fat soluble vitamins. The use of vitamins in clinical practice. How individual vitamins work

Vitamin remedies- medicines, the active principles of which are vitamins or their analogues.

AT medical practice use vitamin remedies containing one or more (so-called multivitamin preparations) vitamins. Along with this, drugs containing coenzyme forms of some vitamins (cocarboxylase, pyridoxal phosphate, etc.) have received wide application. Action vitamin products primarily due to the physiological role of the vitamins contained in them as indispensable nutritional factors, in connection with which vitamin remedies used as prophylactic and therapeutic drugs for vitamin deficiency. Besides, vitamin remedies have certain pharmacological properties. Thus, nicotinic acid causes vasodilating effect, affects the level of lipoproteins in the blood; pantothenic acid enhances intestinal motility; thiamine has moderate ganglion blocking properties, etc. That's why vitamin remedies often used in the complex therapy of a number of diseases, together with specifically acting drugs from other groups. Wherein vitamin remedies can enhance the therapeutic activity of such drugs, eliminate or weaken the side effects of some of them (for example, antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.).

Like any medicinal substancesvitamin remedies should be prescribed according to certain indications, depending on their pharmacotherapeutic properties, preferably on the background of a diet rich in protein, tk. while vitamins are retained in the body longer. On the other hand, vitamins contribute to a more complete utilization of proteins. Duration of application vitamin products determined by the nature of the disease and individual tolerability of these drugs. In excessively large doses or at very long-term use some vitamin remedies(eg, retinol, ergocalciferol) can cause acute or chronic hypervitaminosis. When signs of hypervitaminosis appear, the causes of them vitamin remedies cancel and in some cases prescribe drugs that weaken the action of the corresponding vitamin products. So, with an overdose of ergocalciferol or videochol, retinol is used, and with an overdose of retinol, ascorbic acid is used. It must also be borne in mind that combinations of individual vitamin remedies may not be compatible. Do not administer simultaneously or mix pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid and cyanocobalamin, thiamine and nicotinic acid, thiamine with cyanocobalamin and pyridoxine in the same syringe, because. when mixed, these vitamins can destroy or mutually reinforce each other's ability to cause allergic reactions.

Clinical and pharmacological characteristics of the main vitamin preparations are given in table .

Clinical and pharmacological characteristics of the main vitamin preparations

Bibliography: Yakovlev T.N. Therapeutic and prophylactic vitaminology, L., 1981, bibliogr.

Good day, dear visitors of the project “Good IS! ", section" "!

In today's article, we will talk about vitamins.

The project previously had information about some vitamins, the same article is devoted to a general understanding of these, so to speak, compounds, without which human life would have many difficulties.

vitamins(from lat. vita - "life") - a group of low molecular weight organic compounds relatively simple structure and a variety of chemical nature necessary for the normal functioning of organisms.

The science that studies the structure and mechanisms of action of vitamins, as well as their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes is called - Vitaminology.

Vitamin classification

Based on solubility, vitamins are divided into:

Fat soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in the body, and their depots are adipose tissue and the liver.

Water Soluble Vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins are not deposited in significant amounts and are excreted with water in excess. This explains the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis of water-soluble vitamins and hypervitaminosis. fat soluble vitamins.

Vitamin-like compounds

Along with vitamins, a group of vitamin-like compounds (substances) is known that have certain properties of vitamins, however, they do not have all the main features of vitamins.

Vitamin-like compounds include:

Fat soluble:

• Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone, coenzyme Q).

Water soluble:

The main function of vitamins in human life is the regulatory effect on metabolism and thus ensuring the normal course of almost all biochemical and physiological processes in the body.

Vitamins are involved in hematopoiesis, ensure the normal functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular, immune and digestive systems, participate in the formation of enzymes, hormones, increase the body's resistance to the action of toxins, radionuclides and other harmful factors.

Despite the exceptional importance of vitamins in metabolism, they are neither a source of energy for the body (they do not have calories), nor structural components of tissues.

Functions of vitamins

Hypovitaminosis (vitamin deficiency)

Hypovitaminosis- a disease that occurs when the body's needs for vitamins are not fully met.

Hypervitaminosis (overdose of vitamins)

Hypervitaminosis ( lat. hypervitaminosis) – acute disorder body as a result of poisoning (intoxication) with an ultra-high dose of one or more vitamins contained in food or vitamin-containing medicines. The dose and specific overdose symptoms for each vitamin are different.

Antivitamins

Perhaps this will be news to some people, but still, vitamins have enemies - antivitamins.

Antivitamins(Greek ἀντί - against, lat. vita - life) - a group of organic compounds that suppress biological activity vitamins.

These compounds are closely related to vitamins. chemical structure, but having the opposite biological action. When ingested, antivitamins are included instead of vitamins in metabolic reactions and inhibit or disrupt their normal course. This leads to vitamin deficiency (avitaminosis) even in cases where the corresponding vitamin is supplied with food in sufficient quantities or is formed in the body itself.

Antivitamins are known for almost all vitamins. For example, the antivitamin of vitamin B1 (thiamine) is pyrithiamin, which causes symptoms.

More about antivitamins will be written in the following articles.

History of vitamins

The importance of certain types of food in preventing certain diseases has been known since antiquity. So, the ancient Egyptians knew that the liver helps with night blindness. It is now known that night blindness can be caused by a deficiency. In 1330, in Beijing, Hu Sihui published a three-volume work Important Principles food and drink", systematizing knowledge of the therapeutic role of nutrition and stating the need for health to combine a variety of products.

In 1747, the Scottish physician James Lind, while on a long voyage, conducted a kind of experiment on sick sailors. By introducing various acidic foods into their diet, he discovered the property of citrus fruits to prevent scurvy. In 1753, Lind published A Treatise on Scurvy, where he proposed the use of limes to prevent scurvy. However, these views were not immediately accepted. However, James Cook proved in practice the role of plant foods in preventing scurvy by introducing sauerkraut, malt wort and a kind of citrus syrup into the ship's diet. As a result, he did not lose a single sailor from scurvy - an unheard of achievement for that time. In 1795, lemons and other citrus fruits became a standard addition to the diet of British sailors. This was the appearance of an extremely offensive nickname for sailors - lemongrass. The so-called lemon riots are known: sailors threw barrels of lemon juice overboard.

In 1880, the Russian biologist Nikolai Lunin from the University of Tartu fed experimental mice separately all the known elements that make up cow's milk: sugar, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, salts. The mice died. At the same time, mice fed milk developed normally. In his dissertation (thesis) work, Lunin concluded that there was some unknown substance necessary for life in small quantities. Lunin's conclusion was accepted with hostility by the scientific community. Other scientists have been unable to reproduce his results. One of the reasons was that Lunin used cane sugar, while other researchers used milk sugar, poorly refined and containing some vitamin B.
In subsequent years, evidence accumulated, indicating the existence of vitamins. So, in 1889, the Dutch doctor Christian Eikman discovered that chickens, when fed boiled white rice, become ill with beriberi, and when rice bran is added to food, they are cured. The role of brown rice in preventing beriberi in humans was discovered in 1905 by William Fletcher. In 1906, Frederick Hopkins suggested that in addition to proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc., food contains some other substances necessary for the human body, which he called "accessory food factors". Last step was made in 1911 by the Polish scientist Casimir Funk, who worked in London. He isolated a crystalline preparation, a small amount of who was cured by beriberi. The drug was named "Vitamin" (Vitamine), from the Latin vita - "life" and the English amine - "amine", a nitrogen-containing compound. Funk suggested that other diseases - scurvy, rickets - can also be caused by a lack of certain substances.

In 1920, Jack Cecile Drummond suggested removing the "e" from "vitamine" because the newly discovered vitamin contained no amine component. So "vitamines" became "vitamins".

In 1923, Dr. Glenn King established the chemical structure of vitamin C, and in 1928, doctor and biochemist Albert Szent-Györgyi first isolated vitamin C, calling it hexuronic acid. As early as 1933, Swiss researchers synthesized the well-known ascorbic acid, which is identical to vitamin C.

In 1929, Hopkins and Eikman received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of vitamins, while Lunin and Funk did not. Lunin became a pediatrician, and his role in the discovery of vitamins was forgotten for a long time. In 1934, the First All-Union Conference on Vitamins was held in Leningrad, to which Lunin (a Leningrader) was not invited.

Other vitamins were discovered in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. In the 1940s, the chemical structure of vitamins was deciphered.

In 1970, Linus Pauling, twice laureate Nobel Prize, shocked the medical world with his first book, Vitamin C, the Common Cold and, in which he documented the effectiveness of vitamin C. Since then, ascorbic acid has remained the most famous, popular and indispensable vitamin for our daily lives. Researched and described over 300 biological functions this vitamin. The main thing is that, unlike animals, a person cannot produce vitamin C himself and therefore its supply must be replenished daily.

Conclusion

I want to draw your attention, dear readers, that vitamins should be treated very carefully. Improper nutrition, deficiency, overdose, incorrect doses of vitamins can seriously harm health, therefore, for final answers on the topic of vitamins, it is better to consult a doctor - vitaminologist, immunologist.

Health is a priceless gift, carefully presented to each person by Mother Nature. Even the World Health Organization recognizes that only 30% of health depends on medical factors, among which 15% falls to the share of genetics and another 15% to the level of medical care. The remaining 70% are directly related to a person's lifestyle: his behavior, inclinations, habits and, of course, nutrition. A balanced diet plays an important role in maintaining a full life, growth, development and physical abilities. However, in addition to traditional nutrients, which include proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins can also be safely attributed to vital substances.

These substances are organic low molecular weight compounds that are components of about 150 enzymes. That is, without vitamins, not a single physiological process is possible. In addition, vitamin complexes increase the body's resistance to external factors, including viral and bacterial infections, help to adapt to a dynamic environmental environment, cope with stress and fatigue. These substances control metabolism, hormone synthesis, energy metabolism, maintenance of working capacity and full functionality. Therefore, insufficient intake of vitamins sooner or later leads to a complete malfunction of the body, deterioration of health.

Unfortunately, not all vitamins can be synthesized in the body on their own - most of them come from outside. Plus, some of them cannot accumulate in the cells, so the intake must be regular and complete. Adequate intake of vitamins depends primarily on a well-designed diet, including natural springs these substances: vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts and other plant products. Of course, modern pharmacology produces a lot of synthetic additives and medications that are analogues of natural extracted substances, however, they still cannot replace the correct vitamins of natural origin, which are absorbed naturally and without problems.

Vitamin classification

The modern classification of vitamins includes two conditional groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble. This criterion is based on physical properties substances: some of them are better perceived by the body, acting in liquid or natural form, and some - only in combination with vegetable oils. Therefore, before considering what vitamins the body needs and how they can be obtained, it is worth deciding on the classification of these substances, because their optimal absorption and maximum benefit depend on this.

What vitamins are fat soluble?

Obviously, fat-soluble vitamins are substances that actively dissolve in fats and are absorbed in this form in the body. It is noteworthy that these components can accumulate in adipose tissue, creating a fairly large reserve in case of their subsequent nutritional deficiency. Having reached a certain level, they enter the liver and are gradually excreted in the urine. Therefore, insufficiency of fat-soluble vitamins in the body is much less common than an overabundance.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to completely exclude hypo- and hypervitaminosis of these substances. An overdose most often occurs with a single consumption of an extra-large dose, however, with a balanced diet, such a condition is almost impossible. The same applies to the disadvantage - a harmonious menu and the right lifestyle minimize the possibility of encountering a similar condition.

Fat-soluble vitamins: names

Water-soluble vitamins: list of substances

Along with fat-soluble vitamins, there are also water-soluble vitamins, which, accordingly, dissolve in water. These substances are easily absorbed into the cells of the intestinal tract and from there enter the general bloodstream, spreading throughout the body. The main sources of such components are plant foods, which should be on the table daily. This approach to compiling the menu is primarily due to the fact that water-soluble vitamins cannot accumulate in the body - the maximum period for which they are delayed is only a few days, after which the molecules are safely excreted in the urine. Due to such transit properties, hypovitaminosis of this group of substances is much more common than an excess of fat-soluble vitamins. But it is quite easy to make up for their shortage if necessary - water-soluble substances are absorbed very quickly.

The list of water-soluble vitamins is longer than the fat-soluble ones. The most significant of them are presented in the table:

Vitamin-like substances

Speaking of vitamins, it is impossible not to mention, at least in passing, vitamin-like substances. On the one hand, their molecules are completely different from most vitamins: they have a complex structure, which is why in most cases they are used only as extracted plant components. In addition, the body needs them in a minimal amount, however, completely excluding them from the daily diet is unforgivable and risky.

Although vitamin-like substances themselves are not vital, their lack negatively affects the metabolism in general and the activity of other vitamins in particular. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the sources of these components are also present in the daily menu.

As for the most popular vitamin-like substances, these include:

Natural sources of vitamins

In order to provide the body with all essential substances, it is not at all necessary to swallow pills, dietary supplements and other pharmaceutical products - nature has already prepared the best vitamins for us, making sure that a person can get all the necessary components from plant foods. This approach has no disadvantages: natural substances are easily digested, do not cause side effects and allergic reactions. How to make a diet to get everything you need with food and maintain your health? Focus on a list that includes the names of vitamins and their sources!

The right vitamins are natural! List of products that must be consumed

1. . This vitamin is responsible for cell division, restoration of the skin, the regulation of hormones, the breakdown of proteins and other vital important processes. Many people think that plant based diet is not able to provide a person with vitamin A. In fact, this is not the case: there are more than enough plant sources of this substance, you just need to make the right diet. Eat more legumes (sokh, peas), green vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, spinach, apples, peaches, grapes, apricots, melons and you will not know what hypovitaminosis A is.
2. . Antirachitic vitamin regulates the absorption of calcium in the intestines, which means that without it it is impossible to ensure the health of bone structures. In principle, the intake of this vitamin from the outside is not so necessary - it is synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body under the influence of sunlight, and then stored in the liver with a reserve sufficient for about six months. However, if cloudy weather drags on, try to support the body with regular use of algae or natural (not thermophilic !!!) yeast - they are irreplaceable sources calciferol.
3. Vitamin E. Tocopherol is not in vain called the "reproduction vitamin" - first of all, it controls the production of sperm in men and the regulation of the cycle in women. In addition, vitamin E prevents the formation of tumors, acting as a natural antioxidant, improves the transport of oxygen by blood cells, and prevents dryness and irritation of the skin. The largest number tocopherol is found in nuts and vegetable oils. For example, only 40 g of sunflower oil contains a daily dose of vitamin E for an adult.
4. Vitamin K. This substance affects the processes of thrombosis and blood clotting, normalizes metabolism, restores the excretory system and maintains the normal state of bone structures. And although most of the vitamin K is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, it would be a mistake to detract from the importance of the part that comes from the outside. To keep naphthoquinone at the proper level, be sure to eat green leafy vegetables, cabbage, green tomatoes and lettuce - they contain this vitamin in sufficient quantities.
5. Vitamin B1.Thiamin supports the nervous system, promotes high resistance to stress, improves memory and stimulates digestion. Sources of vitamin B1 can serve primarily cereal crops(rice, buckwheat grain, oats).
6. Vitamin B2. Riboflavin, or growth stimulator, is responsible not only for proportional development in infancy, but also for the proper condition of hair, nails and skin. In addition, this vitamin has a positive effect on the nervous system. You can get it by using Rye bread, cereals and broccoli.
7. Vitamin B6. Pyridoxine has a beneficial effect on the activity of the liver, nervous system and hematopoiesis. herbal products, rich in vitamin B6, are represented by whole grains and beans.
8. Vitamin B9. Folic acid is required for the normalization of hematopoietic processes. This vitamin is especially necessary for expectant mothers both during pregnancy planning and in the first trimester - its deficiency negatively affects the formation of the neural tube of the embryo. To ensure the normal intake of vitamin B9, you can use green peas, spinach and savoy cabbage.
9. . Perhaps the most controversial vitamin in vegetarian diet. It is he who is referred to when speaking of the lack of plant nutrition. However, such an opinion does not withstand even the slightest criticism: a sufficient part of B12 is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, so all that is necessary for the normal level of this vitamin in the body is to maintain a healthy gastrointestinal tract. And if for some reason this is temporarily not enough, you can get the missing part of cyanocobalamin from a special diet for vegans enriched with vitamin B12 ( vegetable oils, soy and corn products).
10. . Ascorbic acid is familiar to everyone firsthand since childhood. This vitamin is especially important for proper education cells and tissues normal state teeth and bones, adequate digestibility of iron, and hence for the processes of hematopoiesis. You can get it from black currant, kiwi, rosehip, citrus, leafy vegetables and other natural sources.
11. Vitamin H. Biotin has a positive effect on the appearance of the skin, nails, hair, and also normalizes blood sugar levels. natural sources of this substance are tomatoes, soybeans and brown rice.

Daily intake of vitamins - the key to health and longevity

With the knowledge of what vitamins are needed to maintain health and how to get them, it will be easy for you to make correct menu to provide the body with everything necessary to maintain normal life. Do not neglect these recommendations, because without a normal intake of vitamins full life basically impossible. Nature has already prepared for you all the most necessary and valuable, you just have to use this gift correctly. Remember that the best treatment is prevention!

Vitamin and antivitamin preparations.

coenzyme preparations.

Vitamin preparations are medicines containing natural vitamins or their synthetic analogues or their isomers (vitamers).

Vitamin-like compounds are a group of conditionally essential nutritional factors that resemble vitamins in their physiological action, but with a deficiency of which there is no development of vitamin deficiency. Drugs made from such compounds are called vitamin-like drugs.

Coenzyme preparations are drugs containing synthetic analogues of coenzymes and used to correct various metabolic processes in the body. Coenzyme preparations are divided into 2 groups:

vitamin origin

non-vitamin origin

Antivitamins are derivatives of vitamins with substituted functional groups that have the opposite effect of the vitamin and partially or completely exclude vitamins from the body's metabolic reactions.

Classification of vitamin and coenzyme preparations:

Fat-soluble vitamin preparations.

Vitamin A preparations (retinol):

retinol acetate, palmitate;

• roaccutane

Vitamin D preparations (calciferol):

ergocalciferon

oxidevit

Vitamin E (tocopherol) preparations:

tocopherol acetate

Vitamin K preparations (cartoquinones):

vitamin K 1

conachion

Preparations of water-soluble vitamins and their coenzymes

Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) preparations:

thiamine bromide (chloride)

Coenzyme preparation:

cocarboxylase

Thiamine derivatives:

phosphothiamin

benfotiamine

Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) preparations:

riboflavin

Coenzyme preparations:

flavin mononucleotides

flavinate

Vitamin B 3 preparations (pantothenic acid):

calcium pantothenate

Vitamin B 5 preparations (RR niacin):

a nicotinic acid

Coenzyme preparations:

nicotinamide

Preparations of vitamin B 6 (pyrodoxine):

pyridoxine hydrochloride

Coenzyme preparations:

pyridoxal phosphate

Vitamin B 9 preparations (B c) (folic acid):

folic acid

calcium folinate

Vitamin B 12 preparations (cyanocobalamins):

cyanocobalamin

oxycobalamin

Vitamin C preparations (ascorbic acid):

vitamin C

Coenzyme preparations of non-vitamin origin

carnitane chloride

lipoic acid

• Phosfaden

Multivitamin preparations

• decamevite

  gendevit

  macrovit

Complex preparations of multivitamins with macro- and microelements

glutamevit

compliment

• unicap T, M

Typical mechanisms of action vitamin preparations:

Most vitamins are converted in the body into coenzymes and are part of enzymes. Thus, they are involved in carbohydrate, fat, protein and other types of metabolism. For example, vitamin B 1 (thiamine) in the form of an active form is part of cocarboxynase. Cocarboxysinase is a coenzyme: pyruvic and ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenases.

Due to this, thiamine preparations are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, in education fatty acids, in the synthesis of a/holino nucleic acids; NAD, NADP.

Another typical mechanism of action of vitamin preparations is that vitamins can be donors or acceptors of various chemical groups and thus participate in biochemical reactions.

For example, ascorbic acid is a donor of hydrogen protons and is involved in redox processes in the body.

Some vitamins have a hormone-like effect. So the active form of vitamin D, together with the hormone of the parathyroid glands, regulates the exchange of Ca and P.

The following can be distinguished mainkindsvitamin therapy.

Preventive - the appointment of vitamin preparations, if there is a risk of developing hypovitaminosis. For example, in the winter-spring period. In these cases, the dose of the drug corresponds to the daily requirement of the body. I prescribe drugs enterally.

Recently, they began to allocate adaptive vitamin therapy is the appointment of vitamin preparations to facilitate adaptation to adverse and difficult conditions. In such situations, the need for vitamins increases dramatically, therefore, if they are taken in normal amounts, hypovitaminosis may develop. In these cases, doses are used that are 2-3 times the daily requirement.

substitution vitamin therapy (etiotropic) - the appointment of vitamin preparations for the elimination and development of hypo- and beriberi. Doses exceed the daily requirement. The route of administration is enteral.

The next type of vitamin therapy is the use of vitamins for elimination or reduction of the negative effects of others medicines. For example, pyridoxine hydrochloride - eliminates the side neurotoxic effect of the drug ftivazide.

Nonspecific (pharmacodynamic)- this is the use of vitamins in high doses in order to influence the metabolism and other processes of the patient's body. In this case, the vitamin preparation is not prescribed to compensate for the deficiency (such patients do not have it). Vitamin preparations are prescribed as medicines that have certain pharmacodynamics and vitamin therapy is in the nature of conventional pharmacotherapy.

Let us dwell in more detail on some types of vitamin therapy. Unfortunately, we have to admit that the problem of prevention and treatment of hypo- and even avitaminosis has again become relevant today.

Hypovitaminosis of recent years is characterized by 2 features:

1 affects all age groups

2 hypovitaminosis persist in the summer-autumn period.

The main cause of hypovitaminosis in our country is known - it is the poor quality of nutrition and insufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits.

For the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis, multivitamin preparations "Undevit", "Dekamevit", "Makrovit", etc. are used. In the prevention of vitamin deficiencies, the dose is close to the daily requirement. Multivitamins are usually taken in the winter-spring time with a course of 3-8 weeks to several months. With vitamin replacement therapy, the dose usually exceeds the daily requirement. The course depends on the disappearance of clinical signs; with the possibility of latent hypovitaminosis, the course is also from 1 to several months.

Adaptive vitamin therapy. There are many situations in which the need for vitamins, especially water-soluble ones, increases several times, this is primarily:

periods of adaptation to new or complicated living conditions

increased physical and mental stress.

Under such conditions, all enzyme systems begin to function with increased intensity. As a result, the utilization of vitamins increases and the need for them becomes higher than usual. Insufficient intake of vitamins leads to serious changes in metabolism. Persistent fatigue develops, immunity decreases, various pathological conditions appear. To prevent this from happening, the so-called vitamin therapy is carried out. In this case, doses are used that are 2-3 times higher than the daily requirement of a healthy person. Therapy is carried out in courses from 3 to 8 weeks. But possibly longer. If necessary, courses are repeated after 3-5 months.

The need for vitamins also increases during pregnancy (2 times). For pregnant women, a special special complex of vitamins has been developed, which contains vitamin D, folic acid, for example, Gendevit.

An increased need for vitamins is noted in old age. Vitamins in this case are used to stimulate the enzyme systems of an aging organism. Also shown are multivitamin preparations such as Undevit, Aerovit, Decameviit.

Pharmacodynamic vitamin therapy- this is the use of vitamins as medicines for diseases that do not belong to hypo- or beriberi. This is the first difference between pharmacodynamic vitamin therapy and substitution and adaptation therapy. The second significant difference is in dosing. With replacement and adaptive therapy, the dose of vitamins generally corresponds to the daily requirement and exceeds it by no more than 2-3 times, i.e., remains within the physiological norm for the intake of vitamins into the body. In order to obtain a certain pharmacological effect, vitamins are taken in doses that are tens, and sometimes hundreds of times higher than the daily allowance. The pharmacodynamic properties of vitamins are manifested precisely when prescribing high, non-physiological doses.

Finally, the third feature of pharmacological vitamin therapy is the appointment of some kind of vitamin that has the desired pharmacological effect.

Using pharmacological properties vitamin preparations can affect both metabolic processes and executive systems and organs.

It has been established that nicotinic acid has a vasodilating effect, in addition, in doses of 3 g or more per day, it has a hypolipidemic effect (with a daily requirement of 15-20 mg).

Nicotinic acid preparations are used for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral circulatory disorders. Abroad, nicotinic acid in large doses (3 g per day) is used to treat atherosclerosis.

THIAMIN (B 1 )

In medical practice, vitamin B 1 is used in the form of thiamine bromide and thiamine chloride. A coenzyme preparation is used - cocarboxylases and thiamine derivatives - benfotiamine and phosphothiamin. Thiamine introduced into the body in the form of a drug undergoes phosphorylation. As a result, mono-, di-, and triphosphates are formed. Of primary importance is thiamine diphosphate, which is often referred to as cocarboxylase. Benfotiamine and phosphotiamine are also converted in the body to cocarboxylase.

Pharmacodynamics: Cocarboxylase is part of such enzymes as -PVK dehydrogenase and -ketoglutaric acid; - trisketolase.

Due to this, thiamine preparations are involved in various types metabolism:

First of all, thiamine in the form of cocarboxylase is involved in carbohydrate metabolism: it promotes the utilization of glucose and is a synergist of insulin; contributes to the combustion of PVC, in connection with this - lactic acid, ketone bodies; contributes to the elimination of metabolic acidosis.

Transketolase is necessary for the use of glucose in the pentose cycle and the formation of NADPH 2. NADPH 2 is then involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, nucleic acids, acetylcholine proteins and other substances.

Thiamine diphosphate in brain tissue is required for the activity of GABA, acetylcholine and serotonin.

Application.

Thiamine is used in violation of absorption, with an increase in the need for it and for the treatment of certain diseases.

One of the indications is metabolic acidosis, including in diabetes mellitus. It is better to use cocarboxylase, although the appointment of thiamine is acceptable. These drugs eliminate excess PVK, normalize the composition of blood plasma and tissues.

AT complex treatment diabetes mellitus cocarboxylase promotes the utilization of glucose.

Heart failure (usually as an adjunct to cardiac glycosides).

Violation of the heart rhythm (cocarboxylase).

IHD (cocarboxylase).

What underlies the action of thiamine preparations?

Cocarboxylase affects carbohydrate metabolism, improves redox processes and energy production in the myocardium. This leads to the fact that in the cells of the heart muscle, the content of potassium and calcium ions increases. As a result, the force of contraction of the heart increases and its increased excitability decreases. Arrhythmias disappear and, as a result, a cardiotonic effect.

Peripheral neuritis. Thiamine has a neurotropic effect. Its influence on the peripheral nervous system is especially pronounced. It promotes the synthesis of acetylcholine.

Side effect:

The main one is allergic reactions. The most serious is anaphylactic shock. It develops more often with intravenous administration of thiamine. Therefore, thiamine should not be administered parenterally, and even more so intravenously, without special need.

THIAMIN DRUGS

Cocarboxylase. It is a coenzyme formateamine. In terms of pharmacological activity, it differs somewhat from thiamine - it is not used for the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis B1. Less toxic, it can be administered intramuscularly and intravenously.

Pyridoxine (B 6 ). In medicine, pyridoxine hydrochloride and the coenzyme preparation pyridoxal phosphate are used. Features of pharmacokinetics: pyridoxine, introduced in the form of pyridoxine hydrochloride, is converted in the body to pyridoxal phosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate plays an important role in many biochemical reactions:

involved in amino acid metabolism

required for the synthesis of glutamic acid

necessary for the formation of neurotransmitters, GABA, glycerol, serotonin

participates in carbohydrate metabolism

participates in the exchange of vitamin B 12, folic acid, the synthesis of Hb.

All these functions of pyridoxine in the body determine its medical use.

Indications:

Heart failure, myocardial dystrophy. Usually together with cardiac glycosides. Pyridoxal phosphate is more effective. It activates metabolic processes and myocardial contractility. Thus, pyridoxal phosphate has a cardiototic effect.

Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis. Pyridoxine has a hepatotropic effect, it improves liver functions: exocrine, protein-forming, detoxification.

Some hereditary hypochromic anemias.

Epilepsy - in complex treatment. It has been established that in such patients the conversion of glutamic acid to GABA is impaired.

Radiation damage - stimulates leukopoiesis.

Adverse reactions with the use of anticancer drugs.

Skin diseases: psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis.

Toxicosis of the 1st half of pregnancy.

Side effect:

allergic reactions

Increased acidity of the stomach

PYRIDOXINE PRODUCTS

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxal phosphate- the coenzyme form of vitamin B 6 - causes almost the same effects as pyridoxine. The difference lies in a faster and more pronounced effect. Pyridoxal phosphate may be effective in cases where there is resistance to the vitamin itself.

ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C)

Ascorbic acid and the product of its oxidation in the body, dehydroascorbic acid, together form a redox system that plays an important role in tissue respiration. Participates in the synthesis of steroid hormones, in the regulation of blood clotting, provides collagen synthesis.

Participation shown ascorbic acid in the formation of cellular and humoral immunity.

An important property of ascorbic acid is the elimination free radicals and stabilization of biological membranes. This is due to the conversion of ascorbic acid to the monodehydroascorbic acid radical. Therefore, with a lack of ascorbic acid, lipid peroxidation is activated.

Average daily requirement 70-100 mg. The need for ascorbic acid significantly depends on the physiological state of the body and on external conditions: it increases with increased physical and mental work, pregnancy and lactation, etc.

Indications:

The state of hypoxia, metabolic and respiratory acidosis.

Severe infectious diseases

Inflammatory joint diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis, because it stimulates collagen synthesis.

Hypochromic anemia

Side effects: They usually occur when taking high doses. Hypervitaminosis does not occur, since an excess amount is quickly excreted from the body with urine. But with long-term use:

vitamin C in a daily dose of 1-1.5 g. a feeling of fever, headache, insomnia, anxiety, increased blood pressure may occur

at long-term use vitamin C accumulates dehydroascorbic acid, which suppresses the function of pancreatic islets, this leads to hyperglycemia.

Excessive doses of vitamin C have an immunosuppressive effect

Dehydroascorbic acid is converted in the body into oxalic acid, oxalic acid is able to concentrate in the urinary tract and form stones - oxalates

High doses - increase the tendency to thrombosis

High doses during pregnancy lead to miscarriages.

Ascorbic acid, vitamin C (in Latin scorbutus - scurvy) is the elixir of life, which is valued on all continents. Everyone has heard that vitamin C saves from colds, so in winter time everyone massively leans on tangerines, oranges, buys sweet askorbinka in pharmacies and supermarkets. Why is this substance so famous?

The existence of a vitamin that is ready to resist scurvy, scientists guessed in the middle of the nineteenth century. Among sailors and physicians there was an unspoken rule: to dilute the usual diet with citruses and fruits. Due to a sufficient amount of the substance, the body is protected from viral infections The immune system fights viruses and infections on its own.

Several decades later, the researcher Zelva began to study the composition of vitamin C, and soon managed to extract ascorbic acid from freshly squeezed lemon juice. However, in the 1920s, the material and technical base did not allow further progress in studies. After a while, Albert Giorgi and Charles King managed to decipher the chemical formula of the substance, developed an artificial synthesis. Since then, hundreds of scientists have devoted their work to studying the properties of vitamin C. Nowadays, the substance is regularly used in medicine and the beauty industry.

After the discovery of ascorbin, its use in European countries reached record levels. The government recommended that residents use the element three times a day, without understanding what it is useful for. new element. Soon on medical institutions there were complaints about hypervitaminosis of ascorbic acid, the symptoms of which are life-threatening. In Germany and Norway, restrictions were imposed on the production, advertising and sale of vitamin C, which made it possible to even out the situation. People were wary of a substance that was recently considered miracle cure from all diseases.

Restrictions on ascorbic acid still exist. In addition, in 2005, the European Court ordered manufacturers to replace the phrases “cures, prolongs” with “promotes, protects” in the instructions for the drug. Doctors undertake to regulate the dosage of the element in order to avoid unwanted complications.

Despite the presence of contraindications, recommendations, the biological role of vitamin C in the functionality of the body is huge. The diet should be carefully monitored to ensure the intake of a sufficient amount of the substance with food and vitamin preparations.

The chemical formula of ascorbic acid is C6H8O6. The powder is no different from other vitamins: soluble in water, resistant to fat, has a sour taste, but has no smell. If stored improperly, it disintegrates and resembles a powder in its structure.

At what temperature is vitamin C destroyed? destructive process starts at 60 degrees, and breaks into particles at 100 degrees.

Chemists have proven that vitamin molecules are similar in composition to crystalline sugar, but there are still significant differences. AT Food Industry artificially derived vitamin C appeared, which immediately became a popular food supplement under the number E315. The additive does not have the same useful properties same as the original, although much cheaper.

Functions in the body

The main role of ascorbic acid in the human body is the fight against radicals and antioxidant properties. The element is the strongest antioxidant, as it protects internal organs and tissues from possible damage development of oncological diseases.

What is vitamin C for? With its participation in the body, redox processes take place, synthesis is carried out, connective tissues. Vitamin C accelerates the healing of wounds, scars and has a positive effect on the regeneration of the epithelium.

It is important for athletes to regularly take vitamin-mineral complexes containing ascorbic acid, since the substance normalizes energy processes and increases endurance. The synthesis of steroid hormones, the exchange of folic acid, natural metals is not complete without vitamin C. In bodybuilding, the substance is respected for its role in gaining muscle mass, since the level of absorption and processing of protein depends on it.

The value of ascorbic acid for the body cannot be estimated. Vitamin strengthens blood vessels, increases the level of permeability of elements through their walls. The drug is prescribed for allergic reactions, because in problem areas of the body, blood ceases to accumulate in large volumes. In the presence of vitamin C in the body in the right amount, inflammatory processes flow in a relaxed manner.

The main cause of the development of cardiovascular diseases is considered increased amount cholesterol in the body. Ascorbic acid normalizes the process of synthesis and metabolism, so oxidized cholesterol is not deposited on the walls of blood vessels. Prevention of these phenomena will help to avoid atherosclerosis, from which even young people suffer today.

The absorption of calcium and iron thanks to vitamin C improves twice, the blood is provided with an anti-anemic factor, the nervous system and joints absorb calcium better. The benefits of the substance are confirmed by research: an improvement in the absorption of calcium occurred even in older people, when all processes slow down several times.

Oncology is considered the plague of the 21st century, statistics show that the number of cancer patients is growing steadily. Oncologists say that normal level vitamin C in the body is a natural fight against cancer cells. However, if a surplus of ascorbin is formed in the body, cancerous mutating cells become more resistant, even radiation therapy does not take them.

It is possible to slow down the development of a cancerous tumor by injecting a substance directly into malignancy. Scientists are still conducting clinical studies to confirm this theory. In any case, oncology patients are advised to maintain vitamin C at the proper level.

Ascorbic acid frees the liver from the influence of toxins, removes copper, radioactive substances, mercury, lead. For the prevention of the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, ascorbin has become an indispensable tool. By controlling the level of a substance in the body, there is a chance to avoid oncological neoplasms in the colon and bladder.

Acid normalizes the functionality of the nervous system, the body develops resistance to stress, there are forces to resist pathogens. In addition, the work of the adrenal glands is leveled, right amount hormones responsible for dealing with stress. This is not all that ascorbic acid is responsible for.

It is impossible to give an objective assessment of the effect of vitamin C function. In the twenty-first century, science knows far from all the properties that matter is rich in. Do not underestimate the control over the level of ascorbic acid in the body, since its lack causes the development of chronic diseases.

The body, due to its characteristics, does not accumulate ascorbic acid, so its consumption should be carefully monitored. AT daily diet not so often there are products, rich in vitamin C. The amount of the substance should be replenished in a medicinal form. natural vitamin water-soluble and easily heat-treated, which destroys its useful chemical properties. What products contain?

The main sources of the substance:

• rose hip;
• Bell pepper;
• melon;
• black currant;
• tomatoes;
• oranges;
• apples;
• peach;
• persimmon;
• Rowan;
• baked potato;
• cabbage;
• leafy herbs.

Previously, oranges and tangerines were considered the main fruits, which contain the most vitamin. After a while, scientists proved that this is not so, but with rose hips, bell pepper and kiwi in terms of the spaciousness of the substance, nothing compares.

Among animal products, vitamin C is found only in the liver, adrenal glands, and kidneys.

• mint;
• nettle;
• oats;
• parsley;
• plantain;
• raspberry leaves;
• sorrel.

These products are easily digestible, as evidenced by more than one calorie table. People who follow a diet should not worry about the level of the vitamin, since their diet consists of healthy foods, the calorie content of which will not harm the diet.

1. Vegetables and fruits are peeled and cut just before eating.
2. During cooking, vegetables are placed only in boiled water so that the organic vitamin does not dissolve in water during heating.
3. Cooked vegetables should not be left in the broth, because everything is given to the liquid, and the fruits become useless.
4. Fresh vegetable salads are salted and seasoned with sauces only before serving.

The consumption of vitamin C occurs immediately after it enters the body, take care of the uniform consumption of the vitamin throughout the day.

It is desirable to divide the daily dose into three equal portions, thus, the concentration of the substance is constantly maintained in the body. Having learned what contains the most ascorbic acid, try to properly prepare and consume foods with an increased source of the substance.

With a lack of vitamin in the body, it is recommended to replenish the supply with medications. Release form:

• dragee;
• in tablets;
• in ampoules;
• in powder.

The form of application is determined by the attending physician, depending on the nature of the disease. Instructions for use warns of possible side effects at wrong dosage drug.

Ascorbic pills are prescribed for children, because they resemble sweets, not medicine. Effervescent tablets popular with professional athletes. One tablet, diluted in a glass, replenishes vitamin reserves and invigorates before an exhausting workout. The powder is available in sachets.

In ampoules, a solution for injection is made. One ampoule contains 50, 100 mg, which allows you to enter the desired dose of the drug at a time.

An overdose adversely affects the stomach and digestive tract. Pregnant women are at risk, as the metabolism between the mother and fetus is disturbed. As a result, the child develops an allergy, and the mother will earn problems with the gastrointestinal tract.

Daily allowance for a person

Scientists have not come to a consensus regarding the daily requirement of vitamin C for the human body. A common option for an adult average person is 60-80 milligrams of a substance per day.

Infants are allowed to consume up to 40 mg of ascorbic acid, for children at the age of five - 45 mg, at fourteen years the daily rate increases to 50 mg.

The World Health Organization recommends using a different calculation method: 2.5 mg of a substance falls per kilogram of body weight. A man weighing 90 kg per day should receive 225 mg of vitamin C per day. To replenish the level of ascorbic acid for medicinal purposes, doctors increase the recommended dose three times.

1. Pregnant women - 75 mg. If you have a question, can pregnant women take vitamin c? Consult a antenatal clinic so as not to worry about the baby's health. When planning a pregnancy, the level of ascorbin in the body is important for men and women. The daily norm does not exceed 100 mg.
2. Nursing mothers - 90 mg.
3. Smokers - 120 mg.
4. Alcoholics - 120 mg. Alcohol and nicotine accelerate the breakdown of vitamin C, which provokes the formation of a deficiency of the substance in the body.
5. Persons in constant stressful situations.
6. People living in environmentally unfriendly areas: factory emissions, exhaust fumes, untreated drinking water etc. Once harmful substances enter the body, ascorbic acid is used up for their disposal. The need for the vitamin is increasing.
7. Inhabitants of the Far North and southern regions. non-standard weather are considered stress for the body, so residents are advised to take 40% more vitamins than other categories.
8. Women taking oral contraceptives.

Even if you belong to the group of people suffering from vitamin C deficiency, do not consume at the same time loading doses substances. Divide the dose into 3 servings and take them throughout the day.

At what age is the use of ascorbic acid allowed? Vitamins without the presence of pathologies in the baby are introduced into the diet after the end of the period of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding baby gets everything necessary elements with mother's milk.

The lethal dose for humans is 60-90 tablets per short span time. The body does not have time to remove the substance through the urinary canal, an overdose of the vitamin occurs.

Recall that since ancient times, citrus fruits were considered the only salvation from scurvy. 10 mg of ascorbic acid will help prevent the development of the disease, which is equal to two fresh or a bunch of grapes. However, this is not enough to maintain the productive work of the body in a world filled with negative factors: factories, exhaust gases, dirty water, chronic stress.

Hypovitaminosis is manifested by a decrease in the functioning of the immune system, the body's vulnerability to respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Studies have shown that with a deficiency of ascorbin in schoolchildren, the body's ability to resist pathogenic microbes has halved. Acid deficiency leads to the development of serious diseases. Signs of a vitamin C deficiency:

• gum sensitivity;
• loss of teeth;
• decreased visual acuity;
• varicose veins;
• bruising;
• prolonged healing of wounds;
• fatigue;
• hair loss;
• obesity;
• the appearance of senile wrinkles;
• irritability;
• inattention;
• joint pain;
• insomnia;
• depressive state;
• apathy.

With insufficient intake of ascorbic acid, beriberi develops for two to three months.

Before taking vitamins, find out their amount in the body in order to avoid undesirable consequences from an overdose. To determine the level of vitamin C in the body, it is not necessary to take tests, the test is easily carried out at home. Tighten your hand with a tight rubber band so that small spots appear on the surface of the skin. The number of spots indicates the level of vitamin deficiency: the number of spots indicates the complexity of the situation. An excess of vitamin C is indicated by its presence in the urine.

You need to replenish the reserves of vitamin C in the body with the right foods, which have already been mentioned above. Try to minimize the processing of fruits and vegetables with high temperature and water, because useful material dissolve extremely quickly without entering the body.

Ascorbic acid is extremely useful for humans, but in large quantities it can cause irreparable harm. The body functions normally only when it receives required amount vitamins and minerals not higher allowable rate. Excess and deficiency become impetuses to undesirable processes that affect the general state of health.

Consequences of an excess of ascorbic acid:

1. Diarrhea.
2. Destruction of blood cells.
3. Simultaneous intake of vitamin C and aspirin leads to irritation of the gastric mucosa, an ulcer. Aspirin causes increased consumption of ascorbic acid, which is excreted in the urine through the kidneys. Such a loss is the first sign of a serious vitamin deficiency.
4. A shock dose of vitamin C interferes with the absorption of vitamin B12, which is used as food supplement. B12 deficiency has an extremely negative effect on the body, so its level should be regularly monitored by a doctor.
5. Candy and chewing gums with a high content of vitamin C damage tooth enamel Therefore, after using them, be sure to brush your teeth and rinse your mouth.
6. Excessive doses of ascorbic acid slow down the work of the pancreas, which is dangerous for patients with diabetes and people with anemia, thrombophlebitis, thrombosis. Vitamin C affects the formation separate group hormones that put pressure on the functioning of the kidneys and arteries.

Ascorbic acid is freely available in stores, pharmacies, so you can buy it without a doctor's prescription.

An excess of vitamin C has negative consequences that are as serious as a deficiency.

The beneficial properties of ascorbic acid have become the reason for its popularity in medicine. Vitamin C preparations are prescribed for a wide range diseases:

• scurvy;
• avitaminosis;
• hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• helminthiasis;
• ulcer;
• fracture;
• bleeding;
• diathesis;
• infectious diseases;
• dystrophy.

Doctors, having studied the patient's history, the dosage is increased to 1.5 g per day. Intramuscular preparations are administered in case of acute vitamin deficiency, in other cases the diet is regulated, dragees are prescribed.

The famous doctor Linus Pauling became an ardent supporter of the use of vitamin C for medicinal purposes. The scientist advocated the use of the substance in the treatment of serious diseases and minor ailments, but this theory was not confirmed by the studies of physiologists. In some patients, after increasing the daily norm, serious problems caused by hypervitaminosis.

During pregnancy are carried out additional examinations and tests, since a woman and a child can suffer. For pregnant women, it is not in vain that there are restrictions on the use of vitamin C, since in the early stages its excess provokes a miscarriage.

Ascorbic acid is prescribed for delayed menstruation and irregular cycles. Vitamin C is involved in the production of estrogen - the main component in the structure of the inner layer of the uterus. With a sufficient amount of female hormone, the uterus shrinks, provoking menstruation. Thus, the substance causes menstruation and improves women's health.

Application in cosmetology

Ascorbic acid, like, is part of anti-aging cosmetics for women. Vitamin C-based products prevent the effects of free radicals on the skin of the face, so it is used in the manufacture of anti-aging creams.

The presence of a vitamin in the list of components of cosmetics does not guarantee quality, since the amount of the element used is not always enough to obtain the effect. Optimal dose in cosmetology ranges from 0.3% to 10%. Professional products on the labels contain information about the amount of active substance and the percentage of components.

Due to the sensitivity of the vitamin to light and air, cosmetics based on it are produced in hermetic, tinted packaging with a dispenser.

Cosmetics for the face based on vitamin C perform the following functions:

• protect the skin from exposure to infrared rays;
• synthesize collagen;
• restore collagen fibers;
• slow down the aging process;
• increase skin tone;
• prevent the appearance of age spots;
• relieve inflammation;
• refresh and improve complexion;
• strengthen the vascular walls.

In winter, cosmetics are not enough to replenish vitamin C, it is necessary to take vitamin and mineral complexes for the skin.

Ascorbic acid is useful for hair, it gives hair shine and silkiness. liquid vitamin from the ampoule is added to an ordinary shampoo or balm for washing hair. Nutrition along the entire length is carried out during each wash.

Myths about vitamin C

Since the properties of ascorbic acid have become known to mankind, the vitamin has been accompanied by myths and rumors. About the miraculous properties of the substance are legends that are far from the real state of affairs. We offer you to get acquainted with popular and common fictions regarding vitamin C.

1. Ascorbic acid protects against ODS. Everyone has heard that at the first sign of illness, you should immediately take vitamin C. Doctors attributed "ascorbic acid" to adults and children, assuring that they would soon forget about a runny nose and cough. It is not true. A vitamin will help with a cold only if it is taken as prophylactic before the onset of the disease. Otherwise, people who take vitamin C get one day less sick than the average person.
2. Does not protect the body from toxins. results clinical research amazed the experienced scientists. Smokers cause irreparable harm to the health of their family members, turning them into passive smokers. If they regularly take ascorbic acid, then the consequences of smoking are much less.
3. Vitamin C does not affect oncological neoplasms. Opinions of scientists regarding the effect of ascorbic acid in the fight against cancerous tumors differ from each other. A couple of years ago, Marky Levine, an employee of the National Institutes of Health, proved that ascorbate helps in the fight against cancer - it destroys cancer cells. With the injection of vitamin C into the body of the tumor, the survival rate of cancer cells decreased by half. positive impact the drug in cancer will have to be proved by the results of clinical products, because each organism has exceptional features.
4. With the help of ascorbic acid, you can lose weight. Indeed, vitamin C improves the functioning of the body, it is possible to lose a few kilograms, but no more. To lose weight, you need not just take any pills, it is important to create a calorie deficit. Correct balanced diet, physical activity, sleep - the key to a healthy body. To understand how many calories are consumed and consumed daily, you should keep a diary and write down each meal (weight, calorie content) in it.

Excessive consumption, like the lack of an element, leads to negative consequences. You should not independently prescribe dosages for yourself without first being examined by a specialized doctor.