed space objects of unknown origin long before his famous flight to the moon. Back in 1966. Aldrin then made a spacewalk, and his colleagues saw some unusual object next to him - a luminous figure of two ellipses, which almost instantly moved from one point of space to another. If only one astronaut Buzz Aldrin saw a strange luminous ellipse, then this could be attributed to physical and psychological overload. But the luminous object was spotted and the command post controllers of the American Space Agency officially recognized in July 1966: the objects that the astronauts saw could not be classified. They cannot be attributed to the category of phenomena explainable by science. The most surprising thing is that all astronauts and astronauts who have visited the Earth's orbit have mentioned strange phenomena in space. Yuri Gagarin has repeatedly said in interviews that he heard beautiful music in orbit. Cosmonaut Alexander Volkov, who visited space three times, said that he distinctly heard the barking of a dog and a child's cry. Some scientists believe that for millions of years the entire space of the solar system has been under the close supervision of extraterrestrial civilizations. All the planets of the system are under their hood. And these cosmic forces are not only observers. They save us from space threats, and sometimes from self-destruction. March 11, 2011, 70 kilometers from the east coast of the Japanese island of Honshu, an earthquake with a power of 9 points on the Richter scale occurs - the strongest in the history of Japan. The center of this destructive tremor was in Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 32 kilometers below sea level, so he caused a powerful tsunami. It took only 10 minutes for a huge wave to reach the largest island of Honshu in the archipelago. Many Japanese coastal cities were simply washed off the face of the Earth. But the worst thing happened the next day - March 12th. In the morning, at 6:36 a.m., the first reactor at the Fukushima nuclear power plant exploded. The radiation leak has begun. Already on that day, at the epicenter of the explosion, the maximum permissible level of pollution was exceeded 100 thousand times. The next day, the second unit explodes. Biologists and radiologists are sure that after such huge leaks, almost the entire globe should be infected. After all, already on March 19 - just a week after the first explosion - the first wave of radiation reached the shores of the United States. And according to forecasts, the radiation clouds were supposed to move further ... However, this did not happen. Many at that moment believed that a worldwide catastrophe was avoided only thanks to the intervention of some kind of inhuman, or rather extraterrestrial, forces. This version sounds like a fantasy, like a fairy tale. But if we trace the number of anomalous phenomena that the inhabitants of Japan observed in those days, we can draw a striking conclusion: the number of UFOs seen was more than in the last six months around the world! Hundreds of Japanese photographed and filmed unidentified luminous objects in the sky. The researchers are absolutely sure that the radiation cloud, which is not unexpected for environmentalists, and contrary to weather forecasts, dissipated only due to the activity of these strange objects in the sky. And there were many such amazing situations. In 2010, scientists experienced a real shock. They decided that the long-awaited answer had been received from the brothers in mind. The American spacecraft Voyager could become a liaison with the aliens. It was launched to Neptune on September 5, 1977. On board were both research equipment and a message for an extraterrestrial civilization. Scientists hoped that the probe would pass near the planet and then leave the solar system. This carrier plate contained general information about human civilization in the form of simple drawings and audio recordings: greetings in fifty-five languages ​​of the world, children's laughter, sounds of wildlife, classical music. At the same time, the current American president, Jimmy Carter, personally participated in the recording: he turned to extraterrestrial intelligence with a call for peace. For more than thirty years, the device broadcast simple signals: evidence of the normal functioning of all systems. But in 2010, the Voyager signals changed, and now it was not the aliens who needed to decipher the information from the space traveler, but the creators of the probe themselves. First, communication with the probe was suddenly severed. Scientists decided that, after thirty-three years of continuous operation, the apparatus simply failed. But just a few hours later, Voyager came to life and began to broadcast very strange signals to Earth, much more complex than they were before. At the moment, the signals have not been deciphered. Many scientists are sure that the anomalies that lurk in every corner of the universe are, in fact, just a sign that humanity is just starting its long journey to understanding the world.

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• Head: Andreeva Yulia Vyacheslavovna

Introduction

Many countries have long-term space exploration programs. In them, the central place is occupied by the creation of orbital stations, since it is with them that the chain of the largest stages in the mastery of outer space by humanity begins. A flight to the Moon has already been carried out, many months of flights aboard interplanetary stations are being successfully carried out, automatic vehicles have visited Mars and Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune have been explored from flyby trajectories. Over the next 20-30 years, the possibilities of astronautics will increase even more.

Many of us in childhood dreamed of becoming astronauts, but then we thought about more earthly professions. Is going into space really an unrealizable wish? After all, space tourists have already appeared, perhaps someday anyone will be able to fly into space, and the childhood dream will come true?

But if we fly into space, we will face the fact that for a long time we will have to be in a state of weightlessness. It is known that for a person who is accustomed to earthly gravity, staying in this state becomes a difficult test, and not only physical, because many things happen in weightlessness in a completely different way than on Earth. Unique astronomical and astrophysical observations are carried out in space. Satellites in orbit, automatic space stations, vehicles require special maintenance or repair, and some obsolete satellites must be eliminated or returned from orbit to Earth for rework.

Does a fountain pen write in weightlessness? Is it possible to measure the weight in the cockpit of a spacecraft using a spring or lever balance? Does the water flow out of the kettle if you tilt it? Does a candle burn in weightlessness?

Answers to such questions are contained in many sections studied in the school physics course. Choosing the topic of the project, I decided to bring together the material on this topic, which is contained in different textbooks, and give a comparative description of the flow of physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

Objective: to compare the course of physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

Tasks:

• Make a list of physical phenomena, the course of which may differ.
• Study sources (books, internet)
• Make a table of events

Relevance of the work: some physical phenomena proceed differently on Earth and in space, and some physical phenomena are better manifested in space, where there is no gravity. Knowledge of the features of processes can be useful for physics lessons.

Novelty: such studies were not carried out, but in the 90s an educational film about mechanical phenomena was shot at the Mir station

An object: physical phenomena.

Subject: comparison of physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

1. Basic terms

Mechanical phenomena are phenomena that occur with physical bodies when they move relative to each other (the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of cars, the swing of a pendulum).

Thermal phenomena are phenomena associated with the heating and cooling of physical bodies (boiling a kettle, the formation of fog, the transformation of water into ice).

Electrical phenomena are phenomena that occur during the appearance, existence, movement and interaction of electric charges (electric current, lightning).

It is easy to show how phenomena occur on Earth, but how can one demonstrate the same phenomena in weightlessness? For this, I decided to use fragments from the series of films "Lessons from Space". These are very interesting films that were filmed at the time on the Mir orbital station. The real lessons from space are conducted by the pilot-cosmonaut, the hero of Russia Alexander Serebrov.

But, unfortunately, few people know about these films, so another of the tasks of creating the project was to popularize the Lessons from Space, created with the participation of VAKO Soyuz, RSC Energia, RNPO Rosuchpribor.

In weightlessness, many phenomena occur differently than on Earth. There are three reasons for this. First: the effect of gravity is not manifested. We can say that it is compensated by the action of the force of inertia. Secondly, the Archimedean force does not act in weightlessness, although the Archimedes law is also fulfilled there. And thirdly, surface tension forces begin to play a very important role in weightlessness.

But even in weightlessness, the unified physical laws of nature work, which are true both for the Earth and for the entire Universe.

The state of complete absence of weight is called weightlessness. Weightlessness, or the absence of weight of an object, is observed when, for some reason, the force of attraction between this object and the support disappears, or when the support itself disappears. The simplest example of the emergence of weightlessness is free fall inside a closed space, that is, in the absence of the influence of air resistance. Let's say a falling plane is attracted by the earth itself, but in its cabin a state of weightlessness arises, all bodies also fall with an acceleration of one g, but this is not felt - after all, there is no air resistance. Weightlessness is observed in space when a body moves in orbit around some massive body, a planet. Such a circular motion can be considered as a constant fall on the planet, which does not occur due to the circular rotation in the orbit, and there is also no atmospheric resistance. Moreover, the Earth itself, constantly rotating in orbit, falls and cannot fall into the sun in any way, and if we did not feel the attraction from the planet itself, we would find ourselves in weightlessness relative to the attraction of the sun.

Some of the phenomena in space proceed in exactly the same way as on Earth. For modern technologies, weightlessness and vacuum are not a hindrance ... and even vice versa - it is preferable. On Earth, one cannot achieve such high degrees of vacuum as in interstellar space. Vacuum is needed to protect the processed metals from oxidation, and the metals do not melt, the vacuum does not interfere with the movement of bodies.

2. Comparison of phenomena and processes

Conclusion

I compared the flow of physical mechanical phenomena on Earth and in space. This work can be used to compose quizzes and competitions, for physics lessons in the study of certain phenomena.

In the course of working on the project, I became convinced that in weightlessness, many phenomena occur differently than on Earth. There are three reasons for this. First: the effect of gravity is not manifested. We can say that it is compensated by the action of the force of inertia. Secondly, the Archimedean force does not act in weightlessness, although the Archimedes law is also fulfilled there. And thirdly, surface tension forces begin to play a very important role in weightlessness.

But even in weightlessness, the unified physical laws of nature work, which are true both for the Earth and for the entire Universe. This was the main conclusion of our work and the table that I ended up with.