Contains fibrinogen. Fibrinogen above normal - what does it mean? Effect of fibrinogen on the cardiovascular system

The norm in the blood and decoding

Fibrinogen levels are different for each age, but does not differ in women and men.

This is already a fibrin polymer that makes up a blood clot.

In transcripts of blood tests increased fibrinogen talks about inflammatory processes. With an increase in the concentration of fibrinogen, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, sometimes ROE) increases. Marker of inflammation and tissue necrosis. Also, an increase in the concentration of F. indicates an increase in the risk of complications of cardiovascular diseases.

It should be especially noted that during pregnancy there is an increase in the content of this protein in the blood plasma and this is normal.

Fibrinogen - what is it?

Fibrinogen is the first factor in the plasma coagulation system, its level is determined before operations, childbirth, with liver diseases, a tendency to thrombosis or bleeding, cardiovascular pathology.

The main functions performed by fibrinogen:

• direct participation in the formation of a fibrin clot;
• providing a direct impact on the rate of wound healing;
• regulation of fibrinolysis processes;
• participation in angiogenesis (synthesis of new vessels) and in cellular interaction;
• has an effect on the blood and on the wall of the arteries during inflammatory processes in the body.

The need to donate blood for fibrinogens occurs with the following indications:

• with suspicion of hemophilia;
• in preparation for operations, as well as in the postoperative period;
• with diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• with liver pathology;
• during pregnancy (Pregnant women need to take a similar test in each trimester in order to
• to avoid possible complications.);
• in inflammatory processes, the etiology of which is unclear.

The critical rate of fibrinogen in the blood is 2 mg / l, if below this indicator, any intervention will be fatal. A value above 4 indicates the risk of thrombotic complications.

The norm of fibrinogen in the blood in women, men

Norms mass fractions fibrinogen, accepted by modern clinical research in different people:

• adults (men and women): 2–4 g/l;
• pregnant women ( maximum values for III trimester): 6–7 g/l;
• in newborns: 1.25-3 g / l.

To determine the level of fibrinogen, venous blood is taken for analysis. It is necessary to take the analysis on an empty stomach (not earlier than twelve hours after eating). Within two hours before the delivery of this analysis, it is necessary to exclude physical activity. And forty minutes before donating venous blood, it is important to exclude smoking.

fibrinogen during pregnancy

The first trimester of pregnancy normally fibrinogen should be approximately 2.98 g / l. This is somewhat below the norm, but the state of toxicosis of a pregnant woman is always taken into account. Second trimester - fibrinogen begins to rise, and, as a rule, is 3.1 g / l. And the third trimester is characterized by a significant increase in this protein - from 4.95 to 6 g / l.

High levels of fibrinogen and activation of the coagulation system lead to:

1. infertility;
2. Premature detachments of a normally located placenta;
3. Thrombosis of the umbilical cord vessels;
4. Gestozam;
5. Spontaneous abortions in the early stages;
6. Non-developing pregnancies;
7. premature birth;
8. Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in the mother.

In order to carry out appropriate therapy in a timely manner, doctors prescribe a coagulogram several times during the entire period of pregnancy. The first analysis, carried out at the initial stage, gives an idea of ​​​​the initial level of fibrinogen, and performed before childbirth, it shows whether there is a risk of developing thrombosis and whether the body is ready for childbirth.

Fibrinogen above normal - what does it mean?

Fibrinogen above normal means that the hemostasis system is activated and there is a risk of excessive blood clots or an acute phase is taking place in the body inflammatory process usually heavy.

In this way, high level this factor noted in severe pathological conditions affecting the vital important organs and the whole organism as a whole:

Also, an increase in the formation of fibrinogen occurs during pregnancy, this is caused by natural physiological processes. The concentration of fibrinogen reaches its maximum in the third trimester - up to 7 g / l. Increased rates observed with oral contraception and estrogen intake, as well as with age.

Fibrinogen is below normal - what does it mean?

The main causes of low fibrinogen:

• DIC is a severe disorder of hemostasis, in which small vessels a large number of microthrombi are formed;
• severe liver disease (cirrhosis);
• toxicosis during pregnancy (early and late);
• hypovitaminosis C and B12;
• congenital pathologies (afibrinogenemia and hypofibrinogenemia);
• poisoning with poisons (bites of poisonous snakes);
• taking anticoagulants (streptokinase, urokinase);
• amniotic fluid embolism (in a newborn);
• polycythemia (an increase in blood cells);
• taking anabolics, androgens;
• taking fish oil.

Decreased fibrinogen levels are also noted

• in vegetarians,
• when taking antioxidants (vitamin E),
• with dosed alcohol.

The amount of fibrinogen, less than 0.5-1 g / l, threatens the risk of bleeding of the vessels of the internal organs.

What to do?

It must be remembered that a decrease or increase in the level of fibrinogen is a laboratory symptom. A blood test for fibrinogen will reveal abnormalities. In the event of a change in this indicator, a comprehensive additional examination in order to find out the diseases that led to this.

Absence adequate treatment can lead to severe internal and external bleeding when it is reduced, or to increased thrombus formation when its concentration is high.

Fibrinogen above or below normal - what does it mean and what does it lead to

Fibrinogen is a protein found in blood plasma. The substance is also present in platelets, contributing to their gluing. Its concentration is one of key indicators hemostasis (blood clotting systems).

The protein was discovered by scientists first, and was named the first blood clotting factor. Fibrinogen is synthesized in the liver, transformed into insoluble fibrin, which is the basis of a clot, and forms a thrombus at the end of the process.

Substance functions

Fibrinogen performs the following functions in the body:

• participates in the formation of a fibrin clot, which is important for stopping bleeding;
• affects the speed with which wounds heal;
• regulates the process of fibrinolysis - the stage of hemostasis, in which blood clots and blood clots dissolve under the influence of plasmin;
• participates in the formation of new vessels (angiogenesis), cellular interaction;
• affects blood and arterial walls if the body is inflamed.

Normal blood levels in women, men and children

The norm of fibrinogen depends on age:

• for men - 2-4 g / l;
• for women - 2-4 g / l;
• for newborns - 1.3-3 g / l;
• in childhood in boys and girls - 1.25–4 g / l.

In a healthy person, fibrinogen is not decisive in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease. But a deviation from the normal indicator by 1 g / l is a reason for medical examination, especially people over 50: then fertile ground is created for the development of dangerous pathologies.

The concentration of fibrinogen is determined by examining the coagulogram - indicators of blood clotting. Separately, the protein content is determined in a biochemical blood test. Fibrinogen is one of the factors of "rheumatic tests".

The indicator is increased: causes and consequences

This protein is an independent risk factor for pathologies of the heart and blood vessels. Elevated levels of fibrinogen in the blood, regardless of the cause, are associated with the risk of blood clots.

An increase in the concentration of fibrinogen indicates an increase in the function of blood clotting and a violation of the process of thrombosis. This increases the likelihood of such cardiovascular pathologies as stroke, heart attack, especially in combination with high blood pressure.

Medical studies have found that protein levels were higher in deaths due to heart attack and stroke than in correctable crises and heart attacks. At the same time, there was a greater relationship with the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood plasma than with other indicators, including cholesterol in the blood.

Changes in the blood formula are associated with diseases peripheral vessels- obliterating atherosclerosis lower extremities, diabetic angiopathy, thrombophlebitis, chronic venous insufficiency.

A relationship has also been established between the likelihood of a recurrent myocardial infarction or stroke and the level of fibrinogen, if the indicator is significantly higher than the norm - about 7.5 g / l, and this means that the level must be especially monitored after the initial attack.

• can be identified on early stages risk groups for adoption preventive measures to prevent development dangerous ailments heart and blood vessels;
• determine the severity of pathology, prognosis;
• evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.

Also, a high level of fibrinogen in the blood can be suspected:

• inflammation of the internal organs with a viral, bacterial infection, autoimmune diseases;
• tumors;
• hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland);
• amyloidosis;
• lung diseases - pneumonia, tuberculosis;
• death (necrosis) of tissues (including the heart);
• injury.

An increase in the level of fibrinogen in the blood, a coagulogram can show for other reasons:

• during menstruation;
• after the transferred operation;
• from admission hormonal drugs with estrogen (female sex hormone);
• at low temperatures environment.

The protein concentration above 7 g / l in expectant mothers has serious consequences - early spontaneous abortion, underdevelopment, premature detachment of the placenta, preeclampsia, thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, including pulmonary artery.

Why it can be downgraded and what threatens

Now consider what it means if fibrinogen in the blood is below normal, and what are the reasons for low rates.

The condition with fibrinogen-deprived plasma is called afibrinogenemia, and its insufficiency is called fibrinogenopenia or hypofibrinogenemia. These conditions are either congenital or acquired.

In the absence of protein, blood coagulation does not occur, and with its deficiency, the clot turns out to be loose, crumbling.

Decreased fibrinogen levels are associated with dangerous violation hematopoiesis - DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), or thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, which can be fatal. DIC is observed in severe poisoning, acute infections, malignant tumors.

The following conditions lead to a decrease in fibrinogen in the blood:

• hepatic pathologies with impaired organ function - cirrhosis, hepatitis, when the production of a substance is disrupted;
• deficiency of vitamins B12 and C;
• toxicosis during pregnancy;
• penetration of amniotic fluid into the bloodstream during a caesarean section;
• blood diseases - polycythemia, chronic myeloid leukemia;
• taking anabolic hormones (androgen-containing);
• snake venom, which, once in the body, disrupts the functioning of the liver and kidneys.

Some foods increase the production of fibrinogen - bananas, potatoes, walnuts, spinach, cereals, cabbage. It is also useful to use infusions and decoctions. medicinal herbs- nettle, St. John's wort, yarrow.

Other studies for diagnosis

When diagnosing, other related indicators are also evaluated.

Fibrinogen: what does it mean, elevated during pregnancy, norms in women and men

Blood clotting is a complex biochemical process whose task is to stop bleeding. However, it would not be feasible or feasible with a delay in the absence of one of the coagulation factors, the list of which opens fibrinogen. The first factor involved in the implementation of coagulation hemostasis (FI), the plasma protein fibrinogen is produced exclusively in the liver and is not only a clotting factor, but also a building material that promotes tightening wound surfaces(the course of the reparative process). In addition, fibrinogen belongs to the acute phase proteins, therefore it is taken into account in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases.

This water-soluble glycoprotein produces 2 to 5 g/L per day and has a half-life (or circulating half-life) of about 4 days.

The value of fibrinogen and its norm in plasma

In the event of an emergency (bleeding), an immediate response of the coagulation system will follow and fibrinogen (fibrinogen A), dissolved in plasma and freely circulating in the bloodstream at a concentration of 2.0-4.0 g / l, will start working and try to stop the blood. To do this, under the enzymatic influence of thrombin, it will decompose to an intermediate product called fibrin monomer or fibrinogen B, so that at the next stage (with the participation of FXIII) it will turn into an insoluble fibrin polymer. We can see the fibrin polymer in the blood coagulated in a test tube in the form of white fibrin filaments. Fibrin threads formed in the wound of a living organism take part in tissue repair, helping it to recover. They remain in place, forming the basis of a clot that closes the hole in the blood vessel.

In addition to participating in the process of coagulation and platelet aggregation, fibrinogen also has other responsibilities:

• Contributes to interaction vascular wall With shaped elements blood;
• It is a factor that determines the viscosity (density) of blood;
• It belongs to the acute phase proteins, so it elevated level observed in a number of acute pathological conditions.

The norm of this important glycoprotein in healthy people has a not very wide range of values ​​and ranges from 2.0 - 4.0 g / l (or 5.8 - 11.6 µmol / l).

Relatively low level observed in newborns, which ranges from 1.25 to 3.0 g / l.

In women, fibrinogen rises during pregnancy. Closer to childbirth, its concentration can reach 6.0 g / l and be considered absolutely normal for those preparing for important event body (the coagulation system must be at the ready, because during childbirth everything is possible). However, during pregnancy, the level of fibrinogen is sometimes lowered, which is observed in the case of placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, and other severe complications.

Programmed by nature, Factor I is increased in women and during menstruation, that is, the coagulation system in the "weaker" sex, adjusting to physiological processes occurring in female body, works a little differently than the hemostasis system of the male half. In other cases, fibrinogen in women rises and falls for the same reason as in men, that is, with the development of certain diseases.

In terms of laboratory diagnostics, fibrinogen is interesting in that its elevated level is considered as a risk factor for thrombosis and the formation of various cardiovascular pathologies.

Factor I above normal - what does it mean?

Fibrinogen above normal means that the hemostasis system is activated and there is a risk of excessive blood clots, or an acute phase of the inflammatory process, usually severe, is taking place in the body. Thus, an increased level of this factor is observed in severe pathological conditions affecting vital organs and the whole organism as a whole:

1. Inflammation, infection and malignancy, damaging organs respiration (pneumonia of various origins, tuberculosis, lung cancer);
2. Sharp and chronic diseases kidneys (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic and hemolytic-uremic syndromes);
3. Diseases associated with diffuse lesions connective tissue(collagenoses - rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma);
4. Radiation sickness;
5. Individual neoplasia (primarily lung cancer);
6. Acute inflammatory diseases of the liver and peritoneum (acute peritonitis);

Also, fibrinogen above the norm is often noted in atherosclerosis and diabetes. In addition, the values ​​of the first factor in the range of 4.5 g/l can be recorded in patients who consider themselves relatively healthy, but do not part with a cigarette, as well as those who are at an advanced age and/or at a “decent” weight.

fibrinogen is elevated in acute period any infectious, inflammatory and necrotic process, therefore, its high level is not surprising in febrile conditions, stroke or acute infarction myocardium, injuries and burns, as well as in the case of extensive surgical operations. Meanwhile, increasing, for example, in rheumatoid arthritis to 5-6 or even 10 g/l, this laboratory test for collagenoses is not specific. As a specific indicator, an increased content of FI is taken into account when assessing the state of the coagulation system, the cardiovascular system and determining the acute phase of the inflammatory process (together with other laboratory studies).

I would like to draw the attention of patients that an increase in the amount of fibrinogen in the blood may be the result of the use of certain drugs, which are often used in gynecology for the treatment negative manifestations menopause or for warning unwanted pregnancy(estrogen, oral contraceptives). Uncontrolled intake of such drugs can increase the concentration of fibrinogen, lead to thrombosis, which is usually indicated in the annotation in the column " Side effects". Smoking, which promotes blood clotting and other risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, exacerbates the situation, so the use of such medicines it is not practiced at the discretion of a separate category of patients, which should be remembered by women suffering from hot flashes and trying to cope with them with the help of hormonal agents, “advised” by a neighbor.

If the score is down

The low level of fibrinogen also does not speak of anything good, its amount in plasma drops in the case of many, also, mainly, serious diseases:

• Decrease and absence of the first factor due to hereditary anomalies (hypo- and afibrinogenemia), as well as a deficiency formed as a result of other disorders in the hemostasis system (hypo-, dis-, afibrinogenemia, consumption coagulopathy);
• DIC-syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation) in its various variants;
• Conditions after blood loss;
• Obstetric pathology (preeclampsia, rapid and complicated childbirth, C-section);
• Liver failure (acute and chronic), other severe damage to the cells of the hepatic parenchyma (after all, only liver cells produce this protein);
• Damage to hepatocytes by certain substances called hepatotropic poisons. This could be accidental toadstool poisoning or use individual drugs(antibiotics, anabolic steroid) for medicinal purposes;
• Thrombolysis (dissolution of a blood clot that has clogged an important blood vessel, and restoration of blood flow in the affected area with the help of special thrombolytic pharmacological agents);
• meningitis caused by bacterial infection(meningococcus);
• Crayfish prostate at the stage of metastasis;
• Defeats bone marrow(metastases to the bone marrow);
• Asparaginase treatment (L-asparaginase is an enzyme that accelerates the breakdown of asparagine and helps to reduce its level in leukemic tumor cells, L-asparaginase is used in combination with other drugs to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma);
• Hemoblastosis (myeloid leukemia, polycythemia);
• Lack of vitamin B12 and ascorbic acid in the body;
• The use of androgens, some antibiotics, anabolics, barbiturates (phenobarbital), fish oil.

As in the case of an increased content of fibrinogen, the analysis of the factor does not play any special role for all of the listed pathologies, because this glycoprotein itself is not the cause of the above diseases, but the “tear” in the body caused by diseases leads to the fact that the system suffers hemostasis and the ratio of some proteins changes. Therefore, it is unlikely that this laboratory test will be prescribed in the first place when diagnosing bacterial meningitis or prostate cancer. However, these conditions can distort the results where fibrinogen analysis is decisive. And this should be taken into account.

The significance of fibrinogen in laboratory diagnostics and features of the analysis

First of all, fibrinogen analysis is used as an indicator of the hemostasis system (as a clotting factor) and inflammation (as an acute phase protein) - this is its main purpose.

The definition of fibrinogen is included in such a well-known biochemical research blood, as a coagulogram (hemostasiogram), which, in addition to FI, includes several more indicators (APTT, PTT, PTI, INR). In the form of results of the coagulogram, Factor I is at the first number, that is, we can say that he is given the main place. Not a single pregnancy can do without this analysis (whether it is normal or with deviations), almost never without the appointment of a coagulogram (and fibrinogen in it), the diagnosis of cardiovascular pathology associated with the risk of thrombosis, strokes, heart attacks.

No special dietary and behavioral restrictions will be required before the analysis, however, the use of certain drugs that affect blood clotting will have to be stopped.

To skew the results upwards "succeeds":

• Heparin;
• oral contraceptives;
• estrogen.

In addition, we should not forget that the level of fibrinogen gradually increases to III trimester pregnancy, and also increases after various surgical interventions causing the clotting system to activate.

Other substances used for medicinal purposes are capable of reducing the values ​​of the first factor:

1. High concentrations of heparin;
2. Anabolic steroid;
3. Androgens;
4. Valproic acid;
5. Fish fat;
6. Asparaginase.

The presence or absence of fibrinogen in blood taken into a test tube distinguishes plasma from serum. The serum of this protein is deprived; it has gone into a clot in the form of a fibrin polymer. In this regard, the material for the study of fibrinogen in the blood should be taken only with a preservative (sodium citrate), otherwise the first factor, having passed the coagulation stages, forms insoluble fibrin filaments and then the analysis will be impossible.

If fibrinogen is elevated, what does it mean for the body

Fibrinogen in the blood is important element coagulation systems. There is no doubt that the blood coagulation system protects the body from serious problems associated with possible losses blood. In the list of coagulation factors, fibrinogen is given the first place not by chance.

It is fibrinogen A, which is constantly present in the blood plasma with a concentration of about 2.0 - 4.0 grams per liter, is immediately included in the process of stopping the blood when bleeding occurs.

The level of fibrinogen, as one of the indicators of the coagulogram, can indicate the state of the coagulation system. Fibrinogen is also interesting as a marker of inflammatory processes, since it is an acute phase protein.

What is fibrinogen

Fibrinogen is also called the first plasma coagulation factor. Fibrinogen deficiency leads to impaired blood clotting, due to the inability to create a stable thrombus and is manifested by increased bleeding.

Functions in the body

The process of stopping bleeding consists of several stages. After the damaged vessel spasms (this allows you to reduce bleeding and create favorable conditions to form blood clot), starts the process of adhesion and aggregation of platelets.

Connecting and sticking together with each other, they form a primary thrombus (platelet plug). This platelet-only clot is unstable and unreliable, so it can only stop bleeding in small vessels.

To stop bleeding from more large vessel, participation is required plasma factors blood clotting. At this stage of hemostasis, fibrinogen is included in the formation of a stable thrombus.

In order for a dense fibrin thrombus to form, a cascade of reactions is triggered in the body that activates the thrombin enzyme, which is responsible for the transformation of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

In order to stabilize the platelet plug, fibrin strands tightly braid platelets (erythrocytes are also included in the thrombus structure), forming the so-called fibrin network. After completion of this process, a stable fibrin thrombus is formed, which tightly clogs the damaged area of ​​the vessel, preventing further blood loss. The process of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is controlled by prothrombin and Ca ions.

That is, the process of converting fibrinogen into fibrin is the final stage of blood coagulation, without which stopping bleeding from medium and large vessels is absolutely impossible.

Acute phase protein

In addition to its main function of active participation in the process of hemostasis, fibrinogen also plays the role of an acute phase protein. The level of fibrinogen in the blood increases significantly in the presence of an inflammatory process in the body.

It should also be noted that fibrinogen significantly affects the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In healthy people, erythrocytes sink to the bottom of the capillary, as their density is higher than that of blood plasma. Due to the presence of proteins with a negative charge on the surface of their membrane, erythrocytes constantly "repel" from each other.

In the presence of an inflammatory process in the body, erythrocytes cease to repel and begin to aggregate among themselves, forming "coin columns". critical role fibrinogen plays a role in this process.

Being an acute phase protein, the level of fibrinogen in the blood increases significantly in the presence of inflammation. And an increase in its concentration contributes to the formation of "coin columns", forming molecular bridges between erythrocytes, facilitating their aggregation.

The erythrocytes connected in this way settle faster, which in general analysis blood is interpreted as - increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

How and why fibrinogen is determined in the blood

The principle of the method is to determine the clotting time of diluted plasma under the action of excess thrombin. In this test, the rate of blood clotting depends precisely on the level of fibrinogen in the test plasma.

Fibrinogen according to Claus is determined using a special calibration graph built on the basis of plasma with a known concentration of fibrinogen.

When using the determination of fibrinogen according to Claus, do not use manual method, since there is no way to ensure a tight fixation of the formed clot. In this regard, special coagulometers are used.

To determine fibrinogen according to Claus, special sets of reagents are used:

• Fibrinogen - test (designed specifically for mechanical coagulometers);
• Optifibrinogen - test (this kit can be used both when working with mechanical and optical coagulometers);
• Diacap F (used when working with capillary blood).

Indications for analysis

fibrinogen in without fail investigated for:

• suspected bleeding disorder;
• treatment with valproic acid, lipid-lowering drugs, corticosteroids, thrombolytic drugs, progesterone (all of the above drugs reduce the level of fibrinogen);
• preparation for surgery;
• diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• liver pathologies;
• oncological neoplasms;
• long-term use of tableted estrogen-containing contraceptives (they increase the level of fibrinogen);
• the presence of inflammatory processes;
• autoimmune diseases.

At malignant neoplasms come to the fore a sharp decline body weight, symptoms of intoxication and specific symptoms associated with the location and stage of the tumor.

With a heart attack, pain behind the sternum comes to the fore, radiating to the shoulder blade, left arm, lower jaw, fear of death, anxiety, shortness of breath.

A decrease in the level of fibrinogen is always manifested by increased bleeding. Other manifestations depend on whether the decrease in fibrinogen is primary (that is, genetic) or secondary (against the background of another disease: leukemia, severe anemia, liver cirrhosis).

fibrinogen. Norm

fibrinogen during pregnancy

Conversely, low values ​​will indicate high risks development of bleeding during childbirth, DIC syndrome, placental abruption, etc. However, if fibrinogen increases sharply during pregnancy, this is an unfavorable sign characteristic of eclampsia, thrombosis, and the first stages of DIC.

It is important to remember that the rate of fibrinogen during pregnancy is determined by the period.

From the first to the thirteenth week normal values fibrinogen are in the range from 2.12 to 4.33 g/l.

From the thirteenth to the twenty-first - from 2.9 to 5.3.

From the twenty-first to the twenty-ninth - from 3 to 5.7.

From the twenty-ninth to the thirty-fifth - from 3.2 to 5.7.

From thirty-fifth to forty-second - from 3.5 to 6.5.

Fibrinogen is elevated. The reasons

Fibrinogen is elevated when:

• acute infectious diseases(pneumonia, tuberculosis);
• autoimmune pathologies (rheumatoid arthritis);
• cardiovascular diseases (acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction);
• extensive burns;
• malignant neoplasms;
• violation cerebral circulation, stroke;
• conditions after surgery;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• eclampsia;
• hypercoagulable stage of DIC;
• multiple myeloma;
• severe injuries;
• amyloidosis;
• hypofunction of the thyroid gland;
• long-term use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.

Reasons for the decline

• dysfibrinogenemia;
• hypocoagulation stage of DIC;
• fibrinolysis;
• performing an abortion;
• liver diseases accompanied by a violation of its protein-synthesizing function (hepatitis, cirrhosis);
• severe deficiency of vitamins C and B12;
• snake bites;
• inoperable stages of cancer;
• hemophilia A and B;
• embolism;
• anemia;
• premature detachment of the placenta;
• septic shock;
• conditions after blood transfusion;
• leukemia;
• malabsorption syndrome;
• postmenopausal estrogen use;
• polycythemia;
• chronic myeloid leukemia.

How to lower fibrinogen

At inflammatory diseases(pneumonia), its level normalizes on its own, after the inflammatory process subsides.

A moderate increase in its level during pregnancy also does not require correction, since the results of the analysis will return to normal after childbirth.

The required drugs should be selected only by the attending physician. Their dosage is selected individually, in accordance with the results of the coagulogram. Treatment with antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants is carried out strictly under laboratory control blood clotting.

It should also be noted that a slight decrease in the level of fibrinogen also occurs during therapy with lipid-lowering drugs, in patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

• omega 3 fatty acids,
• fish fat,
• magnesium,
• vitamins A, E, C, nicotinic acid.

(clotting) is called fibrinogen. The main task of the component is to stop bleeding by forming a blood clot. The level of protein in the blood can constantly vary, this process is influenced by both physiological and pathological factors. Low maintenance component impairs clotting properties, and high concentration increases the risk of developing an excessive number of blood clots.

Blood test: indications and preparation rules

The normal process of blood coagulation () is carried out due to the active work of 12 main factors. The main component of continuous functioning is protein. Fibrin threads are ways to stop bleeding by blocking the damaged vascular wall. This action prevents further leakage of blood.

The rate of fibrinogen in the blood depends on age category man and his physiological state. According to the presented criteria, the protein level is equal to:

• 2-4 g / l - for men and women;
• 6-7 g / l - for women during the period of bearing a child;
• 1.25-3 g / l - for newborns.

To determine the level of protein, a person must pass venous blood. The analysis is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach. The last meal, say, 12 hours before laboratory research. 2-3 hours before delivery, it is advisable to exclude physical and emotional stress. You must stop smoking 40 minutes before the examination.

A blood test for fibrinogen is taken according to special indications, these include:

• intense bleeding gums;
• violations by digestive system(nausea, vomiting and spasmodic pain in the abdomen);
• decrease in the amount of urination.

Protein levels monitored in syndrome multiple sclerosis. AT rare cases analysis is given to determine the severity of the course of pathologies chronic nature, including liver disease.

Attention: only the attending physician can prescribe a blood test. Deciphering the results and further actions determined by a specialist.

High blood protein

If fibrinogen is above normal, what does it mean and how given state dangerous for humans? In the event that the index goes beyond allowable level, there is a high risk of developing an excessive number of blood clots. This process is dangerous with the appearance of ischemia, heart attack and stroke.

Disorders can increase the level of protein in the blood hormonal background and autoimmune processes. The main reasons for the deviation include:

• inflammatory pathologies of various localization;
• infectious diseases (pneumonia, mononucleosis, pharyngitis);
• circulatory disorders in the brain;
• oncology;
• diseases of the blood vessels;
• diabetes;
• heart attack;
• defeat skin due to injuries and burns;
• pregnancy;
• hepatitis;
• predilection for bad habits in particular smoking.

Attention: increased fibrinogen in the blood is not only due to pathological processes.

Protein levels are affected physiological state person and his age. Define true reason boost capable experienced specialist based on additional diagnostic measures.

Reasons for the low rate

If, according to the results of a blood test, the protein turned out to be below normal, the risk of progression of congenital and acquired pathologies in the body remains. A low level of fibrinogen affects coagulation, and in the event of bleeding, it is not able to block it.

The main reasons for low protein levels include:

• violation of the clotting process (accompanied by focal formation small blood clots);
• liver dysfunction, including cirrhosis;
• development of early and late toxicosis during pregnancy;
• deficiency of vitamins C and B12;
• congenital pathologies;
• poisoning with heavy poisons;
• long-term use of vascular drugs;
• an increase in the number of blood cells;
• long-term use of fish oil.

It is noteworthy that low levels of protein are observed in individuals who do not eat meat. Excessive consumption of alcoholic products can affect the change in the indicator.

Attention: if the amount of fibrinogen in the blood is less than 0.5-1 g / l, there is a high risk of internal bleeding.

Fibrinogen during pregnancy: what is the danger of deviation from the norm

During pregnancy, a woman's body prepares for future childbirth. The coagulation system takes an active part in this process. With natural delivery, a woman loses about 300 ml of blood, if a caesarean section is performed, about 600 ml. Any violations in the coagulation system can increase volumes up to liters, which is dangerous for a woman in labor.

If during pregnancy fibrinogen is elevated, specialists diagnose the pathological processes occurring in the woman's body. These include diseases of the inflammatory and infectious nature particularly influenza, pneumonia, and cell death.

Attention: protein in the blood is dangerous spontaneous miscarriage, placental abruption, umbilical cord thrombosis and the development of late toxicosis.

A severe complication of pregnancy is pulmonary thrombosis. Pathological process capable of leading to lethal outcome. To prevent severe consequences, a woman needs to monitor the level of fibrinogen in the blood throughout her pregnancy.

A low level of fibrinogen in the blood in most cases is a consequence of late toxicosis. Deficiency of vitamin C and B12 can lead to the appearance of preeclampsia, malnutrition and hereditary factor. The decrease in protein levels is due to severe and repeated vomiting. Correction of the condition is carried out in a hospital, under round-the-clock supervision of doctors.

Caution: Low blood protein levels during pregnancy increase the chance of developing internal bleeding which is potentially fatal.

How to restore protein levels

If, according to the results of the analysis, the level of fibrinogen differs from normal indicators the doctor prescribes complex treatment. Therapy depends on the cause of the deviation. To determine it, comprehensive examination organism. Standard scheme therapy is based on the elimination of the provocative cause and the use of anticoagulants. Drugs in this category prevent the transition of inactive protein to fibrin.

According to experts, the best means to restore fibrinogen levels are:

• direct anticoagulants (Heparin). Their action is to reduce the activity of thrombin and all reactions involved in the coagulation process;
• indirect anticoagulants (Dicoumarin, Warfarin). Suppress natural physiological processes by blocking vitamin K.
• direct inhibitors (Pradaksa, Angioks);
• inhibitors of the tenth coagulation factor (Xarelto);
• thrombolytics (Altepase).

Attention: the need to use a particular drug is prescribed by a doctor, based on general condition human and related problem. Self-treatment unacceptable!

As an addition to drug therapy, it is advisable to adjust the diet. Experts recommend using fresh vegetables, including cucumbers, beets and tomatoes. To normalize the level of protein, with its increase, a fruit drink based on cranberries, weak green tea and fish sea ​​varieties. Low rate eliminated by eating buckwheat, potatoes, cabbage, cereal crops and bananas.

Fibrinogen in the blood test is the determining factor for assessing coagulability. What is it and what role does it play in the body? How does a decrease or increase affect the state of health?

What is fibrinogen?

fibrinogen It is a colorless protein found dissolved in blood plasma. During bleeding, the coagulation system is activated and thrombin (an enzyme) acts on fibrinogen, as a result of which fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. Fibrin is the basis in the formation of blood clots, it fills the damaged vessel wall, preventing blood from escaping.

The protein fibrinogen is synthesized by the liver. In the blood, fibrinogen performs the following functions:

• Participates in the process of blood clotting.
• Promotes healing of wounds.
• Relieves inflammation of blood vessels.
• Participates in the process of fibrinolysis (dissolution of blood clots and blood clots).

Fibrinogen analysis, indications

To check the level of fibrinogen, a coagulogram (clotting analysis) is prescribed. To do this, take blood from a vein. Coagulation analysis is carried out according to Claus, that is, they add a large number thrombin to dissolved blood plasma and evaluate the time of thrombus formation. Also evaluate the following parameters that affect the formation of fibrin:

• clotting speed (norm - 30 sec-3 min);
• , that is, the percentage of the ratio of the clotting time of the test blood sample to the control (norm 98-100%);
• prothrombin period, that is, the time during which fibrinogen turns into fibrin (the norm is 16-18 seconds).

The amount of fibrinogen as a separate element is determined in biochemical analysis of blood.

Indications for a blood test for fibrinogen are:

• pregnancy;
• preparation for the operation;
• liver pathology;
• heart disease;
• increased bleeding;
• inflammation of unknown origin;
• suspected blood disease (hemophilia).

Preparing for fibrinogen testing

To get the most accurate results Before donating blood for fibrinogen, the following conditions must be observed:

• do not eat heavy food on the eve of the study;
• refuse food and water 8 hours before the analysis;
• do not smoke for 3 hours;
• avoid stress and physical tension during the day;
• not to accept medications 24 hours before the study, if it is impossible to refuse to inform the attending physician about it.