Deciphering the norm of a blood test. Leukocyte blood formula: what the results of the analysis can tell you Blood formula decoding in women

Analysis of the leukocyte formula represents the proportion of all types of leukocytes. Most often, the examination is attributed in parallel with the general analysis.

For a healthy person, depending on age, there are special norms that indicate the state of the body based on the leukocyte formula.

The leuco formula is the total proportion of all leukocytes. There is more accurate information - leukocyte indices. This examination allows you to determine the number of different types of components of a group of leukocytes. An extremely useful indicator is the intoxication index, based on the test readings, you can determine the degree and severity of inflammation. It is also possible to determine the level of an allergic reaction based on the allergization and the effectiveness of the system due to immunoreactivity and the like.

Important! For the correct decoding of the analyzes, taking into account the deviations of the body and the presence of diseases, it is necessary to contact a specialist. He directs to a characteristic examination, his result is precisely the leukoformula.

Deciphering the analysis

The specialist can evaluate the level and quality of the immune system based on the leukocyte formula. There are various criteria for evaluation.

Shift in both directions

The study shows the level of neutrophils, for this a blood sample is used. This indicator plays an important role, because the doctor can conclude not only the presence of pathology, but also the speed of its development. Attention is drawn not only to the quantitative ratio, but also the life span of cells. The number of newly formed and more mature neutrophils is determined, usually described as a ratio. A shift in indications is a change in the predominance of cells of one age over another. Initially, there is an advantage of young cells, but a slight or approximately equal ratio, in the presence of an imbalance, this indicator changes.

A shift to the left means the predominance of newly produced neutrophils over mature ones. The clinical picture has a characteristic appearance - any pathological abnormalities are observed in the body. Most often, a shift to the left is characterized by the manifestation of foci of inflammation or necrotic changes in the structure of tissues. Perhaps an infectious-type disease or an excess of toxin, poison, gas in the body, which provokes poisoning.

Important! In some cases, changes occur with the use of a certain type of medication. Not always a shift to the left indicates the presence of pathological abnormalities. Heavy loads can provoke an imbalance, but the indicator will soon return to normal.

A more rare situation is a shift to the right, so the leukocyte formula indicates a higher content of mature neutrophils. This position indicates:

1. The formation of radiation sickness.
2. Vitamin B12 is deficient in the body.
3. Disease of the liver.
4. Deviations in the work of the kidneys.

A similar situation is typical for people who have previously endured a transfusion, after a certain period of time a balance is acquired if the body is working properly.

Increased rates

The result of the leukocyte formula does not allow to make a reliable conclusion about the cause and type of deviations only on the basis of one examination, because the imbalance occurs due to multiple deviations. The figures may be overestimated if:

1. The body is affected by fungal diseases, for example, candidiasis.
2. Rheumatic disease.
3. A characteristic manifestation with an increase in blood glucose levels, which is natural in diabetes.
4. The formation of tumors of cancerous origin, regardless of the place of formation.
5. Mercury or lead vapor poisoning, a similar manifestation when arsenic enters. Other substances that can cause poisoning with an increase in the leukocyte formula include: phosphorus, tetrachloroethanol.
6. An increase in the level of neutrophils can be provoked by loads of emotional or physical origin.
7. Pain for any reason.
8. A change in the composition of the blood occurs with a significant change in temperature in both directions.
9. It is possible that deviations in indications occur with the use of certain drugs.
10. Pathological deviation of the blood.

Important! If the patient has previously suffered an infectious disease, then the number of monocytes in the blood increases significantly. A similar manifestation is natural for patients who are exposed to autoimmune diseases. Tumors are formed in the body, mostly malignant.

Basophils are actively produced when a flu-like condition occurs, when a person gets chickenpox or tuberculosis appears. The concentration of white cells increases significantly in the presence of an allergic reaction to any substance. Ulcerative colitis provokes the production of basophils. Hypersensitivity to certain foods, mostly returns to normal after the elimination of the allergen from the diet. Possible manifestation in the formation of cancerous tumors.

Video - How to decipher your blood test

Downgrading

When the concentration of neutrophils in the body overcomes the lower normal mark, then the specialist is able to determine diseases of an infectious origin on this basis. Tuberculosis, typhoid fever can act in a similar way. With the manifestation of hypersensitivity to certain medications, mainly antibiotics, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatory drugs, a provocation of inhibition of neutrophils is possible.

Important! In some cases, the concentration decreases with anaphylactic shock or anemia.

A decrease in lymphocytes is typical for:

1. When the body is immunodeficient or predisposed to disease.
2. The course of inflammatory processes, but mainly in an acute form.
3. Kidney dysfunction, kidney failure.
4. If the body is affected by lupus erythematosus in a systemic form.
5. It is typical when irradiated with X-ray equipment, but then the level is replenished quickly enough.

The number of monocytes is an important indicator and its decrease can lead to or characterize serious diseases. The main causes of deviations are oncological diseases, infections, if they are pyogenic in nature, aplastic anemia, and some hematological diseases.

Often, examination of ailments in the stage of incubation or primary symptoms is carried out on the basis of eosinophils, this is evidenced by a reduced amount of these components. A similar manifestation is possible when a purulent-type infection occurs. Poisoning can lead to the death of eosinophils, most often with heavy metals.

Important! Basophils in the blood can decrease not only from any pathological changes, even the natural course of processes can inhibit their production.

Depression or prolonged, acute stress, along with pregnancy, often causes a decrease in this indicator. It also affects the pathology of the infectious type or Cushing's syndrome.

The leukocyte formula allows the specialist to effectively and correctly determine the level, type and spread of the disease. It is possible to identify a secondary infection.

Video - Deciphering a blood test

Clinical blood test- a laboratory study that allows you to assess the general state of human health. Any changes in the blood picture may indicate the development of a pathological process. Clinical blood test includes: complete blood count, leukocyte formula and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Blood consists of formed elements - blood cells and a liquid part - blood plasma. The formed elements of the blood are composed of 3 main types of cells: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes) and platelets. Mature cells are formed in the bone marrow and enter the blood as needed.

The ratio of the volume of all blood cells to plasma is called hematocrit. However, hematocrit is often also understood as the ratio of only the volume of erythrocytes to the volume of blood plasma. This indicator evaluates the degree of "thinning" or "thickening" of the blood.

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to organs and tissues and carbon dioxide on the way back. Red blood cells are usually homogeneous with minimal changes in size and shape. A decrease in the number of red blood cells is observed with blood loss, anemia, pregnancy. Less commonly, erythrocytosis occurs - an excess of red blood cells in the blood, which can interfere with the flow of blood through small veins and arteries. Erythrocytosis develops with malignant tumors, Cushing's disease and syndrome, as well as taking corticosteroids and a number of other pathological conditions.

In the KLA, erythrocyte indices are also determined, which include MCV, MCH, MCHC. These indicators reflect the volume of red blood cells, the content and concentration of hemoglobin in them.

Leukocytes are key components of the immune system. The body uses them to fight infections and foreign microorganisms. There are five types of white blood cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. They are present in the blood in relatively stable numbers. With an infectious process, the number of neutrophils increases significantly, with an allergic one - eosinophils, and with a viral one - lymphocytes. A decrease in the number of leukocytes - leukopenia - is characteristic of diseases of the bone marrow, radiation sickness, leukemia, and other diseases.

The leukocyte formula reflects the ratio of types of leukocytes, expressed as a percentage.

Platelets play a vital role in the blood clotting process. A decrease in platelet count can cause bleeding and bruising of the skin, while an increase leads to the formation of blood clots.

ESR or erythrocyte sedimentation rate shows the ratio of protein fractions of the blood and is a marker of the inflammatory process.

This analysis allows you to determine the number of blood cells, as well as determine the percentage of various forms of leukocytes (leukocyte formula) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The analysis helps to assess the general condition of the body.

It is used to diagnose and control the treatment of many diseases.

Russian synonyms

General blood test, KLA.

SynonymsEnglish

Complete blood count (CBC) with differential, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), KLA

Research method

SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate) method + capillary photometry method (venous blood).

Units

*10^9/l - 10 per st. 9/l;

*10^12/l - 10 per st. 12/l;

g/l - grams per liter;

fL, femtoliter;

pg – picogram;

% - percent;

mm/h - millimeter per hour.

What biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous, capillary blood.

How to properly prepare for research?

• Eliminate alcohol from the diet 24 hours before the study.
• Do not eat for 8 hours before the study, you can drink clean non-carbonated water.
• Eliminate physical and emotional overstrain for 30 minutes before the study.
• Do not smoke for 30 minutes prior to the study.

General information about the study

Clinical blood test: general analysis, leukocyte formula, ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear when pathological changes are detected) is one of the most frequently performed tests in medical practice. Today, this study is automated and allows you to get detailed information about the quantity and quality of blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. From a practical point of view, the doctor should first of all focus on the following indicators of this analysis:

1. Hb (hemoglobin) - hemoglobin;
2. MCV (mean corpuscular volume) - the average volume of an erythrocyte;
3. RDW (RBC distribution width) - distribution of erythrocytes by volume;
4. The total number of red blood cells;
5. The total number of platelets;
6. The total number of leukocytes;
7. Leukocyte formula - the percentage of different leukocytes: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils;
8. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR. The ESR indicator depends on the ratio of protein fractions of the blood and the number of red blood cells.

Determination of indicators of a clinical blood test allows diagnosing conditions such as /polycythemia, thrombocytopenia/ and leukopenia/leukocytosis, which can either be symptoms of a disease or act as independent pathologies.

When interpreting the analysis, the following features should be considered:

• In 5% of healthy people, blood test values ​​deviate from the accepted reference values ​​(normal limits). On the other hand, the patient may have a significant deviation from his usual indicators, which at the same time remain within the accepted norms. For this reason, test results must be interpreted in the context of each individual's individual routine.
• Blood counts vary by race and gender. Thus, in women, the quantity and quality characteristics of erythrocytes are lower, and the number of platelets is higher than in men. For comparison: norms for men - Hb 12.7-17.0 g / dl, erythrocytes 4.0-5.6 × 10 12 / l, platelets 143-332 × 10 9 / l, norms for women - Hb 11, 6-15.6 g/dl, erythrocytes 3.8-5.2×10 12 /l, platelets 169-358×10 9 /l. In addition, neutrophils and platelets are lower in black people than in white people.

What is research used for?

• To diagnose and control the treatment of many diseases.

When is the study scheduled?

• During a preventive examination;
• if the patient has complaints or symptoms of any disease.

What do the results mean?

Deciphering the results of the analysis: norm tables for children and adults (r reference values)

Leukocytes

red blood cells

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV)

Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH)

Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

platelets

RDW-SD (RBC volume distribution, standard deviation): 37 - 54.

RDW-CV (RBC volume distribution, coefficient of variation)

Lymphocytes (LY)

Monocytes (MO)

Eosinophils (EO)

Basophils (BA): 0 - 0.08 *10^9/l.

Neutrophils, % (NE %)

Lymphocytes, % (LY %)

Monocytes, % (MO %)

Eosinophils, % (EO %)

Basophils, % (BA%): 0-1.2%.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (photometry)

Analysis interpretation:

1. Anemia

A decrease in hemoglobin and / or red blood cells indicates the presence of anemia. Using the MCV indicator, you can conduct a primary differential diagnosis of anemia:

1. MCV less than 80 fl (microcytic anemia). The reasons:
   1. Iron-deficiency anemia,
   ,
2. drugs (hydroxyurea, zidovudine),
3. deficiency of vitamin B 12 and folic acid.

Severe macrocytosis (MCV greater than 110 fl) usually indicates primary bone marrow disease.

With anemia, regardless of its type, ESR is usually increased.

2. Thrombocytopenia

• thrombocytopenic purpura / hemolytic uremic syndrome;
• DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation);
• drug thrombocytopenia (co-trimoxazole, procainamide, thiazide diuretics, heparin);
• hypersplenism;
• idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

It should be remembered that in pregnant women, normal platelets can decrease to 75-150×10 9 /l.

3. Leukopenia

For the differential diagnosis of leukopenia, both the absolute number of each of the 5 main sprouts of leukocytes and their percentage (leukocyte formula) matter.

Neutropenia. Decrease in neutrophils less than 0.5×10 9 /l - severe neutropenia. The reasons:

• Congenital agranulocytosis (Kostmann's syndrome);
• Drug neutropenia (carbamazepine, penicillins, clozapine and others);
• Infections (sepsis, viral infection);
• Autoimmune neutropenia (SLE, Felty's syndrome).

Lymphopenia. The reasons:

• Congenital lymphopenia (Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, severe combined immunodeficiency, diGeorge's syndrome);
• Acquired variable immunodeficiency;
• Drug-induced lymphopenia (glucocorticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies);
• Viral infection ();
• Autoimmune lymphopenia (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis);
• Tuberculosis.

4. Polycythemia

An increase in the concentration of Hb and / or Ht and / or the number of red blood cells can be observed with:

• Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disease. In the blood test, in addition to erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis and leukocytosis are observed.
• Relative polycythemia (compensatory bone marrow response to hypoxia in COPD or CAD; excess erythropoietin in renal cell carcinoma).

For the differential diagnosis of polycythemia, a study of the level of erythropoietin is recommended.

1. thrombocytosis

• Primary thrombocytosis (malignant disease of the myeloid germ of the bone marrow, including essential thrombocytosis and chronic myelogenous leukemia);
• Secondary thrombocytosis after removal of the spleen, with an infectious process, iron deficiency anemia, hemolysis, trauma and malignant diseases (reactive thrombocytosis).

An increase in Hb, MCV, or total leukocyte count is indicative of primary thrombocytosis.

1. Leukocytosis

The first step in interpreting leukocytosis is to evaluate the leukocyte count. Leukocytosis may be due to an excess of immature leukocytes (blasts) in acute leukemia or mature, differentiated leukocytes (granulocytosis, monocytosis, lymphocytosis).

Granulocytosis - neutrophilia. The reasons:

• Leukemoid reaction (reactive neutrophilia in the presence of infection, inflammation, the use of certain drugs);
• Myeloproliferative disease (eg, chronic myelogenous leukemia).

An increase in stab neutrophils of more than 6% indicates the presence of infection, but can also be observed in chronic myeloid leukemia and other myeloproliferative diseases.

Also, an indirect sign of the infectious process is an increase in ESR, which, however, can also be observed in many malignant diseases.

Granulocytosis - eosinophilia. The reasons:

Granulocytosis - basophilia. The reasons:

• Chronic basophilic leukemia.

Monocytosis. The reasons:

• Myeloproliferative disease, such as CML;
• Reactive monocytosis (chronic infections, granulomatous inflammation, radiation therapy, lymphoma).

Lymphocytosis. The reasons:

• Reactive lymphocytosis (viral infection). Virus-specific laboratory tests are recommended.
• Lymphocytic leukemia (acute and chronic).

Clinical blood test: general analysis, leukocyte formula, ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear when pathological changes are detected) is a screening method with which many diseases can be suspected or excluded. This analysis, however, does not always allow to establish the cause of the changes, the identification of which, as a rule, requires additional laboratory, including pathomorphological and histochemical studies. The most accurate information can be obtained by dynamic observation of changes in blood parameters.

What can influence the result?

• age;
• race;
• the presence of concomitant diseases;
• the use of medicines.

Important Notes

• Test results must be interpreted in the context of each individual's individual routine;
• the most accurate information can be obtained by dynamic observation of changes in blood parameters;
• test results should be interpreted taking into account all anamnestic, clinical and other laboratory data.

• Clinical and biochemical blood test - main indicators

Who orders the study?

Therapist, surgeon, gynecologist, pediatrician, general practitioner.

Literature

• Jolobe OM. How to interpret and pursue an abnormal complete blood cell count in adults. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2005 Oct;80(10):1389-90; author reply 1390, 1392.
• McPhee S.J., Papadakis M. CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment / S. J. McPhee, M. Papadakis; 49 ed. – McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009.

A complete blood count is referred to as routine research in any clinical laboratory - this is the first analysis that a person takes when he undergoes a medical examination or when he falls ill. In laboratory work, UAC is referred to as a general clinical research method (clinical blood test).

Even people who are far from all laboratory intricacies, full of a mass of hard-to-pronounce terms, were well versed in the norms, values, names and other parameters as long as the answer form included cells of the leukocyte link (leukocyte formula), erythrocytes and hemoglobin with a color indicator. The ubiquitous settlement of medical institutions with all kinds of equipment did not bypass the laboratory service, many experienced patients found themselves in a dead end: some kind of incomprehensible abbreviation of Latin letters, a lot of all sorts of numbers, various characteristics of erythrocytes and platelets ...

Do-It-Yourself Decryption

Difficulties for patients are the general blood test, produced by an automatic analyzer and scrupulously rewritten into a form by the responsible laboratory assistant. By the way, no one has canceled the "gold standard" of clinical research (microscope and doctor's eyes), therefore, any analysis performed for diagnostics must be applied to glass, stained and viewed in order to identify morphological changes in blood cells. In the event of a significant decrease or increase in a certain cell population, the device may not be able to cope and “protest” (refuse to work), no matter how good it is.

Sometimes people try to find the differences between a general and clinical blood test, but there is no need to look for them, because a clinical analysis implies the same study, which is called general for convenience (shorter and clearer), but the essence of this does not change.

A general (detailed) blood test includes:

• Determination of the content of cellular elements of the blood: - red blood cells containing the pigment hemoglobin, which determines the color of the blood, and which do not contain this pigment, therefore they are called white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes);
• Level ;
• (in a hematological analyzer, although it can be approximately determined by eye after the erythrocytes spontaneously settle to the bottom);
• , calculated according to the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
• , which was previously called the reaction (ROE).

A general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. How many red blood cells and hemoglobin it contains, performing the function of respiration (transferring oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from them), leukocytes that protect the body from infection, participate in the coagulation process, how the body reacts to pathological processes, in a word, KLA reflects the state of the body itself at different periods of life. The concept of "detailed blood test" means that, in addition to the main indicators (leukocytes, hemoglobin, erythrocytes), the leukocyte formula (and cells of the agranulocytic series) is studied in detail.

It is better to entrust the interpretation of the blood test to the doctor, but if there is a special desire, the patient can try to independently study the result issued in the clinical laboratory, and we will help him with this by combining the usual names with the abbreviation of the automatic analyzer.

Table is easier to understand

As a rule, the results of the study are recorded on a special form, which is sent to the doctor or given to the patient. To make it easier to navigate, let's try to present a detailed analysis in the form of a table, in which we will enter the norm of blood indicators. The reader in the table will also see such cells as. They are not among the mandatory indicators of a complete blood count and are young forms of red blood cells, that is, they are the precursors of erythrocytes. Reticulocytes are examined to identify the cause of anemia. There are very few of them in the peripheral blood of an adult healthy person (the norm is given in the table), in newborns these cells can be 10 times more.

And a separate table for children

Adaptation to new living conditions of all body systems of newborns, their further development in children after a year and the final formation in adolescence makes blood counts different from those in adults. It should not be surprising that the norms of a small child and a person who has stepped over the age of majority can sometimes differ noticeably, so there is a table of normal values ​​​​for children.

It should be noted that in different medical sources and in different laboratories, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the norm may also differ. This is not due to the fact that someone does not know how many certain cells should be or what is the normal level of hemoglobin. Just, using different analytical systems and methods, each laboratory has its own reference values. However, these subtleties are unlikely to be of interest to the reader ...

Red blood cells in the general blood test and their characteristics

Or red blood cells (Er, Er) - the most numerous group of cellular elements of the blood, represented by non-nuclear discs of a biconcave shape ( the norm for women and men is different and is 3.8 - 4.5 x 10 12 / l and 4.4 - 5.0 x 10 12 / l, respectively). Red blood cells lead the overall blood count. Having numerous functions (tissue respiration, regulation of water-salt balance, transfer of antibodies and immunocomplexes on their surfaces, participation in the coagulation process, etc.), these cells have the ability to penetrate into the most inaccessible places (narrow and tortuous capillaries). To accomplish these tasks, erythrocytes must have certain qualities: size, shape, and high plasticity. Any changes in these parameters that are outside the norm are shown by a complete blood count (examination of the red part).

Red blood cells contain an important component for the body, consisting of protein and iron. This is a red blood pigment called. A decrease in erythrocytes in the blood usually entails a drop in the level of Hb, although there is another picture: there are enough red blood cells, but many of them are empty, then the KLA will also have a low content of red pigment. In order to find out and evaluate all these indicators, there are special formulas that doctors used before the advent of automatic analyzers. Now the equipment is engaged in similar cases, and additional columns with an incomprehensible abbreviation and new units of measurement have appeared in the form of a general blood test:

Indicator of many diseases - ESR

It is considered an indicator (non-specific) of a wide variety of pathological changes in the body, so this test is almost never bypassed in a diagnostic search. The ESR norm depends on gender and age - in absolutely healthy women, it can be 1.5 times higher than this indicator in children and adult men.

As a rule, such an indicator as ESR is recorded at the bottom of the form, that is, it, as it were, completes the general blood test. In most cases, ESR is measured in 60 minutes (1 hour) in the Panchenkov tripod, which is indispensable to this day, however, in our high-tech time there are devices that reduce the determination time, but not all laboratories have them.

definition of ESR

Leukocyte formula

Leukocytes (Le) are a "motley" group of cells representing "white" blood. The number of leukocytes is not as high as the content of red blood cells (erythrocytes), their normal value in an adult varies between 4.0 - 9.0 x 10 9 / l.

In the KLA, these cells are represented as two populations:

1. Granulocyte cells (granular leukocytes), containing granules that are filled with biologically active substances (BAS): (rods, segments, young, myelocytes),;
2. Representatives of the agranulocytic series, which, however, can also have granules, but of a different origin and purpose: immunocompetent cells () and “orderlies” of the body - (macrophages).

The most common cause of an increase in leukocytes in the blood () is an infectious-inflammatory process:

• In the acute phase, the neutrophil pool is activated and, accordingly, increases (up to the release of young forms);
• A little later, monocytes (macrophages) are included in the process;
• The stage of recovery can be determined by an increased number of eosinophils and lymphocytes.

The calculation of the leukocyte formula, as mentioned above, is not completely trusted even by the most high-tech equipment, although it cannot be suspected of errors - the devices work well and accurately, they provide a large amount of information, significantly exceeding that when working manually. However, there is one tiny nuance - the machine can not yet fully see the morphological changes in the cytoplasm and the nuclear apparatus of the leukocyte cell and replace the doctor's eyes. In this regard, the identification of pathological forms is still carried out visually, and the analyzer is allowed to count the total number of white blood cells and divide leukocytes into 5 parameters (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), if the laboratory has a high-precision class 3 analytical system .

Through the eyes of man and machine

The latest generation of hematological analyzers are not only capable of performing a complex analysis of granulocyte representatives, but also of differentiating agranulocytic cells (lymphocytes) within a population (subpopulations of T-cells, B-lymphocytes). Doctors successfully use their services, but, unfortunately, such equipment is still the privilege of specialized clinics and large medical centers. In the absence of any hematological analyzer, the number of leukocytes can also be counted using the old-fashioned method (in the Goryaev chamber). Meanwhile, the reader should not think that this or that method (manual or automatic) is necessarily better, the doctors working in the laboratory monitor this, controlling themselves and the machine, and at the slightest doubt will suggest the patient to repeat the study. So, leukocytes:

Platelet link

The following abbreviation in the CBC refers to cells called platelets or. The study of platelets without a hematological analyzer is a rather laborious task, cells require a special approach to staining, therefore, without an analytical system, this test is performed as needed, and is not a default analysis.

The analyzer, distributing cells, like red blood cells, calculates the total number of platelets and platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT):

• PLT- an indicator indicating the number of platelets (platelets). An increase in platelet count in the blood is called, a reduced level is classified as thrombocytopenia.
• MPV- the average volume of platelets, the uniformity of the size of the platelet population, expressed in femtoliters;
• PDW- the width of the distribution of these cells by volume -%, quantitatively - the degree of platelet anisocytosis;
• PCT() - an analogue of hematocrit, expressed as a percentage and denotes the proportion of platelets in whole blood.

Elevated platelets and change one way or the other platelet indices may indicate the presence of a rather serious pathology: myeloproliferative diseases, inflammatory processes of an infectious nature, localized in various organs, as well as the development of a malignant neoplasm. Meanwhile, the number of platelets can increase: physical activity, childbirth, surgical interventions.

decline the content of these cells is observed in autoimmune processes, angiopathy, infections, massive transfusions. A slight drop in platelet levels is noted before menstruation and during pregnancy, however a decrease in their number to 140.0 x 10 9 /l and below should already be a cause for concern.

Does everyone know how to prepare for analysis?

It is known that many indicators (especially leukocytes and erythrocytes) change depending on the circumstances.

1. Psycho-emotional stress;
2. Food (digestive leukocytosis);
3. Bad habits in the form of smoking or thoughtless use of strong drinks;
4. The use of certain drugs;
5. Solar radiation (before testing, it is undesirable to go to the beach).

No one wants to get unreliable results, in this regard, you need to go for an analysis on an empty stomach, on a sober head and without a morning cigarette, calm down in 30 minutes, do not run or jump. People must know that in the afternoon, after exposure to the sun and during heavy physical labor, some leukocytosis will be noted in the blood.

The female gender has even more restrictions, so the representatives of the fair half need to remember that:

• The ovulation phase raises the total number of leukocytes, but reduces the level of eosinophils;
• Neutrophilia is noted during pregnancy (before childbirth and during their course);
• Pain associated with menstruation and menstruation themselves can also cause certain changes in the results of the analysis - you will have to donate blood again.

Blood for a comprehensive blood test, provided that it is carried out in a hematological analyzer, is now in most cases taken from a vein, simultaneously with other analyzes (biochemistry), but in a separate test tube (vacutainer with an anticoagulant placed in it - EDTA). There are also small microcontainers (with EDTA) designed to take blood from the finger (earlobes, heels), which are more often used to take tests from babies.

The indicators of blood from a vein are somewhat different from the results obtained in the study of capillary blood - in the venous hemoglobin is higher, there are more erythrocytes. Meanwhile, it is believed that it is better to take OAC from a vein: cells are less injured, contact with the skin is minimized, moreover, the volume of venous blood taken, if necessary, allows you to repeat the analysis if the results are doubtful, or expand the range of studies (and suddenly it turns out what else needs to be done and reticulocytes?).

In addition, many people (by the way, more often adults), completely unresponsive to venipuncture, are terrified of a scarifier with which they pierce a finger, and fingers are sometimes blue and cold - blood is obtained with difficulty. An analytical system that produces a detailed blood test “knows” how to work with venous and capillary blood, it is programmed for different options, so it can easily “figure out” what's what. Well, if the device fails, then it will be replaced by a highly qualified specialist who will check, double-check and make a decision, relying not only on the ability of the machine, but also on his own eyes.

Video: clinical blood test - Dr. Komarovsky

This article is written using specialized medical literature. All material used was analyzed and presented in an easy to understand language with minimal use of medical terms. The purpose of this article was an accessible explanation of the values ​​of the general blood test, the interpretation of its results.

If you have identified a deviation from the norm in the general blood test, and want to know more about the possible causes, then click on the selected blood indicator in the table - this will allow you to go to the selected section.

The article provides detailed information on the norms of cellular elements for each age. Deciphering a blood test in children requires special attention. Normal blood counts in children depend on age - therefore, accurate information about the child's age is necessary to interpret the results of a blood test. You can learn about age norms from the tables below - separate for each indicator of a blood test.

All of us at least once in a lifetime passed a general blood test. And each person faced a misunderstanding of what is written on the form, what do all these numbers mean? How to understand why this or that indicator is increased or decreased? What could increase or decrease, for example, lymphocytes? Let's take everything in order.

General blood test norms

Hemoglobin

RBC count

Total white blood cell count

Hematocrit

MCH, MCHC, MCV, color index (CPU)- norm

Color Index (CPU)- this is a classic method for determining the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. At present, it is being gradually replaced by the MSI index in blood tests. These indices reflect the same thing, only they are expressed in different units.

Leukocyte formula

Types of leukocytes, norm

In order to find out the age norm, click on the name of the leukocyte from the table.

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Monocytes

Basophils

Causes of increased blood basophils

• decreased thyroid hormone levels hypothyroidism
• chicken pox
• food and drug allergies
• condition after removal of the spleen
• treatment with hormonal drugs (estrogens, drugs that reduce the activity of the thyroid gland)

Lymphocytes

platelets

Causes of an increase in platelets

• splenectomy
• inflammatory processes (exacerbation of rheumatism,