Further vision deteriorates sharply man. How to act on the body internally to improve vision? Visual field distortion

Human vision is a unique natural gift that allows us to see objects at different distances and in motion, to perceive colors and shapes. If the image is not as clear as before, take action. The causes of visual impairment are different, but most often this problem is faced office workers, people mental labor(working with texts, tables), "active" viewers. Next, we will consider the main causes of deterioration in visual acuity and describe,.

Symptom Definition

With visual impairment, a person sees objects blurry, not clear, cannot read the text at a long distance. The most common cause of such problems is eye fatigue associated with prolonged visual stress. Per good vision at close distances, the ciliary muscle responds (it is located inside the eye), changing the shape of the lens and refracting its strength.

How to protect your eyes from constant exposure to computer monitors, read.

The most common cause visual impairment - constant eye fatigue.

If you constantly work at a computer, read a lot (especially text in small print), the ciliary muscle is overloaded, and visual acuity drops noticeably. To remove the spasm of accommodation, are used eye drops. Just keep in mind - you should not appoint them yourself, because with uncontrolled use the harm may outweigh the benefit. Also, a decrease in severity visual function may cause various diseases so do a diagnostic first.

Causes

The main causes of visual impairment:

Although main enemy good vision is a screen (of a TV or a computer), one cannot exclude the influence of such factors as poor circulation, dry eyes, aging of the retina.

Possible diseases

We found that the eyes can get tired, dry mucous membranes cause visual acuity to decrease, and irreversible changes in the retina occur with age. But some eye diseases can also adversely affect the quality of the display of objects. Among them:

• glaucoma;
• cataract;
• diabetic retinopathy.

To improve visual acuity in this case treatment of the pathology that has become main reason its decline.

Diagnostic methods

To improve vision, you need to determine the cause of its decline. Therefore, diagnosis includes whole complex measures.

There are many causes of ophthalmic problems - to prescribe effective treatment, the doctor must accurately determine the cause of the decrease in visual acuity. For this he:

• checks refraction (refraction is the ability to refract light rays);
• directs the patient to ultrasound diagnostics of the internal structures of the eye;
• examines the refractive power and shape of the cornea;
• diagnoses possible internal deviations and pathology.

Treatment

The treatment regimen is prescribed only after diagnosis - it depends on the causes of vision loss. It may include special gymnastics, reception vitamin preparations, laser correction. As a rule, the doctor recommends lifestyle changes- do not read lying down and on the bus, take breaks every hour while working at the computer, and so on.

Prevention

Any disease is easier to prevent than to treat.. To always see things clearly:

Preventive measures aimed at maintaining eye health are simple - it is enough to alternate loads with rest, get enough sleep, do gymnastics and eat right.

Video

conclusions

Visual acuity decreases with age, as a result of overwork, dry eyes, circulatory disorders in the retina and due to a number of ophthalmic diseases(cataract, glaucoma). The treatment regimen is prescribed only by a doctor after a thorough diagnosis. We recommend not to ignore preventive measures(charger, healthy sleep, etc.) - they will help restore visual acuity and avoid a number of problems in the future.

Irina Shevitch

Optometrist, expert in the selection of complex glasses, director of the Institute for Advanced Studies
and professional retraining "Opti-class".

How does vision change after 40 years?

Age-related changes in the eyes take many by surprise. A person still sees well into the distance, feels young and active, but his eyes begin to fail when looking at close objects. Letters and numbers merge, the image "floats" and warps. You have to strain your eyes, move the book away to read the small text. At first it happens occasionally: after, in the evening have a hard day. Gradually, such phenomena become more frequent, intensify, and even vacation does not help. Vision at close range deteriorates.

How did we manage before without plus points?

Manages the process clear vision accommodative Accommodation. Guide for doctors eye apparatus. It includes a special muscle (ciliary), ligaments and lens. When the ciliary muscle of the eye is tense, the lens sags on the ligaments of zinn and becomes more round shape.

On the left - the eye is at rest of accommodation (when looking into the distance), the lens is flatter. On the right - the eye is in tension of accommodation (when viewed near), the lens is more convex

The lens is a living biconvex lens. Its optical power varies from 19 to 35 diopters. When looking at close objects, the lens is rounded and plays the role of plus points.

Why do eyes fail?

The reason is that the lens thickens by the age of 35-40 and gradually loses its E. N. Iomdina, S. M. Bauer, K. E. Kotlyar. Biomechanics of the eye: theoretical aspects and clinical applications. - M.: Real Time, 2015 the ability to focus on close objects. It happens to everyone: nearsighted, farsighted and those who have had healthy eyes and always looked great.

The structure of the lens changes. It, like an onion, is overgrown with new layers of lens fibers, and the nucleus is compacted and sclerosed. The ciliary muscle has to exert more and more effort to change the curvature of the lens, which has become more dense and less elastic.

Will gymnastics for the eyes help?

Visual gymnastics in such a situation is useless and even harmful, since the muscles are already in hypertonicity. This leads to a change in their rigidity - a pathological condition associated with overvoltage.

Rolling the eyes, blinking and others give temporary relief, but the results will not please. The eyes begin to redden even more, they tingle, as if an onion were being cut nearby. The edges of the eyelids thicken and begin to itch; it looks like sand has been poured into the eyes. If you continue to persist and look at the bridge of your nose, into the jugular fossa or into the area of ​​​​the third eye, greatly reducing the visual axes, you can make your eyes start to squint and double objects will appear.

The eyes need rest. However, massage, reflexology or meditation on a candle flame only help as long as you do not pick up a book with small text.

At some point, a person notices that there is no longer enough bright light, which narrows the pupil, increases the length of focus and adds clarity to the image. And the length of the arms is also not enough to push the text away.

And what, nothing can be done about it?

The ciliary muscle, the “servant of a clear focus,” as experts call it, does not relax even at night. And here, the lens, still transparent, but already hardening and inelastic, ceases to perform the work of a plus lens. To compensate for physiological changes and not "drive" the ciliary muscle, you will have to use glasses or contact lenses.

Are gadgets to blame for the fact that vision deteriorates?

Do not think that computers have spoiled us. This is how nature programmed it: the accommodative apparatus of the eye, which makes it possible to bring small text as close as possible to the eyes, is formed by the age of 14-15 and retains its maximum performance up to 20 years. Then the accommodative function gradually fades away.

Even 150 years ago, people simply did not live to see such an outcome - average duration life in the middle of the XIX century was Mortality improvements and evolution of life expectancies about 40 years old. The process of lens compaction is not fast, it develops differently for everyone, but at 52, problems with near vision deterioration overtake everyone without exception. These are world statistics. William Benjamin. Borish's Clinical Refracfion, second edition. Copyright 2006, 1998 by Butterworth-Heinemann, an imprint of Elsevier Inc..

But what about grandmothers with keen eyes at 90?

In 20 years of practice, I have not seen a single such magical case. In fact, it turned out that the grandmother could insert a thread into the needle, since she has short-sighted eyes, focused at close range, and in the distance, the grandmother sees 30–50% of the test card, but this is enough for her.

In order to distinguish faces and recognize people from afar, it is enough to have visual acuity equal to 0.5 of the normal “one”.

Perhaps Grandma never knew what it meant to see “good.”

Also, a person can do without glasses, it’s good to see both far and near, if he has one far-sighted eye and the other is short-sighted. But other problems arise here: a narrow field of view, lack of stereo vision, the head can hurt.

How to keep your eyes healthy?

You can't do without going to the doctor and choosing glasses.

• Regularly, at least once a year, visit an ophthalmologist.
• Check intraocular pressure.
• Examine the retina.
• Reveal eye pathology in the early stages.
• After checking with an ophthalmologist, pick up glasses.

Glasses after 40 years of age relieve excess stress from internal muscles eyes and become a means of preventing such "senile" diseases as cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration.

Most people who naturally have good eyesight are accustomed to taking this as a given, and in most cases they think little about the value of this ability of the body. A person begins to truly appreciate vision only when the first collision occurs with the limitations that arise against the background of visual impairment.

The fact of losing a clear visual sense of touch leads to a temporary disorder of a person, but most often not for long. If at first the patient tries to take measures to preserve vision and prevent its further fall, then after correction with lenses or glasses, prevention stops.

As practice shows, only expensive operation can make citizens take prevention and measures aimed at maintaining the result achieved by the operation more seriously. So what causes vision loss, how can they be dealt with routinely, and when is emergency medical attention needed?

Falling vision options:

color perception disorders;

visual field pathology;

absence binocular vision;

double vision;

decreased visual acuity;

Decreased visual acuity

The norm of visual acuity in children after five years and in adults should be 1.0. This indicator indicates that the human eye can clearly distinguish two points from a distance of 1.45 meters, provided that the person looks at the points at an angle of 1/60 of a degree.

Loss of clarity of vision is possible with astigmatism, farsightedness, myopia. These visual disturbances refer to the state of ametropia, when the image begins to be projected outside the retina.

Myopia

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a condition of vision where light rays project an image up to the retina. In this case, far vision deteriorates. Myopia is of two types: acquired and congenital (against the background of the elongation of the eyeball, in the presence of weakness of the oculomotor and ciliary muscles). Acquired myopia appears as a result of visual loads of an irrational nature (writing and reading in the supine position, non-observance of the best visibility distance, frequent overwork of the eyes).

The main pathologies that lead to the occurrence of myopia are subluxation of the lens, as well as its sclerosis in the elderly, traumatic dislocations, an increase in the thickness of the cornea, spasm of accommodation. In addition, myopia can be of vascular origin. Mild myopia is considered an indicator up to -3, average degree is in the range from -3.25 to -6. Any excess of the latter indicator refers to severe myopia. Progressive myopia is myopia, in which the numbers are constantly growing. Growth occurs against the background of stretching in the eye of the posterior chamber. The main complication of severe myopia is divergent strabismus.

farsightedness

Farsightedness is the absence of normal vision at close distances. Ophthalmologists call this disease hypermetropia. This means that the image is formed outside the retina.

Congenital farsightedness is due to the small size of the eyeball in its longitudinal part and is of natural origin. As the child grows, this pathology may either disappear or persist. In case of insufficient curvature of the lens or cornea, an abnormally small size of the eye.

Senile form (vision loss after 40 years) - against the background of a decrease in the ability of the lens to change its curvature. This process takes place in 2 stages: presbyopia (temporary from 30 to 45 years), and after that - permanent (after 50 years).

The deterioration of vision with age occurs due to the loss of the eye's ability to accommodate (the ability to adjust the curvature of the lens) and occurs after 65 years.

The cause of this problem is both the loss of elasticity of the lens and the inability of the ciliary muscle to bend the lens normally. In the early stages, presbyopia can be compensated for by bright lighting, but in the later stages, vision is completely impaired. The first manifestations of pathology are considered to be problematic when reading small print from a distance of 25-30 centimeters, blurring also appears when looking from distant objects to close ones. Hypermetropia can be complicated by an increase in intraocular pressure.

Astigmatism

Astigmatism in simple words can be explained as different visual acuity vertically and horizontally. In this case, the projection of a point in the eye is displayed as a figure of eight or an ellipse. In addition to the blurring of objects, astigmatism is distinguished by their doubling and fatigue eye. It can also be combined with farsightedness or nearsightedness, or even be mixed type.

Double vision

This condition is called diplopia. In the case of such a pathology, the object can double diagonally, vertically, horizontally, or rotate relative to each other. Are guilty of such a pathology oculomotor muscles, which work out of sync, respectively, both eyes cannot concentrate on the object at the same time. Quite often, damage to muscles or nerves against the background of systemic diseases begins with the development of diplopia.

The classic cause of double vision is strabismus (divergent or convergent). In this case, a person cannot direct the central pits of the retina along a strict course.

A secondary picture that occurs quite often is alcohol poisoning. Ethanol can cause a disorder in the coordinated movements of the eye muscles.

Temporal doubling is quite often played up in cartoons and movies, when, after a blow to the head, the hero is faced with a moving picture.

Above are examples of diplopia for two eyes.

Double vision in one eye is also possible, and it develops in the presence of a too convex cornea, subluxation of the lens, or damage to the spur sulcus in the occipital region of the cerebral cortex.

binocular vision disorder

Stereoscopic vision allows a person to assess the size, shape, volume of an object, increases the clarity of vision by 40% and significantly expands its field. Another very important property stereoscopic vision is the ability to estimate distance. If there is a difference in the eyes of several diopters, then more weak eye begins to turn off the cerebral cortex forcibly, as it can cause diplopia.

First, binocular vision is lost, and then the weaker eye can become completely blind. In addition to farsightedness and nearsightedness with a large difference between the eyes, a similar situation can occur in the absence of astigmatism correction. It is the loss of the ability to estimate distance that forces many drivers to resort to spectacle correction or wearing contact lenses.

Most often, binocular vision disappears with strabismus. It is worth noting that practically no one has an ideal balance between the position of the eyes, but given the fact that even with deviations in muscle tone binocular vision may be preserved, correction in such cases is not required. But if vertical, divergent or convergent strabismus leads to loss of binocular vision, then it is necessary to perform surgical correction or use glasses.

Distortion of visual fields

The field of view is the part of the surrounding reality that is visible to the fixed eye. If we consider this property in a spatial sense, then it is more like a 3D hill, with the top in the clearest part. The deterioration along the slope is more pronounced towards the foot of the nose and less along the temporal slope. The field of view is limited by the anatomical protrusions of the facial bones of the skull, and at the optical level it depends on the capabilities of the retina.

For white color the norm of the field of view is: outward - 90 degrees, downward - 65, upward - 50, inward - 55.

For one eye, the field of view is divided into four halves into two vertical and two horizontal halves.

The field of vision can change according to the type dark spots(livestock), in the form of local (hemianopsia) or concentric constrictions.

Scotoma - a spot in the outlines of which visibility is completely absent, with absolute, or there is blurred visibility with relative scotoma. Also, scotomas can be of a mixed type with the presence of complete blackness inside and blurring along the periphery. Positive scotomas present as symptoms, while negative scotomas can only be identified by examination.

Atrophy optic nerve- loss of visibility in the central part of the visual field indicates atrophy of the optic nerve (often age-related) or dystrophy of the gall spot of the retina.

Retinal detachment - manifests itself as the presence of a curtain on the peripheral part of the visual field from any side. In addition, with retinal detachment, images may float and distort the lines and shapes of objects). The cause of retinal detachment may be retinal dystrophy, trauma, or a high degree of myopia.

Bilateral prolapse of the outer halves of the fields is a fairly common sign of pituitary adenoma, which interrupts the optic tract at the intersection.

With glaucoma, half of the fields that are located closer to the nose fall out. A symptom of such a pathology may be fog in the eyes, a rainbow when looking at a bright light. The same prolapse can be observed in pathologies of non-crossed optic fibers in the area of ​​the chiasm (aneurysm of the internal carotid artery).

Cross prolapse of parts of the fields is more often observed in the presence of hematomas, tumors, inflammatory processes in central nervous system. In addition, in addition to half fields, quarters may also fall out (quadrant hemianopsia).

Falling out in the form of a translucent curtain is a sign of the presence of changes in the transparency of the eye: vitreous body, cornea, lens.

Pigmentary degeneration of the retina - manifests itself in the form of tubular vision or concentric narrowing of the visual fields. At the same time, its high sharpness remains in the central part of the visual field, and the periphery practically drops out. With a uniform development of concentric vision, most likely the cause of such symptoms is a violation cerebral circulation or glaucoma. Concentric constriction is also characteristic of inflammation. back section retina (peripheral chorioretinitis).

Deviations in color perception

Temporal shifts relative to the perception of white - occur due to surgical intervention aimed at removing the cataract-affected lens. There may be shifts towards red, yellow, blue flowers, respectively, white will have a reddish, yellowish, bluish tint, by analogy with an unadjusted monitor.

Color blindness is a congenital defect in distinguishing between green and red colors, which is not recognized by the patient himself. In most cases, it is diagnosed in men.

After cataract surgery, there may be a change in the brightness of the colors: red and yellow become paler, while blue, on the contrary, becomes more saturated.

A shift in perception towards long wavelengths (redness, yellowing of objects) may be a sign of optic nerve or retinal dystrophy.

• Discoloration of objects - in the later stages of macular degeneration, which no longer progresses.

Most often, color disturbance occurs in the central part of the visual field (about 10 degrees).

Blindness

Amovrosis - atrophy of the optic nerve, complete retinal detachment, acquired or congenital absence of the eye.

Amblyopia is the suppression of the previously seen eyes by the cerebral cortex against the background of ophthalmoplegia, with a strong drooping of the eyelid (ptosis), Benche and Kaufman syndromes, clouding of the eye environments, a large difference in the diopters of the eyes, and strabismus.

Causes of vision loss:

deviation in the cortical region;

damage to the optic nerve;

deviations in the area of ​​the retina;

muscle pathologies;

changes in the transparency of the lens, cornea, vitreous body.

AT normal condition transparent media of the eye are able to refract and transmit light rays on the principle of lenses. In the presence of pathological, dystrophic, autoimmune and infectious-inflammatory processes, the degree of transparency of the lenses is lost, respectively, an obstacle appears in the path of light rays.

Pathology of the lens, cornea

Keratitis

Inflammation of the cornea, or keratitis. His bacterial form quite often it is a complication of advanced conjunctivitis, or the result of infection during eye surgery. The most dangerous is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has repeatedly become the cause of mass keratitis in hospitals with insufficient antiseptics and asepsis.

Pathology is characterized by redness in the eye, pain, ulceration of the cornea, its clouding.

The presence of photophobia is characteristic.

Abundant lacrimation and a decrease in the luster of the cornea up to the appearance of an opaque leukoma.

More than 50% keratins viral origin falls on dendritic keratitis (derived from herpes). At the same time, a damaged nerve trunk in the form of a tree branch is observed in the eye. Creeping corneal ulcer - is the final stage herpetic lesion cornea, or its chronic injury from exposure to foreign bodies. Quite often, ulcers are formed due to amoebic keratitis, which most often develops when the hygiene of the use of contact lenses is not followed and the use of poor-quality lenses.

When the eye gets burned from welding or the sun, photokeratitis develops. Except ulcerative keratitis there is also non-ulcerative. The pathology can be deep, or affect only the superficial layers of the cornea.

Clouding of the cornea is the result of dystrophy, or inflammation, while the thorn is a scar. Blurring in the form of spots or clouds reduces visual acuity and can cause astigmatism. In the presence of walleye, vision may be limited to the limits of light perception.

Cataract

A clouding of the lens in ophthalmology is called a cataract. In this case, the lens loses its transparency and elasticity, structural proteins are destroyed, and metabolism is disturbed. Congenital cataract is the result genetic pathology or intrauterine effects on the fetus of toxic, autoimmune and viral factors.

The acquired form of the disease is the result of poisoning with mercury vapor, trinitrotoluene, thallium, naphthalene, the result of radiation exposure, chemical, or mechanical injury lens, or age-related dystrophy. Posterior capsular cataract appears after 60 years - occurs fast loss vision, the nuclear one provokes an increase in the degree of myopia, and the age-related cortical leads to blurry images.

Opacification of the vitreous body

Destruction, or clouding of the vitreous body, is perceived by the patient as dots or threads that float before the eyes at the moment of moving the gaze. This manifestation is a consequence of thickening and subsequent loss of transparency. individual fibers that make up the vitreous body. Such thickenings occur due to arterial hypertension, or age-related dystrophy, and vascular pathologies, glucocorticoid therapy, hormonal changes, and diabetes mellitus can also be the cause. Turbidity is perceived by the brain in the form of complex (plates, balls, cobwebs), or simple figures. In some cases, degenerated areas can be perceived by the retina, in which case flashes appear in the eyes.

Muscular pathologies

Vision directly depends on the functioning of the oculomotor and ciliary muscles. Failures in their work can also lead to visual impairment. Six muscles provide a full range of eye movements. Stimulation of these muscles is provided by 3,4,6 pairs of cranial nerves.

ciliary muscle

The ciliary muscle is responsible for the curvature of the lens, takes part in the outflow of intraocular fluid, and also stimulates the blood supply to the eye. Muscle work is disrupted due to vascular spasm that occurs in the vertebrobasilar basin of the brain, hypothalamic syndrome, spinal scoliosis and other causes that cause brain blood flow disorders. The cause of the development of such a pathology may be a traumatic brain injury. Initially, there is a spasm of accommodation, and then myopia develops. Some domestic ophthalmologists in their works have identified and described the dependence of acquired myopia in infants due to injuries of the cervical spine in the fetus at the time of childbirth.

Oculomotor muscles and nerves

The oculomotor nerves not only provide stimulation to the muscles that control the eyeball, but also regulate the muscles responsible for dilating and constricting the pupil, as well as the levator levator muscle. upper eyelid. Most often, nerve damage occurs due to a microinfarction caused by hypertension, diabetes. Damage to all nerve fibers is accompanied by the following symptoms: restriction of eye movement down, up, inward, poor vision due to accommodation paralysis, pupil dilation regardless of reaction to light, drooping of the eyelid, double vision, divergent strabismus. Often, with strokes, the program of pathological syndromes (Benedict, Claude, Weber) includes nerve damage.

Abducens nerve injury

Damage to the abducens nerve makes it difficult to move the eye to the side. Such damage can be caused by: vascular infarction against the background of diabetes, or arterial hypertension, stroke, multiple sclerosis, CNS tumors, otitis media complication, intracranial hypertension, head trauma, pituitary tumor, nasopharyngeal cancer, carotid artery aneurysm, meningioma. The patient suffers from horizontal double vision, which is exacerbated by the moment the gaze shifts towards the lesion. In children, lesions of the abducens nerve, of a congenital nature, are included in the program of Duane and Mobius syndromes.

When the trochlear nerve is damaged, doubling of the picture appears in an oblique, or vertical planes. Its amplification occurs when you try to look down. The head is quite often in a forced position. Most often, the cause of nerve damage is traumatic brain injury, myasthenia gravis, microinfarction of the nerve.

Retinal pathologies

Retinal detachment (traumatic, degenerative, idiopathic) is formed at the site of ruptures of the membrane that occurred against the background intraocular tumor, injuries, myopia, diabetic retinopathy. Quite often, retinal detachment occurs after the clouding of the vitreous body, pulling it along.

Vitelline degeneration, punctate degeneration, gallstone dystrophy are hereditary pathologies that should be considered when vision falls in a preschool child.

Severe retinal dystrophy, which is typical for people over 60 years old.

Strandberg-Grenblad syndrome is a formation located in the retina of bands that resemble vessels and replace rods and cones.

Angioma is a tumor on the vessels of the retina that occurs at a young age. These tumors cause detachment, or retinal breaks.

Retinitis Coats (varicose veins of the retina) is an enlargement of the veins that leads to the occurrence of hemorrhages.

Discoloration of the iris and pink color of the fundus associated with underdevelopment of the pigment layer of the retinal membrane (albinism).

Embolism central artery, or retinal thrombosis, can cause sudden blindness.

Malignant tumor of the retina diffuse type- retinoblastoma.

Uveitis is an inflammation of the retina that can cause not only cloudiness, but also sparks and flashes in the field of vision. Distortions in the size, shape and shape of objects can also be observed. In some cases, it develops night blindness».

Signs of pathologies of the optic nerves

With a complete rupture of the nerve, the eye from the side of the lesion goes blind. The pupil narrows, there is no reaction to light. Pupil constriction may be observed, provided that light is applied to a healthy eye.

With damage to only part of the nerve fibers, there may be a decrease in vision, or periodic loss in the visual fields.

The most common cause of nerve damage is toxic lesions, tumors, vascular diseases, injuries.

Nerve anomalies - doubled disc of the nerve, hamartoma, colomboma.

Disc atrophy occurs most often against the background of neurosyphilis, trauma, ischemia, multiple sclerosis, after the transfer of meningoencephalitis and leads to a narrowing of the visual fields and a general deterioration in vision, which cannot be corrected.

Temporary vision loss

eye fatigue

The most common cause of vision loss is eye fatigue, which in ophthalmology is called asthenopia. Overwork occurs due to prolonged irrational stress on the eyes (driving a car at night, reading in low light, watching TV for many hours, or working in front of a computer monitor). In this case, the muscles of the eyes are overstrained, pain, lacrimation appears. It becomes difficult for a person to concentrate on small details, font, a feeling of veil, cloudiness may appear before the eyes. Quite often, these symptoms are accompanied by a headache.

False myopia

False myopia, or spasm of accommodation, most often develops in adolescents and children. Clinical picture This disease is similar to asthenopia. However, transient visual impairment in the distance or near develops due to spasm of the ciliary muscle from overwork. As described above, this muscle performs the function of changing the curvature of the lens.

Hemeralopia and nyctalopia - "night blindness"

A significant drop in vision at dusk, which develops against the background of a deficiency of vitamins that belong to groups B, PP, A. Popularly, this disease is called "night blindness", and in ophthalmology - hemeralopia and nyctalopia. In this case, suffering twilight vision. In addition to the presence of hypovitaminosis, "night blindness" can develop against the background of pathologies of the optic nerve and retina. The disease can also be congenital. Pathology is manifested by a narrowing of the visual fields, a violation of spatial orientation, a deterioration in color perception, a drop in visual acuity.

Vasospasm

Transient impairment of visual acuity may indicate the presence of vascular spasm in the brain or retina. Such situations are associated with chronic circulatory disorders of the brain (against the background of venous hypertension, vasculitis, vascular anomalies, blood diseases, cerebral amyloidosis, syndrome vertebral artery, atherosclerosis), hypertensive crises (sudden jumps blood pressure). In such cases, there is a darkening in the eyes, "flies" before the eyes, blurred vision. Combined symptoms may appear, blurred vision and dizziness, loss of hearing and vision.

Migraine

A migraine attack quite often comes in combination with darkening in the eyes, which develops against a background of severe vascular spasm. Quite often, such headaches are accompanied by the appearance of a scotoma, or aura.

Intraocular pressure

Normally, the pressure inside the eye is in the range of 9 to 22 mm. rt. Art., however, with an attack of glaucoma, it can rise to 50-70, and sometimes even higher. Appears sharp headache, which extends to half the head and eyes, provided that the pathology is present on one side, but if the glaucoma is bilateral, then the whole head hurts. The pain is complemented by dark spots before the eyes, iridescent circles and blurred vision. Join quite often autonomic disorders(pain in the heart, vomiting, nausea).

Medicines

Impact medicines may be the cause of transient myopia. Such manifestations are observed in the case of taking high doses of sulfonamides.

A sharp deterioration in vision

The most common causes of sudden irreparable loss of vision are eye injuries, retinal detachment, brain tumor, and strokes.

Reversible vision loss

If we talk about acute reversible loss of vision in both eyes, then in most cases the cause similar symptoms is oxygen deficiency of the visual cortex (ischemic stroke of the posterior cerebral artery, ischemic attack against the background of a chronic circulatory disorder of the brain), as well as with a severe migraine attack. In this case, in addition to loss of vision, there is a disorder of color perception and a headache.

Enough rare form reversible loss of vision is postpartum blindness, which develops against the background of an embolism of the posterior cerebral artery.

Ischemic optic neuropathy most often develops after significant blood loss due to surgery, or trauma if there is a sharp drop in blood pressure.

In case of poisoning with methyl alcohol, quinine, chloroquine and phenothiazine derivatives, bilateral loss of vision may develop, which occurs on the first day after poisoning. About 85% of patients recover, the rest remain completely or partially blind.

There are also familial forms of temporary blindness up to 20 seconds, which occur with a sharp change in lighting.

Irreversible loss of vision

Sudden loss of vision in one eye most resembles retinal artery occlusion, or thrombosis central vein as well as retinal detachment.

If the loss of vision occurred on the background of a head injury, it is necessary to exclude a fracture of the skull bones, which can damage the walls of the optic nerve canal. Therapy in this case consists in emergency decompression with the help of surgical intervention.

An increase in intraocular pressure may be accompanied by the density of the eyeball, pain in the abdomen, heart, head, loss of vision, redness of the eye.

Also, ischemic neuropathy can be the cause of irreversible sudden loss of vision. ophthalmic nerve, which develops against the background of occlusion rear wall ciliary artery and temporal arteritis. Also, a symptom of such a pathology can be prolonged pain at the top of the head, increase in ESR, lack of appetite, joint pain.

Due to ischemic stroke, the eye may become blind.

The cause of a sharp drop in vision can only be determined by an ophthalmologist paired with a neuropathologist, since vascular pathologies most often lead to a sharp loss of vision.

Diagnostics

In order to obtain complete information about the state of the eye, ophthalmologists today have a huge set of diagnostic capabilities. Great amount research refers to hardware methods. During the survey, they usually use:

measurement of the productivity of the lacrimal gland;

determination of the profile of the cornea, or computed keratotopography;

pachymetry (measurement of the angle of curvature and thickness of the cornea);

determination of the length of the eye (echobiometry);

biomicroscopy;

fundus examination paired with an examination of the optic nerve head;

checking visual fields;

measurement of intraocular pressure;

determination of the refractive power of the eye;

measurement of visual acuity;

Eye ultrasound.

Treatment for vision loss

Most often, in the presence of vision problems, conservative correction is used, as well as surgical treatment.

Conservative treatment

Conservative therapy involves correction with massage and gymnastics for the eyes, apparatus techniques, contact lenses and, most often, glasses. In the presence of degenerative-dystrophic pathologies, vitamins are administered.

Spectacle correction allows you to correct complex visual impairments (astigmatism paired with hyperopia, myopia), farsightedness, myopia with retinal detachment, and reduce the risk of strabismus. Wearing glasses slightly limits the field of view and creates certain inconveniences when playing sports, but given the effectiveness of their use, these shortcomings are negated.

People who make money with their appearance resort to wearing lenses. The main claim to correction with lenses is complex hygiene. This increases the risk of developing protozoan and bacterial complications, as well as disturbed air circulation in the eye. It is worth noting that modern ophthalmology allows you to purchase the latest breathable lenses.

Massage and gymnastics help to normalize and restore the blood flow of the eye structures, relax eye muscles. Such therapy is effective in the early stages of pathologies.

Hardware techniques - classes on special installations that train the eyes, carried out with or without glasses. The presence of an instructor is required.

Surgical treatment

Cataract today is successfully treated only with the complete replacement of the pathological lens.

Vascular and tumor processes are also corrected only with the help of surgical intervention.

Partial detachment and rupture of the retina is treated with laser welding.

The PRK method is the very first method of laser correction of the cornea. This method is accompanied by significant trauma and requires a long recovery period. In addition, the simultaneous use of the method for the treatment of both eyes is contraindicated.

Today, the laser is also used to correct vision (astigmatism within 3 diopters, myopia at 15, hyperopia at 4). The method of laser keratomileusis combines laser beams and mechanical keratoplasty. A corneal flap is detached with a keratome and the profile is corrected with a laser. As a result of these manipulations, the cornea becomes thinner. The flap is soldered into place with the same laser. The Super-LASIK method is one of the options for the operation, during which the cornea is resurfaced. Epi-LASIK corrects visual aberrations by staining the corneal epithelium with alcohol. FEMTO-LASIK is the formation of a corneal flap and its subsequent laser treatment.

Laser correction has a lot of advantages. It is painless, has a short rehabilitation period, requires a little time, does not leave stitches. However, there are complications that can develop against the background of laser correction, these are: corneal growth, excessive shrinkage of the corneal epithelium, corneal inflammation, dry eye syndrome.

Surgical laser treatment has a number of contraindications. It is not performed on children under 18, breastfeeding, or pregnant women. Can not use this technique with herpes, operated retinal detachment, progression of myopia, immunodeficiency, cataracts, autoimmune pathologies, insufficient thickness of the cornea, glaucoma, in a single eye.

Thus, the problems of vision loss are very diverse, quite often progressive and can lead to total loss vision. Therefore, only timely diagnosis and correction can prevent the development of a significant drop in vision, or its complete loss.

At some point in their lives, people notice that they can’t thread the needle the first time, the text blurs in the book, some get on the wrong bus, pass people they know without noticing them. The earlier this happens, the more carelessly a person treated his vision throughout his life. I really don’t want to admit to myself that it’s time to run to the ophthalmologist, as you are waiting for the verdict: “It’s time to put on glasses.” In any case, you will have to run to the doctor, better sooner. For those who think that this the problem will pass past him, let's find out why a person's eyesight deteriorates.

Why does our vision deteriorate?

Poor eyesight has always been considered medical problem. It really is, medical reasons problems arise in disparaging attitude to the wonderful gift of nature, the eyes:

• Mental and physical overwork;
• Osteochondrosis, neck injury;
• Visual loads;
• Infectious and venereal diseases;
• Unbalanced diet;
• Environmentally unfavorable area of ​​​​residence;
• Bad habits;
• Heredity;
• Age-related changes in the retina.

Such an impressive list should be a shot of a starting pistol in order to run to the doctor. Enough reason to worry and ask yourself the question: why do adults deteriorate their eyesight? And then start getting rid of those obstacles that you can eliminate yourself.

It may seem impossible that there are other reasons why visual acuity may deteriorate, but it turns out there are. They, destroying the body, affect vision as well. Main social reason- these are those that are waiting for a person at every turn and are capable of delivering invisible, but very tangible blows to the human psyche.

We cannot protect ourselves from society and live in a glass flask without communicating with people, but we can minimize communication with aggressive people such as in the gym. In the human body, everything is so connected that it is necessary to take care of health in a complex, in this case, vision will not suffer.

What to do?

The mechanism of vision begins to fail from the eyeball. During the time that a person diligently sits at a computer, reads in poor light, works tirelessly, does not comply proper diet, the shell of the eyeball gradually weakens and the apple loses its round shape. In this case, the focus of vision is disturbed, it dissipates and deteriorates. As a result, myopia begins to develop, the sensitivity of nerve endings decreases, and muscles weaken. Violation of blood circulation leads to a lack of oxygen, vasodilation.

Redness of the eyeball is the first indicator of progressive myopia.

Poor heredity is the only cause of the disease, in which it is difficult to find a saving remedy for vision loss. But with a small margin of safety, you can maintain it for optimal level, keeping at least elementary rules careful attitude to the eyes.

First of all, preventive actions, which will help not to think about glasses for a long time:

1. If the work is associated with a long stay at the computer or other type of activity where the eyes require constant tension, it is necessary to rest the eyeball and do exercises that strengthen the eye muscles.
2. It is necessary to visit the sun more often, but avoid direct rays. Ultraviolet normalizes metabolism, as a result, the eyes adapt to the light. Under the action of rays, vitamin D is activated in the skin, and there is an increased absorption of calcium and phosphorus compounds. These processes have a beneficial effect on vision.
3. Avoid reading in the dark, overwork, nervous stress.
4. Have your eyes checked periodically by a specialist.
5. Stick to balanced diet, which should include foods containing vitamins A and D - carrots, beef liver, sea herring, egg yolk, cream, creamy and. Vitamin C restores visual pigments, reduces eye pressure, prevents the occurrence of glaucoma. Vitamin E is used to prevent cataracts, strengthens blood vessels. The extract of shoots and the blueberry itself strengthens the walls of blood vessels, reduces blood sugar.

The importance of vision, as one of the main human senses, cannot be overestimated. It is in our power to help our own eyes to perceive the world not according to residual principle, but in all its colors and unforgettable images.

If your eyesight is failing, you can use contact lenses or wear glasses. You may also be offered a medical correction. But why does vision deteriorate? After reading about the ten most common reasons, you will learn that vision problems are not only physical in nature.

According to the WHO, today more than 285 million people around the world have some kind of vision problem - from myopia and hyperopia to complete blindness.

Most cases of visual impairment do not constitute a serious hindrance to life and work. 43% of all vision problems are These are nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism, which are corrected with glasses and contact lenses.

Nonetheless, official statistics suggests that 80% of all visual impairments can be cured.

Poor eyesight: causes. Medicine or psychology?

The state of our body is directly related to mental sphere. Human body is an inseparable whole in which the mental and physical mutually influence each other.

Just like the state physical health affects mental condition, psychological problems may appear at the level of the body.

Vision problems if they don't have genetic reasons, one way or another, are associated with difficulties in mental life person.

The problem is that medical treatment eliminates the manifestation of the disease at the physical level, while the real cause of the disease remains. As a result, the disease may recur or be difficult to treat.

Working with a psychologist reveals real reason visual impairment and eliminate it.

The symptom matters: what does the disease indicate?

Why does vision deteriorate? There may be many answers. Visual impairment is an attempt to adapt to the current situation, in a sense, to protect a person, to limit from traumatic experiences. Let us consider in more detail the possible causes of myopia and hyperopia, as well as other disorders.

In all these cases, the symptom draws the attention of the person to something important and at the same time is an attempt at a solution.

If vision deteriorates, it is necessary to carefully consider the problem indicated by the disease and find a more effective solution.

Where to look for the causes of vision problems?

Visual impairment can be due to both the personal history of a person and the history of his family and clan.

Our life is a continuation of the life of our ancestors. A certain idea of ​​life and the experience of past destinies are passed on from generation to generation.

This experience contains not only the ability to get out of difficult situations, which our ancestors learned. Together with him, we are also given the problems with which they failed to cope. We, the current generation, will have to learn how to solve these problems.

On the other hand, at the level of behavioral strategies and unconscious experiences, we also get the memory of traumatic events, hard destinies, unfulfilled dreams, unfulfilled love...

We embody and manifest all this in varying degrees in our lives.

As part of a family, we are inextricably linked to our loved ones. The condition of one family member affects others. We have the opportunity to influence each other and help each other. Sometimes our help lies in the fact that we take on some of the problems of a loved one. Sometimes help is manifested in doing something for another. For example, to fulfill the unfulfilled dream of a loved one in your own life.

One way or another, a person cannot be taken out of the context of relations with his loved ones and kind. Therefore, not all problems in life are explained by personal psychological state or personal history.

10 Psychological Causes of Vision Loss Doctors Won't Tell You About

If your vision has deteriorated, you will be offered glasses or lenses, or expensive medical correction. However, it is possible to find out the cause of the disease, eliminate and permanently get rid of vision problems. Consider examples that most often lead to vision problems.

Reason 1. Unwillingness to see something.

In the most general sense, any deterioration in vision is a conscious or unconscious desire not to notice something important in your life. In this sense, vision problems are an unconscious attempt to protect yourself from too much strong feelings or severe events.

Vision problems can be caused not only by personal difficulties, but also by events in the family or the fate of ancestors. Sometimes the life story of one of the relatives is too difficult and affects the next generations.

The occurrence of vision problems can also be associated with “excluded” destinies, that is, with those people whose existence in the family was denied or hushed up for any reason (illegitimate partners; relatives lost during the war; children given to other families or children’s at home).

As a child, were you forbidden to watch movies with erotic scenes? Connections in psychology are non-linear. Sometimes such an indisputably correct act of parents turns, for example, in a girl into a rejection of her own femininity and the inability to look at this problem. Prohibitions can also be associated with silence certain information, shame, guilt, fear in the family system.

Cases of alcoholism, domestic violence, theft, betrayal - everything that is hushed up, everything that “cannot be looked at”, sooner or later finds its manifestation in our lives or the lives of our loved ones.

Reason 3. Fear.

Although fear has big eyes, nevertheless, h Most of all, it is better for us to close our eyes so as not to see frightening events.

We can turn away from difficult events that have already happened. And besides this, we can experience fear of the future. Lack of prospects, self-doubt, frightening independence - all this can lead to the development of myopia or other visual impairment.

Reason 4. Pain.

Frequent quarrels in the family, traumatic experiences, the pain of parting and the pain of loneliness, the grief of loss and loss - it takes a lot of courage and strength not to turn away from such events, to openly look at them.

Reason 5. Anger.

Many socially undesirable feelings, especially anger, are repressed. Repressed feelings usually find their outlet in bodily symptoms. When you are angry, your pupils and eyelids constrict. A near-sighted person squints, in a sense, repeating the facial expressions of an angry person.

Many events in the family lead to the suppression of anger. Anger itself is very strong feeling, therefore suppressed, it can easily be passed on to the next generations.

For example, our grandparents often lived in a strict patriarchal way of life. Women in such families anger could sometimes accumulate for years. This feeling was very deeply suppressed, being replaced in practice by care for the family and love for their loved ones. But one day, decades later, anger can find a way out and manifest itself in one or two generations, in particular - through vision problems.

Reason 6. Desire to "disappear".

In far, far childhood, each of us believed: if you close your eyes, you will not be seen by those around you. If it's scary, if it's bad, if you're offended and feel superfluous, you can close your eyes - and ... that's it. You are absent. At times, this belief finds its expression in adulthood in the form of a decrease in vision.

Reason 7. "So that my eyes do not see you."

Parental settings - greatest power of all that rule our lives.“Disappear from my eyes”, “Do not callus on your eyes”, “I flooded my eyes again”, “Yes, it would be better if I were blind, so as not to see this!” - all these words do not have to refer to us directly.

If, for example, mother tells them to father, a child, out of great love for dad, as if out of solidarity, may unconsciously begin to fulfill his mother's "precepts". In the vast majority of cases, a child in family quarrels takes the side of the weak, the accused side, in order to even out the balance in the family.

Reason 8. Unrealistic perception of reality.

“Look, he hit you again!”

No, it's by accident. He's just tired at work. He loves me.

Embellishing what is happening or idealizing it, a person may not notice obvious things. To build a house of cards of your fantasy, you have to erase from consciousness, not to see the really existing aspects of reality.

Reason 9. The need to turn your gaze inward.

Nearsightedness, as the inability to see distant objects, may indicate that we need to take a closer look at our vision. inner world. What caused such a need - excessive orientation to others, unfulfilled need or something else - you can find out in individual work with a psychologist.

Reason 10. The call to look into the outside world.

If myopia tends to focus our attention on ourselves, the causes of farsightedness may be the need to look at what is happening around, think about the future, focus on our goals. What exactly the symptom is trying to point out to you, you can understand by contacting a face-to-face meeting with a psychologist.

Family Constellations: Restoring Vision

The exact cause of poor vision can be found using the method of system constellations.

Constellations - method short-term therapy, therefore, in order to analyze and solve the problem of visual impairment, in most cases one arrangement is required, which will take 1-1.5 hours of your time.

Sometimes health problems can be multi-layered, have multiple causes., so for them effective solution it will be necessary to make several arrangements with a difference of 2-3 months.

If myopia, farsightedness and other vision problems do not have organic causes, you will feel a positive result within 3 months . If vision correction requires health care, the arrangement will facilitate and significantly improve the effectiveness of treatment, since it will eliminate the cause of the disease.