What is an antiseptic liquid. What is an antiseptic in medicine: definition, types, names, methods and rules of application. Antiseptics outside medicine

Excipients: dispersed cellulose (microcrystalline cellulose treated with sodium carmellose) - 20 mg, glycerol - 21 mg, citric acid monohydrate - 2 mg, sodium citrate dihydrate - 2.8 mg, polysorbate 80 - 0.1 mg, (as a 50% solution) - 0.2 mg, purified water - 950 mg.

60 doses (10 g) - polyethylene bottles (1) complete with a dosing device - cardboard packs.
120 doses (18 g) - polyethylene bottles (1) complete with a dosing device - cardboard packs.
120 doses (18 g) - polyethylene bottles (2) complete with a dosing device - cardboard packs.
120 doses (18 g) - polyethylene bottles (3) complete with a dosing device - cardboard packs.

pharmachologic effect

GCS for local use. It has anti-inflammatory and action when used in doses at which systemic effects do not occur.

Inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators. It increases the production of lipomodulin, which is an inhibitor of phospholipase A, which causes a decrease in the release of arachidonic acid and, accordingly, inhibition of the synthesis of metabolic products of arachidonic acid - cyclic endoperoxides, prostaglandins. It prevents the marginal accumulation of neutrophils, which reduces inflammatory exudate and production of lymphokines, inhibits the migration of macrophages, and leads to a decrease in the processes of infiltration and granulation. Reduces inflammation by reducing the formation of chemotaxis substance (influence on late allergy reactions), inhibits the development of an immediate allergic reaction (due to inhibition of the production of arachidonic acid metabolites and a decrease in the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells).

In studies with provocative tests using antigens on the nasal mucosa, a high anti-inflammatory activity of mometasone was demonstrated, both in the early and late stages of an allergic reaction.

This was confirmed by a decrease (compared with placebo) in histamine concentration and eosinophil activity, as well as a decrease (compared to baseline) in the number of eosinophils, neutrophils and epithelial cell adhesion proteins.

Pharmacokinetics

Suction

When administered intranasally, the systemic bioavailability of mometasone furoate is<1% (при чувствительности метода определения 0.25 пг/мл).

Mometasone is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Metabolism and excretion

A small amount of the active substance that can enter the gastrointestinal tract after intranasal use undergoes active metabolism during the "first pass" through the liver. Excreted with urine and bile.

Indications

- seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis in adults, adolescents and children from 2 years of age;

- acute sinusitis or exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults (including the elderly) and adolescents from 12 years of age - as an auxiliary therapeutic agent in antibiotic treatment;

- acute rhinosinusitis with mild to moderate symptoms without signs of severe bacterial infection in patients aged 12 years and older;

- prevention of seasonal allergic rhinitis of moderate and severe course in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age (it is recommended to carry out 2-4 weeks before the expected start of the dusting season);

- nasal polyposis, accompanied by a violation of nasal breathing and smell in adults (from 18 years old).

Contraindications

- hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;

- recent surgery or trauma of the nose with damage to the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity - before the wound heals (due to the inhibitory effect of GCS on the healing processes);

- children and adolescence (with seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis - up to 2 years, with acute sinusitis or exacerbation of chronic sinusitis - up to 12 years, with polyposis - up to 18 years) - due to the lack of relevant data;

FROM caution the drug should be used for tuberculosis infection (active or latent) of the respiratory tract, untreated fungal, bacterial, systemic viral infection or infection caused by Herpes simplex with eye damage (as an exception, it is possible to prescribe the drug for the listed infections as directed by a doctor), the presence of an untreated local infection with involvement in the process of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.

Dosage

The drug is used intranasally.

Treatment of seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis

The recommended prophylactic and therapeutic dose of the drug is 2 inhalations (50 mcg each) in each nostril 1 time / day (total daily dose - 200 mcg). Upon reaching the therapeutic effect for maintenance therapy, it is possible to reduce the dose to 1 inhalation in each nostril 1 time / day (total daily dose - 100 mcg).

If the reduction of the symptoms of the disease cannot be achieved by using the drug at the recommended therapeutic dose, the daily dose can be increased to 4 inhalations in each nostril 1 time / day (total daily dose - 400 mcg). After reducing the symptoms of the disease, a dose reduction is recommended.

The onset of action of the drug is usually observed clinically within 12 hours after the first use of the drug.

Children aged 2 to 11

For the use of the drug in young children, adult assistance is required.

Adjunctive treatment of acute sinusitis or exacerbation of chronic sinusitis

Adults (including elderly patients) and adolescents from 12 years of age

If a reduction in the symptoms of the disease cannot be achieved by using the drug at the recommended therapeutic dose, the daily dose can be increased to 4 inhalations in each nostril 2 times / day (total daily dose - 800 mcg). After reducing the symptoms of the disease, a dose reduction is recommended.

Treatment of acute rhinosinusitis without evidence of severe bacterial infection

Recommended dose for adults and teenagers is 2 inhalations of 50 mcg in each nasal passage 2 times / day (total daily dose of 400 mcg). If symptoms worsen during treatment, a specialist consultation is necessary.

Treatment of nasal polyposis

For adults (including elderly patients) from 18 years the recommended therapeutic dose is 2 inhalations (50 mcg each) in each nostril 2 times / day (total daily dose - 400 mcg).

Rules for the use of the drug Nasonex

Inhalation of the suspension contained in the spray bottle is carried out using a special dosing nozzle on the bottle.

Before the first use of Nasonex nasal spray, it is necessary to calibrate by pressing the dosing device 10 times until splashes appear, which indicates that the drug is ready for use.

You should tilt your head and inject the drug into each nostril as recommended by the attending physician.

If the nasal spray has not been used for 14 days or more, you must press the dosing nozzle 2 times until splashes appear.

Shake the bottle vigorously before each use.

Cleaning the dispensing nozzle

It is important to clean the dispensing nozzle regularly to prevent it from malfunctioning. Remove the cap protecting the nozzle from dust, then carefully remove the spray tip. Rinse the spray tip and dust cap thoroughly in warm water and rinse under a faucet.

Do not attempt to open the nasal applicator with a needle or other sharp object, as this will damage the applicator, resulting in an incorrect dose of the drug.

Dry the cap and tip in a warm place. Then attach the spray tip to the vial and screw the dust cap back onto the vial. When using the nasal spray for the first time after cleaning, it is necessary to recalibrate by pressing the dosing nozzle 2 times.

Side effects

Adults and teenagers

Adverse events associated with the use of the drug (> 1%), identified during clinical trials in patients with allergic rhinitis or nasal polyposis, and during post-registration use of the drug, regardless of the indication for use, are presented in Table 1. Adverse reactions are listed according to with the MedDRA System Organ Classification. Within each system organ class, adverse reactions are classified by frequency of occurrence.

Epistaxis, as a rule, was moderate and self-limited, the frequency of their occurrence was slightly higher than with placebo (5%), but equal to or less than with the appointment of other intranasal corticosteroids, which were used as active controls (in some of of them, the incidence of nosebleeds was up to 15%). The incidence of all other adverse events was comparable to the frequency of their occurrence when prescribing placebo.

*revealed with a frequency of "rarely" when using the drug 2 times / day with nasal polyposis

** revealed when using the drug 2 times / day for nasal polyposis

Children

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: nosebleeds (6%), irritation of the nasal mucosa (2%), sneezing (2%).

Nervous system disorders: headache (3%).

The incidence of these adverse events in children was comparable to the frequency of their occurrence with placebo.

When using intranasal corticosteroids, systemic side effects may develop, especially with prolonged use of intranasal corticosteroids in high doses (see section "Special Instructions").

Overdose

With prolonged use of corticosteroids in high doses or with the simultaneous use of several corticosteroids, inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system is possible.

The drug has low systemic bioavailability (<1%, при чувствительности метода определения 0.25 пг/мл), поэтому маловероятно, что при случайной или намеренной передозировке потребуется принятие каких-либо специальных мер, кроме наблюдения с возможным последующим возобновлением приема препарата в рекомендованной дозе.

drug interaction

Combination therapy with was well tolerated by patients. At the same time, there was no effect of the drug on the concentration of loratadine or its main metabolite in the blood plasma. In these studies, mometasone furoate was not detected in the blood (with a sensitivity of the method of determination of 50 pg / ml).

special instructions

As with any long-term treatment, patients using Nasonex nasal spray for several months or longer should be periodically examined by a doctor for possible changes in the nasal mucosa. It is necessary to monitor patients receiving intranasal corticosteroids for a long time. It is possible to develop growth retardation in children. If growth retardation is detected in children, it is necessary to reduce the dose of intranasal corticosteroids to the lowest one, which allows effective control of symptoms. In addition, the patient should be referred for a consultation with a pediatrician.

If a local fungal infection of the nose or pharynx develops, it may be necessary to stop therapy with Nasonex nasal spray and conduct special treatment. Long-term irritation of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa may also serve as a basis for discontinuing treatment with Nasonex nasal spray.

When conducting placebo-controlled clinical studies in children, when Nasonex nasal spray was used at a daily dose of 100 mcg for a year, growth retardation in children was not observed.

With prolonged treatment with Nasonex nasal spray, no signs of suppression of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system were observed. Patients who switch to treatment with Nasonex nasal spray after long-term therapy with systemic corticosteroids require special attention. Cancellation of systemic corticosteroids in such patients can lead to adrenal insufficiency, the subsequent recovery of which may take up to several months. If signs of adrenal insufficiency appear, systemic corticosteroids should be resumed and other necessary measures should be taken.

When using intranasal corticosteroids, systemic side effects may develop, especially with prolonged use at high doses. The likelihood of developing these effects is much less than with oral corticosteroids. Systemic side effects may vary both in individual patients and depending on the GCS used. Potential systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, characteristic features of Cushingoid, adrenal suppression, growth retardation in children and adolescents, cataracts, glaucoma, and, less frequently, a range of psychological or behavioral effects, including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, or aggression (especially in children).

During the transition from treatment with systemic corticosteroids to treatment with Nasonex nasal spray, some patients may experience initial symptoms of withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids (for example, joint and / or muscle pain, fatigue and depression), despite a decrease in the severity of symptoms associated with mucosal lesions nasal membranes. Such patients need to be specifically convinced of the advisability of continuing treatment with Nasonex nasal spray. Switching from systemic to topical glucocorticosteroids may also reveal pre-existing, but masked by systemic corticosteroid therapy, allergic diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis and eczema.

Patients treated with corticosteroids have a potentially reduced immune reactivity and should be warned about their increased risk of infection in case of contact with patients with certain infectious diseases (for example, chicken pox, measles), as well as the need for medical advice if such contact occurs . If there are signs of a severe bacterial infection (for example, fever, persistent and sharp pain on one side of the face or toothache, swelling in the orbital or periorbital region), immediate medical advice is required.

When using Nasonex nasal spray for 12 months, there were no signs of atrophy of the nasal mucosa. In addition, mometasone furoate tended to contribute to the normalization of the histological picture in the study of biopsies of the nasal mucosa.

The efficacy and safety of mometasone has not been studied in the treatment of unilateral polyps, polyps associated with cystic fibrosis, and polyps that completely obstruct the nasal cavity.

In the case of detection of unilateral polyps of an unusual or irregular shape, especially ulcerated or bleeding, it is necessary to conduct an additional medical examination.

Influence on the ability to drive vehicles and work with mechanisms

There is no data on the effect of Nasonex on the ability to drive a car or move machinery.

Pregnancy and lactation

Special, well-controlled studies of the safety of the use of the drug Nasonex during pregnancy have not been conducted.

Like other GCS for intranasal use, Nasonex should be prescribed during pregnancy and during breastfeeding only if the expected benefit from its use justifies the potential risk to the fetus or infant.

Infants whose mothers received corticosteroids during pregnancy should be carefully examined to identify possible hypofunction of the adrenal glands.

Application in childhood

Contraindicated in seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis - in children under 2 years of age, with acute sinusitis or exacerbation of chronic sinusitis - up to 12 years, with polyposis - up to 18 years (due to the lack of relevant data).

When conducting placebo-controlled clinical studies in children, when Nasonex was used at a dose of 100 mcg / day for a year, growth retardation was not observed.

For impaired liver function

A small amount of the active substance that can enter the gastrointestinal tract with intranasal use is absorbed to a small extent and actively biotransformed during the "first pass" through the liver.

Terms of dispensing from pharmacies

The drug is dispensed by prescription.

Terms and conditions of storage

The drug should be stored out of the reach of children at a temperature of 2 ° to 25 ° C. Do not freeze. Shelf life - 2 years.

What is an antiseptic used for? This is one of those topics that require a special, careful approach. The fact is that there are many types of antiseptics. All of them should be used for their intended purpose, in a strictly defined dosage. The article presents the main types of antiseptics and their areas of application. Let's start with a definition.

What is an antiseptic?

Destroys putrefactive bacteria and prevents decomposition. The origin of the word is Greek. In translation "άντί" means "against", a "σηπτικός" translates as "putrefactive" or "putrid".

Some antiseptics are germicidal and able to destroy microbes, others are bacteriostatic and can only prevent or suppress their growth.

An antiseptic is a drug whose effectiveness has already been proven. Microbicides that have the ability to destroy viral particles are referred to as "antivirals".

Action

In order for bacteria to grow, they need a favorable nutrient medium (temperature, oxygen, moisture). Every housewife in life faces these conditions when canning food. Another example is the ancient practice of embalming the dead. Why do scientists find perfectly preserved mummies after many centuries? The answer is simple: even then antiseptics were used.

Before the concept of microbes was formed, attention was focused on the prevention of putrefaction. Initially, the amount of the desired agent was determined, as they say, "by eye". This method was inaccurate, but experience, as you know, comes with time and practice. Today, antiseptics are evaluated by their effect on clean culture of a certain type of microbes or spore and vegetative forms. To compare the strength of action, a phenol solution (aqueous) taken as a standard is used.

So, an antiseptic is an antiseptic disinfectant. Now let's figure out in which areas it is most often used.

Antiseptic in medicine

In this area, disinfection is especially important. Before the advent of modern high-quality antiseptics, "mechanical cleaning" was widely used, which consisted in opening purulent formations. By the second half of the XVIII century. Lister studied the "germ theory of decay" written by Louis Pasteur. Inspired by the idea, he soon published a paper revealing antiseptic principles in surgery.

Particular attention was paid to It was a new way to treat pustules and open fractures. Its essence was to apply dressings with a solution of this acid. Lister became the founder of antiseptics, which help to effectively fight infection. Moreover, a five percent solution was applied to wounds, and suture and dressing materials, surgical fields, and hands were treated with a two percent solution.

Lister's antiseptics had not only supporters, but also ardent opponents. This was due to pronounced irritating and toxic effects both on the patient's tissues and on the hands of the surgeon himself. Therefore, work in this area continued intensively. A quarter of a century later, the aseptic method was discovered. The results of the discovery were impressive. And so much so that proposals were made to abandon antiseptics. However, this turned out to be impossible. Work continued.

Soon, new ones less toxic to the body were proposed. The same substances began to process surgical instruments and objects surrounding the patient. Thus, antiseptic and asepsis intertwined, and very tightly.

Types of antiseptics

Physical(bandaging, application of drying powders, laser, ultraviolet rays).

Chemical. It is very important not only in the treatment of wound infections, but also in their prevention. Detrimental effect on microorganisms.

Biological. It is based on the use of a fairly diverse and large group of drugs that affect both the microbial cell itself and its toxins, thereby increasing the defenses of the whole organism (bacteriophages, antibiotics, antitoxins (most often these are serums), proteolytic enzymes).

Mixed. The most common, includes several types at once (for example, primary treatment of wound surfaces (mechanical), and introduction (biological)).

The number of antiseptics today is huge. But their application is almost always complex. In other words, the statement “an antiseptic is an antibiotic” is, in fact, correct. However, today's medicine cannot do without “additional support” in the form of wound treatment and disinfection of rooms.

Now consider the most common antiseptics in medicine.

Alcohols

Ethanol, isopropyl, propyl. Concentration from 60% to 90%. They are used both in pure form and in mixed form. Allow to disinfect the skin before injection and surgery. Often these alcohols are combined with iodine tincture or with cationic surfactants (chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, octenidine dihydrochloride).

Ammonium compounds

Another common name is HOUR. Contains a number of chemicals (benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMB), benzethonium chloride (BZT), cetylpyridine chloride (CPC or Cetrim)). added to some disinfectants. Necessary for skin treatment before surgery. It is used for impregnation of antiseptic towels. The antimicrobial actions of QAS are inactivated by anionic surfactants (eg, soap).

Boric acid

It is added to suppositories intended for the treatment of vaginal fungal infections. excellent fight against herpes virus attacks. It is also added to burn creams and lens solutions.

Chlorheskidin gluconate

brilliant green

Popularly referred to as "green". A very common drug. Used to treat wounds, small abscesses. It has a detrimental effect on gram-positive bacteria.

Hydrogen peroxide

It is an antiseptic used to deodorize and clean ulcers and wounds. In everyday life, most often they are treated with scratches, the umbilical cord. 6% and 3% solutions are produced.

Iodine

Most often used in alcohol pre- and post-operative antiseptic. It is not recommended to disinfect small wounds with it, as it contributes to the formation of scars. Among the main advantages is high antimicrobial activity. With prolonged exposure, it kills the main pathogens, including spores of complex forms of microorganisms.

Means "Miramistin"

This is a new generation drug. The drug "Miramistin" is an antiseptic that is used in the treatment (or prevention) of infections of a fungal, viral and bacterial nature. Russian production. For the treatment of a number of infectious (cold) diseases, this particular antiseptic is often recommended. Reviews about him are mostly very positive. The drug is active against a wide range of microbes that cause inflammation and suppuration of wounds, tonsillitis, fungal diseases, chlamydia, herpes, etc. The activity of Miramistin does not depend on the location of the pathogen.

ASD

The second name is an antiseptic stimulant. It has pronounced antimicrobial and stimulating properties. Helps to increase the overall tone, reduces intoxication. It is active against staphylococci, tubercle bacillus, etc. It has a rather unpleasant pungent odor, therefore it is more often used for veterinary purposes.

Phenol

In the form of a solution, it is used to treat the doctor's hands immediately before the operation. Recommended for gargling, mouth. Phenol powder is sprinkled on the navel during healing. It has both antiseptic and analgesic effect.

Antiseptics outside medicine

They are in demand in the food industry. As a rule, these are preservative antiseptics, most often acids (for example, the well-known acetic acid). It is thanks to them that it is possible to store canned food for a long time. Antiseptics are widely used in construction. They are added to most paints and varnishes. This allows you to neutralize the saprophytic microflora. Wood antiseptic is a powerful weapon against blue, mold, rot, fire. In addition, it increases the shelf life of freshly cut trees.

Glazing antiseptic is especially in demand. What it is? This is the name of the drug that allows you to preserve the texture of wood and at the same time emphasizes its beauty. reduces the harmful effects of moisture, ultraviolet rays, temperature changes, is effective against insects. Antiseptics are also used in everyday life. They are added to detergents, they process the premises.

Antiseptics (antiseptics) are substances that destroy microorganisms or delay their or development.

Antiseptics are more or less active against all microorganisms, that is, unlike chemotherapeutic agents, they do not have a selective action. The action of antiseptic agents, leading to a delay in the development or reproduction of microorganisms, is called bacteriostatic, to their death -. The latter effect can be called disinfectant. Some antiseptics can have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, depending on their concentration and duration of action, the sensitivity of microorganisms to them, temperature, the presence of organic substances in the environment (pus, blood weaken the action of a number of antiseptics).

Antiseptics are very different in nature. The following groups are distinguished. I. Halides:, iodine,. II. Oxidizers: potassium permanganate, . III. Acids:, salicylic. IV. : . V. Compounds of heavy metals:, (xeroform), copper,. VI. (ethyl, etc.). VII. : , lysoform, . VIII. : lysol, phenol. IX. Tar, resins, petroleum products, mineral oils, synthetic, preparations (tar, refined Naftalan oil,). X. Dyes: , methylene blue, . XI. Nitrofuran derivatives: . XII. Derivatives of 8-oxycholine:. XIII. Surfactants or detergents: diocide. As antiseptics, they are also used for external use () and.

To characterize the antimicrobial activity of antiseptic agents, the phenol coefficient is used, which shows the strength of the antimicrobial action of this agent compared to phenol.

Antiseptic agents are used topically in the treatment of infected and long-term non-healing wounds or ulcers, phlegmon, mastitis, joint injuries, diseases of the mucous membranes, for washing the bladder, urethra, as well as for rooms, linen, objects, surgeon's hands, instruments, disinfection of secretions . As a rule, antiseptics are not used to treat common infections.

Contraindications for use, as well as a description of individual antiseptics - see articles on the names of drugs [for example, etc.].

Antiseptics - antimicrobial substances used for local action in the treatment of purulent, inflammatory and septic processes (infected and long-term non-healing wounds or ulcers, bedsores, abscesses, phlegmon, mastitis, joint injuries, pyoderma, diseases of the mucous membranes), as well as for disinfection rooms, linen, patient care items, surgeon's hands, instruments, disinfection of secretions. For the treatment of common infections, these substances are usually not used.

Antiseptics act germistatically, and in high concentrations exhibit a germicidal effect. Therefore, some antiseptics can be used as disinfectants (see). In addition, antiseptics are used to preserve medicines and food products. The antimicrobial activity of antiseptics is expressed using the phenol coefficient - the ratio of the bactericidal concentration of phenol to the bactericidal concentration of this antiseptic.

The degree of effectiveness of antiseptics depends on a number of conditions: the sensitivity of the microorganism to it, the concentration of the antiseptic, the solvent in which it is used, the temperature, and the time of exposure to the drug. Many antiseptics lose their activity to a greater or lesser extent in the presence of proteins, so it is advisable to use them only after cleaning the infected surfaces from exudate. Antiseptic agents act on all types of bacteria and other microorganisms, without showing the selectivity inherent in chemotherapeutic substances. Many antiseptics are capable of damaging living cells of the macroorganism. As a result, the assessment of antiseptics necessarily includes the determination of their toxicity to humans and animals using the "toxicity index" - the ratio between the minimum concentration of the drug that causes the death of the test microorganism within 10 minutes, and the maximum concentration of the same drug that does not suppress the growth of chicken tissue culture. embryo. For medical practice, antiseptics are of the greatest value, which, ceteris paribus, have the least toxicity.

Antiseptics are diverse in nature. They can be divided into the following groups. I. Halides: chlorine gas, bleach, chloramines, pantocid, antiformin, iodine, iodoform. II. Oxidizing agents: hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, berthollet salt (potassium hypochlorous acid). III. Acids: sulfuric, chromic, boric, acetic, trichloroacetic, undecylenic, benzoic, salicylic, mandelic and some others. IV. Alkalis: calcium oxide, ammonia, soda, borax. V. Compounds of heavy metals: 1) mercury; 2) silver; 3) aluminum - basic aluminum acetate (Burow's liquid), alum; 4) lead - basic acetic lead (lead water); 5) bismuth - xeroform, dermatol, basic bismuth nitrate; 6) copper - copper sulfate, copper citrate; 7) zinc - zinc sulfate, zinc oxide. VI. Alcohols: ethyl, isopropyl, trichloroisobutyl, some glycols. VII. Aldehydes: formaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine). VIII. Phenols: phenol, or carbolic acid, cresol, creolin, parachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorophene, resorcinol, thymol, tricresol, phenyl salicylate (salol), benzonaphthol. IX. Products of dry distillation of organic materials: various resins and tars, ichthyol, albichtol. X. Dyes: brilliant green, rivanol, tripaflavin, methylene blue and gentian violet. XI. Nitrofuran derivatives: furatsilin, furadonnn, furazolpdone. XII. Derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline: chinosol, yatren. XIII. Surfactants, or detergents. There are cationic, anionic and nonionic detergents. The most active are cationic detergents (for example, cetylpyridinium bromide). XIV. Antibiotics (see): gramicidin, neomycin, microcide, usnic acid. XV. Phytoncides (see): preparations of garlic, onion, St. John's wort, burnet, eucalyptus, etc.

The mechanism of action of antiseptics is different and is determined by their chemical and physico-chemical properties. The antimicrobial action of acids, alkalis and salts depends on the degree of their dissociation: the stronger the compound dissociates, the greater its activity. Alkalis hydrolyze proteins, saponify fats, break down carbohydrates of microbial cells. The action of salts is also associated with a change in osmotic pressure and a violation of the permeability of cell membranes. The action of antiseptics that lower surface tension (soaps, detergents) is also associated with a change in the permeability of bacterial membranes. The action of heavy metal salts is explained by their ability to bind sulfhydryl groups of bacterial cell substances. The antiseptic effect of formaldehyde is due to its ability to denature proteins. Compounds of the phenol group have the properties of detergents and are able to denature proteins. Oxidizing agents cause the death of a microbial cell as a result of the oxidation of its constituent parts. The mechanism of action of chlorine and chlorine-containing compounds is associated with the formation of hypochlorous acid (HClO), which acts both as an oxidizing agent, releasing oxygen, and as a means of chlorinating the amino and imino groups of proteins and other substances that make up microorganisms. The antimicrobial effect of dyes is associated with their ability to selectively react with certain acidic or basic groups of substances of bacterial cells with the formation of sparingly soluble weakly ionizing complexes. The antimicrobial effect of nitrofuran derivatives is due to the presence of an aromatic nitro group in their molecule. Antiseptics inhibit the activity of many bacterial enzymes. For example, the bactericidal action of antiseptics is closely related to their ability to inhibit the dehydrase activity of bacteria. Under the influence of antiseptics, the process of cell division stops and morphological changes occur, accompanied by a violation of the cellular structure. Separate antiseptics - see the relevant articles.

Antiseptics (antiseptics)

Antiseptics (from the Greek "against decay") are called antimicrobial agents that retard the development of microorganisms, and disinfectants are substances that kill microbes. Accordingly, a bacteriostatic effect is distinguished, when the development of microorganisms stops, and a bactericidal effect, when microorganisms die completely.

It is easy to see that there is no fundamental difference between antiseptic and disinfecting substances, as well as bacteriostatic and bactericidal action, since any antimicrobial agent, depending on the conditions of its use, in some cases can cause a delay in the development of microorganisms, and in others - its death. A large number of different antiseptics can be systematized in many ways. According to the methods of application, there are agents for antiseptic effects on the skin, mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, urinary tract, etc.

By chemical structure antiseptics are classified according to the classes of chemical compounds to which they belong, which reflects the mechanism of their action. This is a group of halides (antiformin, iodoform, iodinol), oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate), acids (salicylic, benzoic, boric), alkalis (ammonia), aldehydes (formalin, lysoform), alcohols (ethyl), salts of heavy metals (preparations of mercury, silver, copper, zinc, lead), phenols (carbolic acid, lysol, resorcinol), dyes (methylene blue, brilliant green), soaps (green), tar, resins, petroleum products (ASD, ichthyol, oil naftalan, ozokerite), volatile and other herbal antibacterial drugs (urzalin, calendula tincture, imanin).

Antiseptics. Halogen group:

Chloramine b. White or slightly yellowish powder with a slight smell of chlorine. Let's dissolve in water, alcohol, contains 25-29% of active chlorine. Has an antiseptic effect. It is used in the treatment of infected wounds (washing, wetting tampons and napkins with 1-2% solutions), disinfection of hands (0.25-0.5%), and disinfection of non-metallic instruments. For disinfection of care items and secretions for typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera and other infections of the intestinal group and for drip infections (scarlet fever, diphtheria, influenza, etc.), 1-2-3% solutions are used, for tuberculosis infection - 5%.

pantocide, release form - tablets, each contains 3 mg of active chlorine. Used as an antiseptic for hand disinfection (1-1.5% solutions), douching and wound treatment (0.10.5%), for water disinfection (1-2 tablets per 0.5-0.75 l of water), which takes place within 15 minutes.

Iodine- obtained from the ashes of seaweed and drilling oil waters.

There are 4 groups of iodine preparations:

inorganic iodides (potassium iodide, sodium iodide);

organic substances that split off elemental iodine (iodoform, iodinol);

Being absorbed, iodine as an antiseptic has an active effect on metabolism, especially on the function of the thyroid gland. The body's daily requirement for iodine is 200-220 mcg. Iodine is excreted from the body mainly by the kidneys, partly by the gastrointestinal tract, sweat and mammary glands.

Inside, iodine preparations are used as an expectorant (increase the secretion of mucus by the glands of the respiratory tract), with atherosclerosis, tertiary, hypothyroidism, for the prevention and treatment of endemic goiter, with chronic mercury and lead poisoning. With prolonged use of iodine preparations and hypersensitivity to them, iodism phenomena (runny nose, urticaria, salivation, lacrimation, rash) are possible.

Contraindications for taking iodine preparations inside are: pulmonary tuberculosis, nephritis, nephrosis, furunculosis, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis,.

Outwardly, iodine solutions are used as an antimicrobial antiseptic for treating wounds, preparing the surgical field, etc.; exerting an irritating effect, they can cause reflex changes in the activity of the body.

Alcoholic iodine solution- 5% or 10%, used externally as an antiseptic, irritant and distraction for inflammatory and other diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. As a distraction, it is used for myositis, neuralgia.

Lugol solution. Iodine in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide - composition: iodine 1 part, potassium iodide 2 parts, water 17 parts. Lugol's solution with glycerin - composition: iodine 1 part, potassium iodide 2 parts, glycerin 94 parts, water 3 parts. Used to lubricate the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx as an antiseptic.

Iodoform. Applied externally as an antiseptic in the form of powders, ointments for the treatment of infected wounds, ulcers.

Iodinol, is a product of the addition of iodine to polyvinyl alcohol, which slows down the release of iodine and lengthens its interaction with body tissues, while simultaneously reducing the irritating effect of iodine on them. It is used for chronic tonsillitis, purulent otitis, chronic periodontitis, purulent surgical diseases, trophic and varicose ulcers, thermal and chemical burns.

In chronic tonsillitis, tonsil lacunae are washed (4-5 washes at intervals of 2-3 days), with purulent otitis media, instillation (5-8 drops) and washing are used. In case of trophic and varicose ulcers, gauze wipes (in 3 layers) moistened with iodinol are applied to the surface of the ulcer (the skin is first washed with warm water and soap and the skin around the ulcer is smeared with zinc ointment). The dressing is performed 1-2 times a day, and the gauze lying on the surface of the ulcer is not removed, but only re-impregnated with iodinol. After 4-7 days, a local bath is prescribed, after which the treatment is continued again. For purulent and infected burns, a loose gauze bandage impregnated with the drug is applied. With fresh thermal and chemical burns of I-II degree, a gauze bandage soaked in iodinol is also applied, the inner layer is irrigated as needed. When using iodinol, phenomena of iodism can be observed.

Iodonate, an aqueous solution of a complex of a surfactant with iodine (3%). Used as an antiseptic for disinfecting the skin of the surgical field, the drug has a high bactericidal activity

Antiseptics. Oxidizers:

Hydrogen peroxide(perhydrol) - two preparations are produced, representing a solution of hydrogen peroxide in water: a solution of hydrogen peroxide 3% and a solution of hydrogen peroxide 27.5-31% (concentrated). Both preparations are clear, colorless liquids with a slight peculiar odor. In contact with organic substances and alkalis, hydrogen peroxide decomposes with the release of gaseous oxygen, which has antiseptic properties and contributes to the mechanical cleaning of tissues. It is used as an antiseptic for rinsing and washing with tonsillitis, stomatitis, otitis media, as well as when treating wounds in solutions at the rate of 1 teaspoon or 1 tablespoon of a 3% solution per glass of water.

Hydroperite- antiseptic tablets containing a complex compound of hydrogen peroxide with urea. The content of hydrogen peroxide is about 35%. Tablets are white, easily soluble in water, the weight of one is 1.5 g. They are used as an antiseptic instead of hydrogen peroxide. To obtain a solution corresponding to approximately 1% hydrogen peroxide solution, dissolve 2 tablets in 100 ml of water. One tablet corresponds to 15 ml (1 tablespoon) of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. For gargling, dissolve one tablet in a glass of water.

Potassium permanganate(potassium permanganate, "potassium permanganate"), dark or red-violet crystals with a metallic sheen, soluble in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent, on which its antiseptic properties depend. It is used in aqueous solutions for rinsing the mouth and throat (0.020.1%), for lubricating burn and ulcer surfaces (2-5%), for washing wounds (0.1-0.5%), for douching in gynecological and urological diseases (0.02-0.1%), in the same concentration for gastric lavage in case of some poisonings as an antiseptic.

Antiseptics. Acids:

salicylic acid, white small needle-shaped crystals, odorless. Slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot, easily soluble in alcohol. Applied externally as an antiseptic in powders (2-5%) and 1-10% ointments, pastes, alcohol solutions for lubricating the skin (salicylic alcohol), rubbing - into the area of ​​​​inflamed joints, for rubbing the skin - with itching, seborrhea. It is produced in finished form under the name "Corn liquid" and "Corn plaster" (salicylic acid 20 parts, rosin 27 parts, paraffin 26 parts, petrolatum 27 parts), Galmanin powder containing salicylic acid, zinc oxide (10 parts) talc and starch , Lassar pastes,

Camphocin(salicylic acid, castor oil, turpentine, methyl ether, camphor, capsicum tincture) - for rubbing in rheumatism, arthritis as an antiseptic.

Boric acid, shiny, slightly oily to the touch scales, soluble in cold water and alcohol. It is used in the form of ointments and powders for antiseptic action in case of skin diseases (baby powder "Bolus"), a ready-made paste called "Bornozinc-naftalan" is produced.

Vaseline boron- contains boric acid 5 parts, vaseline 95 parts. Applied externally as an antiseptic.

Boric alcohol, contains 0.5-5 g of boric acid, ethyl alcohol 70%. Apply this antiseptic in the form of ear drops, 3-4 drops 2-3 times a day.

Pasta Teymurova- contains boric and salicylic acid, zinc oxide, formalin, lead acetate, talc, glycerin, mint oil. It is used as a disinfectant, drying and deodorizing agent for sweating, diaper rash.

Antiseptics. alkalis

sodium borate(borax, sodium borate), colorless crystalline powder. Applied externally as an antiseptic for douching, rinsing, lubrication.

Bicarmint, tablets containing sodium borate 0.4 g, sodium bicarbonate 0.4 g, sodium chloride 0.2 g, menthol 0.004 g. Used as an antiseptic externally as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent for rinsing, washing, inhalation in inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory ways. Dissolve 1-2 tablets in 1/2 glass of water.

Ammonia(ammonia solution), 10% ammonia solution in water. Clear, colorless liquid with a strong ammonia odor. It is used in surgery for washing hands and for inhalation during fainting and intoxication with alcoholic beverages.

Antiseptics. Aldehydes

Formaldehyde

(formalin), a clear, colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. It is used as an antiseptic as a disinfectant and deodorant for washing hands, washing the skin with excessive sweating (0.5-1%), for disinfecting instruments (0.5%), for douching (1:2000 - 1:3000). Included in the lysoform. Formidron is a liquid containing a solution of formaldehyde 10 parts, ethyl alcohol 95% 40 parts, water 50 parts, cologne 0.5 parts. Apply to wipe the skin with excessive sweating.

formaldehyde ointment, white color with a slight smell of formalin and perfume. Apply with increased sweating, rubbed into the armpits once a day, into the interdigital folds.

Lysoform, soapy formaldehyde solution. Ingredients: formalin 40 parts, potassium soap 40 parts, alcohol 20 parts. It has a disinfecting and deodorizing effect. It is used as an antiseptic for douching in gynecological practice, for hand disinfection (1-3% solutions).

Urotropin(hexamethylenetetramine), colorless, odorless crystals, easily soluble in water. Aqueous solutions are alkaline. Used mainly for infectious processes of the urinary tract (cystitis, pyelitis). The action of the antiseptic is based on the ability of the drug to decompose in an acidic environment with the formation of formaldehyde. Prescribe the drug on an empty stomach. Indications for its use are cholecystitis, cholangitis, allergic diseases of the skin, eyes (keratitis, iridocyclitis, etc.). The drug can cause irritation of the kidney parenchyma, with these signs, the drug is stopped.

Urosal, tablets containing 0.3 g of hexamethylenetetramine and phenyl salicylate.

Kalceks- tablets of white color, salty-bitter taste, easily soluble in water. Contain 0.5 g of a complex salt of hexamethylenetetramine and calcium chloride. Apply 1-2 tablets 3-4 times a day for colds as an antiseptic. Cyminal, suppresses (locally) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, promotes epithelialization and wound healing. Applied externally in the treatment of wounds, pyoderma, trophic ulcers, burns. Assign in the form of a powder (for dusting) or 1-3% suspension, which is applied to the damaged surface, dressings after 3-4 days. With prolonged use of the drug, dermatitis, burning sensation and itching may occur.

Ethanol(wine alcohol), according to pharmacological properties, they are classified as narcotic substances. Influencing the cerebral cortex, it causes a characteristic alcoholic excitation associated with a weakening of the processes of inhibition. In medical practice, it is mainly used as an external antiseptic and irritant for rubbing, compresses, etc. Intravenously sometimes administered with gangrene and lung abscess in a sterile isotonic solution. Ethyl alcohol is widely used for the manufacture of tinctures, extracts and dosage forms for external use.

Antiseptics. Heavy metal salts

Sublimate (mercury dichloride),

heavy white powder, is a very active antiseptic and highly toxic. Great care must be taken when working with it. Do not allow the drug and its solutions to enter the oral cavity, mucous membranes and skin. Solutions can be absorbed and cause poisoning. Mercury dichloride is used in solutions (1:1000 - 2:1000) for disinfection of linen, clothing, for washing walls, patient care items, for disinfecting skin. It is also used in the treatment of skin diseases.

Mercury white ointment used as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory in skin diseases (pyoderma, etc.).

Calomel (mercury monochloride), used externally in the form of ointments for diseases of the cornea, blennore as an antiseptic. It has a toxic effect on the body, therefore, at present, it has no value as a laxative, diuretic and choleretic, it is used only externally.

Diocide, is a good detergent and antibacterial agent. It has bactericidal activity against various bacteria and bacterial spores, as well as fungistatic activity against fungi and mold. It is used as a sterilizing agent for washing the hands of surgeons before surgery, cold sterilization of equipment (cardiopulmonary bypass), surgical instruments. Silver nitrate (lapis) - in small concentrations has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, in stronger solutions - cauterizes tissues, bactericidal. Applied externally for erosions, ulcers, excessive granulation, acute conjunctivitis. In chronic gastritis, it is prescribed orally as a solution or pills. For the prevention of blennorrhea, a 2% solution of silver nitrate is instilled into the eyes of newborns immediately after birth.

Collargol, colloidal silver. Used for washing purulent wounds (0.2-1%), for washing the bladder with cystitis (1-2%), purulent conjunctivitis and blenorrhea for antiseptic action.

copper sulfate(copper sulfate, copper sulphate), blue crystals, easily soluble in water. Used as an antiseptic for conjunctivitis, for washing with urethritis and vaginitis (0.25%). In case of skin burns with phosphorus, the burnt area is abundantly moistened with a 5% solution of copper sulfate. In case of poisoning with white phosphorus taken orally, 0.3-0.5 g of copper sulfate is prescribed for 1/2 cup of warm water and gastric lavage with a 0.1% solution.

Plaster lead simple, contains equal amounts of a mixture of lead oxide, pork fat and sunflower oil with the addition of water until a plastic mass is formed. It is used for purulent-inflammatory processes of the skin, boils, carbuncles as an antiseptic.

zinc oxide, used externally as an astringent and disinfectant for skin diseases as an antiseptic.

Ointment zinc, composition: zinc oxide 1 part, vaseline 9 parts.

Pasta Lassara, contains: salicylic acid 2 parts, zinc oxide and starch 25 parts each, vaseline 48 parts.

Galmanin, contains: salicylic acid 2 parts, zinc oxide 10 parts, talc and starch 44 parts each. Used for sweaty feet as an antiseptic.

Neoanuzole, candles, composition: bismuth nitrate, iodine, tannin, zinc oxide, resorcinol, methylene blue, fatty base. Used for cracks and hemorrhoids of the anus as an antiseptic.

Antiseptics. Phenols

Phenol, carbolic acid. Obtained by distillation of coal tar. Phenol is pure, the solution has a strong bactericidal effect. Used for disinfection of household and hospital items, tools, linen, secretions. To disinfect the premises, a soap-carbolic solution is used. In medical practice, phenol is used for certain skin diseases (sycosis, etc.) and inflammation of the middle ear (ear drops). Phenol has an irritating and cauterizing effect on the skin and mucous membranes, is easily absorbed through them and can be toxic in large doses (dizziness, weakness, respiratory disorders, collapse).

Lysol, are made from commercially pure cresol and green potassium soap. Used to disinfect the skin as an antiseptic.

Resorcinol, used for skin diseases (eczema, seborrhea, itching, fungal diseases) externally in the form of solutions (water and alcohol) and ointments. Benzonaphthol, an antiseptic for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Adults are prescribed as an antiseptic 0.3-0.5 g 3-4 times a day. Children under 1 year old - 0.05 g per dose, up to 2 years old - 0.1 g, 3-4 years old - 0.15 g, 5-6 years old - 0.2 g, 7 years old - 0.25 g, 8 -14 years - 0.3 g.

Antiseptics. Dyes

methylene blue, soluble in water (1:30), difficult in alcohol, the aqueous solution is blue. It is used externally as an antiseptic for burns, pyoderma, folliculitis, etc. With cystitis, urethritis, they are washed with aqueous solutions (0.02%). Solutions of methylene blue are injected into a vein in case of poisoning with cyanide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide.

brilliant green, Golden-green powder, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol. Applied as an antiseptic externally as an antiseptic in the form of a 0.1-2% alcohol or aqueous solution for pyoderma, blepharitis to lubricate the edges of the eyelids.

Antiseptic liquid Novikov, composition: tannin 1 part, brilliant green 0.2 parts, alcohol 95% 0.2 parts, castor oil 0.5 parts, collodion 20 parts. A colloidal mass that dries quickly and forms an elastic film on the skin. It is used as an antiseptic for the treatment of minor skin lesions. Do not use the liquid for extensive bleeding, infected wounds.

Rivanol(ethacridine lactate), yellow crystalline powder, bitter taste, odorless. Slightly soluble in cold water, alcohol, aqueous solutions are unstable in the light, become brown. Freshly prepared solutions should be used. They have an antimicrobial effect, mainly in infections caused by cocci, especially streptococci. The drug is slightly toxic, does not cause tissue irritation. Used as an external prophylactic and therapeutic agent in surgery, gynecology, urology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology. For the treatment of fresh and infected wounds, aqueous solutions of 0.05% are used, for washing the pleural and abdominal cavity with purulent pleurisy and peritonitis, as well as with purulent arthritis and cystitis - 0.5-0.1%. With boils, carbuncles, abscesses, 0.1-0.2% solutions are prescribed in the form of lotions, tampons. For washing the uterus in the postpartum period, use a 0.1% solution, with coccal conjunctivitis - 0.1% in the form of eye drops. In case of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, nose, rinse with a 0.1% solution or lubricate with a 1% solution. In dermatology, ointments, powders, pastes are used as an antiseptic of various concentrations.

Ointment Konkova, composition: ethacridine 0.3 g, fish oil 33.5 g, bee honey 62 g, birch tar 3 g, distilled water 1.2 g.

Antiseptics. Tars, resins, petroleum products, vegetable balms

Birch tar- a product of processing of the outer part of the birch bark. Thick oily liquid, contains phenol, toluene, xylene, resins and other substances. Applied externally in the treatment of skin diseases in the form of 10-30% ointments, liniments. The therapeutic effect as an antiseptic occurs not only as a result of local action (improvement of blood supply to tissues, increased keratinization processes), but also in connection with reactions that occur when skin receptors are irritated. As an integral part, it is included in the ointments of Wilkinson, Vishnevsky, etc. With prolonged use of tar, skin irritation and exacerbation of the eczematous process can be observed.

Balm Vishnevsky- composition: tar 3 parts, xeroform 3 parts, castor oil 94 parts. It is used in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, bedsores, etc. It has antiseptic properties, has a weak irritating effect, and promotes the regeneration process. Wilkinson's ointment - liquid tar 15 parts, calcium carbonate (precipitated chalk) 10 parts, purified sulfur 15 parts, naftalan ointment 30 parts, green soap 30 parts, water 4 parts. Applied as an antiseptic externally as an antiseptic for scabies and fungal skin diseases.

ASD drug are obtained from animal tissue. It is similar in action to tar, but has a less dramatic effect on the skin. Used as an antiseptic in the treatment of eczema, in the first hours it can cause itching and burning.

Forest liquid, a product of heat treatment (dry distillation) of certain tree species (hazel and alder). Used as an antiseptic for eczema, neurodermatitis and other skin diseases.

Ichthyol- ammonium salt of sulfonic acids of shale oil. An almost black syrupy liquid containing 10.5% combined sulfur. It has an anti-inflammatory effect, local anesthetic and some antiseptic. It is used as an antiseptic for skin diseases, neuralgia, arthritis, etc. in the form of an ointment or water-alcohol lotions. In diseases of the pelvic organs (prostatitis, metritis, etc.), ichthyol suppositories or tampons moistened with a 10% glycerin solution of ichthyol are prescribed.

Naphthalene ointment- a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and resins - naftalan oil (70 parts) and paraffin (18 parts) with petrolatum (12 parts). Naftalan oil and its preparations, when exposed to the skin and mucous membranes, have an emollient, absorbable, disinfectant and some analgesic effect. Applied as an antiseptic externally for various skin diseases, inflammation of the joints and muscles (arthritis, myalgia, etc.), neuritis, neuralgia, radiculitis, burns, ulcers, bedsores. Assign alone or in combination with other drugs in the form of ointments, pastes, suppositories. Naftalan emulsion is also used for douching, compresses, tampons, baths.

Paraffin solid(ceresin) - a mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained during the processing of oil and shale oil. White translucent mass, slightly greasy to the touch. Melting point 50-57bC. Used as a base for ointments. Due to the high heat capacity and low thermal conductivity, paraffin is used for heat treatment for neuralgia, neuritis, etc. Ozokerite is used for the same purpose. Assign as an antiseptic compresses soaked in melted paraffin or paraffin cakes.

Ozokerite- a black waxy mass, a fossil substance of petroleum origin. Contains ceresin, paraffin, mineral oils, resins and other substances. It is used as an antiseptic as a remedy with high heat capacity and low thermal conductivity, for the treatment of heat with neuritis, neuralgia and other diseases. Assign in the form of compresses (gauze pads impregnated with ozocerite, temperature 45-50 °C, covered with waxed paper, oilcloth, cotton wool) and cakes (molten ozocerite poured into a cuvette and cooled to a temperature of 45-50 °C). A compress or a cake is applied for 40-60 minutes. The course of treatment consists of 15-20 procedures, which are carried out daily or every other day. Ozokerite is heated in a water bath. Sterilized by heating at 100°C for 30-40 minutes.

Balm Shostakovsky(vanillin), polyvinyl butyl alcohol, is used for boils, carbuncles, trophic ulcers, purulent wounds, mastitis, burns, frostbite and inflammatory diseases. Promotes cleansing of wounds, tissue regeneration and epithelialization. It is prescribed externally as an antiseptic for wetting wipes and direct application to the wound surface and in the form of 20% solutions in oil, as well as ointments. Inside prescribed for gastric ulcer, gastritis, colitis. It has an enveloping, anti-inflammatory, as well as bacteriostatic effect (gelatin capsules). They are taken 1 time per day 5-6 hours after a meal (it is recommended to take it at 11-12 am after a light dinner at 6 pm). On the first day, take 3 capsules, then 5 capsules, the course of treatment is 16-18 days.

Cigerol, a clear oily liquid, is used as an antiseptic for the treatment of ulcers, granulating wounds, burns, etc. Moisten a sterile dressing (gauze), which is applied to the wound surface and covered with compress paper. With large wound surfaces and abundant discharge, compress paper is not applied. Bandaging is done after 1-2 days, with burns after 4-5 days.

Ointment autolova- composition: machine or autol oils 85 parts, stearin 12 parts, zinc oxide 3 parts. It is used as an antiseptic in the treatment of ulcers, wounds, burns and as a basis for other ointments.

Sulsen, contains about 55% selenium and 45% sulfur. Used as an antiseptic in the treatment of seborrhea of ​​the scalp. Sulsen soap contains 2.5% sulsen, the same amount of sulsen paste mixed with a special foaming base. Apply sulsen soap or paste after regular shampooing. Then lather wet hair with sulsen soap and rub it thoroughly into the scalp. For washing use 2-3 g of soap (one bar of soap for 8-10 procedures). The foam is left on the hair for 5-10 minutes, after which it is thoroughly washed off with warm water (not higher than 40°C) and the hair is wiped dry. Tube with Sulsen paste is designed for 6-8 procedures, one teaspoon per appointment. Sulsen preparations are used once a week (for oily seborrhea in the first 2 weeks it can be twice a week) for 1-1.5 months. In case of relapse, the course of treatment is repeated. Foam and rinse water should not get into the eyes. After the procedure, wash your hands thoroughly with warm water. Sulsen soap should be stored in tight packaging, protected from light.

Antiseptics. Phytoncidal and other herbal antibacterial drugs

Phytoncides called bactericidal, fungicidal substances contained in plants. Especially a lot of them in the juices and volatile fractions of onions, garlic, radishes, horseradish. Preparations made from them can also act as an antiseptic on the body, enhance the motor, secretory function of the gastrointestinal tract, and stimulate cardiac activity.

Tincture of garlic- is used mainly to suppress the processes of decay and fermentation in the intestines, with intestinal atony and colitis, and is prescribed as an antiseptic also for hypertension and atherosclerosis. Take orally 10-20 drops (adults) 2-3 times a day before meals.

Allylsat- alcohol (40%) extract from garlic bulbs. Assign as an antiseptic for adults 10-20 drops (in milk) 2-3 times a day. Garlic preparations are contraindicated in kidney disease, as they can cause irritation of the renal parenchyma.

Allylchen- alcohol extract from onions. Used as an antiseptic inside, 15-20 drops 3 times a day for several days with intestinal atony and diarrhea.

Urzalin- an essential oil obtained from a bear's onion. It is used as an antiseptic in the treatment of purulent wounds, ulcers, bedsores, etc. A 0.3% ointment on vaseline is applied to gauze and applied to the damaged surface. The dressing is changed every 2-3 days.

Sodium usninate- sodium salt of usnic acid isolated from lichens. It is an antibacterial agent. Assign as an antiseptic in the form of a 1% water-alcohol or 0.5% oil solution (castor oil), as well as a solution in glycerin, fir balsam. Solutions are abundantly lubricated with gauze bandages, which are applied to the affected surface of the skin. When powdering wounds with powder, 0.1-0.2 g is used per wound about 16 square cm in size.

Imanin- an antibacterial preparation obtained from St. John's wort. It also has the ability to dry the wound surface and stimulate tissue regeneration. Used as an antiseptic in the form of solutions, ointments, powders for the treatment of fresh and infected wounds, burns, ulcers, abscesses, nipple cracks, mastitis, boils, carbuncles. They are also used for acute laryngitis, sinusitis, rhinitis. The affected areas are irrigated or washed with a solution, then a wet bandage is applied, soaked in the same solution, changing daily or every other day. Apply also 5-10% ointment.

Tincture of calendula, alcohol tincture of flowers and marigold flower baskets. Used as an antiseptic for cuts, purulent wounds, burns, for rinsing with sore throat (1 teaspoon per glass of water). Inside, they are also taken as a choleretic agent (10-20 drops per reception).

Sophora japonica tincture- used as an antiseptic for purulent inflammatory processes (wounds, burns, trophic ulcers) in the form of irrigation, washing, for wet dressings.

: use knowledge for health