What is a picture of a tooth called? Panoramic x-ray of teeth. Drawing up a treatment plan

An orthopantomogram, also called a panoramic x-ray of the jaw, is one of the diagnostic x-rays that is part of the diagnosis. In dental treatment, this type of X-ray examination is of key importance, since without it it is impossible to carry out many types of treatment at the proper level.

The technique for conducting such a study is as follows:

• The source of the beam (more specifically, the X-ray tube), as well as its receiver (it can be a film or a digital sensor) move around the object that is being examined in opposite directions to each other.
• Only a certain part of the body that is being studied falls into the focus of the device, and the rest of it is blurred.
• Based on the initial settings, you can only get the specific layer that the specialist is interested in, and the rest of the image is blurry.

Equipment for panoramic photography

Panoramic shots are taken using orthopantomographs.

There are two options for this equipment:

• Film;
• Digital.

The equipment that is used to transfer the image to the film today is much less common. The fact is that such equipment gives the output less clear than digital analog, a snapshot, which may well create difficulties in subsequent diagnosis and even treatment. So the digital apparatus is increasingly spreading in modern medicine.

How is the procedure?

Before proceeding with the procedure, the patient must remove all metal products that are on the head and neck. Such products are earrings and chains, for example. To provide protection against radiation, a person is also offered to wear a special apron, inside of which a protective membrane made of lead is built.

Consider all the stages of this procedure:

1. The patient must stand inside the device - orthopantomograph.
2. A person clamps a special plastic tube between his teeth, while keeping his lips closed. If some teeth are missing, then the specialist who performs the procedure puts cotton rolls in their place.
3. Next, you need to move the plate of the apparatus to the surface of the chest as tightly as possible, while grasping the handles to better fix the position.
4. You need to stand straight and not move, otherwise the resulting image may be distorted.
5. If necessary, the specialist may ask you to change the position of the head by tilting it to the other side or turning it.
6. The device will begin to move around the head. The whole action will take a little time, no more than half a minute.

Indications for a panoramic X-ray of the jaw

panoramic shot necessary for all types of dental treatment. Such a diagnosis does not require much time and does not cause pain, and, most importantly, it has practically no contraindications.

The indications for this procedure are:

1. The need for condition assessment skeletal system during implantation. This measure allows you to correctly choose the type of implantation, as well as determine the distance to the mandibular canal. If the latter is determined incorrectly, then the sensitivity of the lower half of the face can be disturbed.
2. Assess the quality of the endodontic treatment performed, as well as the current state of the root of the teeth before prosthetics and other types of treatment;
3. When choosing an orthodontic design, which is called braces, designed to change the bite and align the dentition. With the help of such a picture, it is quite possible to determine the amount of space;
4. The need to determine the current state of the skeletal system and teeth for subsequent surgical intervention;
5. With a complex surgical intervention, if it is necessary to remove a tooth (for example, with an unsuccessful root location), the dentist-surgeon needs to see not only problem tooth, but also nearby tissues;
6. To determine the condition of the tooth jaw system in children of any age, even the smallest, and adolescents at the time of the formation of rudiments and teething;
7. To determine the degree of development of periodontal disease (current condition and height of partitions, depth of pockets);
8. For early diagnosis of the appearance of malignant and benign neoplasms.

What does a panoramic photo show?

An orthopantomogram (abbreviated as OPTG) is a display on paper or film simultaneously of two jaws. The picture is very detailed, so that you can study the bone structure and the soft tissues surrounding it. A good panoramic image allows the dentist to get complete information about the current state of this part of the body.

In the oral cavity, more than half of all tissues can be visually examined. Thus, everything that is hidden from the attentive eye of the doctor and is located too deep is perfectly displayed on the orthopantomographic x-ray.

Advantages

The use of such a device in the treatment is very convenient for both the patient and the doctor.

There are a lot of advantages among them worth noting:

1. The picture is taken very quickly., already after five minutes the picture can be viewed;
2. Due to the possibility of adjusting the height of the emitter, this x-ray examination is done not only for adult patients, but also for children, as well as people in a wheelchair;


3. A very small dose of radiation received, it does not exceed the load that a person receives when flying by plane, so the procedure can be called harmless to the human body;
4. High quality of the received image;
5. When studying digital image You can zoom in on the monitor, thus making the study area larger in order to get acquainted with the area of ​​interest in more detail;
6. Thanks to the spread of the world wide web, the panorama can be instantly sent to almost any place. All this is very convenient if the diagnosis is done in one place, and the treatment itself will be carried out in another;
7. The study, due to its complete safety, can be assigned to people with developmental disabilities as well as those who have reached old age.

How often can a panoramic x-ray of the jaw be taken?

To date, there is a fairly widespread opinion about the harm caused by such a study. However, in reality, the amount of radiation received is relatively small. It is quite possible to take such a picture once a month (it is still not necessary to abuse such diagnostics).

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OPTG - what is it? Explanation and description of the procedure

OPTG - orthopantomogram of the jaws. A type of study that simultaneously covers the upper and lower jaws. It is also called orthopanoramic diagnosis.

Panoramic X-ray of the jaws allows you to examine the bones of the nose, the maxillary sinuses, hard and soft tissues, both temporomandibular joints. This enables the dentist or ENT to get a complete picture of the patient's health status, to put accurate diagnosis and appoint proper treatment.

Currently, orthopantomogram is performed using digital devices. The picture is printed on film, transmitted on any digital medium, sent via the Internet, and also stored in the clinic database. In addition, the photo is transferred to the monitor screen, where the doctor can zoom in on areas of interest and study them in detail.

What will a dental x-ray show?

The digital orthopantomogram is complex diagnostics. Her correct decoding detects any pathology even at the initial stage.

On a panoramic x-ray, the doctor will see:

Indications for an orthopantomogram

OPTG is mandatory before starting prosthetics. The doctor must assess the condition of the bone tissue, its width, height, the presence of atrophy, as well as exact position all other teeth. Such a study will help you choose the right implant and pin size, which will save you from damage to the nerve endings.

Other indications for orthopantomogram of teeth:

At long-term treatment serious or advanced pathologies, dentists prescribe more than one procedure. Pictures should be taken regularly to assess the dynamics of recovery, as well as to avoid errors.

How is the procedure performed?

The OPTG procedure is fast, comfortable and completely painless. Sometimes patients are a little intimidated by massive and complex equipment, but there is nothing terrible about it. Performing a digital orthopantomogram takes no more than 30 seconds, and modern digital media produce a finished image in 5-10 minutes.

The picture can be taken in any major clinic in the city. There are no problems with equipment in megacities, high competition and the level of service makes dentists purchase all the necessary equipment.

Steps for taking a dental survey:

Pros and cons of a panoramic shot

The opinions of experts agree that plain radiography has many more pluses than minuses. Its results are most revealing and accurate. This is the only known way to study the full image of the maxilla and mandible, as well as adjacent organs.

Advantages:

Flaws:

1. Non-proliferation. There are no such problems in metropolitan areas. For example, in Moscow at the Mendeleevskaya station there are more than 15 clinics offering an orthopantomogram. However, in small settlements or settlements to find the device can be very difficult. Everything is explained high cost equipment.
2. Pregnancy period. The procedure is undesirable for pregnant women, like any other x-ray examination. It is carried out only in extreme situations.

Shooting restrictions and features

The latest advances in panoramic diagnostics include 3D tomography. Such an orthopantomogram meets all international standards. A three-dimensional image of the jaws is displayed on the monitor, it is rotated in the required projections. The doctor has the ability to make conditional cuts for a detailed layer-by-layer examination of tissues. These are the latest technologies that do not harm health and give accurate results.

Due to its safety and functionality, OPTG has few contraindications. The procedure should be treated responsibly in the following cases:

1. pregnancy, especially the first trimester, when organ systems are laid (orthopantomogram is carried out in case of urgent need in agreement with the attending gynecologist);
2. the period of breastfeeding (the pros and cons are weighed, consultations are held with a gynecologist and pediatrician);
3. early childhood (consultation and approval of a pediatrician is required).

Can pregnant women do it?

However, X-rays must be abandoned in the first trimester, since the risk of congenital pathologies during this period is highest. Any procedure must be coordinated with an obstetrician-gynecologist.

Childhood

Orthopantomogram in childhood frequently prescribed. It makes it possible to study the process of root formation permanent teeth and timely identify problems. OPTG allows you to assess the bite of the child, the structural features of the jaws. A circular photograph is required in preparation for the installation of braces. Despite the low dose of radiation, at an early age, the procedure should be approached with caution, after consulting with the pediatrician.

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What is a panoramic shot for?

An orthopantomogram is performed to assess the position of soft tissues, changes in the tissues of the roots and jaw for complex treatment oral cavity. Pathological changes in up to 50 percent of bone tissue are possible. OPG allows you to identify early stage the following pathological processes:

1. periodontal disease;
2. caries;
3. inflammation, processes occurring under fillings and crowns;
4. ratted, that is, wisdom teeth hidden in the jawbone.

A panoramic x-ray of the teeth is also needed in the following circumstances:

• bite correction. It is important for the orthodontist to see the location and slope of the roots. Orthodontist studies internal structure jaws, where ungrown teeth can hide. Specialists have the ability to "pull out" hidden dental germs and put them in their place;

• dental implantation. If it is planned to install implants in the upper jaw, then an orthopanoramic image will allow you to measure the distance to the maxillary sinuses. The implant should not fall into the maxillary sinus. For mandible it is important that the implant does not hit the nerve. Otherwise, the patient will experience pain and discomfort for several months and even years;
• X-rays are taken in children to monitor the growth of permanent teeth. A pediatric dentist, looking at a picture of milk and molars, can see the state of both during the period of replacement of some teeth by others. Did the rudiments of indigenous ones appear under temporary ones? Is the bite developing correctly in the child, are there signs of caries. These and other problems can be seen by a pediatric dentist with a panoramic radiograph.
• during surgery. An overview picture of the teeth makes it possible to observe cystic and tumor neoplasms, the presence of growth dynamics. An orthopantomogram helps to make informed decisions about the need to remove certain teeth. For example, cyst growth may be an indication for removal.
• during the treatment of periodontal disease; Periodontitis affects the gums and bones. In the treatment of periodontal disease, it is very important to see the condition of the bones, since the disease can cover a significant part of the soft and bone tissues. X-ray demonstrates the localization and depth of periodontal pockets, helps to plan and control the results of treatment.

• in the presence of an assumption about the pathology of the jaw tissues.

The price of a panoramic image is much lower than several sighting ones, so you do not need to refuse an orthopantomogram if the doctor prescribes it.

Performance x-rays oral cavity has no contraindications for the elderly, the disabled, people with mental disorders. Children are also recommended to systematically do orthopantomography. A snapshot of a child's teeth allows you to control the change of milk teeth by molars, timely identify pathology, curvature, and prescribe treatment.

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What types of x-rays are there?

In dentistry, three methods of radiation examination are used: intracanal, cephalometric and panoramic.

The intraoral x-ray got its name due to the fact that it does not take into account the entire jaw, but is concentrated inside the mouth.

Most often it is used after treatment. With its help, the dentist checks the following:

1) Were all fragments of the tooth removed from the hole after a complex extraction.

2) Whether the implant or pin has taken root well.

3) Whether there is an empty cavity in the soft tissue after the treatment of the cyst.

4) How evenly the bone heals after implantation or complex removal.

5) Whether all tissues damaged by caries have been removed.

6) Are there any voids left after filling.

For treatment, a similar radiation study is also used, but still less frequently. Basically, the dentist sends for an intraoral x-ray before removing the teeth. With the help of a snapshot, he will determine if there are any complications, whether the root system is correctly formed, whether it will be possible to remove the tooth completely or it will have to be divided into parts.

The cephalometric image captures not only the teeth, but also part of the jaw, its right or left side. It, in contrast to the intraoral image, is most often used to diagnose the disease.

The most alarming sign of almost any oral disease is pain. In most cases, people only come to a specialist when it becomes unbearable. No one can say exactly which tooth hurts. Even if the patient accurately indicates the source of pain, this does not mean that he is the cause. The only thing that can be said with absolute certainty is which side hurts. The dentist directs the patient to examine this particular half of the jaw.

With the help of a cephalometric image, you can see the causes of pain, determine the diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment. Most often, such an x-ray is diagnosed with a cyst or periostitis.

Sometimes a cephalometric image is used before orthodontic treatment. Before installing braces, it is very important to remove all complicating factors in advance. One of them is wisdom teeth. If you put brackets at the age of 18 to 25 years, i.e. when the third molars are just about to erupt, there is a very great danger that such teeth will spoil the system and all the results of treatment. Therefore, wisdom teeth that have not erupted are removed in advance, and for this it is necessary to determine their exact location and make sure whether they can really cause harm. It is especially important to keep an eye on your wisdom teeth when one of them has erupted before orthodontic treatment begins. It is in these cases that orthodontists take a cephalometric picture of the side of the jaw from which the wisdom tooth has not yet grown.

The last type of X-ray examination used in medicine is the smudged image. We will talk about it separately.

When is it necessary to take a panoramic photo?

Already by the name it is clear that such an x-ray covers a larger area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe jaw. He takes a panorama of her - a full shot, including all parts of the lower part of the face. Most often, such a radiation examination is used for orthodontic purposes and after jaw injuries.

Panoramic photography allows the specialist to study full condition teeth, and determine whether braces can be placed, and if so, what load to use.

This examination is very important at a young age. You can only get braces from the age of 12, but this is a real number. Around this age, a person has already formed the jaw system, its development and change slow down significantly, but each person is an individual. To accurately determine whether it is possible to put braces, only a picture of the teeth will help. The price of a panoramic x-ray in this case most often already relates to the total cost of orthodontic treatment.

Having studied the picture well, the orthodontist will determine whether the dentoalveolar system will change in the future, how well the roots are formed, whether each tooth is firmly held in its hole. If the result is unsatisfactory, it is recommended to wait a little more, and at this time you can wear plates to align your teeth.

At an older age, a panoramic x-ray for orthodontic treatment is taken to determine the degree of development of the third molars. About their danger in the course of treatment, we have already told early. Unlike a cephalometric image, a panoramic one is necessary in order to track the condition of all wisdom teeth at once. This is very convenient, especially if none of them have yet erupted. Again, with the help of a snapshot, the dentist will immediately check the condition of the jaw and teeth.

Panoramic shot is very important after various injuries jaws. Even if there are no visible signs of damage, this does not mean that the bruise went unnoticed. It can affect the root system, but soft tissue hematomas are especially dangerous. In the future, they may develop into a cyst.

With the help of a panoramic image, the specialist will carefully examine the dentoalveolar system. If he doesn't find warning signs the patient goes home.

How is a panoramic dental X-ray taken?

Before being sent for a radiation examination of this nature, the question reasonably arises: “But how is it done?”. A panoramic x-ray is very different from other types of x-rays. For it, a more bulky and intimidating unit is used.

The main part of the apparatus moves around the head during the picture. This is the only way to get a more detailed picture of the entire jaw at once.

The procedure itself is as follows:

1) The patient is asked to remove all jewelry from the neck, ears and face.

2) A protective lead apron is put on his chest, it minimizes the harm from radiation.

3) The patient should put his chin on a specially designed support. This makes it easier for him to stay still.

4) Within 10-15 seconds, the X-ray machine will perform circular motions and illuminate the jaw.

5) The picture can be obtained in a few minutes.

Is it dangerous to take a panoramic X-ray?

Only a lazy person does not talk about the dangers of x-rays. It is believed that it can be done no more than once every six months. The problem with dental treatment is that for it, x-rays have to be done several times a week. This is where the battles between patients and doctors begin, regarding the competence of the latter. Let's carefully study this issue and finally dispel all doubts.

The correctness of the behavior of various medical procedures, as well as the degree of their harm is controlled government bodies. Accepted and reviewed every year various norms and rules. So, for example, in 2003 SanPiN 2.6.1.1192-03 was adopted " Hygiene requirements to the arrangement and operation of X-ray rooms, devices and X-ray examinations”. It is in this document that the complete and detailed information about all the rules of X-ray examination. It also contains the maximum allowable rate of radiation exposure of a person per year. It is on this number that all specialists are guided.

In order to prevent diseases, examine and diagnose various diseases and injuries, the maximum allowable amount of radiation per person is 10 mSv (Millisievert) per year. In the treatment of diseases chronic nature the radiation dose can be increased up to 15 mSv.

In order to receive such an amount of radiation, even taking into account the radiation that we receive almost daily from various radio devices and other examination methods, we need to take about 40 (!) panoramic pictures of the teeth, i.e. do them every 10 days. Even with the treatment of the most serious illnesses so many shots are not needed. It is unlikely that you will ever be able to exceed allowable rate irradiation. So the harm of x-rays is greatly exaggerated.

However, such numbers are given only in relation to adult patients with normal state health. There are several groups of people who are given increased attention especially if the treatment requires x-rays.

When should X-rays be taken with special care?

I think you yourself understand that in the treatment of teeth in pregnant and lactating women, as well as in young children, all procedures are carried out with extreme caution. Of course, x-rays are no exception.

Usually, when examining these groups of patients, specialists try to use only modern and safest equipment. Even if the clinic does not have one, the person will most likely be referred to another. Thus, even private dentistry is doing so.

No one has conducted practical studies on the dangers of X-rays on fetal development. This is neither humane nor ethical. So during pregnancy, they still try to avoid x-rays once again. If such an examination is still necessary, it is recommended to take a picture on a radiovisiograph. We will talk about it in detail a little later.

Links between quality breast milk and x-ray radiation not found. If necessary, women during lactation undergo the same procedure as in normal cases.

The same panoramic x-ray is taken for children as always, but only in such cases the dentist tries to increase the gap between several examination procedures.

Is it possible to do without x-rays?

It is even surprising that in the age of high technology, it is impossible to do an examination of the inside of the jaw and other parts of the body without harm to the body. In fact, this has been possible for a long time, but, unfortunately, it is not very developed.

In dentistry, the radiovisiograph apparatus is quite actively used. It gives the same results as an x-ray with absolutely no harm. However, it is not suitable in all cases.

The big difference of such a unit is that it cannot independently take pictures of the dentoalveolar system. He displays all the results on the screen, through which the dentist studies everything he needs.

In many cases, the dentist needs a picture. He must examine in detail all the bone tissue, look at each root and hole, and this can take quite a long time. With a radiovisiograph, this will be inconvenient, you still have to take a picture.

So if the doctor prescribed you a panoramic x-ray, most likely, nothing will replace it.

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The essence of the orthopantogram

This the procedure is called OPTG. It is a circular x-ray, on which both jaws are clearly visible, deployed in a plane. The dentist sees on such an x-ray not only teeth, their roots, canals, fillings and crowns. Such a picture allows you to assess the condition of the periodontium, maxillary sinuses, sinuses.

An image is taken on a special device - an orthopantomograph. Despite the use of the same technology as with conventional X-rays, the radiation exposure to the patient with panoramic X-rays is several times less. For this reason plain x-ray can be safely done annually, and if necessary, the frequency of the procedure can be safely increased.

There are two types of orthopantogram: traditional with film and digital.

Dentists resort to panoramic x-rays when they need to get full review jaw structures. Assessing the overview image, doctors carefully examine the dentition and jaw, their position relative to the maxillary sinus and mandibular nerve. With the help of an orthopantomogram, doctors receive information about the condition of fillings and the quality of canal closure, reveal hidden pathological changes in the periodontium, and much more. Therefore, we can safely say that a panoramic x-ray of teeth is the most important method diagnostics in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity.

An orthopantomogram is very popular among orthodontists because it allows you to determine how much bone tissue is preserved in the area of ​​implant placement. Is it enough or will I have to do a sinus lift before implantation? Plain X-ray also makes it possible to predict the dynamics of implant engraftment and accurately select their sizes.

Orthopantomogram is very important to understand the location of eights- the most problematic teeth. Based on it, a decision is made on the treatment or removal of a wisdom tooth. Aiming x-ray here is uninformative.

A panoramic image of the teeth is obtained by turning in the plane of the volumetric image. This means that the image may contain various distortions that make it difficult to interpret visual data. Because of this, in dental practice orthopantomogram is considered to be the primary diagnostic method using X-ray, on the basis of which tactics of a deeper examination and treatment are built in the future. After a panoramic x-ray of the teeth, the following are often used to clarify the diagnosis: dental radiography, periodontogram, CT, radiophysiography.

Indications for panoramic dental imaging

Plain shots of teeth used in all areas of dentistry:

The decision to conduct a panoramic X-ray can be made by the dentist based on the patient's complaints. For example, the patient cannot accurately localize the pain in the tooth or jaws, in this case, the localization of the pathology can be determined using an overview image.

Plain x-ray is used to examine children, starting from the age of 5. Pediatric dentistry, using panoramic images, observe the growth of dental plates, control the level of teeth filling with minerals.

Even ENT doctors resort to an orthopantomogram. Survey pictures give them the necessary information about the state of the maxillary sinuses, nasal septum and nasal passages.

The only contraindication to a panoramic x-ray of the teeth is pregnancy. This is a relative contraindication. After consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatologist, a panoramic x-ray of the teeth can still be taken.

Digital and film panoramic dental imaging

Panoramic diaper x-rays are used less and less today due to the advent of more modern digital equipment. She is has a number of advantages:

Orthopantomogram technique

A high-quality panoramic image of the teeth can only be obtained if the patient does not move and take the right position. Before the procedure, the patient must remove prostheses, watches and any jewelry.

A chin rest is used to symmetrically position the patient's head relative to the X-ray machine. The patient is seated so that his chin rests on the stop, and then the head is aligned in three planes. At the moment when the picture is taken, the patient should sit with lowered shoulders and a straightened neck. In order for the head not to move to the sides, it is fixed with frontal and parietal clamps. Also, the patient, at the request of the doctor, presses the tongue to the palate. If all requirements are met, then the doctor receives an excellent panoramic image without distortion and shadow layers.

X-ray of the teeth is able to provide comprehensive information about the presence of almost all dental diseases. Today, dental x-rays are an integral part of a dental examination.

With its help, it is possible to establish the presence of such complications as cracks in the teeth, cysts, hidden caries, inflammation in periodontitis, incorrect location of wisdom teeth, overhanging fillings; to see how deeply the teeth are affected by caries, as well as to control the quality of root canal filling after the treatment.

Also, with the help of X-rays, you can determine how much the number of teeth in the lower and upper jaws corresponds to the norm, see the location of the wisdom teeth and their condition, determine the presence of fused teeth and the reason for the delay in the eruption of molars in children and wisdom teeth in adults.

With the help of x-rays it is easy to establish the causes and features malocclusion, as well as see problems of the jaw apparatus that are not related to dentistry: abscess, fracture and crack in the jaw, osteomyelitis, etc.

X-rays can be even more useful for children than for adults, since milk teeth are less resistant to caries and decay much faster.

The radiation dose during the study is minimal, in addition, the child will be protected by a special lead apron, so you should not be afraid of this procedure.

In most cases, an x-ray can be done at the first consultation with a dentist, because this procedure is very simple and takes a minimum of time.

In addition to the dentist, it can be prescribed by other specialists, for example, a jaw surgeon and other narrow practice doctors.

X-ray has practically no restrictions: it is forbidden to do it only in case of severe bleeding in the oral cavity, as well as in a severe or unconscious patient.

Also, doctors do not recommend x-rays to pregnant women, because the radiation dose can harm the fetus, but if necessary, the patient will be able to undergo a CT scan - this procedure is considered safer, and the radiation dose during it is minimized.

Types of pictures

Several x-rays of teeth can be taken. different ways. The doctor always chooses the appropriate one, based on the characteristics of the patient's particular situation.

The pictures obtained using the procedure can be of two types. The first is an orthopantomogram, which displays a complete picture of the condition of both dentitions, including unerupted wisdom teeth, jaw bones, maxillary sinuses, periodontium and temporomandibular joint.

With its help, you can see exactly where the cyst is located, how many teeth are affected, whether there are fractures, cracks and other deformations of the teeth or jaw, etc.

There are also pinpoint images: with their help, the doctor will be able to examine a specific affected tooth, for example, if a cyst was found on it, and see the degree of its deformation and other features.

The first picture is very important when drawing up a general treatment plan, if necessary, implantation, bite correction, orthopedics, patchwork operation, removal of wisdom teeth, suspected fractures or cracks in the jaw or other parts of the temporomandibular apparatus, etc.

Sighting pictures are usually taken after receiving overall picture condition of the teeth and jaw in general.

With the help of a targeted image, the doctor will be able to see as fully as possible what the affected tooth looks like and make an accurate diagnosis, as well as finally decide on the method of treatment.

Such images are also called control ones, because they are used in the process therapeutic treatment teeth - they help to track how effective it is.

These two types of x-rays are done in most cases when a patient needs dental or other intervention.

In addition to them, there are two more types of research: interproximal and occlusal radiography.

An image taken with an interproximal x-ray allows you to correctly see the marginal sections, which are otherwise distorted.

This is very effective if the doctor suspects that these areas have a cyst or hidden caries that is not visible on a standard x-ray or examination.

An occlusal x-ray allows you to study a specific area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe jaw - this method is used if spot study for some reason does not give clear results.

Types of x-ray

There are also several methods for conducting x-rays. The standard method is when an x-ray film wrapped in light-tight paper is placed behind the tooth.

The tube of the X-ray machine is brought to the examined tooth, after which the doctor receives a picture of the required area.

The radiation dose with this method of research is considered to be minimal, in addition, it is a good opportunity to conduct a spot examination.

Another way to conduct an examination is radiovisiography. The matrix of the device in this case will also be located directly next to the examined tooth.

During the x-ray, the image is immediately displayed on the monitor, where the doctor can examine the area he needs in high resolution.

This type of x-ray can be called the safest: compared to the others, the radiation strength will be noticeably lower.

This is due to the fact that the matrix of the device is extremely sensitive and does not require high radiation power.

To get a general picture of the state of the jaw and both dentitions, an orthopantomogram is used.

The advantage of this method is that it allows general idea about the condition of the teeth and jaw, immediately detect any pathologies and changes.
A photo:

A picture taken using this X-ray will be indispensable if you need to carry out prosthetics of the teeth, determine their anatomical and topographic relationship, as well as for the manufacture of a prosthesis of the entire jaw.

This x-ray is useful if the patient is indicated for the simultaneous removal of several teeth or if there is a multiple cyst on the jaw.

To the method of studying the condition of the teeth of the jaw using x-ray exposure also includes computed tomography.

The advantage of CT is that with its help you can see as accurately as possible what the patient's jaw apparatus looks like.

This is achieved due to the fact that x-rays react differently to different anatomical structures.

CT allows you to immediately display a picture of the jaw on a computer and see all the problems. Another plus is that this x-ray shows a 3D image.

With the help of a 3D image, it is much easier to determine what characteristics (size, type, etc.) the future implant should have, where exactly the cyst is located, whether there are any damages to the wisdom teeth and resolve other issues.

The radiation dose when using CT is minimized, and the speed of creating an image is only 20 - 30 seconds.

This x-ray method is considered the safest - it can be done even by pregnant women or young children when you need to take an x-ray of milk teeth.

How often can the procedure be performed?

In medicine, there are clear rules governing how many times x-rays can be taken, including the jaw area.

Maximum allowable dose exposure, how much a person can receive per year, is 1000 microsieverts.

However, this figure refers only to scheduled inspections. If the patient is undergoing treatment, then the radiation dose may be slightly higher.

Converting the degree of exposure to the number of images is quite simple: the figure 1000 microsievert indicates the possibility of taking 40 images using an orthopantomogram and 80 using a digital method.

Better x-ray machines allow up to 100 x-rays per year and more than 500 x-rays can be taken if a computer radiovisiograph is used for this.

Obviously, a single x-ray is not at all harmful. Even the most “dangerous” equipment for its implementation can be used several times a month, which will not bring any harm to the body, so you should not be afraid of x-rays.

For children and pregnant women, the permissible radiation dose will, of course, be noticeably lower, but even taking this fact into account, it is obvious that X-rays can still be taken quite often.

A snapshot of the teeth is no different from any other x-ray, it is also completely safe and painless for both children and adults.

If the doctor offers to undergo this procedure, then you should not refuse, because it is very informative and will significantly help the treatment.

With its help, the doctor will be able to determine exactly where the cyst is located, whether the wisdom teeth are located correctly, as well as select the appropriate implants and solve many other problems.

Remember that this type of x-ray can be done as often as circumstances require.

mydiagnos.com

What is an orthopantomogram, methods of conducting

New technologies are actively developed and applied in dentistry. An orthopantomogram is a panoramic picture of the teeth or an x-ray that covers the upper and lower dentition. It allows the dentist to analyze:

• the structure of the upper dentition;
• the structure of the lower dentition;
• condition of the maxillary joint;
• condition of the paranasal sinuses;
• condition of each tooth.
• the presence of tumors, cysts.

In a word, on the film you can examine and analyze the condition of the jaw and each tooth separately. Going to the X-ray room, I was interested in the dose of radiation that I can receive. But the radiologist reassured me and explained that there was nothing terrible about it, the radiation dose was minimal, there was no threat to the body.

The picture was taken in seconds emotional preparation took more time. The finished “photo” can be sent to the doctor on a computer, but I took the image on film. I really wanted to study my dentition myself.

The dentist may order such an image in the following cases:

• with the growth of wisdom teeth or the eruption of milk teeth (for diagnosing proper development bite or determination of growth characteristics, if we are talking about a wisdom tooth);
• during the diagnosis / treatment of polyps, sinusitis, etc. (to assess the picture of the disease);
• during the alignment of the teeth (in order to objectively assess the condition of the dentition and draw up a suitable step-by-step treatment);
• with periodontal disease (to determine the depth / localization of periodontal pockets);
• during preparation for implantation;
• in case of inflammation of bone tissues (to detect the focus of inflammation, its spread, as well as to monitor the results of therapy).

The equipment used to take the picture

For a couple of seconds I remained motionless, something clicked, turned around my head and that's it! For a fraction of a second, there was no fear or discomfort. The only thing that got in the way a little was the protective apron that I was recommended to wear. The picture is instantly displayed on the computer monitor. An important issue is prices. It is clear that the equipment is expensive, so the cost could be high. But this did not happen and I did not have to pay much for the picture. I should have taken the picture with me, but I didn't have to do that either. They explained to me that while I was talking, the picture had already hit the monitor of my doctor

There are differences between this apparatus and the usual X-ray, and they are quite significant. The device is not bulky, it uses a rotating element. In principle, there is nothing to worry about, and the radiation dose is simply minimal.

Which picture to choose

Before visiting the clinic, I had no idea that there were two types of such equipment, but digital should be preferred.

1. The picture on such equipment is made much faster.
2. Exposure levels are minimal and 90 percent less.
3. The high quality of the picture itself.
4. There is no need to develop the film, as is the case with analog equipment.
5. There is no need to repeat the procedure if the picture is of poor quality.
6. A digital image allows the dentist to more carefully examine the structure of the jaw and each tooth individually.
7. The picture does not need to be printed out, it instantly enters the computer of the attending physician.

So harmful or not

The fact that the doctors convinced me of the complete harmlessness of the procedure convinced me. Moreover, during the procedure, the doctor does not leave the office, but sits near the monitor. But extra information from disinterested parties will never be superfluous. Therefore, I decided to consult just such persons, to search for data on the Internet.

There is a belief in safety, but there is some, even a minimal, dose of radiation. I found information that I was worried about and want to present it here. The radiation dose for one session is 0.02 mSv. For comparison, I can cite the facts I found. So, the environment, which is now not considered clean, does a little more harm. During the year, the human body receives approximately 3.0 mSv from the atmosphere.

Indications for holding

Carrying out a panoramic picture of the teeth is not contraindicated even for children. Therefore, parents should not show excessive concern if the doctor prescribes a panoramic image. This is especially important for adults in the case when dental implants are to be implanted. This allows you to most accurately determine many important indicators:

• density, volume of bone tissue;
• the ability to choose the most suitable implant;
• the doctor is much easier to navigate during surgery;
• it is easier to make a treatment plan for the patient;
• it is easier for the doctor to assess the condition of the molars, to examine the wisdom teeth.

If implants are to be implanted, then after the procedure, the doctor may send another panoramic image. This is necessary in order to determine the condition of the jaw after implantation. It is worth recalling that the procedure is absolutely harmless and you should not ignore the recommendations of the attending physician.

Where are panoramic shots taken?

If for medical assistance a person goes to a district clinic, then they are unlikely to be able to take a panoramic picture. But the question of where to do it, disappears. Since every Semitologist can give a referral to a private clinic. The equipment is modern, imported and costs a lot of money. Its value is sometimes determined by numbers with six zeros. District dental clinics cannot yet have such devices because of this.

But to a greater extent, the presence of an orthopantomograph is only the merit of the management state clinic. In almost every private clinic such equipment is available. Therefore, the doctors of the district polyclinic can send the patient to a private one for an x-ray.

Benefits of a panoramic shot

In principle, all the advantages have already been described above. But it will not be superfluous to repeat. The first x-ray machines required film to take pictures of teeth. Such equipment, sadly, is still used by many clinics. The advent of the orthopantomograph greatly simplified the diagnosis and treatment process. The benefits are many and quite obvious.

1. High quality photo, digital image.
2. There is no need to take an x-ray of a single tooth, even if only one is being treated.
3. The shooting data is instantly displayed on the monitor and transferred to the computer of the attending physician. The patient has not yet reached the office of his dentist, and the picture is already being carefully studied.
4. If necessary, the problem area can be enlarged so that the doctor can better examine and analyze its condition.
5. Separate zones of the jaw or face can be displayed at a certain angle.
6. In the event of an extraordinary situation, the picture can be sent to other specialists in order to obtain confirmation of the diagnosis and additional advice.

Contraindications

With all the obvious advantages, it would be wrong to say that a panoramic dental X-ray is completely safe. There are established sanitary standards and requirements, where it is written when it is contraindicated to take a picture.

1. First trimester of pregnancy to rule out possible risk for the fetus.
2. Breastfeeding mothers.
3. People with thyroid disease.
4. Severe diabetes mellitus.
5. Renal failure.
6. Allergic reaction to iodine.
7. Mental disorders, epilepsy.

Each individual case is considered individually by the attending physician. Therefore, despite contraindications, an exception can be made. This is especially important when it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination for such diseases:

• periodontal disease;
• caries;
• inflammation under fillings or crowns;
• hidden wisdom teeth that cause anxiety;
• pathological phenomena in the jaw;
• implantation;
• upcoming surgery.

Often, a panoramic x-ray of the teeth is prescribed for children. It has already been mentioned that this type of examination has no contraindications for children. A pediatric dentist may recommend a snapshot to monitor the condition of milk teeth, the laying of permanent teeth, and the development of an occlusion. Therefore, parents should not exclude this possibility. This will eliminate possible pathology in a child in the early stages.

Do I need to inform the doctor about contraindications

Usually, if the dentist writes out a referral for a panoramic x-ray, he himself asks many leading questions. But if this does not happen, then the patient himself should tell about his condition and warn the doctor if the following factors are present:

• pregnancy;
• the presence of allergic reactions;
• lactation;
• previous x-ray examinations;
• epileptic seizures;
• chronic diseases.

expertdent.net

Why take a panoramic photo?

The latest device helps to diagnose a wide range of dental diseases, to see all the tissues of the tooth, the root system, sinuses and jaw. This examination is recommended to be carried out at least once a year to detect diseases of the oral cavity and carry out timely treatment. It allows you to prevent the development of various kinds of complications and choose the best ways to eliminate them, creating a rational plan for getting rid of problems.

Panoramic X-ray is necessary in order to see the hidden part of the jaw, which is more than 50 percent. It allows you to analyze the state of the maxillofacial system, find out hidden problems with the teeth, give a correct assessment of the condition of the bones (for example, to determine the need for a sinus lift before implantation), gums, and detect problems related to the root system. Panoramic X-ray of teeth is used by specialists in various areas of activity - dentistry and orthodontics.

An orthopantomogram is done in the following cases:

1. Assessment of the condition of the jaws and tissues to detect cysts, tumors, granulomas. The picture is taken when diagnosing periodontitis, allows you to prescribe the correct treatment and track the result.
2. It is necessary before dental implantation. A comprehensive image of the oral cavity allows you to assess the condition of the tissues, the location of nerve endings and sinuses. This ensures the correct calculation of the distance and saves the specialist from making mistakes during the operation.
3. It is necessary when installing braces, when the condition of the patient's oral cavity is initially assessed. Here you can see the location of the roots, elements of the human jaw, impacted fragments.
4. In pediatric dentistry, images are used to check milk teeth, they show the rudiments of permanent elements, the complex arrangement of all components of the dentition. According to it, it is possible to control the correctness of the bite, to detect in time inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, the development of caries.
5. Before surgery, because the specialist needs to see trouble spot. From the picture, you can find a connection between inflammatory processes in the teeth and sinusitis.

It is worth noting the advantages of orthopantomography compared to x-rays:

• Excellent information content;
• High speed;
• High-quality pictures with details that can be easily enlarged;
• The ability to create a snapshot of the entire jaw at once, and not of its individual elements;
• Convenience for the patient.

What is it, what can be seen on the picture of the orthopantomogram

Orthopantopogram is a detailed picture of the dentition, on which the following elements can be seen in detail:

• Jaw with teeth, root systems;
• periodontal tissues;
• temporomandibular joint;
• Maxillary sinuses.

The image is so clear and detailed that the dentist can easily see the foci of inflammation, changes in the tissues of the jaw, the presence of cysts and neoplasms, dental anomalies, periodontal pockets. The specialist can find out from the picture what condition the periodontal tissues are in, what degree of formation the roots of the teeth are, whether there is a need to correct the malocclusion. This allows you to compose right plan treatment during prosthetics, straightening of the dentition, installation of implants.

How is a panoramic x-ray (orthopantomogram) taken?

To obtain a panoramic 3D image, it is used latest equipment- orthopantomograph. This device is of two types - film and digital. The first type is cheaper, but its maintenance is much more expensive. In this connection, the cost of the picture is higher. When using it, you need to constantly buy a film, and to create an orthopantomogram, you need to equip an entire laboratory.

In a sense, it is much easier and more convenient to use a digital orthopantomograph. When using it, there is no need to use a film, except when the patient asks to take a photo. The advantages of using a digital device include:

• Faster image acquisition, as a result, the time of radiation exposure to a person is reduced;
• High image quality, since no development is required, which increases the risk of a fuzzy image;
• Photos can be stored electronically on a computer, which allows it to be used repeatedly;
• The ability to enlarge the desired area of ​​the jaw on the spot for a better study of a particular area;
• Convenience of X-ray transfer, if necessary, to another specialist who is outside the clinic.

Many are concerned about the question of how an orthopantomogram is made. The process of taking a snapshot is very simple:

• The photo is taken in a standing position. The patient is asked to remove all metal objects from themselves, including jewelry, watches, dentures, and glasses. This is required in order to receive reliable results, since the metal contributes to their distortion;
• A person stands in front of the apparatus, the specialist offers to put on a special cape on the chest. A plastic mark is healed between the jaws, the chest must be pressed against the partition. If some elements of the jaw are missing, the doctor inserts cotton swabs in their place. The patient holds on to the handrails, bending, moving and hunching is not recommended;
• When the device is turned on, the irradiator begins to move around the patient's head. The cassette holder describes an incomplete circle, it takes about 20 seconds. During this time, a full instant x-ray of both jaws is made. The emitter simultaneously performs rotational movements around its axis, this is necessary in order for the rays to fall on all sections of the film.

The procedure for obtaining a picture, including preparation and shooting, takes only 3-4 minutes. After that, the specialist prints out the resulting x-ray and gives it to the patient or doctor. The picture can also be transmitted electronically. The dentist can independently read the results of the survey.

It is intended to use the device for children or people in wheelchairs. The orthopantomograph can be easily adjusted in height.

Price

The price of a panoramic dental X-ray depends on the chosen dental clinic and the equipment that is used in it. On average, the cost of a panoramic picture of the jaws is 500-1500 rubles.

For this small price, the patient receives a high-quality image that can easily replace several other images. On it, not only individual elements of the dentition will be visible, but the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe oral cavity. In this case, the patient receives a much lower radiation exposure compared to x-ray machines.

infozub.ru

Panoramic x-ray of teeth

A panoramic x-ray of teeth is also called an orthopantomogram - a picture of both jaws, bone tissue and surrounding soft tissues, what it is, how it differs from regular shot? A high-quality panoramic image gives the dentist complete information about the state of the patient's dentoalveolar system.

At visual inspection the dentist can assess the condition of only 50% of the tissues. Everything that is hidden can be seen on an orthopantomogram. Only full picture allows the doctor to correct diagnosis. In the process of studying and analyzing a panoramic image, the following are determined: indicators:

• the presence of granulomas, cystic formations,
• the presence of impacted teeth (in most cases these are eights),
• neoplasms,
• root damage by caries,
• hidden foci of carious lesions of the teeth,
• condition of the maxillary sinuses,
• the state of the rudiments of permanent teeth in children,
• condition of periodontal tissues.

A modern type of orthopantomogram is 3D tomography. With the help of a three-dimensional image, the doctor can better assess the condition of the bone and soft tissue, as well as rotate the image of the jaws on the monitor at the desired angle.

What are the indications?

Orthopantomogram is an informative, fast, painless and safe diagnostic method in dentistry. A panoramic x-ray of the teeth is indicated in the following cases:

• on the preparatory stage imalantation to assess the state of bone tissue and choose the type of implant,
• to assess the quality of endodontic treatment before prosthetics,
• to choose an orthodontic design for bite correction,
• before any kind surgical interventions in dentistry,
• before removal complex tooth the surgeon needs to see the state of nearby tissues,
• to determine the severity of periodontal disease,
• for diagnosing neoplasms at an early stage.

Panoramic X-ray is important in the treatment of various injuries of the dentoalveolar system. Even if there are no visible injuries after the bruise, the picture will clarify the real picture. Such injuries usually negatively affect the soft tissues and the root system of the teeth.

What are the benefits of panoramic photography?

Advantages panoramic image in dentistry:

1. The dentist receives the image of the jaws in 5 minutes.
2. The height of the emitter is adjustable, which makes it possible to make an orthopantomogram for children and patients in wheelchairs.
3. The radiation dose is minimal, much less than with conventional targeted shots.
4. High image quality.
5. When evaluating the image on the monitor, you can zoom in on the desired area for a more detailed examination.
6. A panoramic image can be instantly sent to a doctor via the Internet if the specialist is located in another city, for example.

How is an orthopantomogram done?

Before the procedure, it is necessary to remove all jewelry in the head and neck area. In order to protect against radiation, the patient is put on a special protective apron. The procedure is carried out as follows:

• the patient clamps a plastic tube in his teeth, while his lips are closed,
• if some teeth are missing in the mouth, cotton rolls are placed in their place,
• the device is pressed tightly to the chest,
• at the time of the picture, you must stand still so as not to blur the image,
• the device moves around the head for 20-30 seconds.

Are there contraindications?

Expert opinion. Dentist Ilyukhin O.Yu.: “When examining pregnant and breastfeeding women, doctors treat any type of examination with caution. It is important that no studies have been conducted on the dangers of x-rays for a growing fetus and breast milk. Nevertheless, experts recommend using only modern and safe equipment to examine such patients.”

Is the photo dangerous for health?

It is believed that x-rays for health are safe to do only once every six months. A feature of the treatment of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity is that a snapshot of the jaws should be taken several times a week to control the quality of treatment. Is it harmful to health?

The permissible number of radiation radiation that a person receives during the examination is 10 mSv per year. If chronic pathology is being treated, the dose may be increased to 15 mSv. In order for a person to receive this dose of radiation (taking into account even the exposure from household electrical appliances, which we inevitably receive every day), it is necessary to make 40 orthopantoomograms.

Even during the treatment of serious dental pathologies, such a number of images is not required. Therefore, do not worry, all the talk about the dangers of x-rays for health is greatly exaggerated.

zubivnorme.ru

Panoramic radiography - why do they do it

Panoramic x-rays are done to assess the condition of the oral cavity as a whole. The examination does not cause discomfort to the patient and pain. The only trouble is the need to open your mouth wide in a standing position.

An x-ray of the dentition can be performed on the elderly, the disabled, people with disabilities, and even children.

Indications for panoramic X-ray:

• before implantation;
• for tooth alignment
• for the treatment of periodontal disease;
• with inflammation of soft tissues;
• to assess the growth dynamics of permanent teeth;
• before surgery.

Before performing an X-ray examination, it is necessary to remove all metal objects from the neck: earrings, glasses, metal prostheses, decorations. These objects interfere with the passage of x-rays.

When performing this x-ray examination, radiographers provide radiation protection measures for patients. For these purposes, a lead apron and a collar around the neck are put on a person.

How an orthopantomogram is done - a description of the procedure

To make an orthopantomogram, you need to stand in a special x-ray machine. The patient should bite down on a plastic stick with their teeth. At the same time, his chest is pressed against a special platform. This is the only discomfort during the procedure.

During the examination, the person must stand straight. There are special handrails for this. In some cases, the radiologist asks to change the position of the head: turn, lift or tilt. This is necessary to examine the desired areas of the oral cavity.

During exposure, the patient ensures that the lips are closed and the tongue is pressed close to the soft palate.

Do not worry when the emitter moves along the head and makes noise.

About the safety of panoramic x-rays

Panoramic x-rays are safe when radiation protection measures are observed. Of course, any x-ray examination is accompanied by radiation exposure. When taking dental images, it averages about 0.02 mSv.

Approximately this dose is formed during long flights by plane. Therefore, you should not worry about radiation if the doctor ordered orthopantomography (OPG). When it is performed on digital devices, the level of radiation exposure of the patient is reduced.

It is very important that the picture is correct immediately. So ruled out re-irradiation person.

What x-ray equipment is used to make OPG

A circular picture of the teeth is taken on a special apparatus - an orthopantomograph. It comes in film and digital. After digital x-ray, a better image is obtained. It is stored on the hard disk of the personal computer, on a flash drive or on CDs.

Advantages of panoramic dental imaging:

• reduction of radiation time on digital equipment;
• the ability to consider the smallest details when using software applications;
• archiving images allows you to track changes in dynamics;
• the attending physician receives an orthopantomogram almost immediately after the examination.

The advantages of digital OPG X-ray described above allow taking dental X-rays for women in the third trimester of pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

Why is a circular dental radiograph performed?

A circular dental radiograph is performed to assess the condition of soft tissues, determine changes in the roots of the teeth and jaw. The study on the roentgenogram of the dentition with the help of OPG is carried out with damage to about 50% of the bone tissue.

Circular dental x-ray allows you to identify an accurate diagnosis and choose optimal treatment pathology. Without an examination, it is impossible to identify the following pathologies:

• caries;
• periodontal disease;
• inflammatory changes under fillings and crowns;
• rated wisdom teeth.

In conclusion, we note that OPG is a qualitative method of X-ray diagnostics of the dentition and the condition of the jaw. It is characterized by minimal radiation exposure and allows optimal organization of dental treatment.

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Examination, diagnostics of teeth using an intraoral camera, consultation with a doctor

Panoramic X-ray of teeth is the most informative and reliable diagnostic technique used in modern dentistry.

Panoramic x-ray of teeth or, as it is also called, the orthopantomogram of the jaw is widely used in dentistry. It is indispensable for complex dental procedures - tooth extraction, bite correction and implantation. Do panoramic x-ray of teeth in Moscow offers our dental clinic "HelioDent". The resulting three-dimensional image can be used both in the treatment and prosthetics of complex teeth, as well as in correcting the bite and restoring the integrity of the dentition.

Distinctive features of a panoramic x-ray of teeth

Panoramic x-ray of teeth unlike the usual x-ray, is able to give the dentist the opportunity to assess the condition of the upper and lower jaws, the surrounding soft and bone tissue. This will allow him to make a diagnosis and start immediately. adequate therapy. Take a panoramic x-ray of your teeth necessary to prevent the development of acute carious processes under a filling or under a crown, assessing the condition of the roots and the risk of developing an inflammatory process, tumors and cysts in them. The image obtained as a result of an orthopantomogram also allows you to evaluate the results of previous treatment and bite correction. It is best if it is a 3D tomography. It clearly shows:

Cystic and granulomatous formations;

impacted teeth;

Hidden foci of progressive caries;

Pathology of the maxillary sinuses;

Damage to the dental roots;

Inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues.

In some cases take a panoramic x-ray of the teeth recommended even for children. It will give clear information about the state of the rudiments of permanent teeth and will allow you to take timely measures to prompt elimination possible defects in their growth.

Indications and contraindications

If you are interested, where to take a panoramic x-ray of teeth quickly and inexpensively, we recommend contacting our dental clinic "HelioDent". This quick, painless and informative diagnostic method should be carried out in the following situations:

At the first stage of dental implantation, it will allow assessing the condition of the bone tissue at the site of implantation of the artificial root and choosing the optimal implant.

When a tooth is removed - a picture will allow you to see the location of the roots and the state of the tissues surrounding them;

With global prosthetics - this diagnosis allows to evaluate the quality of preliminary endodontic treatment;

When correcting the bite in adults and children - a picture is necessary to select the optimal orthodontic design;

In the treatment of periodontal disease and periodontitis - this method provides clear information about the state of periodontal tissues;

Before any surgical intervention in the maxillary region.

Panoramic x-ray of teeth, price which is quite accessible, is necessary in case of trauma to the dentoalveolar system. It allows you to accurately determine the degree of damage and take timely action, warning Negative influence the injury received general state soft tissues and dental roots. As far as contraindications are concerned, panoramic dental x-ray which our dental clinic offers, is prescribed for pregnant and breastfeeding women only in extreme cases. The reason for this is the negative impact of the x-ray on the unborn baby and breast milk.

The main advantages of a panoramic x-ray of teeth

Panoramic shot of teeth in Moscow performed in all self-respecting dental centers. Our clinic "HelioDent" was no exception, providing a full range of services to restore the integrity of the dentition and the dazzling beauty of a smile to its patients. The undeniable advantages of this progressive diagnostic method include:

Fast acquisition of a high-quality 3D image - usually within 5 minutes;

The minimum dose of x-ray exposure - it is much less than when performing a targeted x-ray;

High quality of the received image;

The possibility of enlarging a certain part of the jaw for a more detailed examination.

Where to take a panoramic x-ray of teeth, irrelevant. Since the resulting image will be given to you in the form of a photograph, as well as recorded on a disk. Moreover, we can send it to your email inbox or dump it on a USB flash drive. Orthopantomogram is the most modern diagnostic method used in dentistry. To date, he has no equal.

How to take a panoramic dental X-ray

Panoramic dental x-ray inexpensively You can do it in our dentistry "HelioDent". This diagnostic procedure is quick and painless. It is carried out in stages:

The patient, wearing a protective apron, sits comfortably in a chair in front of the apparatus;

If the integrity of the dentition is broken, cotton rolls are placed in place of missing teeth;

In the teeth, the patient tightly clamps the plastic tube;

The device moves closer to the chest and from that moment the patient is forbidden to move;

The device begins to rotate around the patient's head - it takes no more than 30 seconds.

Panoramic x-ray of teeth ready. The resulting image is displayed on a computer monitor, dumped to disk and printed on a printer.

Many patients of our clinic are interested in the question of how dangerous it is to perform an orthopantomogram. Indeed, during this diagnostic procedure an X-ray beam is involved, about the dangers of which many of us have heard. In fact, in order to receive the dose of radiation that can theoretically harm our health, it will take at least 40 panoramic shots within six months. Such a number of them will not be required even in the treatment of complex dental pathology. In this way, panoramic x-ray of teeth, price which is quite affordable - this is the most progressive diagnostic method in dentistry, which will allow you to identify all existing problems in the oral cavity and take timely measures to eliminate them.

The development of modern technologies does not stand still. And this makes it possible to improve the quality of life of each person. So, the medical industry also receives its advantages from this. This article will discuss such a procedure as an orthopantomogram: what it is, when it is applied and how it is performed.

Terminology

To make it clearer, you first need to understand the main terms. So, orthopantomogram - what is it and what does this word mean? In short, this is just panoramic, that is, completely covering two dentitions. This study makes it possible to consider:

• The structure of the teeth upper jaw.
• The structure of the teeth
• Also maxillary joint.
• Sinuses (adnexal), etc.

That is, the picture shows full information about the patient's dentition. The dentist himself from the picture can draw any conclusions that he needs and consider the desired object of attention.

How are these images obtained? Everything is simple here, with X-ray diagnostics, various tissues of the human body absorb radiation with different intensities. Pictures can be obtained in two ways: on film, as with all familiar photography, or on a special sensor that is connected to a computer.

A few words about equipment

If you need a dental panoramic, you will have to go to a dental clinic. After all, this procedure requires a special apparatus. It's called an orthopantomograph and it doesn't look intimidating at all. So, a person sits on a chair, puts his chin on a special stand and just waits for everything to be done. During the procedure itself, the patient does not feel any pain or discomfort. It's completely painless.

So, a person is assigned an orthopantomogram. How is the picture taken? The principle of operation of the device is as follows: the emitter will move in a circle of the area that is being studied. In this case, the receiver will receive a photograph of the footage. The receiver can be both a conventional film and a digital medium (today it is used most often because of convenience and economy).

Analog orthopantomograph - today it is already an outdated model of the apparatus for panoramic photography. Over time, they will be completely replaced by their digital relatives. And all because digital photography better quality and can be stored for a long time. The picture from the analog device quickly fades and loses its clarity. Also, this is also the additional cost of film, developing, printing photos.

Most commonly used today . The picture received from such a device is stored electronically in a computer, if desired, can be printed. In addition, modern researchers say that it is digital orthopantomographs that are less harmful, since they emit harmful rays in a smaller amount.

The picture itself is taken for a couple of seconds, and the procedure lasts no more than 15 minutes. So that the patient does not have time to get harmful to the body. In addition, for protection, a special apron is put on a person, which helps to minimize exposure to the body.

Digital or analog photo? What to choose?

What you need to know if an orthopantomogram is prescribed? What is it - figured out. It is also clear that in modern clinics there are two types of equipment. So which one is the best to go for? From the foregoing, we can draw a simple conclusion that it is still necessary to choose digital orthopantomographs. Their advantages are as follows:

• A digital camera takes much less time to take a picture. As a result, patient exposure is reduced by 90%!
• High image acquisition speed. So, there is no need to develop a film, print a photo. After the procedure itself, the image appears on the screen in a matter of seconds. special equipment. In addition, a huge plus is that there is no need to take a second panoramic shot if problems arise during the development of the film. Again, this is a huge health benefit.
• The digital image can be viewed in more detail. If necessary, it can be increased in order to analyze some nuances even more carefully.
• All digital photographs are stored on a computer. That is, if necessary, they can be obtained as quickly as possible without going to the archive and without rummaging through the patient's papers.
• Another great convenience is that the dental snapshot itself instantly gets to the attending doctor. This can be done via electronic data transmission.

A little about harm

Having dealt with the term “orthopantomogram”: what it is and how the procedure itself is carried out, I would like to say a few words about how harmful it is to health. After all, irradiation still occurs, which, according to many people, is clearly not good.

As mentioned above, the procedure is carried out for a rather short time. In addition, the human body, with the necessary protection and compliance with safety measures, is subjected to minimal radiation exposure.

Information in numbers: if an orthopantomogram of the teeth is prescribed, the radiation dose for this procedure is 0.02 mSv. For comparison, it should be noted that for the year of environment a person is about 3.0 mSv. It is also important to emphasize that there are certain medical norms. For 12 months, each person should not receive by artificial means more than 1.0 mSv. At the same time, it is very important that all x-rays that a person undergoes in a year should be entered in his medical card. This is necessary in order to keep records and monitor the level of artificial exposure of the patient.

As a small conclusion, it must be said here that the use of a panoramic image has more weight for health than the small dose of radiation that the body can receive with this type of study.

Indications for the procedure

It is worth noting that today it is not at all difficult to make an orthopantomogram. To do this, you just need to go to the dental clinic, where there is the appropriate equipment. However, to undergo this procedure, there must be evidence.

Initially, it should be noted that you need to take a panoramic shot in without fail when it comes to implantation. In this case, this study allows:

• To study the bone tissue of the teeth: density, volume.
• To study the condition of the roots of the teeth: their placement, condition.
• Consider the condition of the maxillary sinuses, see their location.
• Panoramic X-ray makes it possible to choose an implant suitable for the patient.
• It is very important that this picture helps the doctor to navigate much better during surgery.
• And, of course, an orthopantomogram makes it possible to draw up a correct and competent treatment plan for the patient.

By the way, you will have to do an orthopantomogram also during the implantation itself. This is necessary, because the doctor must see the result of implantation of implants. And since this procedure when using digital devices, it is practically harmless, it is used throughout the entire process surgical intervention.

Other indications

In what cases may you still need a panoramic x-ray of the teeth?

• In the treatment of various diseases that relate to the gums and teeth. It can be either a regular flux, or cysts, granulomas, periodontitis, excessive tooth mobility, etc.
• This picture is important in the process of preparing for prosthetics.
• An orthopantomogram is often prescribed for various injuries of the patient's jaw system.
• The picture is important in preparation for the tooth extraction procedure.

Step by step procedure

Separately, I also want to give a description of the orthopantomogram. That is, describe the order of actions that the patient must perform during this procedure:

1. First of all, the patient will need to protect his body from the influence of rays with a special apron.
2. The device itself is higher than the patient. However, the procedure can be carried out both standing and sitting. It all depends on the height of the person undergoing the procedure. So, the device is adjusted to its size.
3. The jaw is necessarily fixed, fixed. It is very important. After all, to obtain the most accurate picture, the patient must be immobilized.
4. Further, the scanner will move around the patient's head. Its purpose is to read the data and transfer it to a special device that will help the doctor to consider all that is necessary.

The diagnostic time takes no more than 15 minutes. This is quite enough to get the necessary information for its further processing.

Orthopantomogram during surgery

As mentioned above, a picture of the teeth (orthopantomogram) can be taken throughout the entire process of implant placement. This is necessary, because the whole procedure is to some extent a jewelry work that requires accuracy, correctness, and accuracy from the surgeon. Even the smallest mistake in this case can lead to undesirable consequences. It is worth noting that this procedure is able to give the doctor answers to all the questions that may arise during the surgical intervention.

Stage one: preparation. It should be noted that in this period the orthopantomogram is very important. After all, the doctor needs to accurately assess the condition of the jaw, teeth, bone tissue. To understand whether there is enough space for implantation and whether everything is ready for the operation. So, based on the picture, the surgeon draws conclusions about whether to carry out bone augmentation, which type and size of the implant to choose.

It is also worth noting that certain risks may arise during implantation:

1. If we are talking about the upper jaw, you can damage the maxillary sinuses.
2. If we are talking about the lower jaw, there is a huge risk of damage to the trigeminal nerve.

And only this procedure - orthopantomogram of teeth - reduces these risks to a minimum.

If it was built up for the patient, this procedure makes it possible to qualitatively monitor the engraftment process.

Implantation: contraindications for carrying out

It is also worth noting that there are some contraindications to the operation for implantation of implants. So, for example, this is periodontitis or various kinds of inflammatory processes in the area of ​​surgical intervention. Orthopantomogram of the jaws makes it possible to see these problems in the pictures, to consider the foci of inflammation, various problem areas ( carious cavities, formations on the roots, etc.). And as a result, to avoid serious problems during surgery.

Procedure after surgery

Be sure to take a panoramic picture after the operation. Orthopantomogram in this case makes it possible to consider the quality of actions performed during the operation, the process of engraftment of implants. Also, this procedure makes it possible to recognize various kinds of complications that may occur after any surgical intervention. Even after implantation.

As a small conclusion, I would like to note that the orthopantomogram allows the doctor not only to perform his work qualitatively, but also to minimize the risk of developing postoperative undesirable consequences.

Drawing up a treatment plan

This procedure is very important, because after receiving the images, the attending doctor can draw up a competent treatment plan that will lead to the fastest possible recovery. In this case, all actions with an approximate deadline for their implementation should be indicated. This list mainly consists of the following key points:

• Treatment of gums, teeth: is it necessary.
• Does the patient need bone augmentation (bone tissue). This procedure is prescribed according to indications, when its natural volume is insufficient.
• Choice of type, model of the implanted implant. Also, this procedure helps to determine the use of other equipment that may be needed during the surgical intervention.
• Choice of material, type and model of dental crowns, abutment, prosthesis.

It is also important to note that each of these points must necessarily be agreed with the patient. The doctor himself can give recommendations. All this is necessary, because depending on the quality and choice of the model of implanted parts, the price may vary.

Contraindications

In what cases is it best to refuse a procedure such as an orthopantomogram? First of all, it is undesirable during pregnancy. However, if the risk of developing a disease or problem is quite high, it can still be carried out.

Separately, parents are interested in whether this procedure is prescribed for children. Of course yes. For babies, it is not contraindicated at all, since an extremely small dose of radiation occurs. Orthopantomogram of a child - the same important point during treatment, as in the case of adults. Its indicators can give the doctor the most important information about the condition of the baby's teeth and gums.

Snapshot reading technique

Where is an orthopantomogram done? Dentistry, i.e. a dental clinic, is the place where this procedure can be performed. However, just taking a picture is not enough. You also need to be able to read it. The reading methodology consists of three main points.

An assessment of the quality of the image itself. So, the doctor looks at whether the image clarity, sharpness, and contrast are sufficient. Is it possible to fully consider the field of study. The doctor also evaluates various distortions of the teeth and the condition of the patient's jaws.

The next step is to assess the condition of the patient's bone tissue. In this case, the doctor pays attention to the following points:

• In what condition are the interdental septa, their shape, height, condition, mineralization.
• Is there such a problem as the restructuring of the bone structure of the tooth.
• The condition of the jaw joints (fossae, articular heads: whether there are pathological changes in them).
• Separately, it is necessary to assess the condition of the mandibular sinuses and canal (localization, ratio of teeth, the presence of pathologies).

The third stage - the doctor is determined with the very object of research. That is, he chooses for himself the subsequent area of ​​\u200b\u200bactivity.

And the last, fourth stage: this is the analysis of the shadow of the teeth. In this case, the doctor must examine the condition of the patient's crown, the cavity of the tooth itself, the condition of its roots, characterize the root canals and evaluate the periodontal gap.

And only after all these steps, after completing these points, the doctor can prescribe adequate treatment that the patient needs to undergo.

OPTG is necessary to determine the plan for sanitation of the oral cavity; in periodontology - for the treatment of periodontal diseases; in orthodontics - to assess and correct malocclusion; in orthopedics and implantology - for planning measures for prosthetics of the dentition and implantation of teeth; in surgical dentistry - to decide on the advisability of tooth extraction, surgical interventions (filling bone cavities with osteoplastic materials, sinus lift) and assessing their results.

An orthopantomogram may be prescribed for complaints of pain of uncertain localization in the oral cavity, in the teeth or jaws. The study gives a complete picture of the localization and structure of wisdom teeth, which is extremely important for planning treatment tactics in relation to them. OPTG can be performed in children from 5-6 years of age to monitor the development of dental plates, control teething, assess the degree of mineralization, and determine tooth age.

Orthopantomogram identifies initial stage carious lesion teeth, canal filling is monitored; changes in the supporting apparatus of the tooth are fixed and bone tissue, destructive pathological processes (bone resorption, cyst, granuloma, odontoma, osteomyelitis); the presence of dystopic and impacted teeth, tumors of the oral cavity, injuries of the teeth or face, as well as other dentoalveolar anomalies are determined. certain diagnostic value OPTG can represent for an ENT doctor when assessing the maxillary sinuses, nasal passages, nasal septum.

Pregnancy is the only contraindication to a plain dental X-ray. The possibility of performing an orthopantomogram during gestation should be agreed with the obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatologist.

Types of orthopantomogram

The study can be performed in film or digital form. Digital orthopantomogram is a more modern modification of the study; allows you to get a clearer image, process it using various settings (enlarge the size, enhance the contrast, change the polarity, etc.), store and send it electronically. Digital OPTG is almost instantly displayed on the monitor, can be stored in the patient's personal electronic card or issued to him on any digital medium.

With the advent of digital orthopantomographs, film OPTG has practically lost its significance, since the image on the film looks more blurred and soon loses image clarity. Despite the fact that the price of a digital orthopantomogram is higher than that of a film one, digital examination reduces the radiation intensity and exposure time by 2-3 times.

Methodology

The fundamental importance for obtaining a high-quality orthopantomogram is the correct and immobile position of the patient. Before taking a picture, you need to get rid of removable dentures, chains, pendants, earrings. The main reference point in the removal of OPTG is a precisely selected chin rest, which ensures the symmetry of the location of the head of the subject in three mutually perpendicular planes. At the time of the x-ray, the neck should be straight and the shoulders lowered. The head is fixed by means of frontal and parietal fixators, the tongue is asked to be pressed against the palate. These requirements exclude shadow layers and distortions in the survey area.

A survey orthopantomogram is performed on an orthopantomograph apparatus, which consists of an x-ray emitter (tube) and a receiver (sensitive digital sensor or film). To take an image, the emitter and receiver are moved in different directions around the subject's head. The result is a two-dimensional planar image of the vault of the mouth. When taking an orthopantomogram, the patient is put on a special apron that protects from x-ray exposure. Orthopantomography lasts a few seconds and does not cause any negative sensations.

Interpretation of results

On a well-performed orthopantomogram, closed jaws seem to “smile”: while the edges of the dentition are slightly raised. With the help of OPTG, an objective idea of ​​the patient's dentition is formed. The picture shows all the formed teeth, rudiments, supernumerary teeth, their shape, number and location in the bone, parallelism of the roots. Based on the orthopantomogram, uncomplicated and complicated caries, hidden carious cavities and other foci of odontogenic infection are revealed; condition of seals and channels. By examining radiographs experienced specialist will determine the changes support apparatus teeth (periodontal), bone tissue, temporomandibular joints, sinuses of the nose.