Abdominal injury. Bruising as a result of physical impact - treatment, prevention, first aid The main symptoms of an eye injury

Injuries of internal organs are divided into damage to the organs of the chest cavity (chest area) and abdominal organs (abdomen, lumbar region and perineum). These injuries are especially dangerous if accompanied by fractures of the ribs, sternum, pelvic bones, etc.

Injuries to the organs of the chest cavity. These include damage to the heart and blood vessels, lungs and pleura.

Damage to the heart and blood vessels. Injuries to the heart during sports are rare. They can be in fencing with swords and rapiers, especially in fights between right-handed and left-handed. Contusion of the heart is caused by a strong blow to the chest (in the region of the heart). Such bruises can occur in a wide variety of sports. They can cause hemorrhages in the pericardium and heart muscle, traumatic myocardial necrosis, tears and ruptures of the muscle and heart valves.

First aid for bruises in the region of the heart, accompanied by a stop in its activity, consists in. artificial respiration "mouth-to-mouth" and "mouth-to-nose".

Wounds of large vessels are observed during athletics, skiing, figure skating. When running in spiked shoes, the artery of the lower leg can be damaged, while skiing, the subclavian artery can be injured with the tip of a stick at the time of overtaking.

First aid - stopping bleeding on the limbs by applying a tourniquet, with other localizations - tight tamponade. Next - medical care (surgical intervention).

Damage to the pleura and lungs. They can be closed and open (wounds) and are the result of bruises of the chest (as a result of a fall, hitting the water), its compression, fractures of the ribs and sternum, wounds with fencing weapons, track and field spears, etc.

Closed pleural injuries (without an open wound) are in most cases caused by the sharp end of a broken rib. If at the same time large vessels of the chest are injured, then blood is poured into the pleural cavity (hemothorax). In this case, the amount of blood is usually small and significant respiratory dysfunction does not occur. If, in addition to the pleura, the tissue and vessels of the lung are damaged, then hemoptysis appears, and if a large vessel is damaged, pulmonary bleeding occurs. In this case, the hemothorax can be significant (up to 1000-1500 ml), and then the mediastinum is displaced, breathing becomes difficult and blood circulation is disturbed.

With a penetrating wound of the chest (fencing weapon, spear), air accumulates in the pleural cavity, pneumothorax is formed. The lung is compressed, its respiratory function is disturbed, sometimes causing a general serious condition.

If the lung is damaged, air from it can enter the subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous emphysema) or into the tissue of the mediastinum (mediastinal emphysema). Subcutaneous emphysema is recognized by the accumulation of air in the neck and upper chest and by crepitus (crunching) that appears when pressure is applied to the skin in areas of air accumulation. Mediastinal emphysema, squeezing the mediastinal organs, leads to a significant disruption of the respiratory and circulatory functions.

If the lungs or pleura are damaged, the victim is usually very pale, his breathing is shallow, the pulse is frequent, weak filling, consciousness is clouded or absent; cough, hemoptysis or pulmonary bleeding (with lung injuries) are noted.

First aid for chest injuries - the imposition of a sterile wound-sealing bandage and immediate hospitalization.

Hemothorax - accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, i.e. in the space between the inner surface of the chest, the lung and the diaphragm, lined with a serous membrane - the pleura. Pneumothorax is formed when air enters the pleural cavity from damaged lung tissue and bronchi. With ruptures of the pleura, air during breathing often penetrates under the skin and into fatty tissue. The accumulation of air in the subcutaneous fat layer is called subcutaneous emphysema. In this case, when feeling the chest, a crunch is determined, reminiscent of the crunch of snow. With small and superficial ruptures of the lung edge of his wound, they stick together on their own, bleeding and the release of air into the pleural cavity stop, and the air and blood accumulated in this cavity are absorbed. If the rupture of the lung occurs over a large extent and extends into its depth, then larger vessels and bronchi are damaged. Such a wound cannot close on its own, and air enters the pleural cavity through it with each breath. This increases the pressure in the pleural cavity, displaces the heart to the undamaged side, contributes to the growth of subcutaneous emphysema, its spread to the neck, head, trunk, limbs. In these cases, pulmonary heart failure rapidly develops. In a patient, the chest on the side of the injury is inactive, the intercostal spaces are smoothed, respiratory sounds are not audible, breathing is shallow (20-30 breaths per minute), the pulse is quickened to 110 beats per minute, weak filling; skin is pale, moist, cool. The main sign of lung damage is hemoptysis.

Contusion of the heart occurs with a sudden blow to the chest wall above the region of the heart or in the left half of the chest wall and, less often, with an injury to the right half of the chest wall. Mechanical impact on the chest causes hemorrhage into the myocardium, under the epicardium or under the endocardium of varying extent and depth, followed by the development of reparative processes around the bruise. With a contusion of the heart, ruptures and loosening of muscle fibers, bleeding from wounded vascular branches are possible. A contusion of the heart can occur both with an injury with a fracture of the ribs, and without damage to the bone skeleton of the chest. Pre-injury cardiac pathology contributes to more significant damage to the heart, and in its presence, heart damage occurs more often. As a result of hemorrhage in the myocardium, compression of the extravasate of the coronary vessel and the development of myocardial infarction can occur. Myocardial infarction can also occur in the event of a thrombus formation on the damaged intima of the coronary artery. Blunt chest trauma can cause thrombosis even in non-sclerotic coronary arteries, but very rarely. As a rule, it occurs on the coronary artery affected by sclerosis.

Concussion of the heart is a syndrome of functional cardiovascular and cerebral disorders that acutely occur after a sharp blow to the chest just above the heart area. Brain symptoms in the form of a light, lasting a second, dizziness or fainting. Violation of the peripheral circulation is manifested by an increase in venous and a decrease in arterial pressure. Pain in the region of the heart occurs extremely rarely and is in the nature of strong short-term attacks. Concussion of the heart, probably there is a spasm of the coronary arteries of the heart, caused by a concussion wave of the type of traumatic segmental vasospasm known to surgeons with subsequent myocardial ischemia. Traumatic ruptures of the heart. There are 3 mechanisms of traumatic rupture of the heart - a rupture from crushing as a result of a sharp narrowing of the chest cavity, and ruptures as a result of "tugging" of the heart (these 2 types of ruptures occur as a result of displacement of the heart to the left or right when struck with a blunt object in the region of the heart), a rupture as a result of hydrodynamic effects of blood.

Heart wounds in peacetime are usually cut or stab-cut. In wartime, gunshot wounds of the heart are the most common.

When the heart is injured, the left ventricle is more often damaged, then the right one, less often the right one, and especially rarely the left atrium. As a rule, an isolated injury to the heart occurs, less often, damage to the heart is combined with damage to the lungs, and thoracoabdominal injuries are very rarely observed. The condition of patients with a heart injury is usually severe. The severity of the condition and deaths depend primarily on the volume and speed of blood accumulation in the pericardium, the amount of total blood loss, and the localization of the wound in the myocardium.

Bruising of the abdominal wall is accompanied by pain and local swelling of the injured area. Hemorrhages and abrasions are possible. The pain is aggravated by the act of defecation, sneezing, coughing and changing the position of the body.

Rupture of the muscles and fascia of the abdominal wall is manifested by the same symptoms, however, the pain in this case is stronger, therefore, the development of dynamic intestinal obstruction due to reflex intestinal paresis is possible. An additional examination is necessary to exclude ruptures of parenchymal and hollow organs. A rupture of the small intestine usually occurs with a direct blow to the abdomen. Accompanied by increasing and spreading pain in the abdomen, tension in the muscles of the abdominal wall, increased heart rate and vomiting. Perhaps the development of traumatic shock.

Rupture of the large intestine in terms of symptoms resembles ruptures of the small intestine, however, tension of the abdominal wall and signs of intra-abdominal bleeding are often detected. Shock develops more often than with ruptures of the small intestine.

Liver damage occurs with abdominal trauma quite often. Both subcapsular cracks or ruptures, and complete detachment of individual parts of the liver are possible. Such liver injury in the vast majority of cases is accompanied by profuse internal bleeding. The patient's condition is severe, loss of consciousness is possible. With preserved consciousness, the patient complains of pain in the right hypochondrium, which can radiate to the right supraclavicular region. The skin is pale, the pulse and respiration is rapid, blood pressure is reduced. Injury to the spleen is the most common injury in blunt abdominal trauma, accounting for 30% of the total number of injuries with violation of the integrity of the abdominal organs. It can be primary (symptoms appear immediately after the injury) or secondary (symptoms appear days or even weeks later). Secondary ruptures of the spleen are commonly seen in children.

With small tears, bleeding stops due to the formation of a blood clot. With major injuries, profuse internal bleeding occurs with accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity (hemoperitoneum). Severe condition, shock, pressure drop, increased heart rate and respiration. The patient is concerned about pain in the left hypochondrium, irradiation to the left shoulder is possible. The pain decreases in the position on the left side with the legs bent and pulled up to the stomach.

Damage to the pancreas. Usually occur with severe abdominal injuries and are often combined with damage to other organs (intestines, liver, kidneys and spleen). Perhaps concussion of the pancreas, its injury or rupture. The patient complains of sharp pains in the epigastric region. The condition is severe, the abdomen is swollen, the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are tense, the pulse is quickened, the blood pressure is reduced.

Kidney injury in blunt abdominal trauma is rare. This is due to the location of the organ, which lies in the retroperitoneal space and is surrounded on all sides by other organs and tissues. With a bruise or concussion, there is pain in the lumbar region, gross hematuria (urine with blood) and fever. More severe kidney injuries (crushes or ruptures) usually occur with severe abdominal trauma and are combined with damage to other organs. A shock state, pain, muscle tension in the lumbar region and hypochondrium on the side of the damaged kidney, a drop in blood pressure, and tachycardia are characteristic. Bladder rupture may be extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal. The cause is blunt trauma to the abdomen with a full bladder. Extraperitoneal rupture is characterized by false urge to urinate, pain and swelling of the perineum. It is possible to excrete a small amount of urine with blood.

Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder is accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen and frequent false urge to urinate. Because of the urine poured into the abdominal cavity, peritonitis develops. The abdomen is soft, moderately painful on palpation, there is swelling and weakening of intestinal motility.

Exposed damage can be inflicted by firearms, melee weapons, or secondary projectiles. Cut wounds are inflicted with a knife. They have the shape of a line and a fairly large length. The edges are even. Often, such abdominal injuries are accompanied by significant external bleeding due to the intersection of a large number of vessels. With extensive damage, eventration is possible - a condition in which the organ of the abdominal cavity falls into the wound. Puncture wounds can be made with a thin knife, bayonet, narrow stylet, scissors, an awl, or a table fork. They are distinguished by a thin wound channel, usually bleeding weakly. In this case, a large depth of the wound channel and serious damage to internal organs are possible. They pose a serious threat, because the patient, seeing a small wound, may underestimate the danger and seek help too late.

Chopped wounds occur when struck with an axe. They are large with rather uneven edges, with profuse bleeding and extensive soft tissue damage. Lacerations are formed when animals attack or damage mechanisms due to work injury (for example, contact with a fan blade). Gunshot wounds also belong to the group of particularly severe injuries of the abdominal cavity, since they are accompanied not only by the formation of a wound channel, but also by tissue contusion at a distance of about 30 times the diameter of a bullet or pellet. Due to contusion, tissues and organs are stretched, compressed, stratified, or torn. In addition, trauma to the abdomen during a gunshot wound may be implicit, since in 50% of cases the inlets are not located on the anterior abdominal wall, but in other places (for example, on the side or in the lumbar region). [

A contusion is a closed soft tissue injury. There is probably not a single person who has not experienced this type of injury. In most cases, bruises do not require treatment and heal on their own. As a rule, with a bruise, there is no violation of the integrity of the tissues, except for the rupture of small vessels (capillaries). But sometimes a bruise can cause significant damage, such as a head bruise. In addition, a bruise may accompany other wounds, such as a fracture. In this case, they talk about bruised wounds.

bruise symptoms

Everyone knows the symptoms of a bruise - this is a sharp pain in the immediate place of damage, swelling and redness. In the case of a mild bruise, the pain subsides after a few minutes, and a hematoma occurs at the site of redness, which is popularly called a bruise. Hematoma occurs due to hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of small capillaries. The size of a hematoma does not always depend on the strength of the bruise. The permeability of capillaries matters, as well as the place where the injury occurred. In people with increased capillary permeability, a slight bruise or even a careless touch can cause a significant hematoma, while a severe bruise may not manifest itself as an external hematoma, while internal bleeding will be quite significant.

Pain after a severe bruise is a more persistent symptom. The nature of the pain changes over time, from sharp at the beginning, when exposed to a traumatic factor, to aching afterwards. Pain that persists after a bruise for a long time is an unfavorable symptom and a reason to seek medical help, as it may indicate damage to internal structures (fracture, bruise with hemorrhage of an internal organ, ligament rupture, brain concussion, etc.). Most often, distant pain after a bruise is associated with the formation of a hematoma that compresses the nerve endings, especially when touching or moving the damaged part of the body.

A symptom of a bruised joint is its significant swelling. A symptom of a head injury is a severe headache. It is necessary to know that if a loss of consciousness occurred during a head injury, even if it was short-term, or the victim cannot remember the moment of injury, this is a sign of a concussion. In this case, medical intervention is necessary, at least diagnostics for the presence of an intracranial hematoma.

If there has been a bruise to the chest, abdomen, or abdomen, the symptoms of the bruise can be quite formidable. Such signs of damage to internal organs, such as the appearance of blood in the urine, weakening of breathing, increased pain, clouding of consciousness, in a word, all increasing rather than decreasing symptoms of a bruise, should be the reason for immediate medical attention.

Consequences of a bruise

In the vast majority of cases, mild and even severe bruises pass without consequences, or the consequences of a bruise disappear without a trace within two to three weeks. However, there are situations when the consequences of a bruise can be quite serious. First of all, it concerns the already mentioned bruises of the head. The fact is that the cranium is a closed space, and that hematoma, which in any other place of the body would resolve over time, without causing significant concern, in the skull leads to squeezing of the vital structures of the brain. In this case, the consequence of a bruise can be neurological disorders of varying severity and localization, severe headache accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and even death.

One of the consequences of a bruise, although quite rare, may be the calcification of a hematoma. In this case, a seal remains in the soft tissues, which, when moving, can cause quite significant pain. In some cases, the development of a malignant tumor of these organs can become a distant consequence of a bruise of the soft tissues of the breast in women or testicles in men.

A serious consequence of a bruise is a violation of the integrity of a large vessel. In this case, a significant hemorrhage and even internal bleeding is possible, a thrombus may form, followed by a serious complication - thromboembolism, when a blood clot with blood movement enters a vessel of a smaller diameter and blocks it. Thromboembolism can lead to heart attack, stroke, necrosis of the internal organ, and death.

Also, the consequences of bruises of internal organs, for example, contusion of the heart, contusion of the kidneys, liver, and spleen, pose a significant danger. In this case, their various damages, violations of their functions, which are dangerous to life, are possible.

Given all of the above, bruises, especially serious ones, should not be underestimated.

Help for bruises

Everyone knows how to help with bruises, but not everyone knows how to help with bruises correctly. First aid for a bruise is to examine the damaged area, if it is a limb, then check its functions (flexion-extension, other movements). If there are only symptoms of a bruise and no more serious injury, cold should be applied to the injured area. This causes a spasm of the vessels of the microvasculature and helps to stop the internal hemorrhage.

It is better not to use painkillers, so as not to miss the worsening of the condition, in case of associated complications. However, if there is confidence that the bruise did not damage the internal organs, an anesthetic can be given, with the exception of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). Aspirin should not be used to treat bruises, as it contributes to increased bleeding.

If there is a severe bruise of the head with loss of consciousness, a severe bruise of the lower back, abdomen or chest, in addition to applying a cold compress, the victim must be laid down and an ambulance called, or taken to the emergency room on his own, trying to immobilize the bruised place and keep calm.

It must be remembered that the cold is effective only during the first thirty minutes. Then the need for help with a bruise is to give rest to the bruised place. Two days after the bruise, soft heat is required on the damaged area. Applying a warm compress during this period ensures blood flow to the site of injury, which accelerates the resorption of the hematoma without the risk of re-bleeding.

Treatment of bruises

Treatment of bruises is required when a bruise of considerable force has occurred. Bruises of the head, abdomen, lower back and chest require hospitalization in the surgical department, where, after an appropriate diagnosis, a decision is made on further treatment of the bruise. In severe cases, surgical treatment of the bruise is performed. Access to the damaged area is carried out either endoscopically or openly, ruptures of large vessels, ruptures of parenchymal organs are sutured, and the spilled blood is removed. The wound is then drained. In parallel, anti-inflammatory and painkillers are prescribed.

Treatment of a bruise in the regeneration stage consists in the use of physiotherapy to accelerate the resorption of the hematoma and the speedy recovery of damaged tissues.

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In most cases, bruising of the internal organ occurs when struck with a blunt object. But it can also be:

sports injury(rugby, martial arts, football);
consequence of an accident. Because the passenger is usually positioned sideways to the vehicle, it is the rib, liver, and thigh that are affected;
the fall . As a rule, a fall from a great height (at least 2-3 meters) leads to a liver injury. But there are cases when the injury was even due to the fact that a person slipped on the ice;
a sharp rise in weight;
pinching between two objects. For example, it can be the doors of an elevator or a bus.

Depending on the nature of the damage, there are:

liver hematoma. This is an accumulation of blood in the liver, which is limited to the muscle layers;
ruptures - subcapsular (when the hemorrhage occurs under the capsule) and transcapsular (when the fibrous membrane of the liver is broken).

Depending on the manifestations of an external nature and the formation of other symptoms associated with the well-being and general condition of the patient, narrower criteria are distinguished that conditionally divide liver injuries into several categories.

Depending on the cause of the appearance of blood in the abdominal cavity:

Bile duct injury.
Vessels passing inside the liver.
Vessels outside the liver.

Depending on the injuries in the internal region or with violations of the integrity of the fibrous membrane, the injuries are divided into two groups.

If the fibrous membrane of the abdominal organ was not damaged, the injuries are divided into categories:

bleeding is under the capsule of the liver;
hematomas and bleeding are formed in the central region of the organ.

If the fibrous membrane of the abdominal organ is damaged, the injuries are divided into categories:

the formation of one or more cracks;
crushing of the liver;
division of the organ into segments that are inferior in function;
the formation of large damage to the bile ducts;
gallbladder damage;
damage to the gallbladder and biliary system of an individual nature (without injuries to the segment of the liver).

The signs that appeared in the first hours after the injury indicate the degree and severity of the injury, since, in addition to classification by localization, injuries are divided according to the severity of the injury:

closed injuries of the internal organ, the depth of which does not exceed 2 cm;
the depth of damage reaches half of the entire thickness of the organ;
the depth of damage exceeds half of the thickness of the organ;
there is a division of the liver into fragments due to the person receiving multiple ruptures.

Timely treatment of the injured patient to a medical institution for examination or calling an ambulance is the most important stage in recovery and even saving a person's life. Injuries in the abdomen are especially dangerous due to the lack of protective skeletal structures and the presence of large blood vessels.

ICD 10 injury code

ICD 10 is an international classification of infectious diseases, injuries and congenital pathologies of the human body. The last changes to the characteristics of the classification were made in 2016.

According to ICD 10, injuries of the liver belong to the block "Injury of the abdominal organs (S36)", and has its own section "S36.1 - Injury of the liver or gallbladder".

The following types of bruises of internal organs are possible (the second name is blunt abdominal trauma or blunt chest trauma):

without violating the integrity of the parenchymal or hollow organ; as a rule, a hemorrhage develops into the organ;

In medicine, it is customary to determine the severity of injury in degrees, starting with the first, the mildest degree, and up to the most serious - the fourth.

There are several types of bruises. Some of them pass quickly, some slowly. Each injury requires special treatment. So, depending on the localization, bruises are of the following types:

without violating the integrity of the parenchymal or hollow organ; as a rule, hemorrhage develops in the organ;
with violation of integrity, including tears of the capsule, ruptures of the parenchyma, crushing in severe cases.

The reasons

The human body is a very delicate and fragile mechanism, which makes many factors affecting the outside world harmful to the health and general condition of people. So, a liver injury is possible as an independent phenomenon, and as an accompanying injury.

Causes of liver injury:

fall impact;
a blow with a blunt object to the abdomen (a blow to the stomach without external damage to the skin);
squeezing the human body between two objects;
excessive tension in the abdominal muscles in infants;
lifting a lot of weight;
rib fracture;
internal disorders of the structure of the organ and liver disease.

In the case when, during damage, hematomas (bruises) of various sizes form on the liver and neighboring tissues - such manifestations are associated with trauma to the blood vessels and functional parts of the internal organ.

Diseases of the ODS (musculoskeletal system) provoke the development of bone fragility, skeletal diseases are a common cause of violations of the integrity of internal organs during fractures.

A bruised rib develops in a person after a chest injury. The causes of damage can be different:

negligence while playing sports;
fall damage;
traffic accident;
fight.

The cause of a bruise is most often a fall of a person or a blow. The blow occurs precisely with a blunt object, so the skin does not tear, but it is the soft tissues that suffer. It is important that the blow first falls on one place. And then the blood starts to spread further. Tissue thickening and hematoma may be observed.

Treatment

As we have already said, the concept of a bruise can apply to any parts of the human body and to any organs, which determines the further actions of medical personnel. Depending on which organ has suffered to the maximum extent, the issue is resolved with the specialized department where such a patient should be observed (meaning severe degrees that pose a threat to life).

Next, we will consider bruises of various organs or parts of the body, and the first aid that, if possible, should be provided to the victim before admission to a qualified or highly specialized medical institution.

When the patient is taken to the emergency room, the doctor examines the color of the skin, measures blood pressure and temperature. Then conducts a thorough palpation of the abdominal cavity. The final stage in the diagnosis is ultrasound. It will show the location of the hematoma and its size.

Often x-rays are also given. The picture shows: if the contours are clear, then everything is in order. If the diaphragm is displaced, the colon and stomach are deformed, and the contours of the liver are blurry, there is a high probability of a hematoma.

One of the diagnostic options is laparoscopy. The procedure is performed under anesthesia: a small incision is made in the abdominal cavity, through which the endoscope is inserted.

Depending on the severity of the bruise, the doctor chooses one of three methods of rehabilitation:

surgical intervention. Prolonged bleeding can only be stopped surgically. In medical practice, ligation of damaged vessels and suturing of small cracks are widely used. In cases where the organ was badly damaged, we will talk about its resection (partial removal);
drug treatment. If there is no serious blood loss, the doctor will prescribe conservative treatment with the use of hemostatic, healing and cleansing drugs. It is possible to prescribe physiotherapeutic procedures that will accelerate the recovery of soft tissues: magnetic therapy, UHF, electrophoresis;
physiological recovery. If the damage is very minor and there is no internal bruising, the doctor may simply assign rest at home and bed rest for a few days. Vitamin complexes and hepatoprotectors will not interfere.

In a hospital setting, after liver surgery, a blood transfusion or reinfusion (an infusion of one's own, but filtered) is often prescribed. It is also mandatory to follow a strict diet with the exclusion of alcohol, fatty and fried foods, sweets, citrus fruits.

Treatment with folk remedies for liver injury only exacerbates the problem. After all, every hour counts! And the longer the victim self-medicates, the less likely it is that doctors will be able to return him to a full life.

First aid after an injury is an important step in saving the life and health of the victim.

It often happens that after receiving a liver injury, the patient is in a state of severe pain shock, or unconscious - in this case, the first step is to return the patient to consciousness.

What to do with a liver injury:

Lay the victim down so that it is comfortable, but without pressure on the abdomen.
Apply ice to the injury site.
Apply pain-relieving injections (do not take drugs and liquids inside, as they can increase the load in the abdomen).
After an injury in the abdominal cavity of the victim, blood begins to accumulate, therefore, in order to provide assistance and diagnose possible ruptures, it is necessary to call an ambulance or take the patient to a medical facility.

Hospitalization is necessary due to the use of an oxygen mask and other means of resuscitation. In the event of a delay that lasts several days (depending on the severity of the injury, the time is reduced), a fatal outcome for the victim is possible.

Liver injury and gallbladder damage are diagnosed in a medical facility using:

ultrasound examination (ultrasound);
computed tomography;
laparoscopy.

Treatment for liver injury is determined after determining the degree of damage.

After the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes a method of treatment:

Intravenous administration of fluid into the body.
Pain relief.
Surgery is being performed. During severe closed liver injuries, an outpouring of blood into the abdominal cavity is likely, in which case an operational stop of bleeding is carried out and, in some cases, even removal of a section of the organ. Reinfusion is carried out (transfusion to the patient of his own purified blood).
Therapy with medications (including taking antibiotics).
Rehabilitation course (observation in the dispensary for a month).

Indications for surgical intervention include:

the formation of a closed injury with severe bleeding;
development of anemia within 3 days after injury;
hemobolia;
bilihemia;
liver abscess;
separation of a segment of the internal organ.

Monitoring the patient's condition in a hospital allows you to provide quick assistance in case of complications in the later stages of rehabilitation.

In conditions
first aid is only possible
temporary or preliminary stop
bleeding for the period required
to take the victim to the hospital
institution.

For
emergency stop of arterial
bleeding widely used method
pressing the arteries throughout. This
method is based on the fact that a number of arteries
easily accessible for palpation and blood flow
on them mo-on that a number of arteries is easy
available for palpation and blood flow through
it can be completely covered
pressing them to the underlying bone
formations.

Ways
temporary stop of bleeding:
pressure on a bleeding vessel
bandage assistance, fingers, flexion
knee and pressing it to the stomach, compression
limbs with a tourniquet, overlaying the usual
or pressure bandage, etc. Squeezed
with a bandage, the vessels are quickly thrombosed.

At
patient's nosebleed
plant, put an ice pack
(cold) on the back of the head and on the nose and pinch both
half of the nose. If that doesn't help, then
conduct tamponade of the nasal passages (stroke)
bandage soaked in hydrogen peroxide.

Gastrointestinal
bleeding can be reduced by creating
rest the patient by laying him on his back. On the
belly should be put in an ice pack,
completely ban food, liquids
and organize its delivery to the medical
institution.

Violation
integrity of the skin, tissues and
organs as a result of mechanical
effects are called damage.
or wounds. The most common damage
caused by direct action
mechanical force (impact, compression,
stretching, etc.) on body tissues.

Mechanical damage can be
closed and open. Most often
meet during sports
closed injuries (bruises, sprains,
subcutaneous ruptures of soft tissue-muscles,
tendons, vessels, etc.).

If you have all the symptoms of a bruised abdomen, you should definitely go to the doctor. Neither the relatives of the victim nor the patient himself correctly diagnose the lesions and prescribe treatment, especially if the resulting abdominal injury is serious.

Prior to the arrival of the ambulance, with minor bruises, first aid is provided for a bruised abdomen. It is allowed only in case of blunt closed injuries.

The affected person is given the following measures to alleviate the symptoms:

Without movements of a sharp type, put the victim on evenness;
Hold the patient so that he does not lose consciousness;
Apply cold to the damaged area to relieve tension and acute pain.

As a cooling compress, you can take a heating pad and pour cold water, or just a piece of cloth soaked in ice water. You need to apply cold for 10 or 20 minutes, after which a break is made for five minutes, and the procedure is repeated again.

In total, first aid should not last more than two and a half hours. If the measures taken do not alleviate the patient's condition, then only doctors can eliminate the negative sensations. Bleeding, pallor of the patient, loss of consciousness and increasing pain - these are the symptoms that only specialists in the ambulance can do.

After a blow or bruise, it is forbidden to give the patient food, painkillers or water.

First aid for a bruised abdomen is very important, because before the arrival of doctors, the hematoma of the internal organs grows and complicates an already difficult situation.

In order for a traumatologist to be able to tell how to treat a bruised rib, he must diagnose the bruise, and not more serious injuries. The doctor conducts an initial examination, where he visually assesses the integrity of the bones, the size of the hematoma, and the condition of the skin.

Based on the results of the examination, the doctor prescribes the most effective therapy. Treatment for a bruised rib depends on the specific situation (symptoms and severity of the injury).

Drug treatment involves the use of analgesics and drugs (most often ointments) with an analgesic effect. In case of hyperemia, antipyretic drugs are prescribed.
Respiratory gymnastics develops injured ribs and relieves aching pain.
Physiotherapy is recommended after the patient's condition has improved slightly. It helps to restore the naturalness of body movements. Physiotherapeutic procedures include: electrophoresis, ultra-high frequency therapy, as well as heating with a blue lamp or electric heating pad.

When a rib or several ribs are bruised, the following symptoms appear:

pain, discomfort, which may be aggravated by inhalation;
pain during palpation of damaged ribs;
the rib hurts when moving, in particular, when turning the body;
swelling of the skin, hematoma over the area of damaged ribs.

With a bruise, the same symptoms develop as with a crack and a fracture. Therefore, it is important to accurately diagnose the pathology. For an accurate diagnosis, a chest x-ray is necessary.

It is not difficult to determine the bruise of the ribs, but in order to exclude a fracture and damage to the internal organs, an X-ray examination will be needed. It allows the doctor to assess the condition of the bones and their integrity, to see damage to internal organs.

Before starting treatment, the doctor collects an anamnesis of the disease. How should it be done?

Find out how the injury happened. First, the doctor asks the patient. He finds out how the patient got bruised ribs. If a person has been hurt by an attack, it is important to know the force of the blow. He fell - he must remember from what height.

Examination of the patient. The doctor must make an examination, palpation is needed from both the back and chest. He needs to make sure that there are no extraneous noises in the lungs or heart.

Take a chest x-ray or x-ray. It is done in two projections: lateral and direct. This is a must, because before starting to treat the patient, the doctor must make sure that there is no fracture of the ribs. At first, it can be difficult even for a specialist to make a diagnosis, because if the fracture was without displacement, the symptoms are very similar.

Additional examination to distinguish bruised ribs from fractures. It is not always possible to send the patient for X-ray examination. What to do in this situation? There is a special technique by which a bruise and a fracture are distinguished.

The doctor should press on the chest from the sides and in front. If it is a fracture of the ribs, the patient will feel severe pain in this place. With bruises, such pain is absent.

After that, the doctor may tap on the chest. If there was a fracture, then the patient will begin to cough, he will have sputum with blood. These symptoms indicate that the lung is affected. When they are not present during examination, then we are talking about a bruise.

The primary differential diagnosis of bruised ribs is carried out taking into account the patient's condition and examination data. For the final exclusion of severe injuries, a chest x-ray is prescribed.

With bruises of the lung, foci of blackout are detected that do not coincide with the boundaries of the lobes and segments; ribbon-like blackout bands may appear along some bronchi. With hemothorax in the lower sections, a clearly visible, contrasting homogeneous darkening appears with a horizontally located upper border.

With pneumothorax, there is no pulmonary pattern in the areas of lung collapse, the shadow of the mediastinum is shifted to the healthy side, sometimes layers of air are visible under the skin. In doubtful cases, in addition to radiography, an MRI of the lungs can be prescribed, which makes it possible to identify small areas of lung collapse, small foci of hemorrhages, etc. In case of cardiac disorders, a cardiologist is invited for a consultation, in case of severe respiratory disorders - a pulmonologist or a thoracic surgeon.

If there are no pathological manifestations of the ribs and internal organs, a bruised rib is diagnosed.

If you feel that the bruised area near the ribs is very painful for you, you need to make the correct diagnosis as quickly as possible. Modern diagnostic methods will help you with this, making it easy to distinguish a fracture from a bruise. The main ones are X-ray examination and ultrasound.

But when you come to the appointment, the doctor will first conduct a preliminary examination, ask where exactly it hurts and examine the place of the alleged injury. Sometimes, due to similar signs, it can be difficult to distinguish between a fracture and a bruise, so you will have to visit an x-ray room.

A picture or ultrasound examination will allow you to prescribe the right treatment, in which you can quickly return to your usual lifestyle.

Due to the high pain sensations when a rib is bruised, this damage can hardly be neglected. In addition to a visual examination of the integrity of the ribs, the manifestation of uncharacteristic bulges and dents in the chest area, there are humane, effective diagnostic methods. These are:

x-ray examination of the chest organs in its various projections - will give a complete picture of the state of the ribs and internal organs;
computed tomography - will allow you to find out the presence of any defects in the affected area;
MRI - will project the state of both the ribs and internal organs in all planes and sections.

Indications of an x-ray examination are needed to obtain a general picture of anxiety, and for a more detailed examination, computed and magnetic resonance imaging are prescribed.

In complicated injuries, additional diagnostics of internal organs are prescribed, from measuring the heart rate to ultrasound. Timely diagnosis will save you from serious injury and death.

It is important to consult a specialist if you experience constant, acute pain in the ribs, when breathing, coughing, any physical activity and at rest. Regular medical check-ups will help you recover.

First aid

To reduce pain and avoid complications, you need to know what to do immediately after an injury.

Examine the bruised area and make sure there are no dents or bulges. If they are present, you need to urgently consult a doctor, a fracture of the ribs is possible.
Observe bed rest. Limit motor activity, sudden movements in case of bruised ribs are strictly prohibited.
Take painkillers for severe pain. For example, Ibuprofen or Diclofenac.
Lie on the injured side. This will make breathing easier.
Apply cold to the injured area. It will reduce pain and swelling. First, put a pressure bandage on the ribs, then cover it with a towel soaked in cold water or put an ice pack on top.

If, after an injury, dizziness, coughing up blood, coordination of movements is disturbed, the heart rhythm has changed, you need to urgently seek medical help.

Occupational Therapy

The doctor prescribes treatment depending on the severity of the bruise and symptoms:

Drug treatment: the use of analgesics and anesthetic ointments, with an increase in temperature, antipyretic drugs are prescribed.
Breathing exercises will help develop bruised ribs and get rid of aching pains.
Physiotherapy procedures are prescribed after the patient's condition improves and will return him to his usual physical activity.
UHF, amplipulse, electrophoresis, electric heating pad and blue lamp.

Folk remedies

Treatment of bruises is to relieve tension in the affected area. This must be done first.

For this purpose, various cooling compresses are used. Then medical preparations in the form of gels and ointments, as well as folk remedies, which include exclusively natural ingredients, can be used.

Consider each of the methods of treatment separately.

Medicines

As noted earlier, you first need to attach something cold to the sore spot, for example, ice, frozen meat, and so on. Be sure to wrap it in a towel so that you don’t get frostbite in addition to bruising. It is advisable to apply cooling compresses for no more than 15 minutes.

Also often used are local remedies produced in the form of gels or ointments, for example, Indomethacin. The recovery period is a special time during which the patient must observe a sparing regimen.

During the first 2-3 days, it is undesirable to get out of bed at all, unless, of course, the damage was severe. Try to avoid intense loads and sudden movements with a strong bruise, as this will only aggravate the situation, and the recovery period will be greatly delayed.

If your loved one has been injured, they need help. What to do?

It is advisable to immediately take him to the hospital so that the doctor can diagnose and prescribe treatment.

Of course, only a doctor can give a final diagnosis, but some signs will help to suspect a fracture:

elements of the rib protrude from under the skin;
strong bulges and dents appear on the chest;
the ribs “crunch” a little when inhaling and exhaling;
the pain after the injury is very severe.

If all these symptoms are present, it is necessary to take the victim to the doctor as soon as possible in order to start treatment as soon as possible.

The victim should be given an analgesic, cold should be applied to the area of injury - this will help reduce swelling, hemorrhages and hematomas. Even if the condition is satisfactory and there are no signs of severe chest injuries, the patient must be urgently taken to the emergency room or trauma hospital, since severe injuries can be asymptomatic in the initial stages.

Delivery is best done in a sitting or semi-sitting position - this will help the victim to breathe easier.

Chest bandaging should be used with caution, only for severe pain and for a short time, since the bandage not only reduces pain, but also limits chest excursions.

This entails a deterioration in lung ventilation and increases the likelihood of developing post-traumatic bronchitis and pneumonia, especially in older people and patients suffering from diseases of the respiratory system.

With intense pain, analgesics are prescribed. Patients are referred for UHF, and then for electrophoresis.

Breathing exercises are advised to prevent hypoventilation. When coughing, expectorants with a bronchodilator effect are prescribed.

Repeated examinations are carried out regularly to detect complications in a timely manner. With long-term non-absorbable soft tissue hematomas, an autopsy and drainage are performed.

Recovery usually occurs within 1 month.

Many are interested in the question, how long does the treatment last? In general, recovery after damage is successful, and there are no side effects. However, it is impossible to say exactly how long the rehabilitation will last.

It depends on the nature of the injury and the individual characteristics of the organism. It is necessary to treat the disease at home for so long until the symptoms of the injury pass and the person regains full mobility.

On average, therapy lasts 2-3 weeks.

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In order for a broken or bruised rib to quickly become just an unpleasant memory for you, you must strictly follow all the recommendations of a specialist. If there is only a bruise, perform the following procedures:

Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the injury will help reduce swelling and reduce pain.
You should not do anything in such a situation: you only need peace and bed rest. Otherwise, you will have to treat a bruise for quite a long time, and the pain will not leave you for several weeks.
Try to reduce the severity of discomfort, using an ointment with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

If you have a rib fracture that hurts a lot, traumatologists usually resort to local anesthesia, which alleviates the patient's condition. It should be done only in a hospital setting.

A fixation bandage is required only for multiple serious injuries of the ribs. Also, a special approach is necessary for pneumothorax and hemothorax.

Conservative treatment, for example, the use of ointment is ineffective, so the specialist performs punctures to remove blood or air from the pleural cavity.

Treatment of a bruise should be immediate, a severe bruise requires special attention. Basically, the physical pain of bruised ribs is unbearable.

Therefore, every effort is made to reduce the painful discomfort of any movements. Injuries are accompanied by bruises, hematomas, bruises, cracks and fractures.

In these cases, all efforts are directed to reduce swelling, redness, soreness of the damaged area. Much more difficult are cases with a fracture of a rib or even several ribs.

In such a situation, rigid fixation of the position of the edge is necessary. This is possible with the help of various corsets, but sometimes a tight chest bandage is used, which is fraught with consequences.

Treating bruised ribs on your own is life threatening. Occupational therapy is very important in this case.

Treatment is applied depending on the severity of the injury. Thus, both inpatient and outpatient treatment of patients is possible.

After receiving x-ray images, finding out the general picture of the disease, the traumatologist prescribes the appropriate treatment. The use of drug treatment is accompanied by a number of physiotherapy procedures and gymnastics.

For example, all medical efforts are aimed at eliminating the soreness of breathing, body mobility. Painkillers, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, decongestant drugs are used, both in the form of tablets and in the form of various syrups and ointments.

These may be:

paracetamol;
ibuprofen;
heparin;
voltaren emulgel;
other tablets and anesthetic ointments.

In the presence of cracks, fractures of the ribs, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed in the form of electrophoresis, UHF therapy and amplipulse therapy, as well as an electric heating pad.

Electrophoresis as a method of physiotherapy is quite relevant in this case, as it is able to enhance the protective functions of the body, to deliver drugs to hard-to-reach places.

Ultrahigh frequency therapy has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It can have a beneficial effect on tissue repair and enhances the protective functions of the body.

Amplipulse therapy is prescribed for a deep effect on tissues, reducing swelling and soreness of the affected area of the body, as well as to restore normal blood supply. For this, an electric heating pad is also used, but already at the final stage of recovery.

In addition to all medical appointments, it is important to observe physical calm, bed rest. Reducing physical activity will reduce pain, prevent possible risks of complications.

Wearing additional corsets, or tight bandaging should be done only by a specialist who can professionally assess the tension force and the required degree of fixation of the position of the rib.

You should refrain from active movement, any physical activity, especially in the early days of the bruise. An exception is therapeutic exercises to restore the muscular corset of the thoracic region, stretching.

Gradual, uniform physical activity contributes to a quick return to the normal rhythm of life.

In order to avoid the formation of adhesions of the bones, it is necessary to comply with the intended therapy. These formations cause both external aesthetic defects and internal pleurisy.

Do not neglect the traditional methods of treatment. You should remember the compatibility of some drugs with herbs, carefully read the package insert, consult your doctor.

The first self-help is to cool the damaged area of the body and reduce physical activity. It should be remembered that not all bruises are accompanied by hematomas and bruises.

It all depends on the severity of the injury. Particular attention should be paid to bruises in the heart and lungs in order to prevent damage to internal organs and the further development of diseases.

Among the possible complications are pneumonia, the development of infectious diseases, prolonged pain, oxygen starvation, accumulation of air and blood in the pleural zone.

To protect yourself from the possible development of complications, you should immediately visit a traumatologist, undergo a diagnosis and begin therapy. It is necessary to carefully study the instructions for the drug, as some cause excessive drowsiness and disruption of the digestive cycle.

Compliance with all medical prescriptions, the complex effect of medications with physiotherapy, and then with physical gymnastics, traditional medicine - can accelerate the healing process of the body.

Self-treatment of a bruised rib with home remedies is possible only with a small bruise. If the bruise is severe, then you can not do without a traumatologist. To alleviate your condition before visiting a doctor, you need to know what to do with bruised ribs.

Examine the bruised side for bulges and dents;
Take the most comfortable position and do not move;
To facilitate breathing, lie on the bruised side;
Take an anesthetic drug;
Instead of a pillow, make a roller out of dense material and put it under your head;
Lubricate the injury site with a resolving ointment or cream with a similar effect;
Bandage the chest with an elastic bandage;
Apply something cold to the ribs (on a pressure bandage).

In the presence of dizziness, confusion (incoherent thinking, usually combined with decreased attention and disorientation), coughing up blood, weakness, heart pain, changes in heartbeat and other important symptoms, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Treatment of damage must begin with first aid. The person must be at rest and not move. A tight bandage should be applied to the chest. Cold is applied to the injury site: ice, snow, a bottle of cold water, or simply compresses are made with a cloth soaked in cold water.

The patient needs an X-ray to make sure there is no fracture of the ribs. Only then can the injury be treated.

Treatment for a bruise at home

Treatment can be done at home. For the treatment of bruised ribs, traditional medicine is used. Means for external use promote blood flow to the site of injury and speedy recovery after injury. With their use, the bruise will pass faster.

It is necessary to make applications with folk remedies daily. Compresses are best done in the evening before going to bed.

Dressings with leaves of medicinal plants are left for the whole day, the leaves themselves are changed twice a day. It is best to treat the injury with various folk remedies, in which case the therapy will be more effective and the symptoms will go away faster.

A bruise is considered the most common type of all injuries and occurs most often in domestic conditions due to elementary human negligence.

Only external and internal soft tissues (skin, blood vessels, nerve endings, muscles, subcutaneous tissue and ligaments) are damaged during such an injury, this is the main difference between a bruise and a fracture.

A very common case in medical practice and statistics is a bruise of the back.

The results of medical studies have confirmed that women, the elderly, athletes and overly active children are most often subjected to severe back bruises.

Classification

There are several types of back injury:

with spinal cord injury present;
without violating the integrity of the spinal cord;
with injury to internal and external soft tissues;
without the formation of wounds;
accompanied by dislocation of the vertebrae;
with violation of the integrity of the bones of the vertebrae.

As you know, no one is immune from injury. In terms of severity, a back bruise after a fall is considered one of the easiest injuries.

However, the consequences of this injury can be very serious.

A back injury is rightfully considered one of the most dangerous injuries, because this injury is associated with extensive bruising of soft tissues.

One of the most dangerous injuries is a back injury. Mechanical shock, accidents, accidents, falls, impacts on the surface of the water are the main causes of back injury.

In the list of injuries, this type occupies a special place due to the severity of the consequences. After a fall, soft tissues, muscles, and the spinal cord are often damaged.

Treatment and its duration depends on the department that is most affected, and on the severity of such an injury. Much in the treatment determines the patient's compliance with all medical recommendations.

Degree of damage: what you need to prepare for

A bruise in any part of the back can result in the most unpleasant health consequences, as evidenced by several special sections formed in the ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision), where each type of injury is assigned a separate code.

The ICD-10 describes the symptoms and additional characteristics of the condition for each department, first aid and systemic treatment. Therefore, when determining the severity of an injury to the cervical region, lower back, the level of damage to soft or bone tissues, specialists are guided by ICD-10.

Back injury is covered in S00-T98, where each type of open and closed injury is coded, recommendations and prognosis are given.

In case of injuries of internal organs, the patient needs urgent medical care. It is necessary to resort to intensive care measures as soon as possible.

Usually such patients have to be urgently operated on to stop internal bleeding. In addition, only during the operation, the doctor can carefully examine and accurately determine the degree of damage to internal organs.

Stopping bleeding depends on the degree of damage and its location; for example, damaged blood vessels can be cauterized with an electrocautery, pulled together, or stitched together with threads.

Stop bleeding

Bleeding (with a large area of the wound) can be stopped with drugs, such as fibrin glue, or cauterization using electricity. If the tissues are so severely affected that they are not capable of regeneration, then the organ must be urgently removed without waiting for tissue death (necrosis) and poisoning of the whole organism with decay products.

In case of damage to internal organs, the patient almost always has to inject preserved blood by drip and resort to measures to stabilize blood circulation. In addition, it is extremely important to ensure the vital functions of the body (respiration, heart function).

First aid for injuries of internal organs

The person providing first aid can give the body of the victim the position of a "folding knife" (put the victim on his back, slightly raising his legs). If the patient is excited and frightened, then it is necessary to try to calm him down.

In case of damage to the lungs, the patient should be laid on his back so that the upper body is slightly elevated. All other therapeutic measures can only be applied by a doctor.

In the absence of indications for surgical treatment, bruises of internal organs are treated conservatively. The basic principles of treatment are as follows:

nutrition is carried out fractionally, but often; vegetable food and fiber are recommended, excluding constipation; the appointment of laxatives is indicated;

We treat gastritis, ulcers, colitis at home. FOREVER! To cure the STOMACH, you need ...

You can get bruised anywhere, and doctors can't follow you day and night. In this case, first aid is applied. The rules for first aid are quite simple, but they must be followed strictly.

Firstly, with a severe bruise, its place should be immobilized and the victim taken to the hospital, where he will be x-rayed. The same should be done with signs of a concussion (bruising under the eyes, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, nosebleeds), with them any unprofessional assistance can be fatal.

Secondly, something cold should be applied to the damaged area, this will help reduce swelling and pain due to vasoconstriction. Usually, a pressure bandage is applied for these purposes, but if you know very little about it, it’s not worth it - you can do harm.

In such cases, a simple bubble or ice pack, a special cooling spray, or snow from the street will work well.

It is worth reminding the patient or himself that now for 3-4 days any hot baths or massage are contraindicated and prohibited. If a wound or abrasion has formed during the impact, it must be washed with running water and hydrogen peroxide, and then treated with brilliant green or iodine, but only in cases where the wound is small.

With large injuries, such assistance can cause severe pain shock. To reduce the pain, you can take an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as aspirin.

When first aid is provided, the patient should be taken to the emergency room, where he will be injected with tetanus toxoid and examined for a bruise, correctly diagnosing, because such symptoms are also characteristic of serious injuries.

After all the activities, it is worth providing the patient with full bed rest, doctors should apply a bandage to the injured limb, which limits its mobility.

Bruises are of many kinds, and after the first aid, which is the same for all, begins the traditional treatment, which varies for different injuries. When a finger is bruised, it is mandatory to take painkillers, sometimes sedatives are also used, especially if this injury is observed in a child.

If such a bruise is not serious, usually the patient is sent home with some kind of anti-inflammatory ointment. When the hematoma and pain begin to subside a little, it is necessary to knead the finger, while not hurting yourself.

A bruised joint is quite dangerous and therefore it is often treated under the supervision of specialists. In order to relieve pain, use camphor oil, ointment for bruises and other means.

In such cases, fixing bandages are necessarily applied, as well as physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises and magnetotherapy are prescribed, which exclude the possibility of complications.

When bruising the face, nothing but first aid is usually applied. Another thing is if it is accompanied by a nose bruise. With it, 2 days every 2 hours you need to apply cold compresses for a quarter of a minute. After that, the cold is replaced by heat, for example, warm sand in a bag or a heating pad is applied to the nose. Along with this, physiotherapy is prescribed.

Sometimes vasoconstrictor drops are prescribed, especially if the nose is blocked. If the hematoma does not go away, this means that the blood stagnates inside, and in this case it is removed artificially. Even with a mild, first degree, bed rest is observed for at least 7 days.

Bruises of the internal organs require immediate hospitalization. The treatment regimen for such bruises is quite complex and incomprehensible to ordinary people, including different for different organs.

Any help from a non-physician in such cases means unforgivable delay, because these bruises often entail internal bleeding that is invisible to the naked eye, which will kill the victim.

Sometimes alternative medicine is just as good and comes into battle with a bruise in time. But it is worth remembering: all folk methods and remedies are used only after and together with the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor.

Very often, bruises are treated with self-prepared ointments. For this method you need to take:

75 g freshly picked burdock roots, washed and dried
200 ml olive or sunflower oil.

The use of ointments is based on their proven effectiveness, as well as on the fact that these are topical preparations that provide local assistance, which means that their harmful effects on the body are minimal.

Common types of injury are knee injury and elbow and shoulder injury.

These types of injury are not severe. Often found in children involved in active sports: running, cycling, skiing, etc. In most cases, the outcome is favorable - a complete recovery.

Knee injury: what to do?

First of all, the main symptom is pain in the place you hit. After a few hours, subcutaneous hemorrhages appear, and hematoma and edema form.

The size of the bruise cannot reflect the degree of soft tissue injury. In older people, with a slight blow, a huge bruise and induration immediately appear, since the body is no longer as strong as before: fragility of blood vessels and slowing down of thrombus formation are observed.

The doctor first of all examines the place where the blow fell. Then, depending on the type, x-rays may be prescribed. If there is a suspicion that a certain organ has suffered, then an ultrasound is prescribed.

If there is a suspicion that it was the stomach that was injured, then the patient needs to take a blood test, urine, urine amylase. In addition to ultrasound and x-rays, tomography can be prescribed. Ultrasound helps to quickly and painlessly determine whether a person needs surgery. It shows the presence of bleeding and damage.

Laparoscopy may also be used. An endoscope is inserted through a small incision. This procedure allows you to determine the presence of bleeding and to conclude whether to perform the operation or not.

Everyone needs to know what to do when they get hurt. First you need to apply an ice pack to the bruise.

This will help reduce blood flow to the area and reduce the hardening, and the bruise will become smaller in the future. Ice is applied for 15-20 minutes several times a day.

Do not put ice directly on the skin, put any cloth under it. Otherwise, you may get frostbite.

If the bruise causes pain, you need to take paracetamol. After the swelling subsides, you can move on to warm compresses.

They are applied for 10 minutes no more than 3 times a day. This is necessary to relax the muscles, and so that the blood is excreted faster.

Bruises can be treated with massage, which will stimulate the circulatory system. The usual hematoma resolves in 7-10 days.

But there are more serious injuries as well. In such situations, a person needs to call an ambulance and provide first aid.

Eye injury treatment

If you have an eye injury, you should immediately consult an ophthalmologist. At the time of hospitalization of a person, he needs, if possible, to limit the movement of the eyes, not to move the neck and head in different directions.

He also cannot lift weights. After the impact, the eyes must be closed with a sterile bandage, which is attached to the head with gauze.

The doctor will independently diagnose and prescribe treatment for bruises.

Help with bruised internal organs

If there are only symptoms of a bruise and no more serious injury, cold should be applied to the injured area. This causes a spasm of the vessels of the microvasculature and helps to stop the internal hemorrhage.

Aspirin should not be used to treat bruises, as it contributes to increased bleeding.

If there is a severe bruise of the head with loss of consciousness, a severe bruise of the lower back, abdomen or chest, in addition to applying a cold compress, the victim must be laid down and an ambulance called, or taken to the emergency room on his own, trying to immobilize the bruised place and keep calm.

It must be remembered that the cold is effective only during the first thirty minutes. Then the need for help with a bruise is to give rest to the bruised place.

Two days after the bruise, soft heat is required on the damaged area. Applying a warm compress during this period ensures blood flow to the site of injury, which accelerates the resorption of the hematoma without the risk of re-bleeding.

In severe cases, surgical treatment of the bruise is performed. Access to the damaged area is carried out either endoscopically or openly, ruptures of large vessels, ruptures of parenchymal organs are sutured, and the spilled blood is removed.

The wound is then drained. In parallel, anti-inflammatory and painkillers are prescribed.

Treatment of a bruise in the regeneration stage consists in the use of physiotherapy to accelerate the resorption of the hematoma and the speedy recovery of damaged tissues.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

on the first day, it is possible to use cold, in the form of a bubble with ice;
it is necessary to provide rest to the affected organ;
anesthesia is carried out only with the complete exclusion of peritonitis and the development of intestinal obstruction;
according to indications, infusions are carried out with drugs that improve blood coagulation (Vikasol, Aminocaproic acid);
meals are carried out fractionally, but often; recommended plant foods and fiber, excluding constipation; the appointment of laxatives is indicated;
in the subacute period, the use of physiotherapy is recommended.

The traumatologist diagnoses rib bruises, hand bruises, or coccyx bruises externally, but after examination, he must check the integrity of the internal organs and the absence of fractures. This is especially important for brain injury.

Often, the victim may take a fracture for a bruise, especially often this happens with a bruise of the ribs or shoulder. In this case, the patient does not heal the fracture, which can lead to complications.

Only a doctor should treat strokes and injuries, with the exception of the rare, mildest forms. Even with simple injuries such as bruised chest, bruised tailbone and bruised knee, hand or shoulder, neglect can lead to serious consequences. Often, a fracture is confused with a regular bruise of the toe, as a result, the victim will receive complications.

Treatment begins with an examination. In case of bruising of the elbow, hand or little finger, as well as other limbs, the absence of a fracture is checked, that is, the work of the limb.

After the signs of a bruise are eliminated, the bruise has resolved, the consequences should be treated with special ointments, compresses and gymnastics. A bruised heel, a bruised nose, and even a bruised tailbone or hand will not lead to serious consequences, however, they must be treated as carefully as injuries to the eye and brain.

Symptoms

Symptoms of the disease can vary significantly depending on which organ was affected. But the main signs of damage are:

Severe pain in the area of injury;
The appearance of a hematoma (most often it has an impressive size);
Edema. In most cases, it indicates the presence of internal hemorrhage;
Deterioration of the functioning of the affected organ.

Very often, with such a lesion, patients also suffer from nausea and lowering blood pressure.

Since the nerve endings in the liver area are unevenly located, the pain syndrome can be both pronounced and practically absent. In most cases, there is local pain at the site of injury, incl.

hours from damage to deep muscles.

It is possible to spread discomfort in the lumbar and inguinal region. Often, doctors notice the patient's shortness of breath, tension during palpation, Kulenkampf's symptom, increased blood pressure, and skin abrasions.

Liver contusion is characterized by noticeable symptoms, the definition of which allows you to save a person's life.

Severe and sharp pain upon injury

What symptoms indicate that the patient has a bruised rib? How to understand what to do?

Main symptoms

If the following symptoms appear after an injury, you should visit a doctor:

Strong pain.
Tense anterior abdominal wall.
Feeling of fullness in the stomach.
Hemoptysis.
Shock symptoms.

The organs of the chest or abdomen can be injured by any sharp or blunt object during a traffic accident, for example, when the driver hits the steering wheel with his chest or stomach, or when a person falls on his chest or back. In addition, gunshot or stab wounds are possible.

Common complaints with lung bruises are reduced to chest pain, shortness of breath, and possibly hemoptysis. In the case of rib fractures, there are severe pains during breathing, which are stopped by novocaine blockades.

With the appearance of spontaneous pneumothorax or lung contusion, acute respiratory failure develops. Along with cyanosis, blanching, cyanosis of the skin, the patient's anxiety increases, and a drop in blood pressure is possible.

Most often, lung bruises occur when hitting the steering wheel, as well as when falling on a hard surface.

Consequences of a bruise

Regardless of which internal organ was damaged, immediately after the injury, it is necessary to see a physician who, after conducting a diagnosis, will identify what the patient has encountered.

Approximately 40% of these lesions require surgery. If the hemorrhage or tissue rupture is not eliminated in time, the consequences for the patient can be the most deplorable, up to death.

A liver injury has serious consequences if the rules of treatment are not followed or if assistance is not provided in time.

Possible complications:

Tissue necrosis, sepsis.
Hemobilia, bilihemia.
The development of an abscess (suppuration in the area of the hematoma).
Formation of a cyst in the tissues of the liver.
Subdiaphragmatic abscess.
Liver failure, intrahepatic abscess, bleeding of liver vessels.
Bleeding in the first 3 days after surgery or diagnosis.
fibrinolysis.
Peritonitis.
Decreased mobility of the dome of the diaphragm in the right area.
Change in the position of the colon and stomach.

The cause of serious consequences can also be home treatment and unwillingness to consult a specialist. It is important to remember that complications of liver injury must be treated immediately after the first signs appear, otherwise a fatal outcome is possible.

Liver injury does not cause cancer.

After bruises of the abdominal region, the treatment is often prescribed by the surgeon. For a correct diagnosis, the patient will be asked to undergo an X-ray and examination on an ultrasound machine, tomography on a computer or laparoscopy.

This is done in order to determine whether the patient needs an operable intervention. A less serious injury is fraught with bed rest, cold treatment, and physiotherapy to eliminate swelling, bruises and abrasions.

Do not forget that complications can develop after an abdominal injury. One of the most common is a hernia formed after a muscle rupture. The most dangerous consequence of a bruise is internal bleeding. It is always considered as a direct threat to the life of the patient.

After surgery, complications such as peritonitis are common. This inflammation can cause blood poisoning and can be fatal for the patient.

First of all, it concerns the already mentioned bruises of the head. The fact is that the cranium is a closed space, and that hematoma, which in any other place of the body would resolve over time, without causing significant concern, in the skull leads to squeezing of the vital structures of the brain.

In this case, the consequence of a bruise can be neurological disorders of varying severity and localization, severe headache accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and even death.

In some cases, the development of a malignant tumor of these organs can become a distant consequence of a bruise of the soft tissues of the breast in women or testicles in men.

Thromboembolism can lead to heart attack, stroke, necrosis of the internal organ, and death.

Given all of the above, bruises, especially serious ones, should not be underestimated.

A brain contusion is a consequence of a traumatic brain injury, in which brain tissue is damaged. If a bruised toe or hand causes only external consequences, then everything is much more serious.

Brain contusion is a serious problem that requires special treatment and monitoring. Unlike, for example, a bruised finger, such an injury can lead to serious consequences.

Preventive measures

The first preventive method for the appearance of severe pain in the ribs is the restriction of a person’s physical activity. Then you should undergo certain physiotherapy procedures.

It will not be superfluous to purchase a fixing rib in the form of a special vest. It is important not only to wear such a design, but also to install it correctly.

This will reduce the physical load on sore ribs.

Do not ignore the increase in body temperature and the manifestation of allergic reactions, as these phenomena indicate the development of an inflammatory process in the body.

For treatment, use various painkillers and anti-inflammatory ointments. They perfectly help as a prophylactic, in addition, you can purchase such drugs not only by prescription, but also without it.

Injury to the chest, and in particular to the ribs, does not pose a serious danger to human health and rarely leads to serious complications.

But an incorrect or inattentive attitude to a bruise is another step towards unpleasant consequences for the patient's health. Do not leave such injuries unattended.

Closed (blunt) abdominal trauma is an injury that is not accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the abdominal wall. These injuries are also called "non-penetrating". However, the absence of visual pathologies is not evidence of the preservation of internal organs. Closed abdominal injuries are accompanied by damage to the pancreas, spleen, liver, intestinal tract, bladder and kidneys, which affects the health of the patient and can lead to death.

Etiology

A blow to the stomach is considered the main cause of damage to internal organs. Most of the patients affected in this way were relaxed at the time of the injury. The muscles are at rest, which provokes the penetration of the impact force deep into the tissues. This mechanism of damage is typical for the following cases:

criminal incidents (a blow to the stomach with fists or kicks);
falling from height;
car crashes;
sports injuries;
indomitable cough reflex, accompanied by a sharp contraction of the abdominal muscles;
industrial disasters;
natural or military disasters.

At the time of exposure to a detrimental factor that causes bruising of the abdominal wall, the presence of obesity and, conversely, depletion or weakness of the muscular apparatus increase the risk of damage to internal organs.

Frequent clinical cases are connecting blunt injuries of the abdomen with fractures of the bones of the limbs, pelvis, ribs, spine, craniocerebral trauma. This mechanism causes the development of large blood loss, aggravates the patient's condition and accelerates the onset of traumatic shock.

For any minor injury, go to the nearest emergency room. Working around the clock, employees will provide first aid, deciding on further hospitalization and the presence of internal injuries. Note! In the case of a serious condition of the victim or with any suspicion of a rupture of the internal organ, independent movement of the patient is contraindicated. Be sure to call an ambulance.

Classification

Blunt abdominal injuries are divided according to the following principles:

Without the presence of damage to the abdominal organs (bruises, ruptures of muscle groups and fascia).
With the presence of damage to internal organs located in the peritoneal space of the spleen, sections of the intestinal tract, bladder).
With damage to the retroperitoneal organs (rupture of the pancreas, kidney).
Pathology with intra-abdominal bleeding.
Injuries accompanied by the threat of peritonitis (traumatization of hollow organs).
Combined damage to parenchymal and hollow organs.

Pain syndrome

Closed abdominal trauma is characterized by the first and main complaint from the victim - the appearance of pain in the abdomen. It is important to remember that the erectile phase of shock may be accompanied by suppression of the pain syndrome, which complicates the diagnosis of pathology. In the case of combined injuries, pain from a fracture of the ribs or bones of the limbs, the pelvis can push the symptoms caused by the blunt abdominal trauma into the background.

The torpid stage of the shock state depresses the brightness of painful conditions due to the fact that the patient is disoriented or unconscious.

The nature of the pain syndrome, its intensity and irradiation of sensations depend on the location of the damage and the organ involved in the process. For example, a liver injury is accompanied by a dull aching pain that radiates to the region of the right forearm. Rupture of the spleen is manifested by irradiation of pain in the left forearm. Damage to the pancreas is characterized by girdle pain, which responds in the region of both collarbones, lower back, and left shoulder.

Spleen rupture, the consequences of which are severe for the patient due to excessive blood loss, accompanies a third of all closed abdominal injuries. Frequent cases are damage to the spleen and left kidney. Often the doctor has to re-operate on the patient if he did not see the clinical picture of one of several injured organs.

Traumatization of the upper part of the intestinal tract, accompanied by rupture of the walls, is manifested by a sharp dagger pain that appears due to the penetration of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity. From the brightness of the pain syndrome, patients may lose consciousness. Injuries to the colon are less aggressive in manifestation because the contents do not have a strong acidic environment.

Other clinical signs

Blunt abdominal trauma is manifested by reflex vomiting. In cases of rupture of the walls of the small intestine or stomach, the vomit will contain blood clots or have the color of coffee grounds. Similar discharge with feces indicates trauma to the colon. Injuries to the rectum are accompanied by the appearance of scarlet blood or its clots.

Intra-abdominal bleeding is accompanied by the following symptoms:

weakness and drowsiness;
dizziness;
the appearance of "flies" before the eyes;
skin and mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint;
reduced blood pressure;
weak and frequent pulse;
frequent shallow breathing;
the appearance of cold sweat.

Damage to hollow organs causes the development of peritonitis. The body of the victim responds to such a pathology with a rise in body temperature (with severe blood loss - hypothermia), indomitable vomiting, and stopping the peristalsis of the intestinal tract. The nature of pain sensations is constantly changing, severe pain alternates with its temporary disappearance.

Traumatization of the urinary system is accompanied by the absence or violation of urine output, gross hematuria, pain in the lumbar region. Later, swelling develops in the perineum.

Injuries without trauma to internal organs

The contusion of the anterior abdominal wall is manifested by local visual changes:

puffiness;
hyperemia;
soreness;
the presence of bruises and abrasions;
hematomas.

The pain that accompanies a bruise is aggravated by any change in body position, sneezing, coughing, defecation.

Blunt abdominal trauma may be accompanied by ruptures of the fascia. The patient complains of severe pain, a feeling of bloating. There is a dynamic paresis of the intestinal tract, and, accordingly, the dynamic nature of the obstruction. The rupture of muscle groups is accompanied by local manifestations in the form of small-point hemorrhages or large hematomas, which can be localized not only at the site of injury, but also far beyond it.

The final diagnosis of "damage to the anterior abdominal wall" is made in case of confirmation of the absence of internal pathologies.

Diagnostic measures

Differential diagnosis of the patient's condition begins with the collection of anamnesis and trauma. Further, the determination of the condition of the victim includes the following methods of examination:

A general analysis of peripheral blood shows all the signs of acute blood loss: a decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytosis in the presence of an inflammatory process.
A general urinalysis determines gross hematuria, and if the pancreas is damaged, the presence of amylase in the urine.
Of the instrumental methods of examination, catheterization of the bladder and the introduction of a probe into the stomach are used.
Ultrasound examination.
with intravenous administration of a contrast agent.
Radiography.
Other examinations if necessary (cystography, rheovasography, ERCP).

Differentiation of pathology

The study of the organs located there should be multilateral, since concomitant injuries can suppress the symptoms of one injury, bringing to the fore the clinic of another injury.

Differential diagnosis of abdominal trauma

Organ	Clinical signs	Differential Tests
Anterior abdominal wall	Soreness and muscle tension on palpation, when determining a volumetric formation, the presence of a hematoma should be checked.	You can distinguish a hematoma from a neoplasm using a test: the patient lies on his back and strains his muscles. The hematoma will be felt both in a tense and relaxed state.
Liver	Pain in the projection of the organ, often simultaneously with fractures of the lower ribs on the same side. Increased abdominal volume, hypovolemia.	CT: organ rupture with bleeding. KLA determines anemia, low hematocrit. Ultrasound - intra-abdominal hematoma. Retrograde cholangiography indicates damage to the biliary tract. DPL - blood available.
Spleen	Soreness in the projection, combined with fractures of the ribs. Pain radiates to left shoulder.	CT: ruptured spleen, active bleeding. KLA - decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin. DPL detects blood. On ultrasound, there is a picture of an intra-abdominal or intracapsular hematoma.
kidneys	Pain in the side and lower back, blood in the urine, fractures of the lower ribs.	OAM - macrohematuria. CT scan of the pelvis: slow filling with a contrast agent, hematoma, possible hemorrhage of internal organs located near the site of injury.
Pancreas	Pain in abdomen radiating to back. Later, muscle tension and symptoms of peritonitis appear.	CT: inflammatory changes around the gland. Increased activity of amylase and lipase in the blood serum.
Stomach	Dagger pain in the abdomen due to the release of the acidic contents of the organ into the abdominal cavity	X-ray: free gas located under the diaphragm. The introduction determines the presence of blood.
thin part of the intestinal tract	A board-shaped abdomen, accompanied by a painful syndrome of a diffuse nature.	X-ray: the presence of free gas under the diaphragm. DPL - positive tests for indicators such as hemoperitoneum, the presence of bacteria, bile or food. CT: presence of free fluid.
Colon	Pain with tense abdomen, presence of blood on rectal examination. In the early period, without a clinic of peritonitis, then a board-shaped abdomen with diffuse soreness.	X-ray indicates free gas under the diaphragm. CT: free gas or hematoma of the mesentery, exit of contrast into the abdominal cavity.
Bladder	Violation of urination and blood in the urine, pain in the lower abdomen.	CT determines free fluid. In the KLA, an increase in urea and creatinine levels. Cystography: the release of contrast outside the organ.

The emergency room, providing round-the-clock medical care, is not able to carry out all these diagnostic methods, therefore, after the initial examination, the victim is sent to the hospital of the surgical department.

First aid for abdominal trauma

If damage to internal organs is suspected, the following rules should be followed:

The patient is laid on a hard surface, provide a state of rest.
Apply ice to the injury site.
Do not give water or food to the victim.
Do not take medicines until the ambulance arrives, especially analgesics.
If possible, provide transportation to a medical facility.
In the presence of vomiting, turn the patient's head to the side so that aspiration of vomit does not occur.

Principles of medical care

Blunt abdominal trauma requires immediate intervention by specialists, since a favorable result is possible only with timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment. After stabilization of the victim's condition and anti-shock measures, surgical intervention is indicated for patients. Closed injuries require compliance with the following conditions during operations:

general anesthesia with adequate muscle relaxation;
allowing access to all areas of the abdominal cavity;
simple in technique, but reliable in terms of the result of the event;
intervention is short in time;
uninfected blood poured into the abdominal cavity should be used for reinfusion.

If the liver is damaged, stop bleeding, excision of non-viable tissues, and suturing are necessary. Rupture of the spleen, the consequences of which can lead to the removal of the organ, requires a thorough revision. In the case of a minor injury, bleeding stop with suturing is indicated. With severe damage to the organ, splenectomy is used.

The tract is accompanied by the removal of non-viable tissues, stopping bleeding, revision of all loops, if necessary, bowel resection is performed.

Damage to the kidneys requires organ-preserving interventions, but with severe crushing or separation of the organ from the supply vessels, nephrectomy is performed.

Conclusion

The prognosis of traumatization of the abdominal organs depends on the speed of seeking help, the mechanism of damage, the correct differential diagnosis, and the professionalism of the medical staff of the medical institution providing assistance to the victim.