Staphylococci do not cause in humans. Symptoms and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in a child and an adult. Staphylococcal infection of the skin

Instruction

Golden is a permanent resident human body. But as soon as its defenses weaken, the infection is threatening. At the same time, protective forces are understood as a normal metabolism, balanced hormonal background, immune system integrity, healthy functioning internal organs, skin and mucous membranes.

In occurrence the main role belongs to a weakened immune system. In normal immunity, it works in such a way that the penetration and reproduction of microbes is practically impossible. Staphylococcus aureus also easily occurs with impaired metabolism associated with hormonal imbalance and lack of vitamins and minerals. Therefore golden staphylococcus is primarily to normalize these processes.

Get rid of staph infection you can follow the advice of your doctor. Its consequences can be very unfavorable, so self-medication is not recommended. The doctor will select the necessary antibiotic drugs and will monitor the patient's condition. Staphylococcus aureus is quite resistant to various antibiotics besides, he easily adapts to them. Therefore, only a specialist should prescribe a treatment regimen and monitor it.

When purulent forms staphylococcal infection that does not respond to treatment medications or in case big risk complications, resort to surgical intervention. Usually carried out at the opening of abscesses and boils resulting from golden staphylococcus.

In the treatment of staphylococcal infections, immunostimulating drugs are used. They are becoming more and more popular because given treatment directed directly at the cause of the disease - a decrease in immunity. In addition, the use of immunostimulating drugs is safe in the absence of antibiotics.

note

In order to determine your disease, you must contact a special hygiene center. Features of the disease. Staphylococcus aureus will never appear in a healthy person. It can only appear in a person with a weakened immune system. Before starting treatment, it is necessary to find out in which place immunity is weakened and the reasons for its weakening.

Useful advice

Staphylococcus aureus in newborns has a variety of clinical manifestations: from purulent lesion skin before damage to internal organs, bone marrow, nervous system. How to cure staphylococcus aureus folk remedies. Staphylococcus aureus can be found on the skin, in the intestines, in feces, mucous membranes of the throat and nose, and in mother's milk. In this case, the child can feel great.

Sources:

how to remove staphylococcus aureus

The onset of sore throat is usually acute, with fever and chills, itching and dryness are felt in the throat, gradually increasing pain. Cervical and submandibular The lymph nodes enlarge and become painful. You can treat purulent tonsillitis at home.

You will need

- alkaline drinks(milk with soda, mineral water etc.);
- chamomile, sage, eucalyptus leaves;
- soda, iodine;
- Lugol's solution;
- hydrogen peroxide;
- propolis.

Instruction

Provide bed rest- this need is due possible complications diseases that can be quite severe (rheumatism, myocarditis, otitis media, laryngeal edema, etc.).

Abundant warm drink- alkaline drinks (milk with, mineral water, etc.), fruit juices, herbal decoctions and teas. Increased fluid intake helps the body get rid of pathogens and decay products resulting from their activities.

If formed purulent abscess, then surgical intervention is indicated.

Go through the procedure of hardware cleansing of the tonsils - in the hospital, the lacunae will be washed large quantity antiseptic liquid, which will remove purulent plugs from the tissue of the tonsils. After normalizing the temperature, it is necessary to undergo a course of physiotherapy procedures for the speedy restoration of tissues.

Use folk remedies to treat purulent sore throats- prepare infusions and solutions for rinsing. Mix chamomile, sage and eucalyptus leaves in equal amounts, chop dry herb thoroughly and boil in a glass of water for seven minutes. Gargle with a decoction of the throat as often as possible - up to 10 times a day.

Alternate herbal rinses with gargling with a solution of soda with the addition of iodine (7 drops per 150 ml of water). Such rinsing follows for three days. After this period, if the pus still remains, then lubricate the tonsils with Lugol's solution (wrap a little cotton on the pencil and treat the throat).

Gargle with hydrogen peroxide diluted with water (15 ml per 50 ml of warm water) - 5 times a day. At night, put a piece of propolis the size of a match head under the tongue - do this for two weeks, even when the tonsils are already cleared.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause serious illnesses occurring in the body chronically. The infection is extremely resistant to ongoing therapy, so only an experienced doctor can select the necessary pharmaceutical preparations based on the results of the study.

Instruction

Saprophytic, epidermal and - the main representatives of this family. As a rule, saprophytic settles on the skin and mucous membranes. Its favorite habitat is the urethra. Chronic cystitis often occur against the background of a staphylococcal infection and therefore are difficult to classical treatment.

At the same time, the work of the immune system is corrected. The doctor prescribes immunomodulators or immunostimulants that help activate the body's immune response and cope with any kind in the shortest possible time.

After the treatment, repeated ones are prescribed. If staphylococcus is not detected within three crops, the patient is considered healthy. It is recommended to continue immunotherapy for a long time, since it is quite difficult to completely get rid of staphylococcus without strengthening immunity.

note

Do not forget, staphylococcus is an insidious infection, which can be cured only under supervision. an experienced doctor. Taking large doses of antibiotics is often not justified and does not give appropriate results. At the same time, immunity becomes weaker and there is vicious circle from which it is more and more difficult to escape.

An abscess is a formation that occurs as a result of the accumulation a large number pus in human organs or tissues. Abscesses can occur in any part of the human body, but most often they appear on the skin and can be self-diagnosed by the patient.

The appearance of abscesses

Purulent inflammations appear as a result of contact with pathogenic microbes of pyogenic origin on the skin or mucous membrane of a person. The main symptoms of an abscess are inflammation with the appearance of pus, as well as an increase in the body, dysfunction of the organ, weakness and appetite disorders. Inflammation occurs at the site of the abscess.

Antibiotic treatment

One of the drugs that are active against microbes that cause abscesses are. They destroy pathogens, as a result of which the pus ends and the already affected area heals. Often used to treat abscesses antibacterial groups penicillins, which, as a rule, after a few days, remove redness and improve general state body to cure the infection. However, the use of antibiotics should be consulted with the attending physician to diagnose inflammation and obtain information about alternative ways treatment of abscesses, since in some cases this group of drugs is not appropriate.

In some cases, doctors prescribe physiotherapy, which allows you to remove redness and have an effect on pathogens. For skin lesions, the patient may be dressed with alcohol. In the treatment of small lesions, pus is suctioned, as well as topical application or administration of an antibiotic solution.

To get rid of pus, an opening of the affected area is performed. The operation to extract pus is performed in the clinic in the absence of contraindications for the patient. In some cases, the surgeon may refer the patient to a hospital. If it is not possible to go to the hospital, an anti-inflammatory agent (for example, Aspirin) should be applied, and then ice should be applied to the affected area. Self-opening of abscesses can cause pus to enter the bloodstream, which can lead to infection or even sepsis.

Among the folk methods of treating abscesses, one can note the manufacture of special compresses and lotions. An effective remedy getting rid of abscesses are lotions from grated carrots or freshly squeezed juice. Compresses from crushed sorrel help well. You can also lubricate the abscess with St. John's wort oil. Aloe leaves can be used to speed up the process of skin regeneration after damage by an abscess. To do this, it is necessary to rinse the plant with boiled water, and then crush it and apply it to the injury site, bandaging it with a sterile bandage.

Antimicrobials that eradicate staphylococci

Inhibitor-protected and anti-staphylococcal penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the main drugs used in the treatment of staph infection.

The difficulty lies in the fact that there is methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which causes severe and difficult to treat diseases, such as sepsis and staphylococcal pneumonia. Microbiologists call it multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The medical community is sounding the alarm, because every year the number of resistant strains increases by an average of 10%. This data was obtained during scientific research held in the United States of America. When methicillin-resistant staphylococcus enters the body, the likelihood of lethal outcome increases sharply. However, even modern drugs latest generation do not guarantee complete eradication of pathogenic bacteria.

Clarithromycin ®

Azithromycin ®

it antibacterial drug a wide range actions related to azalides. Azithromycin ® is actively used in the treatment of otolaryngological diseases. It inhibits protein synthesis, blocks the growth and reproduction of pathogens.

It is used to treat pyoderma, bronchitis, otitis media, sinusitis, etc.

It is allowed to take during pregnancy, but only under the supervision of a doctor. Treatment of staphylococcus with Azithromycin ® during breastfeeding is unacceptable.

Vancomycin ®

Tricyclic antibiotic from the group of glycopeptides. Refers to reserve preparations for carrying out antimicrobial therapy against Staphylococcus aureus and other multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Vancomycin ® is aggressive against many resistant strains, and its bactericidal effect is due to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of the cell wall of the pathogenic microorganism. It is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy. On the later dates taken only in the absence of alternative treatments.

Amoxicillin ®

This is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum drug related to penicillins. The acid that is part of it is obtained from mold cultures. Data organic compounds is highly active against staphylococcus (with the exception of penicillinase-producing strains).

Amoxicillin ® is often prescribed as a prophylaxis. Its use avoids postoperative complications. The bioavailability index medicinal substance higher than most analogues. The antibiotic crosses the placental barrier, excreted in small amounts in breast milk.

Not recommended for patients with infectious mononucleosis; during the period of recurrence of chronic carriage of Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus infections; in the presence of renal and hepatic insufficiency; in patients with beta-lactam intolerance. The drug is incompatible with alcohol.

Lincomycin ®

is an antibiotic for the treatment of staphylococcus of the third generation of fluoroquinolones. It is indicated for staphylococcal pneumonia, tuberculosis, sinusitis and pyelonephritis.

Like all fluoroquinolone preparations, it is quite toxic.

Not applicable to the treatment of patients:

under 18 years of age;
pregnant and breastfeeding women;
With hemolytic anemia, epilepsy, diseases of the joints and ligamentous apparatus.

It is prescribed with caution to elderly patients, due to age-related decline in kidney function.

Roxithromycin ®

Alternative Treatments

Bacterial lysates contribute to the active production of antibodies against staphylococcus aureus. They are safe, non-addictive and have no side effects.
Staphylococcal toxoid forms anti-staphylococcal immunity, forcing the body to fight not only against bacteria, but also against its toxin. Anatoxin is injected for 10 days.
Vaccination against staphylococcus aureus is permissible from the age of six months. Staphylococcal toxoid is a neutralized and purified staphylococcus toxin. When administered, it promotes the formation of specific antibodies to exotoxins produced by staphylococcus aureus. Applicable for children older than one year. Vaccination is used routinely for agricultural and industrial workers, surgical patients, and donors. The frequency of administration and the intervals between them depend on the purpose of vaccination.
Galavit ® is an immunomodulatory drug with anti-inflammatory action, which has proven itself in the eradication of resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus. It has a complex effect, increasing protective functions body and destroy pathogens. It is produced in the form of a powder, in order to prepare a solution for intramuscular injections(used in patients over 18 years of age), in tablet form and in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. Galavit ® is approved for use from 6 years of age. Not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
Chlorophyllipt ® is an antiseptic drug that relieves inflammation and contains a mixture of chlorophylls from eucalyptus leaves. A weakly concentrated solution is taken orally with infectious lesions intestines. For the treatment of the skin, solutions are prepared with more high concentration drug. Chlorophyllipt ® is prescribed for adults and children over 12 years of age.

Did you know that staph is the only cause of blackheads or acne?

Staphylococcus aureus, as the causative agent of many infections and diseases, is known to many, unfortunately, firsthand. Staphylococcus aureus can infect an organism with a weak immune system, and is resistant to antibiotics. However, in uncomplicated cases, treatment can even be effective. A correct diagnosis will help identify the causes of the disease, and in some cases, prevent complications. Therefore, in order for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus to give positive results, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the pathogenic microorganism.

On the this moment exists a small amount of antibiotics to help treat diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. At the same time, research conducted by physicians is aimed at discovering a universal method that would help treat all infectious forms and get rid of bacteria completely.

Initially, physicians and scientists studied the structure of a pathogen.

The name of Staphylococcus aureus, as it turned out, is not related to the color of the bacterium itself. The zones of destruction that appear around her were painted gold.

These areas were affected by toxic substances secreted by microorganisms. Research also helped to understand how treatment can be carried out.

http://youtu.be/3Zw3VpEcFJY

What is the danger of such pathogens

Staphylococcus aureus cells, which were first discussed by microbiologists in 1880, became the most active pathogens. various kinds diseases. People with good health and a good immune system are not susceptible to diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Although normally coccal cells are present in almost every person. They live on the mucous membranes and skin and appear when the protective properties of the host organism are weakened. As a result, he may need treatment even for such diseases as blood poisoning, vascular sepsis, osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus, the treatment of which is not required if the person is healthy, will coexist peacefully along with the rest of the cells of the body.

Often, Staphylococcus aureus cells enter the body through wounds on the skin, during lung ventilation, if infected instruments were used by doctors.

Also, patients undergoing hemodialysis have a high chance of contracting infections. There have been cases when the transmission of pathogens occurred when:

intravenous nutrition;
using household items after an infected person.

Once in the body, staphylococcus cells usually settle in the intestine. Such cases are the most dangerous, because there they begin to actively suppress the natural microflora, which complicates the treatment of infection. Awakening and increasing the number of pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus provokes the onset of the inflammatory process throughout the body.

Often, doctors who determine the methods and methods of how to treat Staphylococcus aureus strongly recommend not only medical staff, but also patients, to follow the rules of antiseptics. This also applies to young mothers with their newborn babies. After all, the concentration of such pathogenic microbes is considered the highest in hospitals and maternity hospitals. For babies, Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous. Therefore, in addition to maintaining a sanitary regime, the carriage of staphylococcus cells can also be prevented by the sterilization of medical instruments and household items.

Damage to the lungs by coccal bacteria can manifest itself as staphylococcal pneumonia, accompanied by intoxication of the body and the formation of purulent wounds in the lungs, which will gradually become abscesses. When abscesses rupture and pathogenic bacteria enter the brain area, meningitis or thrombophlebitis will have to be treated as a result of infection.

Staphylococcus aureus on the skin appears as:

acne;
acne;
Furuncles;
carbuncles;
Impetigo;
Abscesses.

Types of infection

Staphylococcal infection can be expressed:

Local form, when diseases appear on the skin, as well as mucous membranes. Often these forms affect the joints, bones, mammary glands. This form also includes poisoning caused by a substance secreted by coccal cells - endotoxin.
Generalized form (sepsis).

Depending on the number of bacteria in the body of the carrier, one can distinguish between various degrees infections. So, for example, staphylococcus IV degree is considered the norm. As a preventive measure, you should devote more time to hygiene, consume more vitamins and strengthen the immune system.

In total, there are more than 25 types of coccal infection. The most dangerous among them is Staphylococcus aureus. Its treatment is difficult not only because bacteria are difficult to detect, but also because pathogenic cells cause many inflammatory processes throughout the body and skillfully adapt to the effects of antibiotics.

In some cases, self-treatment is not recommended, as complications can be caused. This applies to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which were found on the nasal mucosa. If coccal cells live in the throat, the best way to treat patients from infection is to increase their immunity.

If pathogenic cells are found in the milk of a nursing mother, then the baby will also have Staphylococcus aureus. In this case, as in most others, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding the baby.

What are the ways to get rid of the infection?

Drug groups

A staph infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be suppressed with one of the ten currently known drugs that help get rid of pathogenic cells. As a rule, they are prescribed when the treatment of the infection can be attributed to the "standard" situation. Conventionally, they are divided into 4 groups. And in order to have an idea of how to treat Staphylococcus aureus, you should familiarize yourself with the principle of operation of each of them.

The first group of drugs includes medicines, responsible for the production of natural antibodies, due to which their own microflora resistant to coccal cells is formed.
The second group consists of medicines, the action of which is aimed at the destruction of the pathogenic bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus, which do not stimulate the body to develop its own immunity forces.
The third group is represented by antiseptics and antibiotics.
The fourth group is medicines that act directly on the metabolism, accelerating it.

The most effective drugs

You can treat Staphylococcus aureus by using the following remedies:

Folk methods of getting rid of infections

Often they fight folk methods treatment. Decoctions of herbs, juices of some berries and rhizomes of plants, ointments based on the gifts of nature will help to successfully suppress infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment with such agents can be carried out both locally and by affecting the body as a whole, depending on the type of infection and the degree of damage.

Effective help to the patient, whose skin and mucous membranes were struck by Staphylococcus aureus, will be provided by the herbs of succession, chamomile, St. John's wort, calendula and yarrow. Using infusions and decoctions of these herbs as mouthwashes and eyewashes, you can get rid of the manifestations of Staphylococcus aureus infections much faster.

As for babies, it is better to pay attention to the prevention of staphylococcus infection. To do this, you need to observe the hygiene of the baby and treat more often antiseptics household items and children's toys. Worth also with early dates start strengthening the baby's immunity, replenishing his body with vitamin complexes and minerals. Damage to the integrity of the skin in older children should be treated in a timely manner with brilliant green or fucorcin.

In general, the treatment of staphylococcus should begin with the slightest manifestations. Even minor symptoms should not be ignored, because only if Staphylococcus aureus is detected in a timely manner, its complications can be prevented.

To avoid reinfection, it is necessary to increase immunity. First of all, the correction of the diet and the increase in the amount of vitamins consumed will help.

Remember that the body can treat Staphylococcus aureus only if it has its own reserve of strength.

- a type of spherical gram-positive bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus aureus. According to medical statistics, up to 40% of the human population are carriers of this pathogen. A favorite location is the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, and skin.

History reference

Staphylococcus aureus - bakposev

The bacterium was isolated in purulent masses from a postoperative wound in the 19th century. Distinctive feature this representative opportunistic flora- its bright color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments.

The bacterium is characterized by increased endurance. It is not afraid of direct sunlight, survives contact with 100% ethanol and hydrogen peroxide, and is resistant to many types of antibiotics and antibacterial substances.

Important! It is not staphylococcus itself that is dangerous, but the diseases that it causes. With a decrease in immune defense, the pathogen begins to colonize the mucous membranes. Simple contact with the skin normal operation protective cells not hazardous to health.

Routes of pathogen infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a representative of the opportunistic pathogen and lives on the skin, mucous membranes. In addition, infection can occur exogenously.

Ways of transmission of staphylococcus:

airborne;
household - use of common objects;
air-dust - a microorganism is able to exist in a dust cloud. Inhalation of polluted air causes infection;
fecal-oral - non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, the disease of "dirty hands";
contact during medical manipulations - when using poorly processed medical instruments. In addition, the equipment can be colonized by strains resistant to antibacterial agents.

The degree of damage to the body

Staphylococcus aureus - scrofula in an infant

In medical practice, there are 4 degrees of damage pathogen. Based on the data bacterial culture blood, urine or sputum, the doctor determines the tactics of managing the patient.

Degrees of defeat by Staphylococcus aureus:

At the first stage, the pathogen is found in the nasopharynx, on the skin, in the reproductive organs. There is no inflammatory process. In this case, aggressive therapy is not required; debridement of the colonized area is sufficient.
At the second degree, an examination of other organs and systems is recommended. Especially if the patient makes any complaints. Recommended local treatment and therapy with broad-spectrum drugs.
In the third degree, the risk of developing an inflammatory process increases. The doctor will insist on antibacterial and immunostimulating therapy.
The fourth degree requires an antibiogram. Preparations are selected according to the results of the analysis. Additionally, immunomodulators, vitamin complexes are prescribed.

The division into stages is rather conditional. Since under the influence of provoking factors, the number of microorganisms colonizing the body increases.

Medical tactics

Fence by a doctor of material for bakposev

When defeated pathogenic organism they do not treat, but the disease caused by it. The general principle of therapy is the use of antibiotics and antibacterial agents.

On the initial stage prescribe broad-spectrum drugs. If treatment is ineffective, correction of prescriptions is indicated according to the results of bacterial culture and antibiogram.

What the doctor will prescribe:

Cephalosporin drugs - Cefazolin, Cefalexin, Cefix, Zacef, Cefatoxime. This group has a bacteriostatic effect, suppressing the division of pathogenic flora. Tablets and injectable forms of medicines are used.
Synthetic antibiotics of the penicillin series - Oxacillin, Methicillin - are active against staphylococci resistant to benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin. It is used for bacterial infection of the nasopharynx, meningitis, lesions of the skin and intestines.
Glycopeptide antibiotics - with the ineffectiveness of cephalosporin drugs. A typical representative is Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Fusidin, Linezolid.

In addition to antibiotics, the doctor will prescribe drugs of the sulfonamide group - Biseptol, Bisept.

Antibacterial drugs

Depending on the disease caused by staphylococcal flora, the use of local antiseptics is indicated. These can be ointments, solutions for topical treatment, douching in gynecological practice. With frequent relapses of staphylococcal infections, these drugs should be in the home medicine cabinet.

List of antibacterial agents that suppress pathogenic flora:

Furatsilina solution;
St. John's wort in the form of a decoction or tincture;
Bactroban in the form of an ointment;
Hexachlorophene ointment;
Chlorophyllipt alcohol and oil infusion;
Lysozyme;
Rivanol;
Boric acid;
Lugol solution in glycerin;
Iodine 3 and 5%;
Candles based on povidone-iodine;
Potassium permanganate in solution;
methylene blue;
Octenisept;
Fukortsin.

During periods of decreased immune defense of the body with the proven presence of staphylococcal flora, it is recommended to use local antiseptics as a means of prevention.

bacteriophages

You can get staphylococcus aureus if you don't practice good hygiene.

Important! A certain type of bacteriophage acts only on certain kind bacterial agent and does not affect other cells. To eliminate Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcal and pyobacteriophage watered are produced.

The indication for prescribing drugs in this group is the treatment of diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus:

pathology of ENT organs, lungs, bronchi;
surgical infections - suppuration of wounds, phlegmon, abscesses, mastitis, paraproctitis;
urogenital diseases - nephritis, urethritis, colpitis;
gastrointestinal diseases - intestinal infections;
treatment of postoperative wounds;
prevention of hospital infections.

The drugs of this group are used in conjunction with taking antibacterial agents or as a monotherapy for antibiotic intolerance.

Bacteriophages are used as follows:

locally - treatment of wounds, sanitation of the vagina;
orally - with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
rectally - administered with the help of - with damage to the intestines, perianal region.

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease. The standard course is from 7 to 20 days. Contraindications to the use of bacteriophage:

individual intolerance;
children's age up to 7 years.

Cases of overdose are not described in the medical literature. About side effects bacteriophages are absent.

ethnoscience

An effective remedy for the treatment of staphylococcal infection is oily and alcohol solution Chlorophyllipta. The drug acts even on antibiotic-resistant strains. Chlorophyllipt is used for rinsing, irrigation of wounds, instillation.

The course of treatment is from 7 to 14 days. The use of the drug does not exclude therapy with other drugs.

Other recipes traditional medicine:

Black currant - berries have a bactericidal effect on the pathogenic flora, increase the body's resistance to the pathogen. It should be taken 1 glass of blackcurrant 3 times a day. The course of treatment is from 2 to 6 weeks.
Tincture.
Propolis is crushed and poured with alcohol or vodka. Insist in a dark place for 2 weeks.
Alcohol tincture has a powerful bactericidal effect. Use for outdoor processing wounds.
Apricot puree is rich in natural phytoncides, which have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action. Fresh pulp is applied to festering wounds, puree is taken orally 2 times a day.
Sage and burdock - decoctions of these herbs have proven themselves in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. For 5 g of plant mass, 1 cup of boiling water is required. Pour. Let it brew. Bury in the nose or use as a gargle 3-4 times a day.

The use of traditional medicine recipes should be discussed with your doctor. They are allowed in complex therapy but not how the only way treatment.

Immunostimulants

staph infection – common name for diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus. Due to the high resistance to antibiotics, staphylococcal infections rank first among purulent-inflammatory diseases. infectious diseases. Staphylococcus is able to cause an inflammatory process in almost any organ. Staphylococcus may be the cause purulent diseases skin and subcutaneous tissue: boils, felons, abscesses, hydradenitis, pyoderma. Affecting internal organs, staphylococcus can cause pneumonia, tonsillitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, abscesses of internal organs. Enterotoxin secreted by staphylococcus can cause severe food intoxication with the development of enterocolitis (inflammation of the small and large intestine).

The genus of staphylococci includes three species: Staphylococcus aureus (the most harmful), Staphylococcus epidermidis (also pathogenic, but much less dangerous than golden) and saprophytic staphylococcus aureus- practically harmless, however, also capable of causing diseases. In addition, each of the types of staphylococcus has several subspecies (strains) that differ from each other. various properties(for example, a set of produced toxins) and, accordingly, causing the same diseases that differ in clinic (manifestations). Under a microscope, staphylococci look like clusters of something similar to a bunch of grapes.

Staphylococci are distinguished by a rather high viability: up to 6 months they can be stored in a dried state, do not die during freezing and thawing, and are resistant to direct sunlight.

The pathogenic effect of staphylococci is associated with their ability to produce toxins: exfoliatin, which damages skin cells, leukocidin, which destroys leukocytes, enterotoxin, which causes a clinic food poisoning. In addition, staphylococcus produces enzymes that protect it from the effects of immune mechanisms and contribute to its preservation and distribution in body tissues.

The source of infection can be a sick person or an asymptomatic carrier, according to some reports up to 40% healthy people are carriers of various strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Entrance gates of infection can be microdamages of the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. A significant factor in the development of staphylococcal infections is the weakening of the immune system against the background of the use of medications (for example, immunosuppressants, antibiotics), chronic diseases (diabetes, diseases thyroid gland), impact adverse factors environment. Due to the nature of the immune system, staphylococcal infections are most severe in children. early age and old people. Immunity after an infection is unstable and, in general, insignificant, since when meeting with a new subspecies of staphylococcus that produces other toxins, all previous immune “acquisitions” do not carry a significant protective role.

Symptoms of a staph infection

Specific manifestations of a staphylococcal infection are determined by the site of introduction, the degree of aggressiveness of the staphylococcus species and the degree of reduced immunity.

Pyoderma is one of the most common purulent skin diseases. Staphylococcal pyoderma characterized by skin lesions in the area of the mouths of the hair. At superficial lesions the so-called folliculitis develops - a small abscess, penetrated in the center by a hair. With deeper lesions, a furuncle develops - a purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding tissues, or a carbuncle - inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue around a group of hair follicles. Most often, boils and carbuncles appear on the back of the neck, thighs, buttocks. The appearance of boils and carbuncles on the face is especially dangerous - due to the peculiarities of blood circulation, staphylococcus aureus can be brought into the brain, with the development of purulent meningitis or brain abscess.

Symptoms of pyoderma with staphylococcal infection

Ritter's disease or "scalded skin" syndrome is another manifestation of staphylococcal infection, occurring mainly in newborns and young children. In its manifestations, the disease may resemble scarlet fever (similar rash) or erysipelas(center of red inflamed skin with smooth borders), occurring with streptococcal infections. One of the forms of the disease - epidemic pemphigus, is a clear example of the action of staphylococcal toxin - exfoliatin. The superficial layers of the skin with pemphigus exfoliate in large layers, large blisters appear under them.

Abscesses and phlegmon - form deep defeat subcutaneous tissues with their purulent fusion. The difference between an abscess and phlegmon is that in the first case, inflammation is limited by a capsule that blocks the path for the further spread of the process, and with phlegmon, purulent inflammation spreads through the tissues (that is, it is a more dangerous form).

Staphylococcal pneumonia - a rare event, but due to the peculiarities of the course and the resistance of staphylococci to a number of antibiotics, it acquires great importance among bacterial pneumonias.
Pneumonia caused by staphylococcus aureus severe course, with severe intoxication, chest pain (pleural damage), shortness of breath. Multiple foci appear in the tissues of the lungs, followed by purulent fusion, the formation of abscesses. These abscesses may rupture into pleural cavity: the so-called empyema is formed.

Getting from the source of infection on the face, in the sinuses or other places with blood flow to the brain, staphylococcus aureus causes the appearance of brain abscesses and purulent meningitis. Brain abscesses are usually small, scattered throughout the tissue. Meningitis is often secondary to a brain abscess, or may occur on its own when a large number of staphylococci appear in the blood (bacteremia). Damage to the brain and its membranes is manifested by headache, impaired consciousness, neurological disorders, epileptic seizures.

Staphylococcal infection can also cause thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the brain, accompanied by severe neurological disorders.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause (up to 95%) purulent inflammation bone marrow - osteomyelitis. In the process of inflammation, all layers of the bone are affected and destroyed, often the purulent focus breaks out. The main symptom of osteomyelitis is pain in the affected area. Later, tissue edema appears over the site of inflammation, and purulent fistulas form. When the joints are affected, purulent arthritis occurs, while the hip and knee joints are most often affected.

Staphylococcal lesions of the valves and the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) endocarditis - serious disease with high (40-60%) mortality. Entering with the blood stream, staphylococcus destroys heart valves in a short time, causing serious complications in the form of embolism (blockage) of peripheral arteries, myocardial abscess, heart failure.

Diseases caused by exposure to large amounts of staphylococcal toxins are sometimes isolated into separate group- intoxication. These include toxic shock and food poisoning. Toxic shock occurs when particularly aggressive types of toxins enter the bloodstream, causing sharp drop blood pressure, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, impaired consciousness, later a characteristic patchy rash appears. Food toxicosis occurs 2-6 hours after ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcus aureus, and is manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. AT severe cases food intoxication manifestations of enterocolitis may resemble those with especially dangerous infection- cholera.

Sepsis is the most severe form of staphylococcal infection, in which great amount bacteria is carried by the blood throughout the body with the formation of multiple secondary foci of infection in the internal organs.

Diagnosis of a staphylococcal infection

Diagnosis of staphylococcal infection is based on clinical signs of the disease. To identify the pathogen, crops are taken from wounds, biological fluids. The basis for the diagnosis of food intoxication can be the isolation of staphylococcus from food products. When establishing a diagnosis, the doctor has to differentiate staphylococcal diseases from infections caused by streptococcus, allergic lesions skin, with skin form anthrax(carbuncle), intestinal infections(salmonellosis, dysentery).

Treatment of staph infections

Treatment of staphylococcal infections should be aimed at suppressing the pathogen, restoring the components of immunity, treatment concomitant diseases that reduce the reactivity of the body.

The surgical method of treating foci of staphylococcal infection with purulent fusion (boils, abscesses) has been considered the main one since ancient times and remains so to this day.

The use of antibiotics for staphylococcal infections should be well thought out and justified, since the irrational use of antibiotics, at least, will not be beneficial and, given the high resistance of staphylococci to some antibiotics, in some cases is harmful, leading to a worsening of the course of infections. For the treatment of staphylococcal processes, semi-synthetic penicillins (ampicillin, oxacillin), penicillins combined with clavulanic acid (amoxiclav) or another group of antibiotics - aminoglycosides (gentamicin) are more often used.

Bacteriophages in staphylococcal infections

To combat staphylococcus, bacteriophages can be used - viruses with a selective ability to defeat staphylococcus. For external treatment, ointments containing antibacterial components that have an antiseptic and regenerating effect are used. In purulent processes, it is not recommended to use ointments that have a fatty base (for example, the popular Vishnevsky liniment) since fats prevent the outflow of discharge from the wound, thereby worsening the course of the process.

Increased immunity with staphylococcal infection

Methods for increasing immunity can be chosen from a wide variety of herbal preparations - adaptogens (ginseng, eleutherococcus) to complex combinations, including synthetic immunomodulators, the introduction of ready-made immune preparations: antistaphylococcal plasma or immunoglobulin. A simple method of immunostimulation called autohemotherapy is often used ( intramuscular injection the patient's own blood).

To improve recovery processes, multivitamins are prescribed for general strengthening purposes. In diseases accompanied by high intoxication, fever, it is advisable to drink plenty of water.
The diet, as for any patient, should be easily digestible with a sufficient amount of vitamins. A varied healthy diet plays a significant role in maintaining the body's defenses and quick recovery after illness.

Folk remedies for the treatment of staphylococcal infections

Folk remedies can be used as the only independent way with mild forms of staphylococcal infection. These methods are based on the use of infusions and decoctions of herbs with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties (chamomile, string, St. John's wort, calendula) both in the form of rinses and lotions, and for oral administration. Infusions of berries rich in vitamins (raspberries, cranberries, currants, rose hips) help to eliminate bacterial toxins and restore the body. Thermal procedures are recommended to be used locally and only during the recovery period. It is not advisable to use heat to accelerate the maturation of abscesses, a bath, a sauna, and even more so hot baths, because of the risk of weighting and further spread of infection.

Prevention of staph infection

Prevention of staphylococcal infection includes: observing the rules of personal hygiene, giving up bad habits, healthy eating and good sleep. It is necessary to avoid general hypothermia and overheating, to treat microtraumas of the skin with antiseptics (iodine, brilliant green) in a timely manner. It is necessary to identify and treat carriers of Staphylococcus aureus, especially those working in health care and public catering institutions, for the duration of treatment such persons are not allowed to perform their duties.

Doctor's advice on the topic of staphylococcal infection:

Are there vaccines for streptococcal infections?
Answer: there is a so-called staphylococcal toxoid, after the introduction educative there are no antitoxic antibodies, vaccines stimulating the production of antibacterial immunity.

I often get boils (carbuncles, pimples, etc.). What do you need to drink to pass?
Answer: in case of manifestations of chronic staphylococcal infection, it is impossible to self-medicate. It is necessary to consult a doctor - the treatment of the infection should be prescribed individually after a detailed examination, it is also necessary to undergo treatment under the supervision of a doctor.

I have dysbacteriosis, they revealed the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, an antibiotic was prescribed. How long should it be taken?
Answer: Treatment of carriage of Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotics is impractical. It is advisable to use staphylococcal bacteriophage and immunization with staphylococcal toxoid. Antibiotic treatment of dysbacteriosis with a high content of staphylococcus is completely contraindicated, as this will lead to the opposite result - more intensive reproduction of staphylococcus

Therapist Sokov S.V.