Lack of phosphorus in the body. daily dose of phosphorus. Essential for healthy bones and teeth

Phosphorus is an essential mineral found in every cell, accounting for one percent of total weight human body. Along with calcium, it is the second most abundant mineral found in large amounts in the body. It has been found to be abundant (about 85%) in our bones and teeth. In addition to its importance in their development, phosphorus also plays important role in other bodily functions such as protein synthesis, body growth and maintenance, tissue and cell repair, waste filtration, and the proper use of fats and carbohydrates in the body. This mineral is also involved in muscle contractions, normal heartbeat, kidney function and at work.

Most people get daily allowance phosphorus from their normal diet, and few need to take extra phosphorus. Too high or too low level this mineral can lead to various problems such as joint pain, fatigue, and heart disease. The amount of phosphorus your body needs actually depends on your age.

Important sources of phosphorus.

There are many foods that contain phosphorus. According to research by the Linus Pauling Institute, phosphorus is found in most foods consumed by humans. Products with large quantity proteins such as meat, eggs, poultry, fish, nuts, seeds, legumes, milk and other dairy products are high in phosphorus. Likewise, food high content calcium is rich in this element. Protein-free foods such as garlic, whole grains, potatoes, dried fruits also contain enough phosphorus. Carbonated drinks can also be another source of this mineral, as phosphoric acid is used in the carbonation process.

Why is phosphorus important to the body?

The human body requires phosphorus to perform many important functions. The following is a more detailed description of the role of this mineral in maintaining your health.

A necessity for healthy bones and teeth.

Phosphorus is essential for growth and maintenance of healthy and strong bones and teeth. Along with calcium, it helps in the formation of strong bones and ensures the development of a strong skeletal structure. According to studies, calcium needs phosphorus to strengthen bones. Also, this mineral prevents the loss bone tissue which can lead to a condition known as osteoporosis. Phosphorus also helps in strengthening teeth and gums.

Maintenance of digestion.

Another important role of phosphorus is that it promotes proper digestion. Phosphorus does this by assisting in the efficient digestion of riboflavin and niacin - two complex vitamins B, which are important for digestion. It also has a tonic effect on the digestive system, preventing digestive disorders such as constipation, dyspepsia and diarrhea.

Phosphorus helps the proper functioning of the brain.

Phosphorus can be seen as a tonic for the nerves and the brain, which is vital for optimal health. It affects the functioning of receptors and helps brain cells to communicate effectively. Phospholipids are essential for the formation of the myelin sheath, an insulating layer that covers nerve axons and is essential for normal functioning nervous system. Sufficient phosphorus is essential for optimal brain function and proper cognitive growth and development. Studies show that phosphorus deficiency can lead to increased risk cognitive impairment and neurological diseases such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease.

He supports hormonal balance.

Various hormones in the body are very important for maintaining a sufficient level of health and bodily functions. Phosphorus regulates the balance of hormones in the human body, maintaining their level in the right proportions. This mineral ensures hormonal balance by working together with endocrine glands body and by regulating the production and release of hormones.

It helps in energy production.

One of essential functions phosphorus in that it helps in energy production. It provides phosphate to adenosine triphosphate or ATP, which is an energy carrier molecule and is involved in all major metabolic cycles of the body. ATP is used as fuel various parts your body and is made up of organic compound, known as adenosine, and three phosphate molecules. When the bond between adenosine and phosphate is broken, the energy release process begins, resulting in cellular activity. It was found that the energy released from ATP is used instantly and is present in very small amounts in the body at any given time. Phosphorus also helps in the utilization of carbohydrates and fats needed for energy production. Athletes often use phosphate supplements prior to competition to help reduce muscle pain, fatigue, and improve performance.

It's for cell renewal.

Phosphorus is of great importance for the growth and repair of cells and tissues in the body. Phospholipids are essential to support cell membranes, which are responsible for keeping important nutrients inside the cells. Phosphorus compounds are one of the elements that form the structure of the cell membrane, necessary for the transfer of nutrients to cells and disposal of waste products.

Phosphorus and the functions of the heart.

Phosphorus is involved in energy production, which makes it important element for the heart, because, like all other organs in the body, it also needs energy to function properly. In addition, the heart needs calcium, and phosphorus helps in regulating calcium levels in the blood. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is a phosphorus-containing compound that assists red blood cells in delivering oxygen to heart tissue, as well as to all other organs and tissues of the body. The pulse rate depends on the acidity of the blood, and phosphorus helps to maintain acid-base balance, acting as a buffer.

It is essential for protein synthesis.

Phosphorus is involved in the synthesis of both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), which, in turn, are necessary for the production of proteins, hormones, enzymes and many others. chemical substances needed to sustain life. Without the right amount of phosphorus, protein production is disrupted, which in turn affects general state health.

For kidney health.

Phosphorus plays an important role in maintaining kidney health by ensuring the elimination of waste products and toxic substances of them, stimulating the process of urination and excretion. It increases the frequency of urination, which helps to balance water levels, excess salts, uric acid and even fat.

The mineral maintains pH balance.

Even a slight deviation from the norm of the acid-base balance in the blood can affect various organs of the body, such as the brain, heart, arteries, and so on. Thus, it is important to support normal level pH, and phosphorus helps in reaching it by acting as a buffer.

Phosphorus deficiency - causes and symptoms.

Although most people get enough phosphorus from their diet, certain conditions such as hunger, diabetes, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, alcoholism, and certain medications, such as insulin, ACE inhibitors, corticosteroids, certain diuretics, and antacids, can cause phosphorus levels to drop to low values. Regular consumption of large amounts of unhealthy foods can also make a person susceptible to phosphorus deficiency. The lack of food containing phosphorus in the diet will be another reason for its deficiency. Improper cooking of foods high in phosphorus is another reason that leads to insufficient supply of this mineral to the body. Avoid cooking vegetables at very high temperatures. high temperatures, this can reduce their nutritional value. Deep frying of meat, fish or poultry, cooking them with too much oil also reduces nutritional value this mineral.

The best way to get a good supply of phosphorus in the body is to eat fruits whole and fresh. The body will not receive enough phosphorus if fruits are consumed in the form of sweet juice, supplements. The main symptom of phosphorus deficiency are weak bones or teeth. Like calcium, phosphorus is involved in bone strength, and because of this, a lack of phosphorus can cause weakness, cavities, and other bone-related problems. Low phosphorus levels can lead to loss of appetite, decreased stamina, joint pain, stiffness, and constant fatigue. Numbness, tingling in the limbs, tremors, restlessness, and slow growth are other signs of phosphorus deficiency.

Excess problems.

Some believe that too much phosphorus is more problematic than too little. In addition to the high level of its consumption, there may be other various reasons excess phosphorus. For example, calcium deficiency or kidney disease. Phosphorus has also been linked to cardiovascular disease. Excess phosphorus is deposited in the muscles of the body and soft tissues causing them to lose elasticity. It may also interfere with the metabolism of other minerals. The body maintains a balance of phosphorus and potassium, so an excess of phosphorus can change this balance and cause anxiety. An excess of phosphorus increases the risk of osteoporosis with a calcium deficiency in the diet.

Phosphorus is an excellent mineral and is very important from the point of view. The above health benefits clearly show how significantly this mineral affects the human body. Thus, it is very important to make sure that you include food containing phosphorus in your regular diet.

Phosphorus is not only one of the most common elements of the earth's crust (its content is 0.08-0.09% of its mass, and its concentration in sea ​​water 0.07 mg/l), but also phosphorus is present in every cell of the body, and, together with calcium, phosphorus is the most abundant mineral in the body.
- macronutrient, which is 1% of total weight of the human body, it is required by every cell of the body for normal functioning. Phosphorus is present in living cells in the form of ortho- and pyrophosphoric acids; it is part of nucleotides, nucleic acids, phosphoproteins, phospholipids, coenzymes, and enzymes. Phosphorus, in the form of phosphate compounds, is present in cells and tissues throughout the body, but most of it (about 85%) is concentrated in bones and teeth (in the form of calcium phosphate salt).
The main role in the transformation of phosphorus compounds in humans and animals is played by the liver. The exchange of phosphorus compounds is regulated by hormones and.

Functions of phosphorus in the body

● The main function of phosphorus in the body is the formation of bones and teeth. Human bones consist of hydroxylapatite 3Са3(PO4)3 Ca(OH)2. The composition of tooth enamel includes fluorapatite.
● Phosphorus in the form of phospholipids (eg phosphatidylcholine) is the main structural component of cell membranes. Phosphorus is essential for the growth and regeneration of all tissues and cells of the body. Phosphorus also helps reduce muscle soreness after a hard workout.
● Phosphorus, in the form of phosphorylated compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate, plays a critical role in energy and matter metabolism in organisms. These phosphorylated compounds are primarily known as a universal source of energy for all biochemical processes occurring in living systems.
● Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information, have long chains of phosphate-containing molecules.
● Phosphorus is also essential for the body's balanced use of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D, iodine, and magnesium.
● Phosphorus contributes to maintaining a normal acid-base balance (pH)
● Phosphorus-containing molecules 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) binds to erythrocyte hemoglobin and facilitates the delivery of oxygen to body tissues.
● Phosphorus helps the kidneys to filter out waste.
● Phosphorus plays an important role in the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

The body's need for phosphorus

daily requirement human in phosphorus 800-1500 mg. With a lack of phosphorus in the body, various bone diseases develop.
According to the recommendations (RDA) of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
dietary intake of phosphorus age categories:

0 to 6 months: 100 mg daily
7 to 12 months: 275 mg daily
1 to 3 years: 460 mg daily
4 to 8 years: 500 mg daily
9 to 18 years: 1250 mg per day
Adults: 700 mg per day
Pregnant and lactating women:
Under 18: 1250 mg per day
Over 18: 700 mg per day
Upper allowable level Phosphorus intake is 3-4 g per day.

Phosphorus deficiency. hypophosphatemia

Because phosphorus is so widely distributed in foods, dietary phosphorus deficiency or phosphorus deficiency (hypophosphatemia) is usually seen only in cases of almost complete starvation. However, certain diseases such as diabetes, Crohn's disease, and celiac disease can lead to a drop in phosphorus levels in the body. In addition, certain drugs (antacids and diuretics ()) can lower the level of phosphorus.

Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms
● Appetite loss, weakness, fatigue, weight change
● restlessness, irritability, irregular breathing
● bone and joint pain, bone fragility, numbness, tingling in the limbs
● rickets (in children), osteomalacia (in adults)
● increased susceptibility to infections,

Interactions that reduce the level of phosphorus in the body

● Alcohol promotes the leaching of phosphorus from bones, thereby causing a decrease in phosphorus levels.
● Antacids - drugs intended for the treatment of acid-related diseases gastrointestinal tract through neutralization of hydrochloric acid, which is part of gastric juice. Antacids containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium (such as Almagel, Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, and Alternagel) can bind phosphate in the intestines, preventing the body from absorbing phosphorus. Long-term use of these drugs can lead to low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia).
● Some anticonvulsants(including phenobarbital, carbamazepine, Tegretol) may decrease phosphorus levels and increase levels alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme that promotes the removal of phosphate from the body.
● drugs (cholestyramine (questran), colestipol (colestide)), may reduce oral absorption of phosphate from food or supplements. Therefore, phosphate nutritional supplements should be taken at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after taking these drugs.
● Corticosteroids, including prednisolone or methylprednisolone (Medrol), increase urinary phosphorus levels.
● High doses of insulin can lower phosphorus levels in people with diabetic ketoacidosis (a condition caused by severe insulin deficiency).
● The use of phosphorus supplements along with potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone (Aldactone), triamterene (Dyrenium)) can lead to hyperkalemia (an excess of potassium in the blood) and as a result to a violation heart rate(arrhythmias).
● ACE inhibitors drugs for the treatment of high blood pressure can lead to a decrease in phosphorus levels. They include: Benazepril (Lotensin), Captopril (Capoten), Enalapril (Vasotec), Fosinopril (Monopril), Lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil), Quinapril (Accupril), Ramipril (Altace).
● Other drugs may lower phosphorus levels. Cyclosporine (used to suppress the immune system), cardiac glycosides (digoxin), heparins (blood thinners), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen or Advil). Salt substitutes also contain high levels of potassium and long-term use can cause a decrease in phosphorus levels.

High levels of phosphorus in the body

Having too much phosphorus in the body is actually more alarm symptom than its deficiency.
High levels of phosphorus in the blood occur only in people with severe kidney disease or severe dysfunction of calcium regulation, and may be associated with calcification (calcification, deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues).
A high level of phosphorus in the body is possible with excessive consumption of phosphorus and low calcium intake.
Some studies show that more high consumption phosphorus is associated with increased risk cardiovascular disease. As the amount of phosphorus you eat rises, so does the need for calcium. A balance between calcium and phosphorus is essential for proper bone density and the prevention of osteoporosis.

Food sources of phosphorus

Phosphorus is found in food products animal origin because it essential component animal proteins. Dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, eggs are especially rich in phosphorus.
Phosphorus in all plant seeds (beans, peas, cereals, cereals and nuts) is present in the form phytic acid or phytates. Phytic acid reduces the bioavailability of total phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and many other minerals. Only about 50% of phosphorus from phytates is available to humans because the body lacks an enzyme (phytase) that is able to release phosphorus from phytate.
Cereals, like legumes, contain phytic acid in the whole grain, but most of all in its shells. This acid combines with certain minerals present in the gut to form insoluble phytates. This prevents the absorption of minerals in our body (they talk about demineralization). Fortunately, under phytase(an enzyme that is activated in bread sourdough) phytic acid is destroyed. The higher the percentage of flour purification, the more content phytic acid. The more the dough is fermented, the more time the sourdough phytase has to release minerals from its association with phytic acid. In addition, the process of dough fermentation is, as it were, a digestion process that begins outside the stomach. Sourdough bread is easier to digest than yeast bread, which undergoes alcoholic fermentation during the rise of the dough.
Phosphorus is also a component of many polyphosphate food additives and is present in most soft drinks as phosphoric acid.
Fruits and vegetables contain only not a large number of phosphorus.

Phosphorus content in food:
Milk, skimmed, 240 ml glass - 247 mg
Yogurt, plain fat-free, 240 ml glass - 385 mg
Mozzarella cheese, 100 g - 400 mg
Boiled egg, 1 piece - 104 mg
Beef cooked, 100g - 173 mg
Chicken cooked, 100g - 155 mg
Turkey cooked, 100g - 173 mg
Fish, halibut, cooked, 100g - 242 mg
Fish, salmon cooked, 100g - 252 mg
Bread, whole wheat, 1 slice - 57 mg
Bread, enriched white, 1 slice - 25 mg
Cola carbonated drinks, 350 ml - 40 mg
Almonds, 23 nuts (30 g) - 134 mg
Peanuts, 30 g - 107 mg
Lentils, 1/2 cup, cooked 178 mg

Phosphorus and Diet

Balance of calcium and phosphorus
Nutritionists recommend a balance of calcium and phosphorus in the diet. For example, a typical Western diet contains approximately 2 to 4 times more phosphorus than calcium. Meat and poultry contain 10 to 20 times more phosphorus than calcium, and carbonated drinks such as colas contain 500 mg of phosphorus per serving. When the body has more phosphorus than calcium, calcium is washed out of the bones. This can lead to osteoporosis (brittle bones) and to tooth decay and gum disease.

Calcium and Vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D are responsible for regulating the balance of calcium and phosphorus. A slight decrease in the level of calcium in the blood (for example, in the case of insufficient consumption calcium) leads to increased secretion of PTH. PTH stimulates the conversion of vitamin D to its active form (calcitriol) in the kidneys. An increase in calcitriol levels, in turn, leads to an increase in intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D stimulate the resorption (destruction) of bone tissue, resulting in the release of bone tissue (calcium and phosphate) into the blood, increased excretion of phosphorus in the urine. As a result increased excretion phosphorus in the urine, the level of calcium in the blood rises to normal.

A diet high in fructose
A study in 11 adult males found that a diet high in fructose (20% of total calories) resulted in an increase in urinary phosphorus and a negative body phosphorus balance (daily loss of phosphorus exceeded the daily intake in the diet). This effect was more pronounced when the diet was also low in magnesium.

Available Phosphorus Supplement Forms

Elemental phosphorus (phosphorus) is a white or yellow waxy substance that oxidizes to a pale green glow (chemiluminescence) when exposed to air. Phosphorus is very toxic (causes damage to bones, bone marrow, necrosis of the jaws). The lethal dose of white phosphorus for an adult male is 0.05-0.1 g. In medicine, elemental phosphorus is used only in.
As food additives of phosphorus, inorganic phosphates are used, which are not toxic when usual doses:
● Monopotassium phosphate or monobasic potassium phosphate KH 2 PO 4
● Dibasic potassium phosphate K 2 HPO 4
● Monobasic sodium phosphate NaH 2 PO 4
● Dibasic sodium phosphate Na 2 HPO 4
● Sodium orthophosphate or tribasic sodium phosphate Na 3 PO 4
● Phosphatidylcholine
● Phosphatidylserine

Most people do not need to take phosphorus supplements, the required amount healthy body receives from food.
Sometimes athletes use phosphate supplements before competition or hard training to reduce fatigue and muscle pain.
Phosphates are also used as laxative enemas.

Precautionary measures
Due to possible side effects and interactions with medicines you should only take nutritional supplements under supervision knowledgeable doctor.
Too much phosphate can cause diarrhea, contribute to the deposition of calcium salts in any soft tissues or organs (calcification), affect the body's ability to use, calcium, and magnesium.

What foods contain phosphorus? How is the story of its discovery related to the mythical Philosopher's Stone? How many mg is the daily requirement? What functions does it perform in the body? Symptoms of deficiency and excess.

Phosphorus is not found in pure form, because it is characterized by high chemical activity, due to which it quickly interacts with other elements. It was identified in 1669 by the alchemist Hennig Brand, who dreamed of discovering a mythical philosopher's stone capable of miraculously turning metals into gold. In his experiments, Brand used the method of settling and evaporating urine, as a result of which yellowish crystals appeared in the sediment, glowing in the dark - phosphorus. And only at the end of the 19th century, scientists found out that phosphorus is remarkable not only as an amazing luminous crystal, it is also a chemical element useful for humans.

What are the functions of phosphorus in the human body?

1. Together with calcium, it forms the main mineral complex bone tissue - oxyapatite.
2. It is part of the phospholipids that are found in lipoprotein cell membranes and subcellular organelles.
3. It is part of nucleic acids and nucleotides (DNA and RNA).
4. Provides a number of enzymatic processes, participating in most coenzymes.
5. Helps the body to receive energy thanks to its macroergic compounds - ATP and creatine phosphate (they accumulate energy released during oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis).
6. Supports acid-base balance.

Daily requirement of phosphorus

For an adult is 1600 mg. Women need an increased need during pregnancy and lactation (1800-2000 mg), as well as athletes during intensive physical activity. You should know that the ratio of phosphorus and calcium entering the body should be 1:2 (i.e. Ca is 2 times more than P).

Phosphorus deficiency in the human body

The cause of phosphorus deficiency may be long-term use antacids medicines(reducing acidity). As a result of such a deficiency, a person develops pain in the bones and muscles, weakness, periodontal disease, and caries. Other reasons may be:

• diet food with low content squirrel;
• increased intake of iron, magnesium, barium, aluminum, calcium;
• alcoholism;
• endocrine diseases;
• chronic kidney disease;
• the use of lemonade in large quantities.

Excess

An overabundance is typical if the diet is dominated by fish, meat and grain products. All this leads to a decrease in bone density (osteoporosis), due to which fractures appear even with a slight physical impact. If there is a lot of phosphorus in the body, then calcium begins to be absorbed worse by the intestines, and vitamin D is more slowly converted to its active form. As a result, there is an intensive leaching of calcium from the body (bone and dental tissue).

Phosphorus compounds are very important for human body. This macronutrient is responsible for the activity of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, as well as for correct formation bone tissues.

The role of phosphorus in the human body

In addition to the above functions of phosphorus, it also regulates the formation of certain hormonal elements, and also takes part in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. In addition, it contributes to the constant maintenance acid environment organism. Among other vital necessary functions phosphorus should be called:

• improving kidney function;
• regulation of metabolism;
• education vital energy for the functioning of the heart and the whole body;
• participation in cell division;
• strengthening teeth, gums and bones;
• control of the functioning of the nervous system.

As with most macronutrients, common foods high in phosphorus include:

• legumes and various cereals;
• nuts and seeds;
• cheese and cottage cheese;
• fish, brains and liver (beef);
• parsley and spinach;
• carrots and;
• white dried mushrooms, bread and potatoes.

Daily dose of phosphorus

It is important to emphasize that the body needs this macronutrient in accordance with physiological features person. If for adults such a norm will be its amount of 1-2 g, then it is twice as high for women (before and after childbirth). If we are talking about children and adolescents, then its sufficient amount for them reaches 1.5 g.

If this macronutrient is not enough in the body, then a person has constant weakness, drowsiness and total loss appetite, which leads to physical exhaustion of the body. In addition, phosphorus deficiency provokes and nervous exhaustion as a result of which a person's psyche is disturbed. Due to the insufficient amount of this trace element, the myocardium changes its structure, which increases the risk of a heart attack.

Excess phosphorus in the human body

Too much phosphorus can provoke a whole range of problems and diseases that are almost impossible to completely cure. It's about about the occurrence of a lack of calcium, urolithiasis, various diseases skin.

How is phosphorus absorbed in the human body

This macronutrient is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine with the assistance of elements such as potassium, magnesium, iron, as well as such activators of its absorption, vitamins can be, and. In addition, in order for the body to better absorb phosphorus, the presence of certain enzymes and necessarily proteins is necessary. Important for its absorption is its combination with calcium, which enhances this process by almost two times. As for those substances that, on the contrary, inhibit the process of assimilation of phosphorus, they are aluminum, estrogens, corticosteroids, thyroxine and androgens.

Indications for the use of phosphorus

The use of this macronutrient is extremely important for the body to function properly. He participates in life necessary processes that ensure the proper functioning of the main body systems. In addition, phosphorus is the main macro-element, a source of human vital energy, without which he cannot do in any way.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that every cell in the body needs to carry out their normal functions. Most of the phosphorus in the body is found as phosphate (PO 4). About 85% of the body's phosphorus is found in the bones. How does phosphorus affect human health?

Phosphorus and its effect on the human body

Like calcium, phosphorus is the most abundant mineral in the body. These 2 important nutrients work closely together for strong bones and teeth. About 85% of the body's phosphorus is found in bones and teeth, but it is also present in cells and tissues throughout the body.

Phosphorus helps filter out waste products in the kidneys and plays an important role in how the body uses energy. It also helps reduce muscle soreness after a hard workout. Phosphorus is essential for the growth, repair and "repair" of all tissues and cells, and for the production of genetic building blocks, DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is also needed to help balance and utilize other vitamins and minerals including vitamin D, iodine, magnesium and zinc.

The use of phosphorus for the treatment

• Phosphates (phosphorus) are used clinically to treat the following diseases
• Hypophosphatemia, low levels of phosphorus in the body
• hypercalcemia, high level calcium in the blood
• Calcium at the heart of kidney stones

These ailments require a mandatory examination by a doctor.

Phosphates are used in the same way in enemas as laxatives. Most people get plenty of phosphorus in their diet. Athletes sometimes use phosphate supplements before competition or hard training to help relieve muscle soreness and reduce fatigue, although it's not clear how much this helps or improves performance.

Phosphorus in the diet

Most people get plenty of phosphorus in their diet. Mineral phosphorus supplements are found in milk, grains, and protein-rich foods. Certain medical circumstances such as diabetes, fasting, alcoholism can cause the body's phosphorus levels to drop.

The same applies to conditions that prevent people from absorbing nutrients diseases such as Crohn's disease and celiac disease. Some medications can cause a decrease in phosphorus levels, including some antacids and diuretics (diuretics).

Phosphorus uptake

Phosphorus is absorbed more efficiently than calcium. Almost 70 percent of phosphorus is absorbed from the intestines, although this rate depends on calcium and vitamin D levels and the activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium. Most of the phosphorus is deposited in the bones, a little goes to the teeth, and the rest is contained in cells and tissues. A lot of phosphorus is found in red blood cells. Plasma phosphorus contains about 3.5 mg. (3.5 mg of phosphorus per 100 ml of plasma), and total phosphorus in the blood is 30-40 mg.

In the body, the level of this mineral is regulated by the kidneys, which are also under the influence of PTH. Phosphorus absorption can be reduced by antacids, iron, aluminum, or magnesium, which can form insoluble phosphates that are excreted in the feces. Caffeine causes an increase in the excretion of phosphorus by the kidneys.

Protein-rich foods such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, and legumes are good source phosphorus. Other sources include whole grain, potatoes, dried fruits, garlic, as well as carbonated drinks.

Since phosphorus is found in all cells, it is easy to find foods, especially those of animal origin, that can provide the body with phosphorus. Most protein foods are high in phosphorus. Meat, fish, chicken, turkey, milk, cheese and eggs contain significant amounts. Most red meat and poultry contain much more phosphorus than calcium, 10 to 20 times more, while fish usually contains about 2 or 3 times more phosphorus than calcium. Dairy products contain a more balanced calcium-phosphorus ratio.

Seeds and nuts also contain high levels of phosphorus (though much less calcium), as do whole grains, brewer's yeast, wheat germ, and bran. Most fruits and vegetables contain some phosphorus and can help balance the phosphorus to calcium ratio in a healthy diet.

Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms include loss of appetite, anxiety, bone pain, brittle bones, stiff joints, fatigue, shortness of breath, irritability, numbness, weakness, and weight changes. In children, this is a decrease in growth and the destruction of bones and teeth.

Too much phosphorus in the body is actually more of a concern than too little. Too much phosphorus is usually caused by kidney disease or by people consuming too much dietary phosphorus and not enough dietary calcium.

Some studies show that higher phosphorus intake is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. As the amount of phosphorus increases, there is a greater need for calcium. A delicate balance between calcium and phosphorus is essential for proper bone density and the prevention of osteoporosis.

Available Forms of Phosphorus

Elemental phosphorus is a white or yellow waxy substance that burns on contact with air. Phosphorus is highly toxic and is used in medicine only as a homeopathic treatment. For this reason, you should only take phosphorus supplements under the guidance of qualified specialist. Instead of this, medical workers may use one or more of the following inorganic phosphates, which are non-toxic at typical normal doses:

• Dibasic potassium phosphate
• Dibasic Potassium Phosphate
• Dibasic sodium phosphate
• Monosodium phosphate
• Tribasic sodium phosphate
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Phosphatidylserine

Pediatric doses of phosphorus

Doses of phosphorus for adults

Phosphorus for the elderly (51 years and older)

There is currently no evidence that phosphorus doses for the elderly are different from those for younger people (700 mg/day). While some multivitamin/ mineral supplements contain more than 15% of the current daily phosphorus intake, a varied diet can easily provide an adequate phosphorus intake for most older adults.

Nutritional interactions of phosphorus with other elements

Fructose

A US study of 11 adult males found that a diet high in fructose (20% of total number calories) led to an increase in their Bladder, loss of phosphorus, and negative phosphorus balance (for example, daily phosphorus losses were higher than its daily intake). This effect was more pronounced when the men's diet contained low levels of magnesium.

A potential mechanism for this effect is the absence feedback inhibition of fructose conversion in the liver. In other words, fructose-1-phosphate accumulates in cells, but this compound does not inhibit the enzyme that phosphorylates fructose, which consumes large amounts of phosphate. This phenomenon is known as phosphate uptake.

conclusions this study important as fructose consumption in the US has been growing faster since the introduction of high-fructose corn syrup in 1970, while magnesium consumption has declined over the past century.

Calcium and Vitamin D

Phosphorus is readily absorbed in the small intestine and any excess phosphorus is excreted through the kidneys. The regulation of blood calcium and phosphorus are interrelated through the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. A slight decrease in blood calcium levels (for example, in case of insufficient calcium intake) is perceived by the parathyroid glands, which leads to increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

This hormone stimulates the conversion of vitamin D to its active form (calcitriol) in the kidneys.

An increase in the level of calcitriol, in turn, leads to an increase in intestinal absorption of trace elements such as calcium and phosphorus. Both substances - parathyroid hormone - PTH - and vitamin D - stimulate bone resorption, resulting in an increase in the level of bone tissue (calcium and phosphate) in the blood. Although PTH results lead to stimulation and decreased calcium excretion, this results in increased urinary phosphorus excretion.

Increasing urinary phosphorus excretion is beneficial, causing blood calcium levels to drop to normal, because high blood phosphate levels inhibit the conversion of vitamin D to its active form in the kidneys.

How high is phosphorus intake bad for bone health?

Some researchers are concerned about the increase in phosphate in food, which can be attributed to phosphoric acid in soft drinks and phosphate supplements in a number of foods. Since phosphorus is not as tightly regulated by the body as calcium, serum level Phosphate levels may rise slightly with high phosphorus, especially after a meal.

High levels of phosphate in the blood reduce the production of active form vitamin D (calcitriol) in the kidneys, decreased blood calcium and may lead to increased PTH release parathyroid glands. However, high levels of phosphorus can also lead to decreased urinary calcium excretion. Elevated PTH levels can adverse effect on bones with a mineral content, but this effect was observed only in people sitting on diets high in phosphorus and low in calcium.

In addition, similarly elevated levels PTH has been reported in diets low in calcium but low in phosphorus. In a recent study of young women, scientists found no adverse effects of a phosphorus-rich diet (3,000 mg/day). It did not adversely affect bone, hormone levels, and biochemical markers of bone resorption, even when dietary calcium intake was maintained to nearly 2,000 mg/day.

There is currently no conclusive evidence that dietary phosphorus can adversely affect bone mineral density. However, replacing phosphate-containing soft drinks and snack foods with milk and other calcium-rich foods does serious danger for bone health.

Possible phosphorus interactions

If you are currently being treated with any of the drugs listed below, you should not use phosphorus drugs without first talking to your doctor.

Alcohol

Alcohol can leach phosphorus from bones and cause low levels in the body.

Antacids

Anticonvulsants

Some anticonvulsants (including phenobarbital and carbamazepine or Tegretol) can lower phosphorus levels and increase alkaline phosphatase levels, an enzyme that helps remove phosphate from the body.

bile acid

Bile acid preparations lower cholesterol levels. They may decrease oral absorption of phosphate from food or supplements. Oral phosphate supplements should be taken, according to at least, 1 hour before or 4 hours after these drugs. Bile acid includes:

1. Cholestyramine (Questran)
2. Colestipol (Colestid)
3. Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids, including prednisolone or methylprednisolone (Medrol), increase urinary phosphorus levels.

High doses of insulin can lower phosphorus levels in people with diabetic ketoacidosis (a condition caused by severe insulin deficiency).

Potassium or potassium-sparing diuretics

Using phosphorus supplements along with potassium or potassium-sparing diuretics can lead to too much potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia). Hyperkalemia can become a serious problem, resulting in life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Potassium and potassium-sparing diuretics include:

• Spironolactone (Aldactone)
• Triamterene (Dyrenium)
• ACE inhibitors (blood pressure medicine)

These are drugs called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) used to treat high blood pressure and can lower phosphorus levels. These include:

1. Benazepril (Lotensin)
2. Captopril (capoten)
3. Enalapril (Vasotec)
4. Fosinopril (monopril)
5. Lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil)
6. Quinapril (Accupril)
7. Ramipril (Altace)

Other medicines

Other drugs can also lower phosphorus levels. These include cyclosporine (used to suppress the immune system), cardiac glycosides (digoxin or Lanoxin), heparins (blood thinners), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen or Advil).

Salt substitutes that also contain high levels of potassium and phosphorus can lead to low levels when used long term.

Precautionary measures

Due to possible side effects and drug interactions with prescription and over-the-counter medications, you should only take Phosphorus supplements under the supervision of a knowledgeable physician.

Too much phosphate can be toxic to the body. This can lead to diarrhea and calcification of organs and soft tissues, and can interfere with the body's ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Athletes and other people with great physical activity may take phosphate supplements, but should do so only occasionally and under the guidance and direction of a physician.

Nutritionists recommend a balance of calcium and phosphorus in the diet. The typical Western diet, however, contains about 2 to 4 times more phosphorus than calcium. Meat and poultry contain 10 to 20 times more phosphorus, calcium, and carbonated drinks such as cola, which contains 500 mg of phosphorus per serving. When the body has more phosphorus than calcium, the body will use the calcium stored in the bones.

This can cause osteoporosis (brittle bones) and lead to gum and tooth disease. A balance of dietary calcium and phosphorus may reduce the risk of osteoporosis.