Foods for diabetes that you can eat. Characteristics of diets in case of illness. We stop being afraid of fats and learn to choose healthy ones.

The basis of treatment insulin dependent diabetes is a dietary food, which is aimed at maintaining the optimal level of glucose in the blood and reducing the body weight of the patient. The general condition and course of the disease depends on the proper organization of the nutrition of a diabetic. Therefore, before choosing products for the daily menu, you need to visit an endocrinologist who will tell you what you can eat on a diet for type 2 diabetes.

Features of dietary nutrition

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a decrease in the susceptibility of all body tissues to the influence of insulin, because of this, the glucose level rises significantly, which has negative consequences for human health. The purpose of the diet is to reduce the patient's body fat mass and restore tissue sensitivity to the action of insulin. Dietary nutrition becomes an integral part of the life of a diabetic, which he must adhere to throughout his life. This will not be particularly difficult, the patient just needs to learn how to choose the right foods and in the future he will know what to eat with an illness, and why it is better to refuse.

Diet principles:

• In the diet of a diabetic, it is necessary to limit the calorie content of dishes, but at the same time maintain their energy value for the body.
• The energy value of the diet should correspond to the amount of energy spent per day.
• To normalize metabolism, food intake occurs at the same time.
• During the day, it is important to organize up to six meals, in each of which you need to reduce the portion size.
• Light fruit snacks are a must throughout the day.
• Carbohydrates in the afternoon are reduced to a minimum.
• When compiling the menu, a variety of products are used, but taking into account their glycemic index.
• For fast satiety, use vegetables and fruits with high content dietary fiber from the list of allowed foods.
• Limitation table salt in the diet up to 4-5 g, to remove excess fluid.
• Exclusion of alcoholic and carbonated drinks.
• Gentle cooking of products without the addition of refined fats.
• The use of sweeteners in strictly normalized doses.
• When choosing bakery products, it is necessary to give preference to products made from dark flour with the addition of bran.

Features of a balanced diet in diabetes:

• A prerequisite for the constant maintenance of insulin in the blood throughout the day is a full nutritious breakfast.
• Each meal should begin with the use of vegetable salads, this will help restore fat metabolism and normalize body weight.
• A few hours before bedtime, exclude meals, as metabolic processes slow down at night.
• Eat dishes only at room or cool temperature, for the digestion of such dishes, calorie consumption increases.
• In each serving of food, there should be an optimal ratio of proteins and healthy fats This slows down the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
• Allowed types of liquids should be drunk at least 20 minutes before the start of the meal, and 30 minutes after the meal.
• When cooking cutlets, it is preferable to use chopped oatmeal, but not bakery products from white flour.
• Diet foods should not be subjected to additional frying with the addition of flour, as this increases their glycemic index.
• If raw fruit and vegetables are not well tolerated digestive tract bake them in the oven or in the microwave.
• Eat in small portions until the body is not completely saturated.

In no case do not allow overeating, it slows down the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract

For each patient, the endocrinologist adjusts the menu, taking into account the individual characteristics of the organism and the severity of the disease, but table No. 9 remains the basis for dietary nutrition.

How to Choose Low Glycemic Foods

GI - reflects the effect of the product on the body by its ability to increase glucose levels. In the diet of a diabetic patient, it is necessary to include products with a low or medium GI in the diet, this will allow the blood sugar level to stabilize for a longer period.

List of allowed products and ready meals

When compiling a diet, the patient must take into account what properties and calorie content the prepared dishes are endowed with, therefore, for their manufacture, it is necessary to choose only healthy products from natural raw materials.

So, insulin-dependent type of diabetes requires strict control of the amount of carbohydrates consumed per day, since when administering insulin, it is important to take into account the glycemic index of foods. For the organization of dietary nutrition rational choice products at diabetes 2 types will help you get the job done effectively internal organs thereby significantly improving the patient's well-being.

Some vegetables help control sugar levels in the body.

List of what you can eat with type 2 diabetes without limitation:

• Vegetables. They contain fiber, which has a beneficial effect on metabolic processes: cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, greens.
• Berries and fruits. Help to control a constant level of glucose in the blood: lemon, quince, avocado, kiwi.
• Seafood, fish. Preferably choose dietary types fish that have a low fat content: shrimp, crabs, sea bass, hake, flounder.
• Sour-milk products with low fat content: kefir, mild types of cheese, curdled milk, cottage cheese.
• Loose cereals. They saturate the body with useful substances and contribute to the long-term normalization of blood sugar levels: buckwheat, corn, brown rice, millet).
• Beverages. It is recommended to drink tea based on medicinal herbs: blueberry leaves, valerian root, St. John's wort, motherwort).

The patient should monitor blood sugar levels every 2 hours after eating, this will help to detect foods that cause significant fluctuations in glucose.

What to eat on a type 2 diabetes diet limited quantity and with care:

• bakery products made from dark flour;
• potato;
• carrot;
• corn;
• bananas;
• a pineapple;
• hot spices;
• fish and meat broths;
• offal;
• cereals;
• milk;
• coffee;
• eggs;
• sweets based on fructose.

The products allowed for the disease have a fairly wide range, this will allow the patient to diversify the daily diet and fill it with a sufficient amount of useful substances.

In order for the patient to easily follow the diet, it is recommended to have a memo in which there will be a table of which foods and in what quantity can be consumed in diabetes:

Prohibited foods and dishes

Before starting a diet, you need to pay attention to which foods are strictly prohibited for diabetics.

Products for diabetes with absolute contraindications:

• refined fats;
• fatty broths;
• canned meat;
• smoked meats;
• alcoholic drinks;
• sweets with cream and margarine;
• baking with white flour;
• sausage products;
• semolina;
• White rice;
• sugar.

A complete rejection of carbohydrates is not necessary, since they are important elements for the full functioning of the body. It is enough to correctly calculate the daily rate of carbohydrates consumed, depending on the individual needs of a person.

How to replace unhealthy foods with healthy ones

In diabetes, it is forbidden to eat high-calorie foods, as they contribute to the progression of the disease and worsen the effect of sugar-lowering drugs. In cooking, there are a large number of products that, due to their pronounced taste, are not inferior to harmful counterparts.

Wheat flour

Wheat flour is a high-calorie product that is obtained by grinding wheat grains. It promotes weight gain, and therefore is contraindicated for diabetics. However, it is difficult for some to refuse flour, since it is part of many delicious meals. Endocrinologists recommend replacing flour with less high-calorie counterparts. Grinding buckwheat or corn grits on a coffee grinder, we can get flour from them at home.

Crisps

Most of the population is not averse to eating chips, especially when watching their favorite movies or TV shows. You can replace the harmful product with dried banana slices or sprouted grain bread, which have many flavors, like chips.

Sweets

When following a diet, it is most difficult to give up chocolate products, and sometimes breaking the ban by eating sweets takes over. The main harm of chocolate products in diabetes mellitus is that they contain rapidly digestible carbohydrates, as a result of which the glucose level rises significantly. Replace sweets with dried fruits this moment presented a wide range of useful analogues. At home, you can make diet sweets, for this you need to grind dried apricots, dates, prunes and walnuts, then mix them and bread them in a small amount of sesame seeds.

Characteristics of diets for illness

For patients with type 2 diabetes overweight The most effective will be a low-carbohydrate diet. With its observance, after 6 months, it is possible to achieve and reduce the use of drugs. This food is able to cover all the energy costs of the body, even for people leading an active lifestyle.

A low-carbohydrate diet promotes normalization blood pressure and reduces the concentration of cholesterol in the blood within 14 days after the start

The most effective low carb diets.

classical

A rather strict diet that came to us from the 20th century, one of its brightest representatives is diet table number 9. Characterized balanced diet, which is well suited for insulin-dependent type of diabetes.

Modern

The main principles of current diets is to take into account individual features each patient, which allows you to diversify the menu with various products. The diet does not provide for strict prohibitions on certain types products, this brought previously prohibited products into the daily diet. When compiling a diet, they are guided by the factor of eating simple carbohydrates containing a large amount of fiber. However, it should be noted that this type of nutrition is not universal, it is possible only on an individual basis, taking into account the degree of compensation for the disease.

Glycemic

The diet is intended for patients with type 2 diabetes to prevent abrupt change concentration of insulin in the blood. The main rule is to reduce the amount of food consumed high in simple carbohydrates. Therapeutic nutrition contributes to weight loss, which is relevant for this type of diabetes. It is contraindicated in patients with childhood, as well as in the presence of renal pathologies.

Mayo Clinic

The developed nutrition system is designed to reduce the caloric content of consumed dishes, which helps to normalize body weight and lower blood glucose levels. The diet of a diabetic is dominated by vegetables rich in fiber, from which to prepare diet soup to help burn fat. The secret to fat-burning vegetable broth lies in the addition of hot peppers. Soup consumption is unlimited, it can be eaten throughout the day, adding to every meal fresh fruits.

What foods can replace sugar

All sweeteners can be divided into 2 main groups:

• Natural. They are quite high in calories, so this must be taken into account when using them. Not recommended for type 2 diabetes: fructose, stevia, sorbitol, xylitol).
• Artificial. Derivatives of various chemicals: saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame).

The abuse of sweeteners leads to a toxic effect on the entire body as a whole.

stevia

This is a plant whose leaves are used as food supplement, is the most harmless natural sweetener for type 2 diabetes, as it does not contain calories. vegetable matter can be added to ready meals or used in cooking. It does not increase blood glucose levels, therefore it is safe for diabetics.

Saccharin

Available as a white powder, soluble in water. If you use saccharin when boiling, then it acquires a bitter aftertaste, so it is dissolved in warm water. Well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, can accumulate in organs and tissues in high concentrations. Saccharin is used in small doses and in combination with other sugar substitutes.

The choice of products for a diet for diabetes should be made taking into account the stage of the disease and in the presence of concomitant pathologies, since, depending on the severity of the symptoms, either an expansion of the diet or its strict restriction is possible.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the serious pathologies endocrine system which requires constant monitoring by the patient and the doctor. Everyone who has been diagnosed with such a diagnosis will agree that the prevailing share of medical restrictions and recommendations concerns daily daily ration. In fact, this is the main treatment, on which the course of the disease, as well as the general condition of the patient, directly depends.

If you have type 2 diabetes, the diet is something that is important to learn by heart, so it is best to print it out so that it is always in front of your eyes and you strictly adhere to it. Many mistakenly believe that nothing bad will happen from a few glasses of alcohol or a dozen candies. Such breakdowns simply nullify all your efforts and can cause critical situation which requires immediate resuscitation or even a complete rejection of food.

First of all, you should keep a food diary (online or on paper), recording everything that you consume throughout the day, and stick to others. important points nutrition.

Principles of nutrition in type 2 diabetes

In diabetic patients who unknowingly or deliberately do not eat a diet prior to diagnosis, cells lose insulin sensitivity as a result of a large amount of carbohydrates in the diet. As a result, blood glucose rises and always stays at high levels. Dietary nutrition for diabetics is to return to the cells normal sensitivity to insulin, namely the ability to absorb sugar.

Limiting the caloric content of the diet while maintaining its energy value for the body.

Eating at approximately the same time. Thus, you will achieve the normal course of metabolism and the functioning of the digestive system.

The energy component of the diet must necessarily correspond to real energy consumption.

Mandatory five to six meals throughout the day, with light snacks (primarily for insulin-dependent patients).

Approximately the same calorie main meals. Most carbohydrates should be consumed in the morning.

Adding fresh fiber-rich vegetables to every meal to reduce the rate of absorption of simple sugars and create satiety.

Replacing sugar with safe and permitted sweeteners in normalized quantities.

Eating sweets only in the main meals, and not in snacks, otherwise there will be a strong jump in blood glucose.

Preference for desserts that contain vegetable fat (nuts, yogurt), as the breakdown of fats slows down the absorption of sugar.

Restriction of complex carbohydrates.

Strict restriction easily digestible carbohydrates up to their complete exclusion.

Limiting the intake of animal fats.

Significant reduction or elimination of salt.

Avoid eating after sports or physical activity.

Exclusion of overeating, that is, overloading the digestive tract.

Sharp restriction or exclusion of alcohol (up to the first serving throughout the day). You can't drink on an empty stomach.

Daily intake of free fluid - 1.5 liters.

The use of dietary methods of preparation.

Some dietary habits for diabetics

You can not take long breaks in food and starve.

You can't skip breakfast.

Dishes should not be too cold or hot.

The last meal is no later than two hours before bedtime.

During meals, vegetables are first eaten, after which a protein product (cottage cheese, meat).

If there is a large amount of carbohydrates in a serving of food, there must also be the right fats or proteins to reduce the rate of digestion of the former.

It is better to drink water or permitted drinks before meals, but in no case should they be washed down with food.

You can not increase the GI of products by adding flour, additionally frying them, breading in batter and breadcrumbs, flavoring with oil and boiling (pumpkin, beets).

When cooking cutlets, you can not use a loaf, replacing it with vegetables, oatmeal.

At poor tolerance vegetables from them you need to make baked dishes, various pies and pastas.

Stop eating at 80% saturation.

Why is it worth considering the GI (glycemic index) for a diabetic?

GI is an indicator of the ability of foods after they enter the human body to cause an increase in blood sugar levels. It is especially important to take into account in insulin-dependent and severe diabetes mellitus.

Each product has its own glycemic index. Therefore, the higher it is, the faster the blood sugar level rises and vice versa.

GI gradation separates all foods with low (up to 40), medium (41-70) and high GI (more than 70 units). You can find tables with a breakdown of products into these groups or online calculators for calculating GI on thematic portals and resort to them in everyday life.

Naturally, all foods with a high GI should be excluded from the diet, except for those that benefit the body of those suffering from diabetes. In this case, the overall GI of the diet decreases as a result of the restriction of other carbohydrate products.

The usual diet should include foods with an average (smaller part) and low (mostly) GI.

What is a bread unit (XE) and how to calculate it?

Bread unit or XE is another measure designed to eliminate carbohydrates. It got its name from a piece of "brick" bread, which is obtained by cutting an ordinary loaf into pieces, and then in half: such a 25-gram piece contains 1 XE.

Most products include carbohydrates, while they do not differ in properties, composition and calorie content. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the daily volume of food intake that is necessary for insulin-dependent patients - the amount of carbohydrates consumed must necessarily correspond to the dose of insulin administered.

Such a counting system is considered international and allows you to choose the required dose of insulin. The XE indicator allows you to identify the carbohydrate component without weighing, but at a glance and in natural volumes that are convenient for perception (spoon, glass, piece, piece, etc.). Estimating how much bread units is eaten at one time and by measuring blood sugar, a patient with group 2 diabetes can inject the required dose of insulin with short action before meals.

the sugar level after eating 1 XE increases by 2.8 mmol / l;

1 XE includes approximately 15 g of digestible carbohydrates;

to assimilate 1 XE, 2 units of insulin are required;

the daily norm is 18-25 XE, with the distribution of six meals (3-5 XE - the main meals; 1-2 XE - snacks).

1 XE is equal to: 30 g of black bread, 25 g of white bread, 0.5 cups of buckwheat or oatmeal, 2 prunes, 1 medium-sized apple, and so on.

Allowed foods and those that can be rarely consumed

Allowed foods for diabetes are a group that can be eaten without restrictions.

Prohibited Products

Refined sugar is among the products with an average GI, but with a borderline value. That is, theoretically, it can be consumed, but the absorption of sugar is fast, which means that blood sugar rises rapidly. Therefore, ideally, it should be excluded from the diet or consumed in a limited way.

Replacing harmful products with useful analogues

Table 9 for diabetes

Diet No. 9 was developed specifically for diabetics and has long been used in inpatient treatment of patients who strictly adhere to it at home. It was developed by the Soviet scientist M. Pevzner. It includes:

300 g of fruit;

80 g of vegetables;

100 g mushrooms;

1 st. natural fruit juice;

300 g of meat or fish;

200 g of low-fat cottage cheese, 500 ml of fermented milk products;

100-200 g of bran, rye, wheat bread mixed with rye flour or 200 g of cereals (ready-made), potatoes;

40-60 g of fat.

Main dishes:

Soups: vegetable, cabbage soup, beetroot, borscht, vegetable and meat okroshka, fish or light meat broth, mushroom soup with cereals and vegetables.

Poultry, meat: rabbit, veal, chicken stewed, chopped, boiled, turkey.

Fish: pike perch, saffron cod, cod, pike and low-fat seafood stewed, steamed, boiled, baked in juice.

Snacks: vegetable mix of vegetables, vinaigrette, aspic dietary fish and meat, vegetable caviar, unsalted cheese, seafood salad with butter.

Sweets: desserts from berries, fresh fruits, berry mousses, fruit jelly without sugar, jam and marmalade without sugar.

Egg dishes: soft-boiled eggs, protein omelet, in dishes.

Diet for type 2 diabetes by day

Contrary to the skepticism of many menus for the week of people who have just become the right way diet food can be both tasty and varied, the main thing is that food becomes a priority in life.

Sweeteners

This question always remains controversial, since a diabetic patient does not feel an urgent need for them. They can only be used to satisfy your habit of sweetening drinks and dishes and taste preferences. Natural and artificial sweeteners with proven safety simply do not exist. The main requirement for them is a slight increase in the indicator or the absence of an increase in blood sugar.

Today, people with diabetes can use fructose, honey, and stevia as sweeteners.

stevia

Stevia leaf supplement perennial plant stevia, which replaces sugar. Such a plant synthesizes sweet glycosides, among which the main substance is stevioside (gives a sweet taste to the stems and leaves, which is twenty times sweeter than ordinary sugar). It can be added to cooking and ready meals. Stevia is believed to aid insulin production and promote normal pancreatic function without increasing blood sugar levels.

WHO experts officially approved it as a sweetener in 2004. The daily norm is up to 2.4 mg / kg (no more than one tablespoon per day). With the abuse of the additive, there is a possibility of developing allergic reactions and toxic effects. Available in the form of liquid extracts, powder and concentrated syrups.

Fructose 50%

Fructose does not require insulin to metabolize, so it is completely safe. It has two times less calories and one and a half times more sweetness compared to the usual sugar. It has a low GI and does not cause rapid increase blood sugar levels.

The norm is no more than 30-40 g per day. At the use more than 50 g of fructose a day sensitivity of a liver to insulin decreases. Produced in the form of tablets and powder.

Natural bee honey

Includes fructose, glucose and a small proportion of sucrose (1-6 percent). Insulin is required for the metabolism of sucrose, but the content of this sugar is negligible, for this reason the burden on the body is not significant.

Rich in biologically active substances and vitamins that increase immunity. Moreover, it is a high-calorie carbohydrate product with a high GI (85). With mild degrees of diabetes, 1-2 teaspoons of honey with tea per day are allowed, after meals, slowly dissolving (but in no case add it to a hot drink).

Supplements such as xylitol, aspartame, saccharin, and suclamate are currently discouraged by endocrinologists due to potential side effects and other risks.

It is worth remembering that the rate of absorption of carbohydrates and the sugar content in products will differ from the average calculated values. For this reason, monitor blood glucose immediately before meals and two hours after meals, constantly keep a food diary and find foods that cause blood sugar spikes. It is most convenient to calculate the GI of dishes with a special calculator, since different additives and cooking techniques can significantly increase the initial level of the GI of the source products.

Patients with diabetes should adhere to restrictions in food intake. A ban on certain types of foods exists in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diet - the most important aspect counteract the complications of diabetes. Nutritionists recommend excluding fast carbohydrates based on monosaccharides from the diet. If the intake of these substances in the body cannot be limited, then in type 1 diabetes, the use of simple carbohydrates is accompanied by the introduction of insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the uncontrolled intake of easily digestible carbohydrates in the body causes obesity. However, if a person with type 2 diabetes has hypoglycemia, eating carbohydrates will help raise the sugar level to normal levels.

Guidelines for dietary nutrition are formulated individually for each patient, the following positions are taken into account when developing a nutrition system:

• type of diabetes;
• patient's age;

What foods can not be eaten with diabetes

Certain categories of foodstuffs fall under the ban:

• Sugar, honey and artificially synthesized sweeteners. Sugar is very difficult to completely eliminate from the diet, but it is very important to reduce the intake of sugars in the body. You can use special sugar, which is sold in specialized departments of products for diabetics;
• Sweet pastries and puff pastry. This category of food contains an excessive amount of simple carbohydrates and therefore can complicate the course of diabetes with obesity. For diabetics, rye bread, bran products and wholemeal flour will be useful.
• Chocolate based confectionery. Milk, white chocolate and candies are very high in sugar. For diabetics, it is permissible to eat dark chocolate with a cocoa bean powder content of at least seventy-five percent.
• Fruits and vegetables containing a lot of fast carbohydrates. Enough large group products and therefore it is important to remember the list of what you can not eat with diabetes: potatoes, beets, carrots, beans, dates, bananas, figs, grapes. Such food sharply increases the content of glucose in the blood. For the diet of a diabetic, such vegetables and fruits are suitable: cabbage, tomatoes and eggplant, pumpkin, as well as oranges and green apples;
• Fruit juices. It is allowed to use only freshly squeezed juice, highly diluted with water. Packaged juices are outlawed due to their high concentration of natural sugars and artificial sweeteners.
• Foods high in animal fats. Diabetics should not eat large quantities butter, smoked meats, fatty soups with meat or fish.

Diabetics can eat fully, satisfying the taste needs and needs of the body. Here is a list of food groups indicated for diabetes:

As mentioned earlier, type 2 diabetes, if diet is ignored, is fraught with obesity. To keep body weight under control, a diabetic should receive no more than two thousand calories per day. The exact number of calories is set by the dietitian, taking into account the patient's age, current weight and type of employment. Moreover, carbohydrates should be the source of no more than half of the calories received. Do not neglect the information that food manufacturers indicate on the packages. Information about the energy value will help to form the optimal daily diet. As an example, a table is provided explaining the diet and diet.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system in which the synthesis of insulin is disrupted (or its production stops altogether). Diabetes treatment includes medication and nutritional therapy to help control blood glucose levels and prevent sugar spikes. It is impossible to neglect the recommendations of a doctor on nutrition, since even the minimum amount of prohibited foods can lead to hyperglycemia or a hypoglycemic crisis.

To avoid such complications, which belong to the group of pathologies with an increased risk of mortality, and to properly compose a diet, you need to know what foods you can eat with diabetes.

Basic dietary guidelines for diabetes

Nutrition in diabetes should comply with the principles of restoring carbohydrate metabolism. Products included in the patient's diet should not have increased loads the pancreas, the organ responsible for insulin synthesis. Patients with this diagnosis should avoid copious receptions food. A single serving should not exceed 200-250 g (plus 100 ml of drink).

Note! It is important to control not only the amount of food eaten, but also the amount of liquid you drink. A standard cup holds about 200-230 ml of tea. People with diabetes are allowed to drink half of this amount at a time. If the meal consists only of tea drinking, you can leave the usual amount of the drink.

It is best to eat at the same time every day. This will improve metabolic processes and digestion, as gastric juice, containing digestive enzymes for the breakdown and assimilation of food, will be produced at certain hours.

When compiling the menu, you should adhere to other recommendations of experts, namely:

• when choosing a method heat treatment products, preference should be given to baking, boiling, stewing and steaming;
• the intake of carbohydrates should be uniform throughout the day;
• the main part of the diet should be protein products, vegetables and herbs;
• nutrition should be balanced and contain the required amount of minerals, amino acids and vitamins (in accordance with age requirements).

People with diabetes need to carefully monitor not only the carbohydrate content, but also the amount of fat in the foods consumed. lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus, it is disturbed in almost 70% of patients, so foods with a minimum fat content should be chosen for the menu. In meat, it is necessary to cut off all fat and films, in the fat content of dairy products should be in the range of 1.5-5.2%. The exception is sour cream, but even here it is better to choose a product with a fat percentage of no more than 10-15%.

What is good to eat with diabetes?

People with diabetes need to increase the amount of protein in their diet, while it is important to monitor their fat content and the content of essential vitamins and other useful elements. Foods with a high protein content that are approved for consumption by diabetics include:

• not fatty varieties meat and poultry (rabbit, veal, lean beef, chicken and chicken fillet, skinless turkey);
• cottage cheese with a fat content of not more than 5%;
• chicken eggs (with high cholesterol limited to protein only);
• fish (any variety, but it is better to give preference to tuna, trout, mackerel, cod).

Important! Nutrition in diabetes should be directed not only to the correction of carbohydrate metabolism, but also to the prevention of possible complications from the musculoskeletal system, heart and blood vessels.

Useful for diabetics are apples (excluding sweet yellow varieties), blueberries in limited quantities, carrots and bell peppers. These products contain a lot of lutein and vitamin A, which prevent pathologies. visual apparatus. About 30% of people diagnosed with diabetes have an increased risk of developing glaucoma, cataracts and retinal atrophy, so the inclusion of these foods in the diet is necessary for any form of diabetes.

It is equally important to ensure sufficient intake of potassium, magnesium and other elements to maintain the work of the heart muscle. Nuts and dried fruits are traditionally considered the most useful foods for the heart, but they are high in calories, and nuts also contain a large amount of fat, so they are not recommended for people with diabetes. The opinion of doctors on this matter is ambiguous, but most experts believe that sometimes you can add dried fruits to the menu, but you need to do this according to certain rules:

• you can use dried fruits and nuts no more than 1 time in 7-10 days;
• the amount of product that is allowed to be eaten at a time is 2-4 pieces (or 6-8 nuts);
• nuts should be consumed raw (not roasted);
• Dried fruits are recommended to be soaked in water for 1-2 hours before consumption.

Important! Despite the high calorie content of dried fruits, compotes from dried apricots, prunes, figs (rarely raisins) are not contraindicated for diabetics. When cooking, it is better not to add sugar to them. If desired, you can use stevia or another natural sweetener recommended by your doctor.

What foods can you eat?

Some patients find that nutrition in diabetes is poor and monotonous. This is an erroneous opinion, since the only restriction for this disease concerns fast carbohydrates and fatty foods, which are not recommended even for healthy people. All foods that patients with diabetes can eat are listed in the table.

Occasionally, sunflower or pumpkin seeds can be included in the diet. They contain a lot of potassium and magnesium, necessary for normal operation hearts and nervous system. From drinks, patients with diabetes can use compotes and fruit drinks, kissels, green and black tea. It is better to refuse coffee, carbonated drinks and packaged juices for this disease.

Can you drink alcohol?

The use of alcoholic beverages in diabetes is contraindicated. In rare cases, it is possible to drink a small amount of dry wine, the sugar content of which does not exceed 5 g per 100 ml. In doing so, the following recommendations should be observed:

• do not drink alcohol on an empty stomach;
• the maximum allowable dose of alcohol is 250-300 ml;
• snack on the table should be protein (meat and fish dishes).

Important! Many alcoholic beverages have a hypoglycemic effect. If a diabetic is planning to drink some alcohol, it is important to have a glucometer and necessary medications with you, as well as a leaflet about assistance. emergency care in case of a sharp drop in sugar. It is necessary to measure the glucose indicator at the first signs of a deterioration in well-being.

What foods help lower glucose?

There are certain food groups with low glycemic index, the use of which helps to lower blood sugar. It is recommended to include them in the diet daily - this will help control glucose levels and avoid negative consequences in the form of hyperglycemia.

Most of these products are vegetables and herbs. They should make up one third of the total daily ration. The following types of vegetables are especially useful:

• zucchini and eggplant;
• Bulgarian green pepper;
• tomatoes;
• cabbage (broccoli, Brussels sprouts and white cabbage);
• cucumbers.

Of the greens, parsley is considered especially useful. Its glycemic index is only 5 units. The same indicators for all types of seafood. Patients with diabetes are recommended the following types of seafood:

• shrimps;
• crayfish;
• lobsters;
• squid.

Some types of spices also have sugar-lowering properties, so they can be added when cooking, but in a strictly defined amount. It is recommended to add a little cinnamon to tea and casseroles, and turmeric, ginger and ground pepper to vegetable and meat dishes.

Important! Almost all spices have irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, so they are contraindicated in gastritis, colitis, peptic ulcer and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Berries have a good sugar-lowering effect. Cherry is especially useful for diabetics. By eating 100 g of cherries 2-3 times a week, you can improve your well-being, lower blood glucose, enrich your body with vitamins and mineral salts. AT winter period you can use frozen berries, in summer it is better to buy a fresh product. Cherries can be replaced with gooseberries, currants or plums - they have a similar chemical composition and the same glycemic index (22 units).

Sample daily menu for diabetics

Proper nutrition for diabetes essential part complex treatment of the disease. If the patient does not follow the doctor's recommendations and does not change the diet, the likelihood of a favorable life prognosis will be very small. Efficiency drug therapy directly depends on what products the patient consumes, therefore, drawing up the right diet and strict adherence to doctor's prescriptions is an important task on which the patient's future life depends.

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Foods to include in a diabetic diet

With diabetes, you only need to choose foods that have a low glycemic index. If foods are characterized by a high content of carbohydrates and their glycemic index exceeds 70, such foods should not be consumed.

Diabetics should adhere to the basic rule of nutrition, you need to eat in moderation. Food portions should be small. Doctors allow people with diabetes to consume even sweet berries and fruits in limited quantities. For example, apples and citrus fruits are even beneficial for diabetics. The main thing is not to abuse them, but to consume in limited quantities. Therefore, do not think that the diet of diabetics consists only of restrictions. You just need to combine products correctly, diversify the menu and, most importantly, consume small portions of food.

Foods to include in a diabetic diet:

1. Citrus fruits (grapefruit, pomegranate, tangerine, orange, lemon).
2. Fruits and berries (pears, apples, raspberries, cherries, currants).
3. Natural teas (rosehip, raspberry, currant).
4. Dried fruits (dried apples, pears, prunes, dried apricots).
5. Vegetables (cabbage, peppers, zucchini, eggplant, garlic, tomatoes, cucumbers).
6. Confectionery and sweets (confectionery products that do not contain sugar).
7. Meat (chicken, lamb, veal).
8. Fish and seafood (shrimp, sea ​​kale, pike, pollock, cod).
9. Cereals (oatmeal, buckwheat, millet, brown rice).

Citrus

Doctors allow people suffering from diabetes to include grapefruit, pomegranate, lemon, tangerine, orange in their diet. They are rich in vitamins, fiber and minerals. Citrus fruits also help strengthen the walls of blood vessels. However, they should be consumed in moderation without fanaticism. Diabetics are not recommended to consume bananas, especially overripe ones, because their glycemic index reaches 70.

Fruits and berries

The diet of diabetics can include pears, apples, peaches, plums, cherries, raspberries, currants, strawberries, blueberries. They can be consumed fresh, dried, and also make kissels, jelly and compotes. In diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is desirable to eat baked apples. They are rich in fiber, pectins, vitamins, organic acids, so they have a healing effect. In diabetes, cherry is the most beneficial, because it is rich in iron, and therefore helps to normalize hemoglobin in the blood. Diabetics should limit their intake of grapes, which have a high glycemic index, and eliminate watermelons and melons from their diet.

natural teas

People who suffer from diabetes can make teas from dried berries (currants, rose hips, raspberries), as well as from raspberry and currant leaves. They are rich in vitamins and minerals. Therefore, you need to include natural teas in your diet.

Dried fruits

Dried fruits must be soaked before eating. hot water and drain the liquid a couple of times. Thus, it will be possible to consume dried apricots and prunes. People who suffer from diabetes need to give up raisins, dates because they are characterized by a high content of carbohydrates.

From dried fruits (apples, pears) you can make compotes. You just need to soak them overnight. During cooking, you need to decant the water several times. Only then can you drink compote.

Vegetables

There are no big restrictions among vegetables for diabetics. However, do not abuse foods that are rich in carbohydrates. Therefore, potatoes should be limited during cooking. Also do not abuse carrots and beets because they have a high glycemic index. Diabetics can consume zucchini, eggplant, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, parsley, dill, lettuce, cabbage. However, they should not be abused, but consumed in limited quantities.

Confectionery and sweets

Today, sugar-free sweets can be found on store shelves for diabetics. However, they cannot be abused. With diabetes, doctors even allow you to eat a piece of chocolate and some ice cream. However, diabetics should completely eliminate sugar and foods that contain it from their diet. You can consume honey only in limited quantities.

Meat

Diabetics should definitely include meat in their diet, because it provides the body with proteins, which serves as a building material for cells. People with diabetes should prefer chicken meat, however? you can include rabbit, lamb and veal. It is undesirable to use fatty meats for cooking your dishes. Meat needs to be boiled, baked or jelly made. Thus, it retains its nutritional properties. In no case should diabetics include fried meat in their diet, it is very harmful. Also, do not abuse sausages.

Fish and seafood

In their diet, diabetics must necessarily include seafood, as well as sea and river fish. They need to be steamed or boiled. Fish is valued for its high content of calcium and protein.. Seafood and sea ​​fish rich in iodine.

cereals

Porridges are rich in fiber and trace elements, so diabetics should include them in their diet. You need to prefer oatmeal, millet, barley and buckwheat porridge. It is not advisable to take white rice or semolina for cooking cereals. You can consume brown or steamed rice.

Dairy

Diabetics can consume low-fat dairy products (milk, cottage cheese, kefir). However do not abuse sour cream and hard cheeses. Many doctors recommend that diabetics consume fermented milk products, because they are very useful.

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Nutrition principles

As a result of type 2 diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder occurs. Improper functioning of the digestive system is associated with a lack and inability to fully absorb glucose. For mild type 2 diabetes, diet can be a treatment and no special medications are required.

Despite the fact that each patient has his own, individual diet, in the aggregate common features food intake for patients with type 2 diabetes is included in a single scheme called "table number 9". Based on this basic diet, an individual scheme is created, adjusted for each specific case.

1. In clinical nutrition, the ratio of "proteins:fats:carbohydrates" is very important. In this case, it should be "16%:24%:60%". This distribution ensures optimal intake of the sick "building" material into the body.
2. For each patient, their individual daily calorie requirement is calculated. The amount of energy received from food should not exceed the amount spent by the body. Usually doctors advise to set the daily rate for women at 1200 Kcal, and for men at 1500 Kcal.
3. First of all, sugar should be excluded from the diet, replacing them.
4. The patient's diet should be fortified, and rich in trace elements and cellulose.
5. The consumption of animal fats needs to be reduced by half.
6. Be sure to increase the number of meals up to 5 or 6 times. And each of them should be properly combined with physical activity. Also select the use of drugs (sugar-lowering).
7. Dinner should be no later than 2 hours before bedtime.
8. It is required that the breaks between meals are at least three hours.

It is very important for a person suffering from diabetes to correctly compose a diet and choose the appropriate menu, using the recommendations of a doctor when choosing products. You can not engage in amateur activities, as this can aggravate the course of the disease.

Allowed foods and ready meals

A patient with such a diagnosis will have to follow a diet for life. It is the right choice of permitted products that can provide a person with a decent life. The patient is allowed to eat certain foods.

1. Bread. In a small amount, diabetic or rye bread is allowed. A product prepared from bran is freely allowed for use. Ordinary bakery products and pasta are allowed in a very limited form or are completely excluded.
2. Vegetables, greens. A person with diabetes can and should add fresh vegetables to their diet. Cabbage, sorrel, zucchini, cucumbers, onions and other sources of dietary fiber have a beneficial effect on metabolism and contribute to its normalization. Boiled potatoes, beets and carrots are allowed to consume no more than 200 g per day. Corn and legumes can be eaten sparingly and in small amounts.
3. From fruits and berries, you can eat cranberries, quince and lemon unlimitedly. The rest of the products from this group are allowed to eat in limited quantities. There are no completely prohibited fruits and berries.
4. From spices and seasonings, pepper, cinnamon, herbs and mustard can be attributed to the permitted ones. Use salad dressings and low-fat homemade mayonnaise sparingly and with caution.
5. Low-fat meat and fish broths are also on the list available for use. Vegetable soups are also allowed.
6. Low-fat cheese and kefir also get the green light.
7. Fish. The principle when eating fish is: the less fat it contains, the better for the body. It is allowed to eat 150 g of fish per day.
8. It is very important for the patient to limit himself in the use of fatty meat. It can be no more than 100g per day exclusively in boiled or baked form.
9. Cereals. A person diagnosed with type 2 diabetes can afford oatmeal, barley and buckwheat porridge. The use of pearl barley and millet groats needs to be reduced.
10. Drinks to be preferred herbal infusions, green teas. You can drink milk and ground coffee.
11. Low-fat cottage cheese is allowed in its pure form, and as casseroles, cheesecakes and other ready-made dishes.
12. Due to the cholesterol content, eggs can be eaten no more than once a week in an amount of no more than two pieces. Several cooking options are allowed: scrambled eggs, soft-boiled or hard-boiled, or adding them to other dishes.

As can be seen from the list, patients with type 2 diabetes are allowed a sufficiently large number of various products to make the menu varied, tasty, and completely balanced.

Prohibited Products

Because diabetes is a very serious illness affecting the entire metabolism as a whole, the list of prohibited foods is quite large and varied.

1. Cookies, cakes, pastries and other sweets are prohibited. Since their taste is based on inclusion in the composition of sugar, one should beware of eating them. The exception is baked goods and other products made specifically for diabetics based on sweeteners.
2. You can not use bread from sweet dough.
3. Fried potatoes, white rice, and stinging vegetables must be removed from the patient's table.
4. You can not eat spicy, smoked, heavily salted and fried foods.
5. Sausages should also be excluded from the patient's diet.
6. You can not eat even in small quantities butter, fat mayonnaise, margarine, cooking and meat fats.
7. Semolina and racial cereals, as well as pasta, are similarly banned.
8. You can not eat homemade pickles with marinades.
9. Alcohol is strictly prohibited.

It is important to remember that following a diet and avoiding foods that are prohibited for this disease from the menu will help to avoid many of the complications of diabetes, such as blindness, cardiovascular diseases, angiopathy and so on. An additional plus will be the ability to maintain a good figure.

The benefits of dietary fiber

Dietary fibers are small elements of plant foods that are not exposed to enzymes that promote the breakdown of products. They pass through the digestive system without being digested.

They have sugar and lipid-lowering effects. Dietary fiber reduces the absorption of glucose in the human intestine, additionally creating a feeling of satiety. It is because of these properties that they must be included in the menu of diabetics.

Dietary fiber rich in:

• wholemeal flour;
• coarse bran;
• rye and oat flour;
• nuts;
• beans;
• Strawberry;
• dates;
• raspberries and many other products.

The amount of fiber that a diabetic needs is 354 grams per day. Moreover, it is important that 51% of it comes from vegetables, 40% from grain, its derivatives, and 9% from berries and mushrooms.

Sweeteners

For those patients for whom the presence of sweet in the diet is mandatory, special substances have been developed that add a sweet taste to the product. They are divided into two groups.

1. Calorigenic. Their number must be taken into account when calculating the energy component of food. These include: sorbitol, xylitol and fructose.
2. Non-calorific. Acesulfame potassium, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin are the main representatives of this group.

In stores, you can find pastries, drinks, sweets and other sweet products in which sugar is replaced by these substances.

It should be remembered that such products may also contain fat, the amount of which also needs to be controlled.

Sample menu for type 2 diabetes

In diabetes, one of important conditions becomes a decrease in consumed portions, increasing the number of meals.

An exemplary menu and diet of the patient looks like this.

1. First breakfast. The best time is 7 am. For breakfast, you can eat cereals from the allowed list. They start the metabolism. It is also good to eat cottage cheese or egg dishes in the morning. Should be 25% of the total daily energy requirement.
2. Second breakfast (snack). Curd dishes or fruits are useful. 15% of allowed calories.
3. Lunch should be at 13-14 hours and make up 30% of the daily diet.
4. At 16:00 it's time for afternoon tea. 10% of total calories. Fruit will be the best solution.
5. Dinner at 18:00 should be the last meal of the day. It makes up the remaining 20%.
6. In case of severe hunger, you can allow a snack at night at 22:00. Kefir or milk will relieve the feeling of hunger well.

A diet for diabetes should be developed together with your doctor. Depending on the degree of the disease, some products may be added or removed from it. Other concomitant diseases can also affect the menu.

It is important to remember that proper nutrition, bringing visible results, is not a panacea. It must be combined with light physical activity and drug treatment. Only an integrated approach to treatment and the fulfillment of all prescriptions can guarantee stable state and no complications.

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Health food

Doctors have known about the need for a diet for diabetes for a long time - it was therapeutic nutrition in the pre-insulin era that was the only effective mechanism dealing with the problem. The diet is especially important for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, where the likelihood of coma during decompensation and even death is high. For type 2 diabetics, therapeutic nutrition is usually prescribed for weight management and a more predictable stable course of the disease.

Basic principles

1. The basic concept of a therapeutic diet for any type of diabetes is the so-called bread unit - a theoretical measure of the equivalent of ten grams of carbohydrates. Modern nutritionists have developed special sets of tables for all types of products indicating the amount of XE per 100 grams of product. Every day, a patient with diabetes is recommended to take products with a total "value" of 12-24 XE - the dosage is selected individually, depending on the patient's body weight, age and level of physical activity.
2. Keeping a detailed food diary. All foods consumed must be recorded so that, if necessary, the nutritionist makes a correction of the nutrition system.
3. The frequency of receptions. Diabetics are recommended 5-6 times a meal. At the same time, breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 75 percent of the daily diet, the remaining 2-3 snacks - the remaining 25 percent.
4. Individualization of medical nutrition. Modern science recommends individualizing classical diets, adjusting them to the patient's physiological preferences, regional factors (a set of local dishes and traditions) and other parameters, while maintaining a balance of all components of a rational diet.
5. Replacement equivalence. If you change your diet, then the selected alternative products should be maximally interchangeable in terms of calories, as well as the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates. To the main groups of components in this case include products containing mainly carbohydrates (1), proteins (2), fats (3) and multicomponent (4). Substitutions are possible only within these groups. If the replacement occurs in (4), then nutritionists make adjustments to the composition of the entire diet, while replacing the elements from (1) it is necessary to take into account the equivalence in terms of the glycemic index - the XE tables described above can help with this.

Products strictly prohibited in diabetes

Modern dietetics, armed best practices diagnostics and research of the influence of substances and products on the body, for last years significantly narrowed the list of absolutely prohibited foods for patients with diabetes. At the moment, meals based on refined refined carbohydrates, sweets and sugar, as well as foods containing refractory fats and a lot of cholesterol are absolutely contraindicated.

There is a relative ban on white bread, rice and semolina porridge, as well as pasta - they can be consumed strictly limited. In addition, regardless of the type of diabetes, alcohol is completely contraindicated.

Diet for diabetes

In some cases, strict adherence to a diet for type 2 diabetes helps to fully compensate carbohydrate metabolism and not use drugs. For diabetics with type 1 and other types of diabetes, therapeutic nutrition is considered and is an important element. complex therapy Problems.

Types of diets for diabetes

1. Classic. This type of therapeutic nutrition was developed back in the 30-40s of the twentieth century and is a balanced, albeit strict type of diet. A prominent representative of it in domestic dietology is "Table number 9" with numerous, later variations. It is this type of therapeutic nutrition that is suitable for almost all diabetics with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
2. Modern. The principles of individualization and the peculiarities of the mentality of certain social groups have given rise to many varied menus and modern diets, with less strict prohibitions on certain types of products and taking into account new properties found in the latter, which made it possible to introduce previously conditionally prohibited products into the daily diet. The main principles here are the factor of the use of "protected" carbohydrates containing a sufficient amount of dietary fiber. However, it should be understood that this kind of medical nutrition is selected strictly individually and cannot be considered as a universal mechanism for compensating carbohydrate metabolism.
3. low carb diets. Designed primarily for type 2 diabetics with increased body weight. The basic principle is to exclude as much as possible the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates, but not to the detriment of health. However, it is contraindicated for children, and it should not be used for people with kidney problems (advanced nephropathies) and diabetics with type 1 diabetes and severe hypoglycemia.
4. Vegetarian diets. As experimental studies at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries showed, vegan types of diets with an emphasis on a significant reduction in the consumption of foods rich in fats not only contribute to weight loss, but also lower blood sugar. A large amount of whole vegetation, rich in dietary fiber and fiber, in some cases is even more effective than recommended specialized diets, especially since a vegetarian diet implies a significant reduction in the total caloric content of the daily diet. This, in turn, significantly reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic conditions, is able to act as an independent prophylactic agent and effectively fight against the onset of diabetes.

Menu for every day

Below, we will consider the classic diet menu for type 1 and type 2 diabetics, which is optimal for patients with mild to moderate forms of diabetes. In the case of severe decompensation, addiction and hyper- and hypoglycemia, an individualized therapeutic nutrition regimen should be developed by a nutritionist taking into account human physiology, current health problems and other factors.

Base:

1. Proteins - 85-90 grams (sixty percent of animal origin).
2. Fats - 75-80 grams (a third - vegetable base).
3. Carbohydrates - 250-300 grams.
4. Free liquid - about one and a half liters.
5. Salt -11 grams.

The nutrition system is fractional, five to six times a day, the daily maximum energy value is no more than 2400 kcal.

Prohibited Products:

Meat/cooking fats, harsh sauces, sweet juices, muffins, rich broths, cream, pickles and marinades, fatty meats and fish, preservation, salty and rich cheeses, pasta, semolina, rice, sugar, jams, alcohol, ice cream and sweets sugar-based, grapes, all raisins and bananas with dates/figs.

Allowed foods/dishes:

1. Flour products - rye and bran bread is allowed, as well as non-rich flour products.
2. Soups - borscht, cabbage soup, vegetable soups, as well as stews in low-fat broth are optimal for therapeutic nutrition. Sometimes - okroshka.
3. Meat. Low-fat varieties beef, veal, pork. Limited chicken, rabbit, lamb, boiled tongue and liver are allowed. From fish - any low-fat varieties boiled, steamed or baked without vegetable oil.
4. Milk products. Low-fat cheeses, dairy products without added sugar. Limited - 10% sour cream, low-fat or semi-fat cottage cheese. Eggs should be consumed without yolks, in extreme cases, in the form of omelettes.
5. Cereals. Oatmeal, pearl barley, beans, buckwheat, yachka, millet.
6. Vegetables. Recommended carrots, beets, cabbage, pumpkin, zucchini, eggplant, cucumbers and tomatoes. Potatoes are limited.
7. Snacks and sauces. Fresh vegetable salads, tomato and low-fat sauces, horseradish, mustard and pepper. Limited - zucchini or other vegetable caviar, vinaigrette, jellied fish, seafood dishes with a minimum of vegetable oil, low-fat beef jelly.
8. Fats - limited vegetable, butter and ghee.
9. Other. Sugar-free drinks (tea, coffee, rosehip broth, vegetable juices), jellies, mousses, fresh sweet and sour Exotic fruits, compotes. Very limited - honey and sweets with sweeteners.

Approximate menu for a week with diabetes

Individual components of the menu below are subject to replacement according to the principles of equivalent substitution within the above groups.

Monday

• We have breakfast with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese, in which you can add a few berries.
• The second time we have breakfast with one glass of one percent kefir.
• We have lunch with 150 grams of baked beef, a bowl of vegetable soup. For garnish - stewed vegetables in the amount of 100-150 grams.
• Snack fresh cabbage and cucumber salad seasoned with a teaspoon olive oil. Overall volume- 100-150 grams.
• We have dinner with grilled vegetables (80 grams) and one medium baked fish weighing up to two hundred grams.

Tuesday

• We have breakfast with a plate of buckwheat porridge - no more than 120 grams.
• The second time we have breakfast with two medium-sized apples.
• We have lunch with a plate of vegetable borscht, 100 grams of boiled beef. You can drink food with compote without adding sugar.
• We have an afternoon snack with a glass of rosehip broth.
• We have dinner with a bowl of fresh vegetable salad in the amount of 160-180 grams, as well as one boiled low-fat fish (150-200 grams).

Wednesday

• We have breakfast with cottage cheese casserole - 200 grams.
• Before dinner, you can drink a glass of rosehip broth.
• We have lunch with a bowl of cabbage soup, two small fish cutlets and a hundred grams of vegetable salad.
• We have an afternoon snack with one boiled egg.
• We have dinner with a plate of stewed cabbage and two medium-sized meat patties cooked in the oven or steamed.

Thursday

• Breakfast is a two-egg omelette.
• Before dinner, you can eat a cup of low-fat or unsweetened yogurt.
• We have lunch with cabbage soup and two units of stuffed peppers based on lean meat and allowed cereals.
• We have an afternoon snack with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese and carrot casseroles.
• Dinner stew chicken meat(a piece of two hundred grams) and a plate of vegetable salad.

Friday

• We have breakfast with a plate of millet porridge and one apple.
• Before dinner, we eat two medium-sized oranges.
• We have lunch with meat goulash (no more than one hundred grams), a bowl of fish soup and a bowl of barley.
• We dine on a plate of fresh vegetable salad.
• We have dinner with a good portion of stewed vegetables with lamb, with a total weight of up to 250 grams.

Saturday

• We have breakfast with a plate of porridge based on bran, you can eat one pear as a bite.
• Before dinner, it is permissible to eat one soft-boiled egg.
• We have lunch with a large plate of vegetable stew with the addition of lean meat - only 250 grams.
• We dine on a few permitted fruits.
• We have dinner with a hundred grams of stewed lamb and a plate of vegetable salad in the amount of 150 grams.

Sunday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of low-fat cottage cheese with a small amount of berries - only up to one hundred grams.
• For second breakfast - two hundred grams of grilled chicken.
• We have lunch with a bowl of vegetable soup, one hundred grams of goulash and a bowl of vegetable salad.
• We have an afternoon snack with a plate of berry salad - up to 150 grams in total.
• We have dinner with one hundred grams of boiled beans and two hundred grams of steamed shrimp.

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Features of type 2 diabetes and the importance of a healthy diet

Type 2 disease is also called non-insulin dependent disease. In this case, the body does not need insulin injections. According to statistics, the number of people suffering from this type of disease is 4 times higher than the number of patients with type 1 diabetes.

In type 2 patients, the pancreas still produces insulin. However, it is either not enough for full-fledged work, or the body loses the ability to recognize and use it correctly. As a result of such malfunctions, glucose does not enter the tissue cells. Instead, it accumulates directly in a person's blood. The normal functioning of the body is disrupted.

Why does it sometimes happen that a person falls ill with this disease? It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question. Often, type 2 diabetes is diagnosed in several members of the same family. That is, there is a hereditary aspect.

If there have been cases of illness in your family, it is better to do prevention in advance. This should be discussed with an endocrinologist. Get the necessary tests done periodically timely detection Problems. The risk of developing the disease also increases with age. The risk gradually increases by the age of 45, reaching a maximum after 65.

The following factors greatly increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes:

• excess weight, obesity
• hypertension
• frequent consumption of fatty foods
• regular alcohol intake
• sedentary lifestyle
• elevated blood levels of triglycerides (i.e. fats)

Problems with weight and pressure are often the result of not proper nutrition and abuse high-calorie foods. Sedentary work and lack of physical activity lead to a slowdown and metabolic disorders. All this does not have the best effect on the work and condition of the body.

As a result of negligent attitude to the diet, a person can get a lot of ensuing problems, including the development of diabetes. It is advisable to choose healthy natural products and abandon harmful ones in advance for preventive purposes.

With diabetes, you need to choose foods in a certain way. Food should slow down the digestion of carbohydrates in order to prevent an increase in blood glucose levels. The selection of the menu is quite strict, because the further course of the disease depends on it.

If a person has type 2 diabetes, the list of prohibited foods will be quite impressive. However, even without this, you can get a good nutrition, rich in all essential vitamins and micronutrients.

Vegetables

Most useful when consumed raw. However, you can also cook by stewing, boiling or baking. The use of those vegetables that can slow down the absorption of carbohydrates is welcomed. These include: cabbage (raw, stewed, sauerkraut), eggplant (stewed or boiled), Bell pepper, tomatoes, cucumbers, herbs, onions and garlic. An excellent choice is eggplant caviar. Tasty and healthy.

Boiled carrots and beets are eaten in extremely limited quantities. In this form, these vegetables quickly increase blood sugar. But raw carrots will benefit more, but only in a minimal amount.

Meat

Of course, meat should be present in the diet of diabetics. Preference should be given to lean beef and chicken breast. Meat can be easily replaced with mushrooms. This product is also recommended for type 2 diabetes. Choose lean fish.

Bread

Bread can and should be included in the menu. Just choose rye or wheat-rye ( Wheat flour should be grade 1 or 2).

Cereals and legumes

Grains are a source of vitamins and fiber. Daily serving - 8-10 tbsp. spoons. You can buckwheat, pearl barley, hercules, millet. Beans, lentils and peas are consumed boiled and more limited. Avoid wheat and rice.

Dairy products, eggs

The ideal option is low-fat sour-milk products, cottage cheese, milk. In small quantities cheese (fat content up to 30%). For breakfast, a steam omelet or hard-boiled eggs are suitable.

Fruit

You should be careful with fruits, many of them are quite sweet. Eat grapefruits, lemons, cranberries. In small quantities - cherries, apples, tangerines, plums.

Beverages

Best drinks: sugar-free compotes, green tea, tomato juice, mineral water. Occasionally, you can treat yourself to black natural coffee.

As a first course, vegetable soups are in the first place. Salads are seasoned with lemon juice or a little olive oil. For a little bit, you can feast on nuts.

The menu of diabetics should consist mainly of low-calorie foods. Food is prepared in a certain way. The best solution is steam cooking. You can use special sweeteners and sweeteners. They are natural and artificial. However, you don't have to go overboard with them.

What foods are prohibited for type 2 diabetes

If a person has diseases of the pancreas (such as diabetes), you need to clearly know what you can not eat. Inappropriate food aggravates the situation, provokes a jump in glucose levels.

Foods prohibited in type 2 diabetes are as follows.

Sweet

Of course, the first thing on the “black” list is sugar and products containing it in excess. You should forget about: jam, marmalade, chocolate, ice cream, sweets, halva, caramel, jam and other similar sweets. The addition of honey is also not recommended.

Glucose from these products instantly penetrates into the blood. If you really want sweets, it is better to eat some fruit, wholemeal pastries or nuts.

Sweet pastries

Under the ban are rich bakery products - white bread, loaf, rolls, cookies, muffins, fast food elements.

Fatty meals are digested more slowly than carbohydrate foods. But they can also significantly raise blood sugar levels to high levels. Besides, fatty food promotes weight gain and obesity.

You should refuse: sour cream, cream, mayonnaise, lard, fatty meat (lamb, pork, duck). Also avoid fatty cheeses, cottage cheese and sweet yogurt. You should not cook soups on fatty meat and fish broths.

Semi-finished products

Semi-finished products, in addition to a large amount of fat, contain a lot of harmful flavor enhancers, flavors and stabilizers. Therefore, do not look in the direction of sausages, sausages, sausages, ready-made industrial cutlets and fish sticks.

trans fats

Food rich in trans fats will not benefit not only a diabetic, but also a healthy person. These foods include: margarine, spreads (butter substitutes), confectionery fat, popcorn, french fries, burgers, hot dogs.

Fruit

Vegetables

Some vegetables should also not be eaten. It is better to refuse or minimize the consumption of potatoes, beets and carrots.

Beverages

Some drinks contain great amount sugar and calories. This applies to sweet juices (especially packaged), alcoholic cocktails and soda. Tea should not be sweetened, or resort to sugar substitutes. It is better to drink vegetable juices. Beer is also not recommended.

Do not add hot spices and spices, pork, goose or chicken fat when cooking. You will also have to give up semolina and pasta. Do not use hot or salty sauces. Marinades and pickles are prohibited. Resist the desire to consume pancakes, dumplings, pies or dumplings.

Nutrition has a huge impact on people suffering from type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the very fact of increasing blood glucose is not so terrible as the consequences. And these are strokes, heart attacks, vision loss, disorders of the nervous system.

It is important for diabetics to monitor not only the amount of sugar consumed, but also the fat content of meals. It is necessary to strictly control your weight and not allow it to gain. The calorie content of food is largely determined by the method of heat treatment.

Of course, with type 2 diabetes, you should forget about frying in a lot of oil. It is also worth remembering the portions, not making them too voluminous.

Follow the following cooking rules:

1. It should be borne in mind that even for cooking vegetables are taken fresh. Do not take frozen and especially canned foods.
2. Soups should be cooked on the second broth. After boiling, the first must be drained and again pour the meat with water.
3. The best meat for soup is lean beef. You can cook the broth on the bones.
4. Pickles, borscht or bean soup are included in the menu no more than once a week.
5. To make the dish more attractive, the vegetables are first lightly fried in a small amount of butter.

The most useful for diabetics are considered fresh salads from raw vegetables. This is the preferred cooking method. Next in usefulness is cooking in water and steam. Roasting is done after cooking or as independent method processing. They rarely resort to quenching.

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How should you eat?

The diet for diabetes is simple - avoid fast carbohydrates, consume fiber, protein and control calories.

Carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels. In a healthy person, sugar is quickly consumed as fuel for the body. Insulin produced by the pancreas increases the susceptibility of muscle tissue to glucose. This does not happen in diabetes, so blood glucose control is an important part of therapy.

Some foods contribute to a rapid increase in glucose. The jump occurs immediately after eating, which is dangerous for the body. Eating other foods raises sugar levels gradually, as the body needs time to process such food, during which the glucose concentration slowly increases.

An indicator that determines the fluctuation in glucose levels after a meal is called the glycemic index, which determines what you can eat with type 2 diabetes. Compilation Product daily diet should be selected in accordance with the table of values ​​\u200b\u200bof their glycemic load.

All food is divided into 3 groups:

• not provoking a jump in glucose;
• gradually increasing sugar;
• causing a spike in blood sugar.

The basis of the diet for diabetes is the products of the first group. These are vegetables, beans in pods, bunch greens, spinach leaves, all kinds of mushrooms. The second group includes cereals, pasta (but only from durum wheat), grain bread, fruits, dairy and sour-milk products, lean meat. The third group of products is confectionery, pure sugar, carbonated sweet drinks, honey, baked goods with sugar, fast food. This group makes a list of banned foods. For diabetics, their complete exclusion from the menu is mandatory.

The basis of the diet

The list of products allowed for use by diabetics is large and allows you to create the optimal menu for every day. Preference is given to foods rich in dietary fiber. Such food saturates for a long time and avoids overeating.

It is important to strike a balance when compiling a menu. Half of the daily diet is complex carbohydrates. They are contained in cereals, vegetables, grain bread. Any porridge is allowed, except for rice, as it contains starch. You should refrain from semolina, as it does not saturate the body due to the small amount of fiber. Buckwheat is useful for diabetes.

Vegetables and bunched greens are allowed foods. They contain fiber, which improves intestinal motility. Preference is given to seasonal vegetables, as they bring maximum benefits to the body. Some vegetables and root crops are banned, such as potatoes. You can eat potatoes, but in small quantities due to the starch in the composition.

Any type of lean meat is allowed. It is allowed to eat veal, lean beef, rabbit, poultry. These products for diabetics are steamed, boiled or baked. Can't fry meat vegetable oil in large quantities is unacceptable.

Dairy products are included in the list of permitted, but not all patients can use them. About what dairy products you can with diabetes, you should consult with your doctor. If the doctor does not impose a ban on the use of dairy products, preference is given to low-fat products.

Healthy foods are bean pods and citrus fruits. These products can be consumed often, but you need to maintain a balanced diet. You can eat with type 2 diabetes mellitus apples of any variety, as well as pears and plums (including prunes).

What should be given up?

What foods can not be eaten with diabetes? These are all carbohydrate foods that are quickly digested - any confectionery and pastries. If a patient has type 2 diabetes, you need to know that you can not eat potatoes and rice in large quantities. These products are allowed in compensated diabetes, when glucose levels are close to normal. They contain a lot of starch, which increases sugar quickly, as it is easily absorbed by the body.

You can not drink soda with artificial sweeteners, drink packaged juices and drink alcohol. Smoked meats, semi-finished products and sausages are excluded from the diet.

Patients with diabetes should exclude wheat white bread from the diet. Its consumption provokes a rapid jump in glucose, especially in combination with other carbohydrate foods.

Bananas, raisins of various varieties, grapes and dried dates must be discarded.

In a diabetic diet, fatty dairy products are excluded from the diet. You can't use butter. Patients with type 2 diabetes should not eat pickled vegetables and peas.

Cookies for diabetics can be eaten, but only low-calorie, in which sugar is replaced by fructose. Any fast food purchased at a fast food cafe is prohibited.

Features of nutrition in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Allowed and prohibited foods are important to consider in the insulin-dependent form of the disease. Non-compliance with the diet necessitates an increase in the dosage of injections. In type 2 diabetes, diet is the basis of therapy, since the development of the disease is caused malnutrition, which leads to metabolic disorders and weight gain in the patient. Timely detected type 2 diabetes with the right approach is successfully compensated and proceeds without complications.

A disciplined patient who adheres to proper nutrition and knows what to eat with diabetes, and what foods and dishes for diabetics are prohibited, does without taking sugar-lowering drugs. A diet for diabetes, what you can eat and what you can’t, is selected by the endocrinologist individually for the patient.

Allowed products against type 1 and type 2 diabetes depend on the course of the disease, weight and sugar levels of the patient. Knowing what foods can be eaten with diabetes, and what food is prohibited, the patient independently controls his well-being with a properly composed menu.

The list of what you can eat with diabetes is quite large, so you can make a varied diet. Delicious food for patients who suffer from diabetes is prepared according to various recipes, including those with video instructions.

In order not to violate the diet, you need to remember useful foods for type 2 diabetes and create your own menu, based on the doctor's recommendations.

Why not sugar?

Sugar is a pure carbohydrate that does not benefit the body. Rafinade in diabetes should not be consumed, but not everyone knows why. When sugar is consumed, there is a rapid jump in glucose in the blood plasma. For a healthy person, this is not dangerous and glucose is quickly consumed by the body. In a diabetic patient, muscle fibers are not susceptible to this substance, so it remains in the body and is not consumed. This leads to hyperglycemia and provokes the development of complications, up to diabetic coma.

Sweet tooth may be allowed to use sugar substitutes, but only after consulting a doctor. All confectionery and pastries contain a lot of sugar, so they are banned.

With satisfactory levels of glucose in the blood plasma, a diabetic can eat sweets, but with the condition that they do not contain refined sugar. Such sweets are sold in the department of goods for diabetics, the sugar in them is replaced by fructose or artificial sweeteners. The use of such products is limited. Candies on fructose diabetics can eat no more than two pieces a day, provided the disease is normal and there are no complications.

Only if you follow the doctor's recommendations and strictly follow the diet, it is possible to compensate for diabetes and reduce the risk of complications. The list, which indicates the permitted and prohibited food groups for diabetes, should be visible. It is recommended to print the list and attach it to the refrigerator.

Diet helps to get rid of excess weight, which improves metabolism and stimulates the susceptibility of cells to insulin. Knowing how to eat and what not to eat in diabetes mellitus, the patient's well-being depends on his discipline.

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What is the right menu for a diabetic?

• Failure to comply with the amount of carbohydrates and bread units is dangerous with a sharp jump in sugar.
• The use of foods with a high glycemic index is fraught with a headache, loss of consciousness.
• With any incorrect calculations of the menu or the amount of insulin, a diabetic patient can fall into a coma with paralysis of the brain centers.
• With stable high sugar, various complications develop:
  1. cardiac ischemia,
  2. violation of blood circulation in the vessels,
  3. kidney inflammation,
  4. gangrene of the lower extremities.

Consider what foods can be used to make a safe nutritional menu for a diabetic.

A widespread complex disease, which, as a rule, requires not only the constant intake of hypoglycemic agents, but also a mandatory diet.

Moreover, dietary nutrition in diabetes mellitus is 50% of success in treatment. This is a disease of the elderly: it mainly develops after 40 years, and the risk of the disease increases with age.

The main risk factor for this pathology is excess weight - it is dangerous even for people who do not have a hereditary predisposition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, if the diet is not followed, can be complicated by coma and even be fatal. Since with this pathology there is a violation of not only carbohydrate, but also fat metabolism, nutrition in diabetes mellitus is aimed at normalizing them. Its purpose is to reduce overweight and replacing part of the carbohydrates in the diet with other components.

General principles of nutrition in diabetes

To successfully cope with the disease, it is necessary to strictly follow the basic principles of nutrition in diabetes. They relate to the main components of the components, calories, frequency of food intake:

1. Complete nutrition. It depends on the body weight of the patient:

At normal weight the body's need is 1600 - 2500 kcal per day;

When exceeding normal weight body - 1300 - 1500 kcal per day;

With obesity - 600 - 900 kcal per day.

There are certain features in the calculation daily allowance nutrition: for some diseases, a low-calorie diet is contraindicated, despite the presence of excess body weight. These include, first of all, the complications of diabetes itself:

Severe retinopathy (damage to the choroid of the eyes);

Nephropathy in diabetes nephrotic syndrome(kidney damage with high protein in the urine);

As a result of nephropathy - developed chronic insufficiency kidneys (CKD);

heavy diabetic polyneuropathy.

Contraindications are mental illness and somatic pathology:

Unstable course of angina pectoris and the presence of life-threatening arrhythmias;

Gout;

Severe liver disease;

Other related chronic pathology

2. The specific part of carbohydrates in the daily diet of a diabetic should be no more than 55% - 300 - 350 g. This refers to complex, slowly splitting carbohydrate products with vitamins, microelements, indigestible fibers contained in them:

Various cereals from whole grain;

Wholemeal bread;

legumes;

They must be evenly distributed in the daily diet, divided into 5-6 doses. Sugar and products containing it are categorically excluded, it is replaced by xylitol or sorbitol: 1 g per 0.5 kg of body weight (40-50 g per day for 2-3 doses).

3. The amount of proteins is approximately 90 g per day, which is the physiological norm for any healthy person with a normal blood sugar level. This amount corresponds to 15 - 20% of the total daily diet. Recommended protein foods:

Meat of any poultry without skin (with the exception of goose meat);

Chicken eggs (2 - 3 pieces per week);

Lean fish;

Dairy products with low fat content (kefir, fermented baked milk, cottage cheese).

5. Restriction of table salt to 12 g per day(in order to prevent certain types of complications of diabetes mellitus), products containing a lot of cholesterol and extractives (strong meat broths).

Prohibited Products

There are foods (containing glucose) that absolutely must be excluded from the diet in diabetes. Even in small quantities, their use is contraindicated. These include:

Sugar, honey, all sweets prepared from fruits and berries (jam, marmalade, marmalade, marmalade), chocolate, sweets, grapes, bananas, dates, figs;

Fruit drinks with sugar, coca-cola, tonic, lemonade, liquor;

Sweet and semi-sweet wines, fruits preserved in sugar syrup;

Pies, sweet flour products, cookies with sweet cream, puddings;

Canned food, smoked products, sausages;

Alcoholic drinks- even the weakest of them contain a large number of calories.

Foods allowed in limited quantities

Allowed in very small quantities following products:

Lean meats, fish products, skinless chicken, eggs, cheese (at the same time, only one of the listed protein products can be consumed once during the day);

Butter, margarine, whole and baked milk;

Any vegetable oil;

Nuts (up to 50 g).

Foods that can be consumed in dosed amounts

Kashi, bran flakes;

Wholemeal bread, whole grain biscuits (crackers);

Pasta;

All fresh fruits (no more than 1-2 per day).

Green vegetables;

Berries: gooseberries, cherries - a bottle, any kind of currant, blueberries;

Citrus fruits: lemons, grapefruits;

Tea, coffee, fruit drinks without added sugar, water;

Pepper, spices, mustard, various herbs, vinegar;

Sweeteners.

An example of daily meals for diabetes for a week

Monday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese with a small amount of milk, rosehip broth.

Second breakfast: jelly from any allowed fruits or berries with xylitol, orange.

Lunch: cabbage soup white cabbage, low-fat boiled meat with stewed vegetables, a decoction of dried fruits without sugar.

Afternoon snack: decoction of wild rose.

Dinner: sea cabbage, baked low-fat fish, vinaigrette with corn oil, stewed eggplant with onions, tea.

Tuesday

First breakfast: buckwheat with corn oil, steamed omelette, vegetable salad with sunflower oil (tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers), bran bread, unsweetened tea with milk.

Second breakfast: a decoction made from wheat bran.

Lunch: borsch with a spoonful of sour cream, boiled lean meat, stew from various allowed vegetables, xylitol jelly from unsweetened fruits.

Afternoon snack: grapefruit.

Dinner: steamed fish, carrot and cabbage schnitzel, fruit broth.

Wednesday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese casserole.

Second breakfast: oranges (2 medium in size).

Lunch: cabbage soup, 2 cutlets from lean fish, fresh vegetables, fruit compote without sugar.

Snack: 1 boiled egg.

Dinner: braised cabbage, 2 small cutlets of meat steamed or cooked in the oven.

Thursday

First breakfast: wheat milk porridge, boiled beetroot salad with corn oil, tea.

Second breakfast: yogurt with minimum fat content- 1 cup.

Lunch: fish soup, barley porridge, meat goulash.

Afternoon snack: salad of various fresh vegetables.

Dinner: vegetables stewed with lamb.

Friday

First breakfast: oatmeal, carrot salad, apple.

Second breakfast: 2 medium-sized oranges.

Lunch: cabbage soup, 2 peppers stuffed with meat and allowed grits.

Afternoon snack: carrot casserole with low-fat cottage cheese.

Dinner: salad from any vegetables, stewed chicken without skin.

Saturday

First breakfast: any porridge with bran, 1 pear.

Second breakfast: soft-boiled egg, unsweetened drink.

Lunch: vegetable stew with lean meat.

Afternoon snack: a few permitted fruits.

Dinner: vegetable salad with lamb stew.

Sunday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese, fresh berries.

Second breakfast: boiled chicken.

Lunch: vegetarian vegetable soup, goulash. squash caviar.

Afternoon snack: berry salad.

Dinner: beans, steamed shrimp.

It must be remembered that with mild and medium degree the severity of the disease diet is the determining factor medical event. In severe cases of the disease, it is a necessary part of the treatment.