How to cure convulsive syndrome. Convulsive syndrome in adults causes

convulsive syndrome - pathological reaction in response to various physical stimuli. Convulsive syndrome in children is characterized by episodes of sudden attacks of contractions of muscle structures. Episodes of pathology occur in the first three years of a child's life, but there is also a convulsive syndrome in newborns.

At severe symptoms assistance should be provided for convulsive syndrome. Treatment should be complex: intensive therapy for convulsive syndrome is carried out.

Etiology

The lesion appears against the background of altered activity of neuronal elements. Most often there is a convulsive syndrome in children, but seizures can also occur in adults. There is a pathology in a newborn.

The etiology is quite diverse:

• birth defects;
• damage to structures nervous system;
• hereditary diseases;
• tumor neoplasms;
• regulation failures.

The causes of convulsive syndrome are often associated with prolonged stress. Convulsive syndrome in adults occurs with frequent stressful situations, an unstable psychological state.

The causes of the pathology differ significantly depending on the age of the person:

• in children under 10 years of age, the problem is provoked by head injuries, CNS damage, hyperthermic convulsive syndrome occurs (this real reasons convulsive syndrome in children);
• 11–25 years old - cancer, traumatism;
• 26–60 years old - oncoprocesses, metastatic and inflammatory processes brain;
• after 60 years - drug overdose, defeat, often occurs as a complication after.

The manifestation of the syndrome may be due to a number of reasons that need to be determined before starting therapy.

Classification

Contractions of muscle elements in pathology may have different character. So, local cramps apply only to a certain muscle group. Generalized convulsions are significantly different - they cover the entire body.

According to the clinical features, seizures are:

• clonic manifestations;
• tonic;
• clonic-tonic.

Each variety has its own characteristics, which facilitates the diagnosis.

Symptoms

A typical seizure is characterized by a sudden onset:

• the child abruptly loses contact with the external environment;
• wandering glance;
• floating movements of the eyeballs.

In the tonic phase of a convulsive attack, the symptoms change somewhat. Often there is a short-term clinic. It is noted. It is important to stop the attack during this period. First aid for convulsive syndrome will help alleviate the patient's condition.

The clonic phase is characterized by recovery, individual twitches of mimic elements.

Convulsive syndrome in premature babies often manifests itself as a form of febrile convulsions, which are typical for babies under 3-5 years old. The attack lasts up to five minutes, the body temperature rises to 38 ° C.

Alcoholic seizures are common in adolescents and adults. Against the background of intensive rapidly developing loss of consciousness, vomiting, foam appears from the mouth.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of convulsive syndrome can only be made after a comprehensive examination.

The algorithm of actions in the survey plays important role. Taking anamnesis is extremely important. Instrumental and laboratory studies are required:

• x-ray of the skull;
• rheoencephalogram;
• neurosonography;
• diaphanoscopy;

It is necessary to perform a study of blood and urine.

Always held differential diagnosis with poisoning, epilepsy.

Treatment

Based solely on the results of the survey, an individual strategy and scheme of drug therapy is selected.

convulsive syndrome requires intensive care. Mandatory item - complete and proper diet for the speedy recovery of the body.

The diet for neurological lesions has a number of features. During the week, the patient will have to eat often, but little by little. During medical nutrition it is important to categorically refuse fatty, fried, smoked, you need to include more vitamin elements in the diet. This is the foundation complex treatment pathology in children and adults. Treatment of convulsive syndrome is possible only in the complex.

Therapy in children and adults begins with the identification of the provoking factor. According to experts, the first step successful therapy- timely diagnosis. The sooner something is wrong, the greater the chance of a successful victory over the disease - this is the only way to prevent severe episodes of relapse.

At the slightest suspicion of convulsions, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive examination and personal inspection. Emergency care allows you to quickly stabilize the condition.

The following treatment is used:

• sedative medications (Seduxen, Trioxazine, Andaxin);
• with severe seizures, parenteral use of special medications will be required (drugs for relief - Droperidol, Sodium hydroxybutyrate).

Similar medications are used to relieve convulsive syndrome in children, but in smaller dosages (the calculation is carried out in accordance with the severity of the condition and weight).

It is important to adhere to the stages of treatment. Convulsive syndrome in alcoholism can be treated in conjunction with other specialists. For example, a consultation with a narcologist, a psychologist is required.

First aid for seizures is important. The patient must be protected from objects that can hit, provide access to fresh air and put the person on his side to prevent asphyxiation by vomit or saliva. Calling an ambulance is required. Relief of convulsive syndrome folk remedies rarely done.

Prevention

To prevent an attack, fevers and hyperthermia in babies should not be allowed.

Syndrome prevention includes adequate and timely treatment of the underlying disease.

Any disease can and should be prevented. This is much easier to do than to treat a full-fledged disease later.

• minimize nervous shocks, avoid overexcitation - it has been proven that it is precisely emotional exhaustion that leads to exacerbations;
• eat right, include more in your diet fresh vegetables and fruits;
• avoid alcohol, tobacco, narcotic substances;
• to engage in dosed physical activity.

This diagnosis is made in the presence of seizures. It is important to provide adequate assistance and full-fledged therapy in order to reduce the clinic and prevent the development of complications.

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Diseases with similar symptoms:

Jaundice - pathological process, the formation of which is influenced by a high concentration of bilirubin in the blood. The disease can be diagnosed in both adults and children. call like this pathological condition capable of any disease, and they are all completely different.

Infectious-toxic shock is a non-specific pathological condition caused by the influence of bacteria and the toxins they secrete. Such a process may be accompanied various violations- metabolic, neuroregulatory and hemodynamic. This state human body is an emergency and requires immediate treatment. The disease can affect absolutely anyone, regardless of gender and age group. AT international classification diseases (ICD 10), toxic shock syndrome has its own code - A48.3.

Meningitis is an infectious disease, the course of which is characterized by extensive inflammation of the spinal cord and brain; various types of viruses and bacteria act as its causative agents. Meningitis, the symptoms of which appear depending on the specific type of pathogens, occurs either suddenly or within a few days from the moment of infection.

Convulsions are sudden involuntary attacks of tonic-clonic contractions of skeletal muscles, often accompanied by loss of consciousness.

The most common causes of seizures in children are:

Infectious:

Meningitis or meningoencephalitis;

Neurotoxicosis against the background of SARS;

Febrile convulsions.

Metabolic:

Hypoglycemic seizures;

Hypocalcemic seizures.

Hypoxic:

Affective-respiratory convulsions;

With hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy;

With severe respiratory failure;

With severe circulatory failure;

With coma III of any etiology, etc.

Epileptic:

Idiopathic epilepsy.

Structural:

Against the background of various organic changes in the central nervous system (tumors, injuries, developmental anomalies, etc.).

Seizures are always accompanied by cerebral edema.

According to the nature of muscle contraction, convulsions classify into clonic, tonic and mixed. Clonic convulsions - short-term contractions and relaxation individual groups muscles following one after another and leading to stereotyped fast movements with different amplitudes. Tonic convulsions are prolonged (up to 3 minutes or more) muscle contractions, as a result of which a forced position of the trunk and limbs is created. With a mixed nature of seizures, there are 2 options. In the case of the predominance of the tonic component in the muscle contraction, convulsions are defined as tonic-clonic, and with a pronounced clonic component - as clonic-tonic.

According to the prevalence, seizures are divided into localized in one muscle or muscle group and generalized, capturing many muscles. Depending on the frequency of occurrence, seizures are divided into episodic and permanent. The latter, in turn, are characterized as periodic (serial) and convulsive status.

The section discusses the features of emergency care for the most common in children convulsive states- febrile convulsions.

Febrile convulsions.

Febrile convulsions - convulsions that occur when the body temperature rises above 38 ° C during an infectious disease (acute respiratory diseases, influenza, otitis media, pneumonia, etc.). They are observed, as a rule, in children under the age of 5 years, the peak of the disease occurs in the first year of life. Most often, perinatal damage to the central nervous system predisposes to their occurrence.

There is a family predisposition to febrile seizures, which is associated with loci 8q13-21, 19p, 2q23-24, 5q14-15.

Clinical diagnostics.

Characteristic signs of febrile seizures:

usually convulsions are observed at the height of the temperature and stop along with its fall, do not last long - from several seconds to several minutes;

generalized tonic-clonic seizures are characteristic, accompanied by loss of consciousness, unilateral and partial seizures develop less often, there are no focal neurological disorders;

anticonvulsants are rarely required, antipyretics have a good effect.

Differential Diagnosis febrile seizures in children is carried out, first of all, with a convulsive syndrome in meningitis and meningoencephalitis, which is characterized by the following clinical manifestations:

meningeal symptoms - Kernig, Brudzinsky, Guillain, Lessage, tripod symptom, stiff neck;

hyperesthesia - hypersensitivity to loud speech, light, touch, especially injections;

early detection of focal symptoms (may be absent in meningitis) local convulsions, paresis, paralysis, sensitivity disorders, symptoms of cranial nerve damage (drooping of the corner of the mouth, smoothing of the nasolabial fold, strabismus, hearing loss, vision), etc.;

gradual development of coma;

with meningoencephalitis, the peak of a convulsive attack is usually not associated with hyperthermia, often requires repeated injections anticonvulsants.

Urgent care on the prehospital stage:

Call for an ambulance (if it is not possible to use this type of assistance, take care of the readiness of other available transport).

Lay the patient on his side, turn his head to one side and take it back to facilitate breathing, provide access fresh air; restore breathing: clear oral cavity and throat from mucus. Jaws should not be forcibly opened because of the risk of damage to the teeth and aspiration.

Carry out simultaneously anticonvulsant and antipyretic therapy:

inject a 0.5% solution (5 mg in 1 ml) of seduxen at a dose of 0.1 - 0.2 mg / kg (0.02-0.04 ml / kg) intravenously or intramuscularly into the muscles of the bottom of the cavity mouth in 5-10 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution; for repeated administration (maximum 0.6 mg / kg in 8 hours or 4.0 ml per day).

As a means of first, but short-term aid can be used magnesium sulfate 25% - 0.2 ml / kg IM or IV (but not more than 5 ml) - single dose, in 5-10 ml of 5% glucose solution or 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

If there is no effect after 20 minutes, repeat the administration of Seduxen at a dose of 2/3 of the initial one.

With the resumption of seizures, prescribe a 20% solution of sodium oxybutyrate (gamma hydroxybutyric acid - GHB) at a dose of 0.25-0.5 ml / kg (50-100 mg / kg) intramuscularly or intravenously slowly in 10-20 ml 5-10 % glucose solution or 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

Antipyretic therapy.

When convulsive syndrome is not used: cordiamin - excitation of the central nervous system, increased convulsive syndrome; caffeine - generalized excitation of the central nervous system.

Children with convulsive syndrome are subject to mandatory hospitalization (in the intensive care unit of the somatic department or intensive care unit). Hospitalization of a child with febrile convulsions that developed against the background of an infectious disease in the infectious department. If the patient is transported to the hospital by improvised transport, the child must be accompanied by a local doctor.

hospital stage:

Ensure free airway patency, oxygen therapy with 100% oxygen.

Ensuring venous access.

If seduxen is ineffective, slowly inject GHB 20% - 0.5-0.75 ml / kg intravenously, repeat after 3-4 hours or ultrashort-acting barbiturates (thiopental-sodium 10%, hexenal - 0.1 ml / kg in / m every 3 hours, per day 0.8 ml / kg).

Maintenance infusion therapy - 40 ml / kg, 10% glucose solution, reopoliglyukin, reogluman is used.

Dexazon IV up to a year - 4 mg, older than a year - 6 mg.

Repeated convulsions are an indication for lumbar puncture, 0.5 ml / kg of CSF is excreted, but not more than 7 ml at a time.

To reduce elevated intracranial pressure- glycerin 1 ml/kg orally in half with water, mannitol 1 g/kg rectally.

If there is no effect, muscle relaxants are used, the trachea is intubated, the child is transferred to a ventilator, and anesthesia is given.

Episyndrome is characterized by recurrent, involuntary seizures and is described as a chronic neurological disorder.

The term epilepsy comes from a Greek word meaning "falling disease". This is a disease that affects the brain, causing repeated convulsions or "fits" in the patient, which cause them to fall. The initial description of this syndrome by Galen in 130-200:

Of course, epilepsy is a spasm of all parts of the body, and not continuous, like tetanus. Occurs at regular intervals. Epilepsy differs from spasm because the intellect and sensory perception are damaged. From this it becomes obvious that the origin of the disease is somewhere high in the brain.

For the first time, it can be quite a scary experience. However, don't panic. If you want to help a victim, there are two things you can do to save their life:

• First, make sure the person does not fall on objects that could hurt.
• The next thing to do is to make sure that Airways not blocked due to secretions or vomiting. To do this, it is best to turn the person on their side.

Seizures or seizures in young children are called febrile convulsions.

Usually occurs after the child has experienced a high fever. It does not cause brain damage, does not lead to an epileptic attack when the baby grows up. Usually ends when the child reaches the age of 6 years. It is important not to panic when your baby is experiencing a febrile seizure. Seek immediate medical attention.

EEG (Encephalogram)

Must be done to confirm epilepsy. Long term treatment required for control epileptic seizures. Seizures can usually be controlled with medication, but they cannot be cured. Surgery is used for severe cases when the pills don't work.

The reasons

Epileptic syndrome occurs due to impaired brain function. This is due to various reasons that vary from person to person.

The convulsive syndrome can be caused by known or unknown causes.

In many cases, the cause of seizures cannot be found despite all tests. In some other cases, such as genetics, the cause is found but cannot be completely eliminated.

These patients are controlled using antiepileptic drugs. In some other cases, such as a brain tumor, low level blood sugar, seizures stop after the cause is eliminated, provided that the brain is not damaged.

Some seizures are idiopathic, in other words, the cause cannot be identified. These seizures are more common among young people between the ages of 5 and 20. These people have no other neurological complaints but often have a family history.

Sometimes they are temporary, resulting from exposure to drugs, alcohol, or as a result of abnormal levels of sodium or glucose. In these cases, convulsions disappear after the underlying problem is eliminated.

Some of important reasons convulsive syndrome are listed below.

Developmental or congenital problems

Congenital malformations of the brain usually show up in infancy or childhood.

genetic

Mutations in genes can make a person more susceptible to seizures. Conditions such as Lafora's disease, epilepsy myoclonus, are caused by genetic abnormalities. What's more, these genetic abnormalities can make a person more prone to seizures if another precipitating factor is present, such as a head injury. Epilepsy of genetic origin sometimes runs in families, but depends on many factors, including type.

Natural or newborn injuries

During childbirth, head injuries that lead to seizures that appear in infancy or early childhood.

Brain injury, head

Causes abnormal brain tissue. Usually seen in young people. A head injury can lead to one seizure or epileptic syndrome within 2 years after it. Sometimes causes bleeding inside the skull, leading to convulsions.

Conditions that affect circulation

Disorders such as stroke that affect blood vessels, are the most common causes of seizures in the elderly. Heart attacks reduce the oxygen supply to the brain and can lead to seizures. Bleeding inside the skull reduces the blood supply and occurs at any age from infancy to adulthood.

Degenerative disorders

Such as Alzheimer's disease, can lead to seizures in the elderly. The features of these degenerative diseases are usually obvious.

• Hormonal changes during menstruation or pregnancy.
• Complications related to HIV — infection or other immune disorders . AIDS patients may suffer from them due to toxoplasmosis, cyptococcal meningitis, viral encephalitis, other infections.

Tumors

Brain damage leads to seizures, which can progress to more serious types. More common after 30 years. Seizures usually have focal character symptoms depend on the location of the tumor.

infections

Such as meningitis, encephalitis, neurosyphilis, brain abscess. They disappear after the infection is cured. Puncture is useful for diagnosing these infections.

Tapeworms

metabolic disorders

Metabolic disorders cause seizures in people of any age. Seizures can be controlled by treating the metabolic disorder.

Some of the diseases are listed below

• Diabetes. Low or high level blood sugar causes seizures in diabetics.
• kidney failure, elevated levels urea, accelerates the disease
• Electrolyte imbalance

Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria is hereditary disease when an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. It leads to a buildup of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood, which leads to seizures.

Symptoms in patients with classic phenylketonuria appear when the child is a few months old. In addition to seizures, the child develops behavioral problems, mental disorders. Excess phenylketonuria has a characteristic musty odor. The skin and hair are affected, and children may also suffer from eczema.

• nutritional deficiency
• Sensory stimuli such as light, sounds, and touch can trigger seizures. The "capture threshold", or the amount of stimulation that can trigger a seizure, is low in sufferers.
• Lack of sleep, taking certain doses of medication can also trigger a seizure.

Medicines, alcohol, poisons

Sudden cessation of alcohol and pills that affect the brain can precipitate generalized seizures. Attacks follow lead poisoning, carbon monoxide, antidepressants.

Febrile convulsions

Febrile seizures are caused by fever and are most common in children. Most children do not usually have a relapse unless there are predisposing factors.

Eclampsia

This is a life-threatening condition that occurs in some pregnant women. The patient suffers from a very high blood pressure and seizures during pregnancy. Usually does not lead to additional seizures after the end of pregnancy.

psychogenic seizures

Non-epileptic seizures are seizures that are not associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The condition is caused by the need for attention, stressful situation or a specific psychiatric condition. Seen by a psychiatrist.

Symptoms

Shakespeare describes epilepsy or "falling sickness" in the famous Roman statesman Julius Caesar in Act I, Scene II of Julius Caesar.

Epilepsy has been known as the disease of Hercules for over 2000 years because Hercules was known to have suffered from it. This is stated in the fifth main scene of Euripides' play Hercules Furens. Described in the following words: "And everyone is looking at a man who is numb and completely changed, whose reddened eyes curled up, from whose beard it drips."

The intensity of symptoms varies greatly among individuals. The type of seizure depends on a number of things, such as the part of the brain involved and the underlying cause. They range from simple eye rolls to blackouts.

Most patients experience the same symptoms over and over again, while others experience different symptoms every time. There are some disorders that cause seizure-like symptoms. These are panic attacks, transient ischemic attacks, other disorders that cause loss of consciousness.

An aura of strange sensations occurs in some people before the seizures. These sensations include tingling, detection strange smell, emotional changes. Seizures can occur continuously without explanation. Not all seizures are epilepsy. The term epilepsy is used when a person suffers from 2 or more apparently unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart.

Repeated seizures cause brain damage, so the cause must be diagnosed and treated. In some cases, when the cause is unknown, it is necessary to prevent recurrent attacks by taking daily medications.

Attacks can be focal (partial) or generalized. In partial seizures, twitching occurs in a limb or part of the body. These seizures occur when part of the brain is affected. On the other hand, generalized seizures affect the entire body. Generalized seizures occur when both sides of the brain are affected. The patient often loses consciousness

Some of the non-specific symptoms are:

• Headache;
• changes in energy or mood levels;
• Feeling dizzy;
• Loss of consciousness;
• Memory loss.

Different types of epilepsy and their symptoms

Types of generalized seizures

Tonic, clonic

Tense muscle contractions affecting the entire body. Loss of consciousness and foaming at the mouth are the main symptoms. Breathing stops temporarily.

The patient experiences a premonition just before an attack. This is followed by limb strengthening in the tonic phase. The tonic phase is followed by the clonic phase, in which the person begins to tremble and twitch. The patient may bite his tongue. This step is followed by deep dream. During a seizure, there is a loss of control bladder and intestines.

PETIT seizures. This type occurs mainly in childhood. It has very little or no body movement. During the episode, the individual simply blinks his eyes, then loses awareness of his surroundings.

Atonic. During an atonic seizure, muscle tone is lost, the person becomes flexible, and may fall.

Myoclonic. In myoclonic convulsions, the legs, arms, head, or whole body tremble in jerks, often after the patient has just woken up.

Single focal views

With this type, muscle contractions occur in a certain part of the body and abnormal sensations. Nausea, sweating, dilated pupils, reddening of the skin, changes in personality or emotions may also occur.

Simple partials. Simple partial seizures are when one part of the body - the face, arms, legs - is affected, but consciousness is not lost.

Complex. Complex partial seizures - localized with impaired consciousness.

An episyndrome is a condition in which the patient suffers from recurrent partial or generalized seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures.

Complications

Complications are usually the result of repeated or prolonged seizures. Injuries caused by falls, tongue biting, and accidents that occur while driving or operating machinery are life-threatening complications of a seizure. Side effects from drugs also lead to complications.

Diagnostics

A history of recurrent seizures may be indicative of a seizure disorder and qualifies for detailed study.

In some cases, a physical examination, including neuromuscular tests, is normal.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

EEG monitoring helps to confirm the presence various types seizures. This is the test used to register electrical activity brain. Should ideally be completed within the first 24 hours. It may be abnormal in an epileptic patient, even if he does not suffer from seizures.

brain scan

Computed tomography, MRI help to focus on the lesions that cause an attack. They detect structural abnormalities of the brain, such as tumors, cysts. A PET scan is used to monitor brain activity. SPECT scanning is sometimes used to localize the lesion.

Other studies

A physical examination and blood tests are done to rule out other temporary and reversible causes. These tests include:

• Complete blood count;
• blood glucose;
• Biochemical analysis;
• kidney, liver function tests;
• Definition infectious diseases
• Analysis cerebrospinal fluid(if necessary).

Blood tests help detect metabolic or genetic disease. They detect conditions such as infections, lead poisoning, anemia, and diabetes that trigger an attack.

Treatment

The highlight of the treatment is the elimination of the underlying cause and the exclusion of trigger factors.

If the epileptic syndrome is caused by an infection, it is treated. Surgical removal of the tumor helps control epilepsy in some people.

Depending on the type, antiepileptic drugs are provided: carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid. The dosage must be adjusted periodically.

In underdeveloped countries, WHO recommends the use of phenobarbital. Side effects of the drug are another factor that is always taken into account when administered. The reaction to the drug is individual. Some respond well to certain medications and poorly to others.

Seizures that do not respond to drugs are called refractory epilepsy.

This condition is treated surgical removal abnormal cells in the brain responsible for seizures. In some patients, implantation of vagal nerve stimulators helps control the frequency of attacks. Children with epilepsy are sometimes placed on a special diet, such as the ketogenic diet, to control or prevent seizures.

Wearing special bracelets helps to get immediate treatment. In developing countries, 35 million people suffer from an epileptic syndrome, of which 85% receive no treatment at all. As a result, they become victims of discrimination.

If you suffer from epilepsy

Be sure to take your medications regularly.
Conduct periodic medical examinations.
Keep your ID with you when you travel.
Tell your doctor about epilepsy before taking any new treatment.

What to do after an attack?

• If an attack occurs, call an ambulance immediately.
• Protect the person from injury. Don't try to stick a hard object like a spoon between your teeth, as you could do more damage than what you're trying to prevent.
• Clear the area of ​​furniture or other items that could cause fall injury.
• Do not try to hold the person during a seizure.
• Protect against inhalation of vomit or mucus by turning the person on their side and, if possible, head down.
• Turn the person on their side while they sleep after the seizure has ended.
• If the person stops breathing, turn them to the side so that the tongue does not interfere with breathing.
• If there is any injury resulting from a fall, appropriate treatment should be provided.

Precautions

• Don't try to stop the cramps.
• The patient must not be moved.
• Do not put anything in your mouth during an attack.
• Provide sufficient air circulation.
• Turn the patient to the side to prevent swallowing of the vomit.
• Pay attention to movements and changes to inform the doctor.
• Call the doctor if the cramp lasts longer.

Famous people with epilepsy

Epilepsy has been around for a very long time and is mentioned in old books and treatises. Millions of people, kings and beggars, became its victims. Condition has long history existence. The earliest description refers to 5 BC. E. In Mesapotamia.

Considering the times, the disease was associated with evil spirits and demons. Ancient physicians, such as Atreya (India), Hippocrates from Greece, drew attention to the fact that the disease is more associated with impaired brain function and less with evil spirits.

Despite scientific evidence, people with seizures continue to be stigmatized and prejudiced.

It is not true that epilepsy cripples a person for life. The list of individuals mentioned below provides sufficient evidence that seizures do not interfere with people and their achievements.

Some of famous people with epilepsy:

• Vincent van Gogh - Famous Dutch painter;
• Julius Caeser - Roman emperor;
• Lord Byron - English poet;
• Napoleon Bonaparte - French emperor;
• St. Paul is an apostle;
• Pope Pius IX - former pope
• Joan of Arc - French saint;
• Molière - French playwright;
• Alexander the Great;
• Greek philosopher Socrates - Greek
• Margot Hemingway - American actress

Frequently asked Questions

If a parent has epilepsy, will the child also get sick?

If a parent has epilepsy, often the child does not get it. It all depends on the type and cause of epilepsy in the parent. For example, if a parent suffers from a certain genetic form which may be inherited, the child may receive it.

If someone has a seizure, does that mean they have epilepsy?

Seizures are a change in state due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Given the circumstances (eg, blow to the head, intoxication, high fever), anyone can experience a seizure. The occurrence of a seizure in the presence of some factors leading to a physiological disorder does not mean that this will occur after the factor has been resolved.

When seizures recur without any apparent cause, a person may have epilepsy. This should be further confirmed by an EEG or CT scan.

What is the difference between seizures and epilepsy?

Seizures are a symptom of epilepsy. Having one seizure does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy. Heat, severe head trauma, lack of oxygen, and a number of other factors affect the brain enough to cause a seizure.

On the other hand, epilepsy is an underlying condition (or permanent brain damage).

Is epilepsy contagious?

No, epilepsy is not contagious.

What if there was only one attack?

When a person has never had a seizure before, it is necessary to see a doctor. He will make a diagnosis, prescribe treatment with drugs to prevent seizures, or wait and see if they recur. Age, family history, possible injuries are among the factors that are considered.

Why should seizures be avoided?

Seizures lead to brain damage. Thus, by preventing recurrences with medication, we prevent long-term brain damage.

GOU SPO Togliatti Medical College

Methodical development

lecture session

convulsive syndrome

Discipline:"Syndromic Pathology"

Speciality:060101 "Medicine"

Teacher: Andrianov B.A.

Reviewed and approved

at the meeting of the Central Committee No. 5

Protocol No. dated

CMC Chairman

Meshcheryakova M.D.

Topic:convulsive syndrome

Goals of the lecture.

Training: After studying this topic, the student should know:

Definition and essence of convulsive syndrome

The main causes of convulsive syndrome

The mechanism of development (pathogenesis) of convulsive syndrome

Types of seizures and classification of convulsive syndrome

The main diseases (nosological forms), accompanied by

convulsive syndrome

Educational : after studying this topic, the student should be aware of:

The need to study this topic and its relationship with further practical work

Its importance and the importance of the profession of a medical worker

Feeling of satisfaction from the acquired knowledge and skills

Motivation for cognitive activity

The lecture was prepared in a monologue version

Lesson time - 2 academic hours (90 min.)

Literature,

used to prepare a lecture

Chirkin A.A., Okorokov A.N., Goncharik I.I. Diagnostic Handbook of Therapist. Educational literature. Minsk, Belarus, 1994. - 688 p.

Tobultok G.D., Ivanova N.A. Syndromic pathology, differential diagnosis and pharmacotherapy. Textbook for students of medical schools and colleges. M.: FORUM - INFRA - M, 2004. - 336 p.

Smoleva E.V., Dygalo I.N., Barykina N.V., Apodiakos E.L. Syndromic pathology, differential diagnosis and pharmacotherapy. Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2004. - 640 p.

Nagnibeda A.N. Syndromic pathology, differential diagnosis and pharmacotherapy. Tutorial for medical colleges and schools. St. Petersburg: SPETSLIT, 2004. - 383p.

Convulsive syndrome

Lecture plan.

General concept and main causes of convulsive syndrome

2. General clinical manifestations of convulsive syndrome

3. The main diseases manifested by convulsive syndrome

4. Hyperkinesis. General presentation and individual syndromes

5. Features of convulsive syndrome in childhood

convulsive syndrome

General concept and main causes of convulsive syndrome

convulsive syndrome called a clinical syndrome characterized by tonic-clonic muscle contractions and a gross disorder of hemodynamics and liquorodynamics.

The basis of the convulsive syndrome is the involuntary contraction of a muscle group. Based on this definition, before setting out the main causes of seizures (they are given in sufficient detail in the textbook by G.D. Tobultok and N.A. Ivanova), I would like to classify the convulsive syndrome according to several main pathogenetic features. Thus, convulsions are:

- according to the mechanism of development of convulsive contractions: epileptic and non-epileptic;

- according to the duration of muscle contraction: myoclonic, clonic and tonic;

- by prevalence: generalized, unilateral and local (or, in other words, local and general).

The causes of convulsive contractions can be quite diverse, sometimes simply physiological.

Quite often there are painful cramps of some muscle groups or individual muscles. Usually they are associated with the occurrence of areas of local persistent spasm in the muscles under the influence of various causes, more often muscle overloads. Contributing factors in this case may be vascular and metabolic disorders. Such cramps occur at the time of muscle overload (the so-called "writer's spasm") or delayed (night cramp calf muscles) or reflexively in response to muscle stretch (for example, spasm of the external pterygoid muscle of the face when opening the mouth). Areas of local muscle spasm are palpable in the form of seals, pressure on which causes local and referred pain (trigger point) and often a spasm. Massage therapists often encounter such seals, “nodules”, when these “nodules” have to be kneaded.

In addition, convulsive muscle tension can begin involuntarily and last for some time (usually minutes), and often such tension is accompanied by sharp pain.

Similar cramps sometimes occur in the calf muscles in quite healthy person after a long walk, and also while swimming, especially in cold water. Such cramps that occur during movement can be removed by unbending the foot with one hand and at the same time kneading the muscles of the lower leg with the other. When such muscle tension in a lying or sitting position, you need to quickly get up and lean on your entire foot. If leg cramps occur while swimming, you should stop moving your legs and extend the foot with your healthy leg. Persons prone to such convulsions should not swim far. Abnormal spasmodic contractions (what we call "convulsive syndrome") also have many causes.

The main causes of convulsive syndrome:

Seizures associated with brain damage (genuine or true epilepsy, symptomatic epilepsy, Jacksonian epilepsy).

Convulsions associated with impaired calcium metabolism (hypoparathyroidism, enterogenic convulsions associated with impaired Ca absorption in the intestine, "renal" convulsions associated with increased excretion of Ca in renal failure).

Convulsions associated with a violation of the water-salt and acid-base balance(chloroprival tetany, hyperventilation tetany).

Convulsions associated with intoxication (poisoning with FOS, alcohol, etc., toxicosis of pregnant women).

Seizures associated with arterial hypertension(eclampsia, epileptiform variant of hypertensive crisis).

Severe infections (tetanus, rabies, polio, cholera).

"Professional" convulsions (stenographers, milkmaids, musicians, hyperthermic convulsions in workers in hot shops).

Hysterical convulsions.

Convulsions with some somatic diseases(broncho-pulmonary pathology, heart defects, blood diseases, etc.)

General clinical manifestations of convulsive syndrome

Convulsive movements can be widespread and capture many muscle groups of the body and limbs (generalized convulsions) or be localized in any particular muscle group of the body or limb (localized convulsions).

Generalized convulsive contractions can be slow and lasting for a relatively long period of time (tonic convulsions) or fast, often alternating periods of contraction and relaxation (clonic convulsions, the name comes from the Latin klonos - turmoil). Mixed, tonic-clonic nature of seizures is also possible.

Generalized tonic convulsions capture the muscles of the upper and lower extremities, torso, neck, face. In the most dangerous cases, generalized convulsions extend to smooth muscle respiratory tract (eg, tetany in hypoparathyroidism). At the same time, according to the principle of power prevalence of flexors or extensors, the arms are more often in a state of flexion, and the legs, as a rule, are unbent; all muscles are tense, the body is elongated (due to contraction of the powerful muscles of the back), the head is thrown back or slightly turned to the side, the teeth are tightly clenched. Consciousness can be lost or preserved, depending on the disease (nosological form, against which convulsions developed). Generalized tonic convulsions most often occur with epilepsy, but can also be observed with rabies, tetanus, the second period of eclampsia, prolonged uremia, cerebrovascular accidents, spasmophilia, infections and intoxications in children, with poisoning by certain poisons (strychnine).

Generalized clonic convulsions are often consecutive more or less rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. Such convulsions are typical manifestations of the clonic phase of an extended (major) epileptic seizure, but may also be the result of brain irritation (subarachnoid hemorrhage, third period of eclampsia, MAC syndrome).

Local (local) convulsions, in turn, can also be tonic and clonic. They can occur with myotonia (hereditary neuromuscular disease); with congenital muscular torticollis (IUD), in which one-sided spasm develops neck muscles, mainly sternocleidomastoid muscle (GCS); tonic spasm of the muscles of the limbs as a result of severe overwork (which we talked about at the beginning of the lecture).

The main diseases manifested by convulsive syndrome

Epilepsy- a disease manifested by paroxysmal disorders of consciousness and convulsions. The severity of these signs ranges from complete loss of consciousness to some deafness and from general generalized convulsions to automated (uncontrolled) movements in a separate muscle group.

Etiology. The cause of epilepsy is an increased congenital or acquired readiness of the brain to develop seizures. In some cases, the disease is established in previous generations of relatives. In the origin of epilepsy, many identified factors that have a predisposing and resolving value are important - a violation of intrauterine development, birth asphyxia, head trauma, infection, as well as insufficiently elucidated hereditary and genetic mechanisms. In many patients, the cause of epilepsy is alcoholism of the father, mother, or alcohol intoxication parents at the time of conception, the development of epilepsy in a patient with alcoholism is possible.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by seizures and non-convulsive disorders. The latter primarily include personality changes, leading in some cases to severe dementia, and a variety of non-convulsive paroxysms (twilight stupefaction, ambulatory automatisms, dreamlike delirium, aura). Clinical picture epilepsy is characterized by episodic paroxysms (sometimes extremely rare, and in some cases no seizures are observed at all) and specific changes in mental activity.

Expanded (large, generalized) convulsive seizures occur, as a rule, in 4 phases: precursors (aura), tonic convulsions, clonic convulsions and coma - post-seizure sleep. In about half of the patients, a full-blown seizure is preceded by the appearance of an aura - a short-term (several seconds) change in consciousness, during which vivid psychosensory, hallucinatory and other disorders (sensory, motor, vegetative aura) occur that remain in the patient's memory, while the events taking place around not perceived or remembered. Big seizure ends with the so-called epileptic coma, although a post-seizure twilight state of consciousness with psychomotor agitation can also be observed. During a seizure, patients fall, may get injuries, often bite the tongue, they have involuntary urination.

Small non-convulsive paroxysms (small seizures) are characterized by polymorphism of clinical manifestations. Absences are most often observed (short-term, for 1-2 seconds, turning off consciousness): the patient turns pale, the face becomes “absent”. After the attack, he continues the interrupted classes. There may also be a sudden loss muscle tone, fainting, sleep disorders with sleepwalking with amnesia, psychosensory disorders (changes in self-awareness, paresthesia).

The equivalents of convulsive seizures are twilight states of consciousness, ambulatory automatisms, somnambulism (sleepwalking, sleepwalking), bouts of dysphoria.

epileptic state (Status epilepticus), characterized by a series of large convulsive seizures and increasing impairment of vital functions, is one of the life-threatening and most severe manifestations of paroxysmal disorders in epilepsy.

Convulsive syndrome in symptomatic and Jacksonian epilepsy may resemble a regular epileptiform seizure, but its main difference is the asymmetry of seizures. As a rule, they are one-sided, and convulsions occur on the opposite side from the lesion (brain tumor or post-traumatic hematoma or scar)

Treatment. With generalized (tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic) seizures, first-line drugs are effective (the main antiepileptic drugs are sodium valproate, depakine, convulex) at a dose of 0.3 g 2 times a day, tegretol (carbamazepine) 0.2 g each 1- 2 times a day, phenytoin (difenin) 0.1 g 1-2 times a day, luminal (phenobarbital) 0.05-0.1 g in the evening.

Second-line drugs (reserve antiepileptic drugs) are also used: vigabatrin 0.5 g 1-2 times a day, diazepam 0.1 g 2-3 times a day.

For absences, the following are prescribed: first-line drugs - ethosuximide (suxilep) 0.5 g up to 2-3 times a day, clonazepam 0.002 g up to 2-3 times a day, sodium valproate (depakin, convulex) 0.3 g each 2 -3 times a day; second-line drugs - acetazolamide (diacarb) 0.25 g 2 times a day, clonazepam 0.5 mg 1-2 times a day, phenobarbital 0.05-0.1 g in the evening, phenytoin (difenin) 0.1 g 1-2 times a day, trimetin 0.2 g up to 3-4 times a day, ethosuximide (suxilep) 0.5 g 2-3 times a day, tranquilizers (elenium, seduxen).

With all types of seizures, lamiktal is effective, which relieves paroxysmal and psychopathological symptoms, improves higher mental functions. Assign 50-100 mg 2 times a day for 4-7 months.

An overdose of these drugs and polytherapy should not be allowed, as this can lead to drowsiness and workload, and even an increase in seizures.

The fight against status epilepticus includes intravenous administration of 10 mg of diazepam (seduxen) in 20 ml of 40% glucose solution. If necessary, intravenous administration of seduxen can be repeated with the obligatory prescription of 20-40 mg of lasix or 10 ml of a 25% magnesium sulfate solution intravenously or intramuscularly. Phenytoin 300-600 mg IV, chloral hydrate, hexenal, distraneurin are also used. In case of failure of treatment, patients should be transferred to mechanical ventilation, prolonged anesthesia with nitrous oxide or sodium oxybutyrate 10 ml of a 20% intravenous solution (constriction of the pupils, slowing of breathing to 16-18 v / min), muscle relaxants.

Quite often a spinal puncture with slow extraction of up to 10-15 ml of liquid gives a good therapeutic effect.

Antiepileptic drugs can be canceled only with a two-year absence of seizures, favorable EEG indicators.

Eclampsia- the most severe form of late toxicosis: the main clinical manifestation of eclampsia is convulsions with loss of consciousness. clinical picture. Seizures in most cases are preceded by the symptom complex of precursors described above (preeclampsia). In a fit of eclampsia, four periods are distinguished. The first, introductory, is accompanied by fibrillar twitches of mimic muscles, and then upper limbs. The gaze is fixed in one direction. The duration of this period is about 30 s. The second period is characterized by tonic convulsions that spread from the head, neck and upper limbs to the trunk and legs. At the same time, the head deviates backwards, sometimes opisthotonus is observed, breathing stops, the pulse is difficult to feel, the pupils are dilated, the skin and visible mucous membranes are cyanotic, the tongue is often bitten.

After the second period, which lasted about 30 s, clonic convulsions begin (third period), which also spread downwards. With the cessation of clonic convulsions, usually lasting about 2 minutes, a period of resolution sets in - a deep intermittent breath occurs, foam appears from the mouth, often with an admixture of blood, then breathing becomes more regular, cyanosis disappears. The woman regains consciousness after a more or less prolonged coma; she does not remember the seizure due to developing amnesia. If the seizure occurred at home in the absence of others, then only physical injuries (bruises of the body, bitten tongue), and sometimes a coma present at the time of examination, can speak of it. The severity of eclampsia is judged by the number of seizures, their duration and duration of unconsciousness. The more convulsive paroxysms, the longer the coma after them, the more serious the prognosis. Sometimes the patient does not have time to get out of a coma, as the next attack begins. This series of seizures is called eclamptic status. A special form of toxicosis can be observed (it used to be called eclampsia without convulsions), when a pregnant woman with severe nephropathy, without a single seizure, falls into an unconscious state, very often ending in death.

The prognosis for eclampsia worsens in cases of high temperature, tachycardia, hypotension, with a decrease in diuresis. These symptoms may indicate a cerebral hemorrhage. In addition to intracranial hemorrhage, during an eclamptic attack, retinal and placental detachment and fetal death can occur. After an attack, pneumonia and renal and hepatic failure sometimes develop.

Treatment of gestosis. It includes the creation of a therapeutic and protective regimen, the normalization of macro- and microhemodynamics, the elimination of vascular spasm and hypovolemia, the regulation of water-electrolyte metabolism, the normalization of uteroplacental circulation, antioxidant and detoxification therapy.

In the pathogenetic therapy of gestosis, one of the first places is occupied by infusion therapy (IT), the purpose of which is to fill the deficit of circulating blood volume (BCC), restore normal tissue perfusion and organ blood flow, eliminate hemoconcentration and hypoproteinemia; correction of electrolyte and metabolic disorders of IT is carried out under the control of hematocrit and diuresis.

Hematocrit during IT should not fall below 27-28%. The total amount of fluid administered does not exceed 1200-1400 ml per day. The liquid is injected at a rate of 20-40 drops per 1 minute. With a diuresis of 30-40 ml / h or less, the appointment of diuretics is necessary. The hematocrit should not be higher than 34-35%.

An effective method of treating preeclampsia is the introduction of magnesium sulfate. In addition to a mild narcotic effect, magnesium sulfate causes a diuretic, hypotensive, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic effect and reduces intracranial pressure.

In practical terms, you can adhere to the following principles for selecting the dose and rate of administration of magnesium sulfate, depending on the initial level of mean blood pressure,

111 to 120 mmHg Art. - 7.5 g of dry matter in 400 ml of rheopolyglucin;

121 to 130 mmHg Art. - 10 g of dry matter in 400 ml of hemodilutant;

above 130 mm Hg. Art. - 12.5 g of dry matter dissolved in 400 ml of rheopolyglucin.

If there is no effect from the therapy and if there are precursors of an attack of eclampsia against the background of intravenous administration of droperidol (5-10 mg) in combination with 5-10 mg of seduxen, a mouth expander should be inserted between the patient's teeth and, in order to avoid mechanical asphyxia, grab the tongue with a tongue holder. If the convulsive readiness is not stopped, then add / in 20 mg of promedol or 25-50 mg of pipolfen. To stop an attack of eclampsia, it is possible to use barbiturates: hexenal, sodium thiopental, an average of 250 mg as a 1% solution intravenously. However, with their introduction, respiratory arrest is possible, so everything should be ready for tracheal intubation (muscle relaxants, laryngoscope, endotracheal tubes, anesthesia machine). Respiratory and cardiovascular failure, intractable attack of eclampsia, eclamptic coma, or the need for surgery are indications for mechanical ventilation.

Tetanus- a disease that you can also face. Separate cases of tetanus are recorded constantly, especially in rural areas. The causative agent, Clostridium tetani, is a spore-forming anaerobic bacillus that produces a toxin that affects the nervous system. Infection occurs when spores get on damaged skin or mucous membranes, more often with extensive wounds contaminated with earth. clinical picture. The incubation period lasts from 1 day to 1 month. The disease begins with the appearance of trismus, i.e. compression of the jaws as a result of tonic tension of the masticatory muscles, extending to the mimic muscles. As a result, facial features are distorted, a frozen grimace of laughter appears (sardonic smile). Then the muscle tone of the neck, back, chest, proximal limbs. After 1-5 days, attacks of general convulsions join, body temperature rises. Consciousness is preserved. Tachycardia, increased sweating are noted. With a favorable outcome of the disease, improvement begins in 2-3 weeks. Complications: pneumonia, asphyxia, muscle ruptures. The prognosis is serious, mortality is 25-70%. Treatment. If tetanus is suspected, emergency hospitalization is necessary. For therapeutic purposes, antitetanus serum, tetanus toxoid, anticonvulsants, artificial lung ventilation, hyperbaric oxygenation are used. Prevention. Carrying out routine vaccination with tetanus toxoid, which is part of DTP vaccines and ADS. For emergency prevention in all cases of injuries with violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes, it is necessary to administer 0.5 ml of toxoid to the vaccinated, and 3000 IU of tetanus toxoid to the non-vaccinated. Early surgical treatment of wounds is important.

Hyperkinesis. General presentation and individual syndromes

Medicine knows a lot individual symptoms and syndromes accompanied by physiological and pathological, voluntary and involuntary motor reactions, muscle contractions, tensions, spasms, etc., which accompany many congenital and acquired diseases (nosological forms), and which can be conditionally or unconditionally attributed to a convulsive syndrome.

Hyperkinesis(Greek hyper- + kinēsis movement) is a term that is largely identical to the term “convulsions” and combines many diverse forms of involuntary movements caused by contraction of the muscles of the face, trunk, limbs, less often the larynx, soft palate, tongue, external muscles of the eyes. Develop with infectious lesions senior researcher (epidemic encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, etc.), vascular, demyelinating (i.e. destructive) diseases of the brain, traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, intoxications.

A number of hyperkinesis is a sign of hereditary degenerative diseases of the nervous system, transmitted in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Hyperkinesis is a consequence of damage to the extrapyramidal system, as well as the cerebellum, thalamus, cerebral cortex and their complex connections. In the mechanism of development of hyperkinesis, the leading role is played by metabolic disorders, primarily dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, serotonin, acetylcholine.

The classification of hyperkinesis is based on the localization of the pathological process in the brain and clinical features (stem hyperkinesis, subcortical, cortical - that is, depending on the level of the lesion).

Clinical signs of stem-level hyperkinesis are rhythmicity, stereotypy, and a simple structure of movements. Hyperkinesis of subcortical origin is characterized by arrhythmia, asynchrony, a variety of motor manifestations and their complex structure, for example, athetotic hyperkinesis is slow, worm-like, artsy movements (usually of the hands, fingers and toes) with their tonic tension. It can be caused by vascular, infectious and other diseases of the brain (the so-called symptomatic athetosis), as well as inherited in an autosomal recessive manner with the development of symmetrical hyperkinesis in childhood (double athetosis, Hammond's disease).

Tonic-clonic convulsions are manifested by loss of consciousness:

Myoclonic contractions may occur in children and adolescents. The process involves the entire musculature or only a certain group of muscles. For example, the muscles of the fingers or face. Many seizures can cause a child to fall, resulting in injury.

Convulsions of clonic origin without loss of consciousness are called partial. The process may involve the muscles of the face, feet and other parts of the body.

Many confuse spasms of the calf muscles during sleep with cramps. This phenomenon is called myoclonus. Often accompanied by contractions of the thigh muscles.

Myoclonic conditions occur as a result of a lack of calcium, as well as due to the influence of low temperatures.

During sports training painful contractions appear with insufficient warm-up, fluid loss and excessive increase in loads.

The reasons

Can be distinguished the following reasons occurrence of seizures in different age groups of the population:

• emergence of different neuroinfectious diseases eg meningitis or encephalitis;
• deviations in the development of brain activity;
• hypoxia;
• lack of calcium, glucose and magnesium in the blood;
• the occurrence of gestosis during pregnancy;
• severe intoxication;
• severe forms of dehydration;
• complex diseases of the nervous system;
• high fever and respiratory infections;
• birth trauma in newborns;
• pathology of metabolic processes;
• epilepsy;
• various brain tumors;
• traumatic brain injury.

Even bright lights and loud sounds can cause seizures. The hereditary factor also plays an important role.

If he brings his hands together

Most often, cramps in the hands appear in people who work a lot at the computer.

Abbreviations can cause the following reasons:

• state of stress;
• poor blood supply to the upper limbs;
• excessive sports loads;
• hypothermia;
• lack of calcium;
• various poisonings.

Coffee lovers should remember that this drink contributes to a significant leaching of calcium from the body, which can also cause cramps.

The following manipulations can help with such a problem:

To prevent such conditions, you need to follow simple rules:

1. Consume foods rich in potassium and calcium.
2. Avoid strong cooling.
3. Warm baths with the addition of essential oils have a beneficial effect.

Diseases and consequences

Manifestations of convulsive syndrome are due to the diseases that caused them.

In some cases, seizures can even cause death. This is due to associated complications. For example, cardiac arrest, spinal fracture, arrhythmias, or various injuries.

Ordinary muscle spasms do not pose a threat.

Convulsive phenomena occur as a result of disorders of the central nervous system, which can occur due to neurological and infectious diseases, toxic processes, disorders water-salt metabolism or hysteria.

Convulsions are manifested in the following diseases:

What to do with seizures

Treatment of seizures occurs in two stages. First, the attack is stopped, and then the treatment is performed on the underlying cause.

Drug treatment should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. Medications are often prescribed in the presence of a generalized or partial epileptic seizure.

Drugs for the relief of an attack of epileptic convulsions

Remedies to eliminate the causes of seizures

AT preventive measures to avoid recurrence of convulsions, it is necessary to observe correct mode work and rest, eat well and avoid excessive physical exertion.

Magnesium and potassium

With a deficiency of magnesium and potassium, muscle contractions can occur. You may also feel tingling and crawling.

The lack of these trace elements can occur in the following cases:

• if you take laxatives or diuretics for a long time;
• with dehydration;
• during fasting;
• as a result of poisoning or alcohol abuse;
• with diabetes.

In order to make up for the deficiency of magnesium, Magne B6 is prescribed. You also need to eat foods rich in useful trace elements. For example, watermelons, milk, oranges, bananas, buckwheat and bran.

First aid

Before providing assistance, it is necessary to find out the exact cause of the appearance of a convulsive syndrome.

The sequence of actions for providing assistance is as follows:

1. The patient should be seated or laid down.
2. Then take hold of the toes and bend the foot towards the knee. First bend halfway and release. Then bend as much as possible and hold it until the attack stops.
3. Perform a muscle massage.
4. Provide complete peace.

After drinking

Convulsive syndrome often occurs after drinking.

There are several reasons for this:

The last stage of seizures in alcoholism is called alcoholic epilepsy. She is accompanied severe pain in the extremities, salivation and respiratory failure.