Why does a person become aggressive. Aggression in the elderly. Approaches to aggression

Aggression (from lat. Aggressio - attack)- motivated destructive behavior that is contrary to the norms (rules) of the coexistence of people in society, causing harm to the objects of attack (animate and inanimate), causing physical damage to people or causing them psychological discomfort (negative experiences, a state of tension, fear, depression, etc. .).

The purpose of aggression can be:- coercion; - strengthening of power and dominance; - impression management; - earnings; - affective discharge, resolution of internal conflict; - revenge for suffering; - inflicting pain on the victim, receiving pleasure from her suffering.

A trace stands out. types of aggression:

physical Aggression (attack) - the use of physical force against another person or object;

verbal Aggression - the expression of negative feelings both through the form (quarrel, scream, squeal) and through the content of verbal reactions (threat, curses, swearing);

direct Aggression - directly directed against c.-l. object or subject;

indirect Aggression - actions that are directed in a roundabout way at another person (evil gossip, jokes, etc.), and actions characterized by non-direction and disorder (explosions of rage, manifested in screaming, stamping their feet, beating their fists on the table, etc.). P.);

instrumental Aggression, which is a means of achieving c.-l. goals;

hostile Aggression - is expressed in actions aimed at causing harm to the object of aggression;

auto-aggression - aggression manifested in self-accusation, self-humiliation, self-inflicted bodily harm up to suicide;

Altruistic Aggression, which has the goal of protecting others from someone else's aggressive actions.

Aggressive behavior- one of the forms of response to various unfavorable physical and mental life situations that cause stress, frustration, etc. states. Psychologically, A. is one of the main ways to solve problems related to the preservation of individuality and identity, with the protection and growth of a sense of self-worth, self-esteem, the level of claims, as well as maintaining and strengthening control over the environment that is essential for the subject.

Aggressive actions act as:

means of achieving k.-l. meaningful purpose;

way of psychological relaxation;

a way to satisfy the need for self-realization and self-affirmation.

Aggressiveness is a personality trait that consists in the readiness and preference for the use of violent means to achieve one's goals. Aggression is a manifestation of aggressiveness in destructive actions, the purpose of which is to harm a particular person. Aggressiveness in different individuals can have a different degree of severity - from almost complete absence to extreme development. Probably, a harmoniously developed personality should have a certain degree of aggressiveness. The needs of individual development and social practice should form in people the ability to remove obstacles, and sometimes even to physically overcome what opposes this process. The complete absence of aggressiveness leads to compliance, inability to take an active life position. At the same time, the excessive development of aggressiveness by the type of accentuation begins to determine the whole appearance of the personality, turns it into a conflict, incapable of social cooperation, and in its extreme expression it is a pathology (social and clinical): aggression loses its rational-selective orientation and becomes a habitual way of behavior, manifesting itself in unjustified hostility, malice, cruelty, negativism.

Aggressive manifestations can be:

means of achieving a certain goal,

way of psychological discharge, replacement of a blocked need,

end in itself

way to satisfy the need for self-realization and self-affirmation.

Thus, the aggressiveness of a person is heterogeneous, varies from a weak to an extreme degree, different in its modality and purpose. It is possible to distinguish the parameters of aggressiveness of various modality, which differ:

intensity of aggression, its cruelty;

directed at a specific person or generally at all people;

situationality or persistence of aggressive personality tendencies.

It is conditionally possible to distinguish the following types of behavior in terms of aggressiveness:

antiaggressiveness- a negative attitude towards any aggressive manifestations of a person who always tries to reconcile with people, considers it impossible for himself to beat the weak, a woman, children, a cripple; in the event of a conflict, he considers that it is better to leave, endure or turn to the police, defends himself only in case of a clear physical attack;

intrusive aggression, motivated by the satisfaction received from the performance of conditionally aggressive activities (games, wrestling, competitions), which does not have the goal of causing harm. Thus, sport is a socially acceptable form of manifestation of a person's aggressive tendencies, a kind of détente of aggression, as well as a form of self-affirmation, raising social status and receiving material benefits (for professional athletes);

aggressiveness undifferentiated- a slight manifestation of aggression, expressed in irritability and scandals for any reason and with a variety of people, in temper, harshness, rudeness. But these people can reach physical aggression and even domestic crimes;

local aggressiveness, or impulsive, - aggression manifests itself as a direct reaction to a conflict situation, a person can verbally insult the enemy (verbal aggression), but also allows physical means of aggression, can hit, beat, etc. The degree of general irritation is less pronounced than in the previous subtype;

conditional, instrumental aggression associated with self-affirmation, for example, in boyish fuss;

hostile aggressiveness- persistent emotions of anger, hatred, envy, a person shows his hostility openly, but does not strive for a clash of sides, real physical aggression may not be very pronounced. Hatred can be directed at a specific person, strangers can cause irritation and anger in such a person without any reason. There is a desire to humiliate another person, feeling contempt and hatred for him, but by this to achieve the respect of others. In fights he is cold-blooded, in case of victory he remembers the fight with pleasure. He can first restrain his aggression, and then takes revenge (in various ways: slander, intrigue, physical aggression). In the case of a preponderance of forces and the likelihood of impunity, it can go as far as murder. In general, people are hostile;

instrumental aggression- to achieve some significant goal;

brutal aggression- violence and aggression as an end in itself, aggressive actions always exceed the actions of the enemy, they are distinguished by excessive cruelty and special malice: minimal reason and maximum cruelty. Such people commit particularly cruel crimes;

psychopathic aggression- brutal and often senseless aggression, repeated acts of aggression (aggressive psychopath, "maniac killer");

group solidarity aggression- aggression or even murder is committed as a result of the desire to follow group traditions, to assert oneself in the eyes of one's group, the desire to obtain the approval of one's group, to show one's strength, determination, fearlessness. This type of aggression often manifests itself in groups of teenagers. Military aggression (actions of military personnel in combat conditions, killing of an enemy) is a socially recognized and approved form of aggression based on group (or national) solidarity; social traditions of “defence of the fatherland”, “defense of certain ideas”, for example, defense of democracy, etc.;

sexual aggression of varying degrees- from sexual rudeness to rape or sexual abuse and murder. Freud wrote that the sexuality of most men contains an admixture of aggression, a desire to subdue, so that sadism is simply the isolation and hypertrophy of the aggressive component inherent in normal sexuality. The connection between sex and aggression is also confirmed experimentally. Endocrinologists stated that the aggressive behavior of males and their sexual activity are due to the influence of the same hormones - androgens, and psychologists - that pronounced components of aggressiveness are present in erotic fantasies, and partly in the sexual behavior of men. And on the other hand, the suppression of sexual desires, the sexual dissatisfaction of people is also accompanied by an increase in irritation and aggressive impulses; a woman's refusal to satisfy a man's sexual desire again leads to aggression. Conditioned aggression and sexual arousal seem to interact in humans, as they do in some animals, mutually reinforcing each other. For example, in teenage boys, erections often occur during fuss, power struggles, but never in a real fight. The game of lovers, when a man, as it were, “hunts” for a woman, overcoming her conditional struggle and resistance, excites him very sexually, i.e. here the conditional "rapist" also acts as a seducer. But there is a group of men who can experience sexual arousal and pleasure only in the case of real aggression, violence, beating, humiliation of a woman. Such pathological sexuality often develops into sexual sadism, sexual murders.

Aggression is not the most pleasant word in our language. Manifestations of aggression, unfortunately, are found not only in speech, but also in real life. Aggressive people can be encountered on the street, in transport, even in line. It would seem that aggression is a natural human feeling, but how unpleasant it is to feel it on yourself.

Is it possible to prevent the occurrence of aggression in oneself and protect oneself from someone else's manifestation of groundless anger?

Where does aggression come from?

The answer to this question depends on which definition of the word "aggression" we will refer to.

Etymologically, the word aggression goes back to the Proto-Indo-European word *ghredh - "to go" and is derived from the Latin ad + gradī, where ad is a prefix denoting the direction: "toward, on", and gradī - "to walk, go"; aggredi "to attack, attack".

In psychology, there are at least (!) Two practically polar views on this phenomenon.

On the one hand, aggression is a biological instinct that has developed in the course of evolution in the process of the struggle for survival. In this case, aggression is understood as any action aimed at “modifying oneself or the world around oneself”. In this sense, any initiative in any contacts with the world is aggression. For example, the process of chewing food is also an act of aggression. (Any suppression of this instinct can lead to very unpleasant consequences for a person: from psychosomatic diseases to severe personality disorders. But this, perhaps, is the topic of a separate article).

On the other hand, more often in everyday life we ​​use the word "aggression" when we talk about the intention to cause harm (aggressive impulses) or actions that harm someone or something or demonstrate a hostile attitude. The reasons (motives) for such intentions or actions can be conscious and unconscious (intentional or instrumental aggression). From this point of view, aggressive impulses or aggressive actions can be caused by feelings of anger, disgust, fear, shame, a feeling of pain, a situation of impossibility (objective or perceived) to satisfy needs, or a situation of competition.

Depending on the degree of awareness of motives, aggression can take various forms from play: a demonstration of dexterity, strength, skills or knowledge, to malignant (compensatory): cruelty, violence, sadism, necrophilia (love for the inanimate), depression, boredom.

Is it possible to recognize the signs of incipient aggression?

As a rule, people do not become aggressive immediately. This, on the one hand, is good news (you can have time to “run back” in time), and on the other hand, you need to know the signs of growing aggression in the interlocutor in order to warn this very moment and not bring it to trouble.

Pay attention to external signs, including:

Pursed lips.

Looking away.

Deviation of the whole body away from you.

Clear unwillingness to continue the conversation.

Frightened eyes (fear can very quickly turn into its opposite - into aggression).

If you notice these signs - be attentive, and, above all, to the interlocutor: apparently, you have touched on a very important and painful topic for him. It is also possible that a person as a whole is going through a not the best period in his life now, and then he will react to many of your neutral actions as very undesirable. It's not about you, it's about how bad the person is. Treat this with understanding.

By the way, it can be useful to notice an approaching aggressive state in yourself: know that if the number of people around you suddenly increases, causing your irritation, then you are on the verge of a “breakdown”. As a rule, the point here is not in people, but in your state, which “mirror” begins to be reflected in your perception of other people. Relax, calm yourself, stop for a minute, focus on the sensations and do relaxing exercises. And for the future - take care to teach yourself to maintain peace of mind and henceforth not let “bad weather” into your soul.

Aggression can arise even at the mere thought that another person has hostile intentions, regardless of whether there was a real reason for this or not.

Social causes of aggression

Carrying a weapon can manifest itself not only as a means of protection, but also as an incentive to aggression.
The media and the demonstration of scenes of violence in the mass media also serve as a pretext and a kind of “call” for violence.

External environment as a cause of aggression

Among other influences of the external environment on aggression, noise and crowding can be distinguished. In addition, in a contaminated space, such as excessively smoky cigarette smoke or with an unpleasant smell, aggressive reactions are also enhanced.

Personal qualities and innate tendency to aggression

• fear of public disapproval;

• irritability;

• tendency to see hostility in others;

• a tendency to feel shame rather than guilt in many situations.

Female and male aggression

Often aggression and irritability in women manifests itself during the menstrual cycle of the so-called premenstrual syndrome. Also, the cause of attacks of aggression in women can be hormonal changes in the body, in the period before and after childbirth, menopause, or taking hormonal drugs.

Attacks of aggression in men can also be associated with changes in the hormonal background, for example, with an excess of the male hormone - testosterone, or during the period of male menopause - andropause.

In addition to the hormonal causes of aggression in men and women, there are a number of psychological problems, including various addictions - alcoholism, drug addiction and nicotine addiction. It is known that the regular use of harmful substances has a destructive effect on the human psyche.

Increased aggressiveness should also be attributed to mental anomalies.

Aggressiveness- the steady desire of an individual to inflict physical or psycho-traumatic harm or damage on another.

Types of aggression

Aggression may be frustration(aggressiveness against those who impede the achievement of significant goals), impulsive and affective. She may also be deliberate and instrumental(when aggression is used only as a means to an end). Aggressiveness as a stable trait is formed in unfavorable conditions of the mental development of the individual, is an indicator of the lack of formation of her social identification.

The lower the level of socialization, the higher the level of aggressiveness of the individual. We can say that the degree of aggressiveness of an individual is an indicator of the level of his desocialization.

Causes of aggression

The aggressiveness of the individual is associated with defects in socialization, negative influence and general defects in the mental self-regulation of the individual. However, genetic anomalies and peculiarities of the endocrine-humoral organization of the individual (norepinephrine type) also play a significant role here.

The aggressiveness of the individual complex multifactorial conditionality. In addition to some biological prerequisites in its formation, it is essential to learn aggression, "aggressive training". The aggressiveness of the subject depends on that. what environmental stimuli he classifies as transthreshold influences that require a general emotional aggressive reaction. Individuals react with aggression to situations that threaten their basic values.

As a manifestation of a defect in mental self-regulation, aggressiveness is associated with weakness in an individual anti-stress protection, impulsiveness, increased anxiety. In the formation of aggressive types, their early emotional deprivation (lack of positive emotions in early childhood), cruelty, harsh attitude of parents and immediate environment are noted. Often, aggressiveness develops as a counteraction to authoritarian power in the family, small groups, when the individual has the only chance for self-affirmation through aggressive actions.

So, a common feature of the behavior of mentally abnormal individuals is inadequate reactions, instability to psycho-traumatic influences, impaired psychological defense mechanisms, readiness for a mental breakdown, and uncontrollability of certain types of reactions. Mental disorganization in personally difficult situations leads to a general emotional capture of all the conscious activity of the individual - a narrowing of consciousness. These states are accompanied by a disorder of logical thinking, an increase in suggestibility and autosuggestibility, obsessive states, and conflict interaction with the environment.

The daily roundup of news constantly frightens the average layman with the number of acts of violence in all corners of the world. Yes, and everyday life is replete with quarrels, screams and other manifestations of hostility.

Aggression in modern society is perceived as evil and subjected to public condemnation. However, there are many examples of hostile behavior of both individuals and entire groups of people.

Why do people cause suffering to each other, what are the causes of interpersonal and global conflicts? There are no clear answers to these questions, but the study of the phenomenon of aggressiveness in various aspects of human life will help to better understand the problem.

What is aggression?

In the world there are many approaches to determining the cause, content and types of counteraction to such behavior. So, some psychologists believe that aggression is an innate human quality associated with instinctive impulses. Others correlate this concept with the need for an individual to discharge (frustration), others perceive it as a manifestation of a person’s social learning that arose on the basis of past experience.

Thus, this type of personality manifestation is a deliberate behavior that is destructive and leads to physical or psychological harm and discomfort to other individuals.

Aggression in psychology, and in everyday life, is often associated with anger, anger, rage, that is, extremely negative emotions. In fact, hostility can also arise in a calm, cold-blooded state. Such behavior may be the result of negative attitudes (the desire to harm or offend) or be unmotivated. According to many experts, a prerequisite for aggressive behavior should be its focus on another individual. That is, punching the wall and beating dishes are manifestations of not hostile, but expressive behavior. But outbursts of uncontrolled negative emotions can subsequently be redirected to living beings.

Historical Approaches

The definition of aggression is carried out through various approaches. The main ones are:

1. normative approach. Particular attention is paid to the illegality of actions and violation of generally accepted norms. Aggressive behavior is considered to be behavior that includes 2 main conditions: there are consequences that are detrimental to the victim and at the same time the norms of behavior are violated.
2. Deep psychological approach. The instinctive nature of aggression is affirmed. It is an integral innate feature of the behavior of any person.
3. Target approach. Explores hostile behavior from the point of view of its intended purpose. According to this direction, aggression is a tool of self-affirmation, evolution, adaptation and appropriation of vital resources and territories.
4. Efficient approach. Emphasizes the consequences of such behavior.
5. Intentional approach. Evaluates the motivations of the subject of hostility, which prompted him to such actions.
6. emotional approach. Reveals the psycho-emotional aspect of the behavior and motivation of the aggressor.
7. A multidimensional approach includes an analysis of all factors of aggression with a deep study of the most significant, from the point of view of an individual author.

A large number of approaches to the definition of this psychological phenomenon does not provide an exhaustive definition of it. Too extensive and multifaceted is the concept of "aggression". The types of aggression are very diverse. But still, it is necessary to understand and classify them in order to better understand the causes and develop ways to deal with this serious problem of our time.

Aggression. Types of aggression

It is rather difficult to create a unified classification of the types of aggression and its causes. However, in world practice, its definition is often used according to the method of American psychologists A. Bass and A. Darki, which includes five components:

1. Physical aggression - physical impact is used on another individual.
2. Indirect aggression - occurs in a hidden way (evil banter, the creation of gossip) or is not directed at a specific person (unreasonable screams, stamping of feet, other manifestations of outbursts of rage).
3. Irritation - increased excitability to external stimuli, which often leads to a surge of negative emotions.
4. Verbal aggression is the manifestation of negative feelings through verbal reactions (screeching, screaming, swearing, threats, etc.).
5. Negativism is oppositional behavior that can manifest itself both in a passive and active form of struggle against established laws and traditions.

Types of verbal reactions

The manifestation of aggression in verbal form, according to A. Bass, is divided into three main types:

1. Rejection is a reaction that is built according to the “go away” type and more rude forms.
2. Hostile remarks - formed according to the principle "your presence annoys me."
3. Criticism is aggression directed not specifically at a person, but at his personal items, work, clothes, etc.

Psychologists also distinguish other forms of hostility. So, according to H. Hekhauzen, there is instrumental and hostile aggression. Hostile is an end in itself and brings direct harm to another person. Instrumental is an intermediate phenomenon in achieving a goal (for example, extortion).

Forms of manifestation

Forms of aggression can be very diverse and are divided into the following types of actions:

• negative (destructive) - positive (constructive);
• explicit (open aggression) - latent (hidden);
• direct (directed directly to the object) - indirect (influence through other channels);
• ego-synthonic (accepted by the personality itself) - ego-dystonic (condemned by one's "I");
• physical (violence against a physical object) - verbal (attack with words);
• hostile (the purpose of aggression is direct harm) - instrumental (hostility is only a means to achieve another goal).

The most common manifestations of aggression in everyday life are raising one's voice, slander, insults, coercion, physical force, and the use of weapons. Hidden forms include harmful inaction, withdrawal from contact, self-harm to the point of suicide.

Who can be targeted?

Attacks of aggression can be directed to:

• exceptionally close people - only family members (or one member) are attacked, with others the behavior is normal;
• people not from the family circle - teachers, classmates, doctors, etc.;
• oneself - both on one's own body and on the person, occurs in the form of refusing to eat, mutilating, biting nails, etc .;
• animals, insects, birds, etc.;
• inanimate physical objects - in the form of eating inedible objects;
• symbolic items - passion for aggressive computer games, collecting weapons, etc.

Reasons for aggressive behavior

The reasons for human hostility are also diverse and cause controversy among professional psychologists.

Adherents of biological theory are of the opinion that aggression is:

• innate human reaction associated with (attack is the best defense);
• behavior arising as a result of the struggle for territory and resources (competition in personal and professional spheres);
• hereditary property obtained together with the type of nervous system (unbalanced);
• a consequence of hormonal disorders (excess testosterone or adrenaline);
• a consequence of the use (alcohol, nicotine, drugs).

According to the sociobiological approach, people with similar genes contribute to each other's survival even through self-sacrifice. At the same time, they show aggression towards individuals who are very different from them and share few common genes. This explains the conflict outbreaks between representatives of social, national, religious and professional groups.

Psychosocial theory links increased aggressiveness to a person's quality of life. The worse his condition (did not get enough sleep, hungry, dissatisfied with life), the more hostile he is.

Factors affecting the level of aggressiveness

According to social theory, aggression is a property of a person acquired during life. Moreover, it develops against the background of the following factors:

• (frequent quarrels between parents, the use of physical force on children, lack of parental attention);
• daily display and propaganda of violence on television and in other media.

Psychologists also closely associate the factors of human aggression with such personal qualities:

• dominant style of behavior;
• increased anxiety;
• a tendency to reveal the hostility of the actions of other individuals;
• increased or, conversely, underestimated self-control;
• low self-esteem and frequent infringement of one's own dignity;
• complete lack of potential, including creativity.

How to deal with an aggressor?

Aggression is an action usually aimed at destruction. Therefore, it is necessary to remember some basic rules of behavior with a negatively minded individual:

1. If a person is in a strong psychological arousal, and the problem is minor, try to transfer the conversation to another topic, reschedule the discussion, that is, get away from the irritant conversation.
2. It will positively affect mutual understanding if the parties to the conflict look at the problem from the outside, with an unbiased look.
3. It is necessary to try to understand the aggressor. If the cause depends on you, take possible measures to eliminate it.
4. Sometimes it is useful to show empathy and understanding to the aggressor.
5. It also helps to agree with him on those points where he is really right.

Determine what type the aggressor belongs to

Specific methods of counteracting hostility depend directly on the personality variety of the aggressor:

1. Tank type. Very rude and direct people who, in a conflict situation, cut right through. If the issue is not very important, it is better to give in or adapt, let the aggressor blow off steam. You can’t question his rightness, your own opinion should be expressed without emotions, because calmness usually suppresses the rage of such a person.
2. Bomb type. These subjects are not inherently evil, but can flare up like children. With an outbreak of hostility, it is necessary to let the emotions of such a person come out, calm him down and continue to communicate normally, since this does not happen out of evil and often against the will of the aggressor himself.
3. Sniper type. Due to the lack of actual power, it creates conflicts through intrigues. It is important to show the culprit evidence of his behind-the-scenes games and then look for a solution to this issue.
4. Horn type. These people criticize everything in the world, from real problems to imaginary ones. They want to be heard. When contacting such a plan, the aggressor needs to let him pour out his soul, agree with his opinion and try to move the conversation in a different direction. When returning to this topic, you should switch his attention from the problem to the way to solve it.
5. Penknife type. Such people are often ready to help, inferior in many matters. However, this happens only in words, but in practice the opposite is true. When communicating with them, it is necessary to insist on the importance for you of the truth on their part.

How to get rid of discomfort after communication?

In today's world, people have a fairly high level of aggression. This implies the need for a correct response to other people's attacks, as well as control of one's own psycho-emotional state.

At the moment of a hostile reaction, you need to take a deep breath and exhale, count to ten, which will allow you to abstract from a momentary outburst of emotions and rationally look at the situation. It is also useful to tell the opponent about your negative feelings. If all this does not help, you can throw out excess anger with the help of one of the following activities:

• sports, yoga or outdoor activities;
• picnic in nature;
• rest in a karaoke bar or at a disco;
• general cleaning (even with a rearrangement) in the house;
• writing all the negative on paper with its subsequent destruction (it must be torn or burned);
• you can beat the dishes or just a pillow (this option is much cheaper);
• conversation with the closest and, most importantly, understanding people;
• crying also gives a tangible emotional release;
• in the end, you can just do your favorite thing, it will certainly cheer you up.

In more severe cases, a person cannot cope with negative emotions on his own. Then you need to contact a psychotherapist or psychologist. The specialist will help to recognize the causes of this condition, give a definition of aggression in each case, and also find individual methods for resolving this issue.

Causes of child aggression

A very important aspect that cannot be ignored is teenage aggression. It is very important for parents to figure out what caused this behavior, because this will make it possible to further correct the child's reactions. Children's hostility has causes similar to those of adults, but it also has some peculiarities. The main ones are:

• desire to get something;
• the desire to dominate;
• attracting the attention of other children;
• self-affirmation;
• defensive reaction;
• gaining a sense of superiority at the expense of the humiliation of others;
• revenge.

The aggressive behavior of adolescents in half of the cases is the result of miscalculations in education, insufficient or excessive influence, unwillingness to understand the child, or a banal lack of time. This character is formed with an authoritarian type of parental influence, as well as in dysfunctional families.

Aggression in adolescents also occurs in the presence of a number of psychological factors:

• low level of intelligence and communication skills;
• primitivism of play activity;
• weak self-control skills;
• problems with peers;
• low self-esteem.

Left to its own devices, aggression on the part of a child in the future can develop into open conflicts and even in adulthood. Child psychology distinguishes almost the same types of hostility as an adult. Therefore, we will dwell in more detail on the issues of dealing with it, which has some differences from cases with adults.

The child has?

The most important rule in education is the observance of personal example. The child will never respond to the demands of the parents, which are at odds with their own actions.

The reaction to aggression should not be momentary and cruel. The child will take out his anger on others, hiding his real emotions from his parents. But there should be no connivance either, because children are very good at feeling insecure on the part of their parents.

Aggressive behavior of adolescents requires timely prevention, namely the systematic and controlled formation of trusting and friendly relations. Strength and weakness on the part of the parent will only aggravate the situation, only sincerity and trust will really help.

Specific steps to deal with aggression in a child include the following:

1. Teach him self-control.
2. Develop skills to deal with conflict situations.
3. Teach your child to express negative emotions in an adequate way.
4. To instill in him understanding and empathy for other people.