Contact with infection. Communication between vaccinated and unvaccinated: is the child contagious after vaccination with measles, rubella, mumps and DTP

Roseola disease, or another name - sudden exanthema, raises many questions from young parents and even pediatricians. This childhood illness can have symptoms that are perceived as measles, rubella, or chicken pox. What is roseola and how contagious is a child? In the course of research, it became known that the cause of roseola in children under the age of two years is the herpes virus of the sixth type. Because of this, the disease is sometimes called pseudo-rubella and the infectivity of roseola has not been established to this day.

Presumably the infection of the baby occurs in the age range from 6 to 12 months. by airborne droplets. The period from the entry of a viral agent into the body, before the appearance varies from 5 days to two weeks.

In most cases, roseola in children appears on the 7th day after infection. It is worth noting that babies under the age of 3 months do not get sick with this viral disease. This is justified by the fact that newborns receive antibodies with mother's milk.

In this article you will learn:

Is baby roseola contagious?

Roseola goes by many names and is common among young children. This type of disease is considered unique, since it is inherent only in children. To the question of whether roseola is contagious or not, there is no exact answer yet. It is presumed that the infection is caused by the herpes virus of the sixth type and can be transmitted to family members. Characteristic features infection in adults is chronic fatigue syndrome.

At the first contact of the child with the focus of infection, there is a sharp rise in body temperature to 39.5 and above.

Saved similar condition for several days without others visible changes. A day after the temperature drops, a measles-like rash appears on the baby's body, which persists on the body from 4 to 7 days.

There are several types of herpes viruses, each of which, upon first contact with it, causes changes.

The main ones are:

• Labial herpes - belonging to the family of herpes of the first type;
• Genital herpes - belonging to the second type;
• Chickenpox is a herpes virus of the third type;
• Herpes virus type 4 - causes Epstein-Barr disease;
• Cytomegalovirus - belonging to the fifth type;
• Herpes viruses 6,7 and 8 types are poorly understood.

Infections with herpes viruses of any type may not manifest characteristic symptoms and stay in the body for a long time.

In the event of a decrease in the immune forces of the body, diseases arise that can cause severe complications and even death. Infection with herpesvirus type six occurs in the standard way, as does infection with other species of this family.

Ways of infection are:

• Airborne;
• At direct contact a child with an infection
• Oral;
• Transplacental (from mother to fetus);
• Through personal hygiene items.

All you need to know about the herpesvirus family is the ability to penetrate into children's body, fit into the structure nerve cells and stay there for life in an inactive state. Under the influence various factors viruses are activated and strike at the human immune system.

Expert opinion

Experts believe that roseola is contagious and can be transmitted from one child to another. The contagious period lasts from the moment the child was infected and about two more days after the return of body temperature to normal.

Infected patients are carriers of the virus, they excrete pathogenic microorganisms in environment along with biological fluids.

Airborne infection is not uncommon. The herpes virus type six has the ability to damage mononuclear cells, causing a response defensive forces organism. As a result of this exposure, a characteristic rash appears on the skin of the child. In order to confirm the diagnosis of roseola rosea, it is necessary clinical trial blood tests to determine antibodies to the virus. Roseola rosea is considered one of the most contagious in childhood, since the susceptibility of children is almost 100%.

Sudden exanthema in childhood has very recognizable signs. But it becomes possible to determine them only at the second stage of the manifestation of clinical signs.

In medical circles, two classical periods of development of exanthema in children are distinguished:

fever stage- occurs suddenly with a sharp rise in body temperature to high levels. This period lasts from 1 to 3 days. In rare cases, the fever may last up to 5 days. After passing this stage, temperature indicators return to normal, and no other symptoms are observed.

Possibly manifestation:

• Increased drowsiness;
• Tearfulness;
• Irritability;
• Lack of appetite.

In rare cases, a change and increase in size is possible lymph nodes under lower jaw. The period of appearance of a rash on the skin - comes from the moment the body temperature drops after 5 hours or one day. On the this stage there are characteristic rashes in the form of a rash all over the skin. A red rash can stay on the body from 2 to 5 days, after which it disappears on its own without a trace. After the rash disappears, the child is considered completely healthy.

Initially localized in the chest, face and abdomen. After a few hours, the rash begins to spread to other areas. Elements of the rash on a detailed examination are small spots and bubbles with a pinkish and reddish tint, and their contours are blurred.

When pressing on the rash, it turns pale. She doesn't cause discomfort little patient - no itching, no burning, no pain. There are no other types of skin lesions in the form of skin hyperemia, edema and peeling.

In some cases, to make a diagnosis, specialists prescribe laboratory research blood. In analyzes with exanthema, the number of leukocytes and eosinophils decreases, while the number of lymphocyte cells increases. After little patient got sick sudden exanthema, specific antibodies are formed in his body for life.

When to See a Doctor

With development, as a rule, there is no need to see a doctor. The disease resolves on its own and is tolerated healthy body easily.

During the course of the exanthema, treatment involves simple recommendations, including:

At high rates temperatures above 39, pediatricians recommend giving antipyretics medications based on paracetamol and ibuprofen. But it also happens that complications arise during the exanthema. Perhaps the appearance of febrile convulsive phenomena against the background of strong temperature rises.

This is expressed in a sharp blanching skin in a child, increased respiratory rate, involuntary shudders limbs.

Sometimes the child may stretch out, not breathe, or breathe too quickly and shallowly. During this period, involuntary bowel movements may occur or Bladder. This period lasts from 1 to 5 minutes.

Febrile convulsions in children under 2 years of age against the background of fever are quite common due to the underdevelopment of the nervous system. With a strong and prolonged fever, you need to seek help from a specialist. There are many different, more dangerous ailments that can cause fever.

Seek medical attention or call an ambulance if:

Usually, babies endure the disease very easily, but some medical sources indicate that once up to 17% of babies with herpes of the sixth type were placed in a hospital for treatment. They suspected blood poisoning.

In addition, this type of herpesvirus can cause complications in the central nervous system, in addition to convulsions, there may be a bulging of a large fontanel or meningoencephalitis. This kind of complications are rare and occur in children from one to one and a half years. Roseola was first described in 1870. Name pathological change was selected taking into account seasonality - autumn and summer. Later, a pediatrician from the United States of America took up the study of exanthema in 1910.

In 1940, the scientist Breeze conducted research that made it possible to give more detailed description disease, as well as laboratory and clinical picture. This pediatrician suggested that the main patients are children in age group from 6 months to 3 years. Nevertheless, there are exceptions in the practice of pediatrics, and children under 7 years of age get sick with pseudorubella.

Conjunctivitis - inflammatory disease mucous membrane of the eye.

It often occurs in children of any age, even in newborns. This disease has a variety of symptoms depending on the causes that cause inflammation.

Most forms of conjunctivitis can be contagious, but there are some that are not passed on to others. This is due to the cause that causes the disease.

Pus has a color yellow color, sometimes even green, and a thick consistency. Inflammation begins with one eye, then, after 2-3 days, infection of the second occurs. In the morning, it is difficult for a child to open his eyes because of the formed crusts.

Types of conjunctivitis and characteristic symptoms

The disease occurs as a result of direct contact of the mucosa with an object inhabited by microbes. Children often rub their eyes with dirty hands pathogenic bacteria: staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumococci. They are the causative agents of this disease.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is not transmitted by airborne droplets, so it spreads slowly in groups.

And yet, sick children pose a danger to others, since infection occurs through close contact. The main ways of infection with bacterial conjunctivitis are:

• close contacts, such as sleeping in the same bed;
• when kissing;
• with a handshake, hugs;
• use of common household items (towels, combs, toys).

The hidden period can go up to 7 days. Already during this period, the child is able to infect others. Children are especially vulnerable to infection preschool institutions since they share toys.

passing through birth canal mother. If a mother has an untreated gonorrhea or chlamydial infection in the vagina, then the baby picks up these microorganisms. The eyes are the first to suffer. For newborns it is very dangerous disease as it can lead to vision loss.

Viral conjunctivitis

The most contagious conjunctivitis is viral. The incubation period lasts from 1 to 10 days.

It all depends on the immunity of the child.

The process also starts with one eye, then captures the other.

Viral conjunctivitis can be independent disease or occurs against the background of acute respiratory viral infection, herpes, measles.

The main difference from bacterial is the nature of lacrimation. With this disease, there is no pus. The inflammatory exudate is transparent view. The nature of the disease is acute, the symptoms are rapidly increasing.

If pus appears, consult a doctor immediately. Pus says that she joined bacterial infection. In this case, the tactics of treatment change.

Infection occurs by airborne droplets. The virus can be caught by standing next to a sick child in a limited area: in kindergarten or in public transport. A sick person has the ability to infect others for incubation period and all sickness. Therefore, it is important to protect the patient at the first signs of the disease.

allergic conjunctivitis

It is a special form of the disease. Occurs in 25% of children total number all forms of conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by certain allergens. Can be developed with allergic rhinitis or atopic dermatitis, as well as on the background of bronchial asthma.

Allergens surround the child everywhere, the most common:

• dust;
• food allergens;
• medical preparations;
• perfumery and cosmetic products;
• animal hair;
• pollen.

The course of allergic conjunctivitis is similar to viral, so it is difficult for parents to determine the type of disease.

There is also profuse lacrimation, itching, photophobia, but swelling of the eyelids and redness eyeball may be more pronounced. The disease wears chronic, with periods of recovery and exacerbation.

Due to the absence of bacterial or viral flora this species conjunctivitis is not contagious to others. There may be cases of infection against the background of a weakened immune system, then the child instantly becomes a source of infection.

15-20% of all suffer from allergic conjunctivitis.

Allergic conjunctivitis can be caused special kind mites that attach to the base of the eyelashes. This disease is called demodicosis. According to the World Health Organization, only 4-6% of the population does not have this tick. When ticks multiply actively, and the immune system weakens, there is allergic conjunctivitis with all its symptoms.

It is believed that children receive a tick from their mother during the period. Ticks can't exist for a long time outside the human body. Therefore, a tick can only be infected through close contact, such as hugs and kisses. It turns out that conjunctivitis itself does not pose a danger to infection, and it is possible to get a tick as a “gift”.

Fungal conjunctivitis

The mucous membrane of the eyes is affected by pathogenic fungi, of which there are about 50 species.

Some of them are constantly present on the human body, and with a decrease in immunity, they begin to actively multiply, leading to the disease.

The most common mushrooms genus Candida. The fungus is found everywhere: in water (pools, reservoirs), in soil (sandbox), on sick people and animals.

The course of the disease is sluggish, mainly one eye is affected. The exudate may be yellow, clear or whitish, depending on the type of fungus. General symptoms the same as in other forms: redness of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, lacrimation.

Fungal conjunctivitis can only be contracted through direct contact, most often through dirty hands or household items (such as a towel).

Conclusion

Knowing the causes of conjunctivitis and how it is transmitted, parents can protect their child and themselves from a painful disease using minimal measures. Adults should teach the child to wash their hands often, strengthen his immunity with all possible ways. caregivers should ensure that the baby uses a personal towel. Try to protect the child at the first signs of conjunctivitis so that the disease does not spread.

Editor

Anna Sandalova

Pulmonologist

Is pneumonia contagious to surrounding children and how is it transmitted from one child to another? The question of the contagiousness of the disease lies on the surface and is analyzed in our article. You will also learn about the ways of transmission and the opinion of Dr. Komarovsky.

From pneumonia, you can be vaccinated, that is, introduce weakened pneumococcus bacteria into the human body to strengthen immunity to the “infection”. Once there is a pathogen, the disease can be transmitted from child to child.

But is pneumonia itself transmitted or is it possible to get infected only by provoking diseases?

Is pneumonia contagious to surrounding children?

Before dealing with and how contagious it is, you first need to understand how sick is he. The most significant for determining the question of the infectiousness of pneumonia is the division of pneumonia, depending on the conditions of its occurrence, into:

Nosocomial pneumonia is very insidious. By number deaths it is far superior to out-of-hospital care.

It usually occurs suddenly. The kid, along with his mother, was admitted to the hospital with a simple acute respiratory viral infection or with another disease. After 2-3 days, symptoms characteristic of pneumonia developed.

The infection that causes this disease multiplies rapidly and spreads from another sick child through the ward with insufficient sanitization premises. At the same time, such flora acquires resistance to antibacterial agents.

In addition, nosocomial pneumonia can be contracted:

• in intensive care (the body is too weak);
• when using a tube for artificial ventilation lungs;
• if the child is sick with bronchitis (in this case, the risk is especially high).

Important! Nosocomial pneumonia difficult to treat, as "local" viruses and bacteria that multiply in medical institution especially resistant to antibiotics.

Out-of-hospital pneumonia is less dangerous and the chance of infection is much lower. As a rule, such inflammation of the lungs becomes a complication:

• flu;
• rhinovirus;
• bronchitis.

Is it possible to “pick up” from a sick child?

Infection occurs through contact with other sick children. That's why you can't send your child to daycare if too many classmates get sick but continue to attend preschool.

For example, if two children living in the same room get pneumonia at the same time, then the parents:

• do not ventilate the room;
• do not do regular wet cleaning;
• neglect the advice of doctors;
• leave the course of antibiotic treatment unfinished.

The result - both "catch" pneumonia and fall into dangerous situation. At the same time, Komarovsky does not exclude the possibility of infection, but considers it very unlikely.

How is it transmitted according to Komarovsky?

A well-known doctor who has been studying children's lung diseases for a long time, including pneumonia, does not exclude the possibility of contracting pneumonia from other children, but the mass character of this phenomenon is highly doubtful. So, pneumonia in children, is it contagious to surrounding children, according to Komarovsky, and how is it transmitted?

He believes that the disease is transmitted in rare cases, and its development in several children at once, constantly in contact with each other, is associated not with the "exchange" of bacteria, but with external factors.

With inflammation of the lungs, mucus accumulates in the bronchi, which, if not properly treated, dries and hardens. Hence arise inflammatory processes causing the spread of infection and preventing respiratory function. This happens due to the neglect of bronchitis, SARS or influenza. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner at the first sign of a cold or bronchitis.

For details on the topic “pneumonia in a child, how it is transmitted”, see the video with the participation of Komarovsky:

Important! Not all pulmonologists recognize the concept of Evgeny Komarovsky, whose methods of treatment and diagnosis are somewhat different from the generally accepted ones. If you doubt their reliability, then consult your doctor.

How to avoid pneumonia?

The child is very vulnerable to viral diseases- His immune system is poorly developed. In addition, babies are often exposed to factors that contribute to the development of pneumonia:

• frequent hypothermia;
• low level of hygiene.

This makes children the most common risk group. To protect children from dangerous disease should be vaccinated first. Please note that for each age the drug is different:

• at the age of up to a year, Prevenar is vaccinated;
• from one to two years - "Act-HIB";
• older than two years, vaccinate "Pneumo-23".

In addition to vaccinations it is important to take preventive measures, which will protect the baby from pathogens and prevent the development of pneumonia:

Hardening is also recommended. For this, a short duration is well suited. cold and hot shower. But you have to be careful- if you “overdo it” and catch a baby, then the risk of a cold, and, therefore, pneumonia increases significantly. Therefore, before starting hardening your child, a pediatrician is required.

Note! If the child washes their hands for less than 20 seconds, then special effect such a procedure will not work. To avoid this problem, you need to control the baby's visit to the bathroom.

How long do you remain contagious after an illness?

We have already established that it is practically impossible to contract pneumonia directly, but it is more than realistic to “pick up” the causative agent of a previous disease, such as influenza or rhinovirus. It's important to know, for how long it is worth restricting a sick child from communicating with peers in order to prevent the spread of infection.

The baby becomes "dangerous" for others 1-3 days before the onset of the disease. It is extremely difficult to avoid infection, since the disease is not yet known, but the infection has already begun to spread. Therefore, at the first sign of a cold, it is urgent to isolate the baby. This is necessary both for the safety of other children, and for protecting the sick person from new pathogens.

The main "contagious period" includes the time of the disease itself and a few days after discharge. Doctors recommend less contact with other children for two weeks from the date of the amendment, but sometimes the danger to others can persist for up to 50 days. It's about about such “malicious things” as:

• flu;
• parapertussis;
• respiratory syncytial virus.

If one of the child's friends has recently been ill, you need to work on his immunity for some time. They will come to the rescue vitamin complexes, vegetables and fruits.

So, contagious or not pneumonia in children, you just learned from our article. As you understand, the danger is represented by bacteria that cause colds causing bronchitis and pneumonia. Do not start SARS, go to the pediatrician and get treated. This will keep the baby safe severe consequences, and you - from unnecessary worries!

Children, because of the still unformed immunity, are prone to various infectious and viral diseases. Often, babies become infected with measles, mumps, rubella. These pathologies are not fatal, but they entail a number of negative consequences.

Vaccination is used to reduce the incidence of disease. For some individuals, immunization is contraindicated due to intolerance to the drug. People whose families have such a person are interested in whether the child is contagious after.

All vaccines are divided into live and inactivated. The former contain a weakened virus, the latter contain a killed or fragments of the pathogen, its toxins. After the introduction of a live vaccination, the child becomes a carrier of the pathogen.

But the number of isolated bacilli is very small. That's why healthy person the immunized cannot infect. But for weakened individuals, such a possibility exists. After prevention inactivated vaccine the child does not become a carrier of the virus. Therefore, he cannot infect anyone.

• YHV. This is a domestic attenuated;
• . Russian;
• . This is a French remedy that stimulates the production of antibodies to measles;
• . The Moscow organization of bacterial preparations is engaged in its release;
• Pavivak. Czech drug for mumps, which contains a weakened mumps virus;
• Ervevax. This is the Belgian vaccine for
• . containing attenuated strains of measles, mumps and rubella viruses;
• . This is a drug of the Belgian pharmaceutical organization. It is used to prevent infection with mumps, measles and rubella.

The likelihood of infection increases if the MMR vaccine was given to a weakened child or was not followed certain rules behavior. In such cases, the baby's immunity may not be able to cope with the introduced virus and will begin real disease. Then the vaccinated will secrete bacilli into in large numbers and pose a threat to others.

When using vaccines with live attenuated viruses, a child recently immunized with MMR can theoretically infect others. But in practice, such cases have not yet been registered.

Is there a risk of infection for pregnant women?

During this period, her immune system weakens. Therefore, pregnant women need to take care of themselves.

In unvaccinated rubella or mumps from a recently vaccinated person. It should be noted that the virus can also infect the fetus. Rubella is especially dangerous for pregnant women.

This disease often causes the fetus congenital pathologies various organs and systems.

If, after contact with the vaccinated, the expectant mother has signs of measles, mumps or rubella, then you should immediately consult a doctor.

Is it possible to get infected from a child vaccinated with DTP?

It is a drug that, and. The composition of such a tool does not include live viruses, but their toxins.

DTP vaccine

These substances are subjected to certain processing and become harmless to humans. Since DPT is an inactivated vaccine, there is zero chance of infection from an immunized child.

Precautions and rules of conduct after vaccination

Children's doctor Komarovsky notes that the likelihood of infection from a person vaccinated with a live preparation is minimal. In order for a vaccinated child not to get measles, mumps or rubella infection, and not to cause the development of these pathologies in others, he should take precautions. People with weakened immune systems are also advised to know the features of prevention.

Vaccinated babies after vaccination are shown:

• do not walk for some time on the street in crowded places;
• until the puncture is delayed and the body temperature returns to normal;
• do not undergo treatment with work-suppressing drugs immune system(antibiotics, immunosuppressants).

• limit contact with the immunized;
• get vaccinated against viral pathologies;
• start taking vitamins, immunostimulating drugs.

Related videos

About the MMR vaccination in the video:

So the child after MMR vaccinations some time releases bacilli into the environment and can be contagious for weakened individuals. To prevent the development of viral pathologies, an immunized person and people who are in contact with him must adhere to a number of medical recommendations.

Usually, the more time has passed since the onset of the disease, the less "contagious" the child is.

The period when a person begins to infect others may begin with or with the main symptoms of the disease. A child may still be ill, but no longer infectious, or he may recover himself, but continue with others.

The beginning of the incubation period, when the microbe has already entered the baby's body, but the disease has not yet developed, can be considered the moment of contact with an already infected person. The incubation period ends with the appearance of the first symptoms (complaints).

During the incubation period, you can take tests and find out if microbes have entered the body or not. Of the diseases listed in the table, during the incubation period in humans, microbes can be detected that cause whooping cough, diphtheria, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, dysentery, and salmonellosis. KINE (other intestinal infections"unclear etiology").

Magazine "Nyanya", N 9, 1998