Flexible dentures: prices and costs. Disadvantages of plastic prostheses. Dental prostheses with partial absence of teeth -

Dental technology has advanced greatly over the past decade, and the All-on-4 implant technique is the result of this research and development.

Caries and subsequent tooth decay is a very common disease not only among the elderly, part of middle and young age face the loss of most of the teeth. Missing teeth can not only cause difficulty eating, but also lower morale and self-confidence. Complete removable dentures can cause a range of inconveniences and lead to psychological discomfort.

All-on-4 prosthetics is fast method, which helps people with missing teeth instantly restore a smile. The prosthetic structure, which completely replaces all teeth, is attached to four implants that are firmly fixed in the jaw. All-on-4 dental prosthetics require a lot of experience because the procedure is quite complex and is performed within one day.

What is All-on-4?

All-on-4 prosthetics use four titanium implants that are implanted and fixed in the jaw bone. Implants are placed simultaneously inside the jawbone using minor surgery. Usually, several more follow-up visits are required for adjustment, review and evaluation of progress. These titanium implants are the basis for attaching the prosthetic structure, both in the upper and lower jaw.

The all on 4 technique is an excellent alternative to complete removable dentures, which have a number of limitations and disadvantages. Dentures often cause maintenance problems, are insecure and can fall out, especially when eating. For many, wearing dentures is quite painful.

Technologies used in All-on-4 prosthetics

• Titanium implants: four titanium implants are used to create support and fix the prosthetic structure. These implants are equipped with screws that are firmly fixed in the jaw, and the prosthetic structure of all teeth is attached simultaneously to all 4 implants at the same time. That is why this method is known as All-on-4 implantation.
• Abutments: abutments are used to connect prostheses to implants, they are the link between the implant and the prosthesis. The use of abutments allows the removal of dentures if necessary.
• prosthetic construction replaces all the teeth of the jaw and is fixed with implants. Dentures are usually made of porcelain or zirconium. Both materials are durable and strong. The denture looks and works exactly like natural teeth. This latest technology is fast, efficient and good decision for replacement lost teeth. Unlike removable dentures, bridges and other similar solutions, All-on-4 dentures allow you to get a beautiful natural smile and functionality close to natural teeth.

Benefits of the All-on-4 technique

All-on-4® offers many benefits, especially when compared to traditional dental methods.

• Reduces loss bone tissue A: Traditional dentures can lead to bone loss over time and cause wrinkles. Implants transmit mechanical forces during eating from prostheses to the jaw bones and stimulate them, which prevents bone loss.
• Safety: when using dental implants, the denture is securely fixed when eating and talking. You can enjoy a good night's sleep without having to worry about your prosthesis falling out.
• It's forever. With proper care, proper hygiene, timely cleaning, and regular dental checkups, your dentures can last a lifetime. Situations when it is necessary to replace prostheses installed according to the All-on-4 method are very rare.

When preparing the text, materials from the site https://www.dmsmiles.com/ were used.

As often as for treatment, they turn to dentists for prosthetics. We will describe the types of dentures that exist today, which ones are better, prices and reviews of people.

Losing a tooth is not only an aesthetic nuisance. From their insufficient amount in the oral cavity, the gums suffer, deforming gradually, as well as the stomach, into which incompletely crushed food enters.

Types of dentures and their classification

Depending on the number and location of the teeth that have fallen out, the condition of the remaining units, the presence of problems with the gums and many other nuances, the appropriate type of prosthesis is also chosen. And in modern dentistry there are a large number of them, and the choice is not only for the doctor, but also for the patient himself. There are general groups of prostheses, which differ in the method of attachment and the possibility of removal. It:

1. Removable.
2. Fixed.
3. Implants.

Most of them not only restore proper functioning, but also return an aesthetically neat appearance to a person.

Removable

Removable dentures are distinguished by the fact that artificial teeth are attached to a plate that can be removed and installed independently at any time convenient for a person. They are used when total loss upper teeth or lower row. In this case, they simply imitate the jaw as a whole, trying to repeat the natural anatomical forms.

Depending on the material from which they are made, and the design itself, removable dentures are of the following varieties:

• Made of acrylic plastic - create one-piece curved plates with artificial teeth on them. It's pretty cheap and simple options imitation of the dentition, often used when a large number of units are lost. Their operation is quite simple, and the cost is affordable for many people who need prosthetics.
• Nylon - similar in design and method of application to acrylic, but at the same time they have a number of their advantages and disadvantages. It is allowed not to remove such a plate at night, it does not cause discomfort. But when chewing, the deformation of the prosthesis over time from a high load is possible, and the gums in the region of the marginal teeth are sometimes injured.
• Clasp prostheses are the most modern and high-quality, made of expensive and durable materials. They are not only comfortable and aesthetic, but also able to restore anatomical shape tooth. The price of byugels is high, but their use is more reliable and durable. In addition, this method of prosthetics can be used for the loss of any number of dental units - from one to a whole row, as is the case with adentia.

There are also conditionally removable structures, as well as suction cup prostheses, but they are not particularly popular.

Fixed

Non-removable structures help recover lost units with artificial teeth so that the prosthesis does not have to be removed, fixed and further processed. They are installed at partial absence teeth when you need to restore only one unit or several pieces.

The peculiarities of their manufacture is that they try to completely imitate the shape, color, and position. natural teeth so that they do not differ from healthy, still in oral cavity. Design options depend on the selected material and the type of prosthesis itself:

1. Crowns - used to replace one or two units, trying to fully adapt to anatomical features surrounding healthy teeth.
2. Bridges are more complex designs. In fact, these are the same crowns, only created to restore several dental units in a row at once. Building bridges on adjacent teeth so as to make an aesthetically pleasing and natural shape. Such prostheses are reliable and durable. Depending on the material from which they are made, the price, appearance, and duration of use will depend. So, metal-plastic bridges are installed only temporarily and they are cheaper than others. But zirconia can last up to 15 years or even longer.
3. Veneers are thin plates that are attached directly to the teeth. They are more often used not to restore the integrity of the dentition, but rather to eliminate minor defects - darkening of the enamel, punctures, malocclusion etc.

A photo

What are the best dentures?

The choice of prosthesis will depend on the condition of your teeth and oral cavity, as well as on the number of lost units. The dentist will always offer you those options that are desirable to install in your case. The characteristics of each option suggests in which situations it is more convenient to use one of them.

So, if all the dental units on the jaw are lost, then it is better to use a whole plate in a removable version. It will be both cheaper and more convenient. In addition, these prostheses are distinguished by easy care, in which each tooth can be cleaned of food debris.

When it comes to advantages and disadvantages, removable dentures, then it is important to remember them high price, the likelihood of an allergic reaction to metals and the inability to completely eliminate food residues. Caring for such dentures is reduced to the usual brushing and rinsing.

But it is the non-removable options that are ideal for the loss of several or even one tooth. In addition, they are as comfortable as possible, natural, do not cause discomfort in the oral cavity and rarely differ from yours. natural teeth. Their fixation is quite strong, and only the highest quality materials are used.

Video: the specialist of the Center for Medical and Medical Sciences talks about the types of dentures.

Price

Different regions and dentistry, especially private ones, offer a wide range of prices. We will try to indicate the average cost of each type of prosthesis:

• The cheapest - plastic removable structures - can cost 6,000 rubles for a whole jaw.
• The price of nylon starts at 15 thousand.
• Clasp prostheses are the most expensive and their cost depends on the specific type of fastening and material of manufacture. Therefore, the price can vary from 20 to 50 thousand rubles.
• If we talk about fixed structures, then one metal crown will cost from 1000 rubles to 15, and from ceramics 20 thousand.
• Prices for bridges and implants directly depend on the number of units on which it is installed. Implants cost 20,000 - 30,000 rubles on average per piece.

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Types of plastic prostheses

Plastic prostheses (see photo) can be:

• Cast and pressed.
• Removable and non-removable.
• Permanent and temporary.

Molded and molded plastic structures

• It is easier to make a pressed prosthesis, but, in terms of quality, this design is inferior to a cast prosthesis.
• Molded plastic prostheses are fitted to the jaws with very high precision. This technique of manufacturing a structure allows you to imitate the structure of the oral mucosa so that the denture is almost impossible to distinguish from real teeth.

Removable and non-removable plastic dentures

Most often, removable dentures for teeth are made of plastic. Removable plastic dentures can be used in both partial and complete absence.

If the teeth are completely missing, then the prosthesis rests only on the gum and its fixation is carried out due to the suction effect. Plastic prostheses, used in the partial absence of teeth, have wire clasps that come from the base of the structure and cover the abutment teeth.

Partial plastic dentures can be attached using inconspicuous fixtures - attachments. In the absence of one or two teeth, a butterfly prosthesis can be used.

Fixed structures are very rarely made of plastic, because they require very strong turning of the teeth.

Indications and contraindications

Indications for the use of plastic dentures:

• As temporary prostheses (crowns, plastic bridges)
• Tooth defects.
• Deformation of the anterior teeth.
• Missing one or more teeth.
• In periodontal diseases - as a splinting structure.

Contraindications for installation plastic prostheses:

• Allergic to acrylic.
• Short crown of a prosthetic tooth.
• Increased tooth wear.
• Malocclusion.
• Loosening of teeth.

Pros and cons of plastic dentures

Plastic dentures have the following advantages:

• Can be used as temporary plastic prostheses.
• Affordability.
• Good aesthetic qualities: lack of shine, resemblance to the shade of natural teeth.

Disadvantages of plastic dentures:

• Rapid wear - a year after installation, the appearance of the prosthesis deteriorates.
• Irritation of the mucous membrane of the gums.
• May cause an allergic reaction.
• Some time after the installation, food particles may accumulate under the dental crown.
• When wearing plastic prostheses, pain in the mandibular joint feeling of discomfort, headache.

But, despite the fact that plastic prostheses have both pros and cons, their popularity is high. This is because it is better to have a lower quality prosthesis than a toothless mouth.

Care and storage

• Caring for a plastic prosthesis is the same as for teeth.
• Removable dentures must be removed at least twice a day in order to hygienic cleaning with a toothbrush and paste.
• After each meal, the structure is removed, rinsed well with water.
• When using a removable denture, it is not recommended to eat viscous and sticky foods.
• In order to quickly get used to the prosthesis, the first time after installation, it is better not to remove the structure before going to bed.
• Keep plastic dentures dry.
• For the care of removable dentures, it is necessary to use special tools. which are available in the form of powders and tablets. When the tablet is dissolved in water, a liquid is obtained that is suitable for disinfection, as well as the removal of food debris and pigmented plaque from the denture.

Video: Artificial teeth. How it works.

Life time

The service life of plastic prostheses is about two years.

• Dentists are trying to increase the service life of such structures by combining plastic with metal. These dentures can last 5 years or more.
• Plastic lining that has fallen off the metal can be reapplied directly in the mouth. To do this, you do not need to remove the metal base.

With the right hygiene care behind the oral cavity, the service life of the structure is extended.

Repair

Repair of a plastic denture may be required due to the fact that:

• The wire clasp loses its elasticity after one or two months and just hangs on the abutment teeth.
• Chewing tubercles are erased very quickly, and then the body of an artificial tooth.
• Crowns made of acrylic resin for prostheses change in color, quickly wear out in contact areas and break.

Prices for plastic dentures

Photos before and after

Frequently asked Questions

• Question: How to properly store a removable denture?

Answer: Plastic dentures: clasp, acrylic should be stored in a dry, closed container

• Question: What materials are used to make the basis of a removable prosthesis?

Answer: The base material can be acrylic plastic, nylon metal, etc. modern materials like valplast and flexite.

• Question: How to whiten plastic dentures?

Answer: With the help of special products that can be bought at a pharmacy.

• Question: How to clean plastic dentures?

Answer: It is necessary to clean the structure with a soft toothbrush and paste.

• Question: What are the cheapest dentures?

Answer: The cheapest are plastic dentures, the price of which is from 2500 rubles.

protezi-zubov.ru

Types of removable dentures -

What kind of dentures is better to put in will depend primarily on the number of preserved teeth. One type of prosthesis is more suitable for the complete absence of teeth, the other - for their partial absence. Below we will analyze all types of removable dentures that can be made with complete or partial absence of teeth ...

1. Removable dentures in the absence of teeth -

The absence of abutment teeth in their complete absence leads to the fact that the masticatory load can be transferred from the prosthesis only to the alveolar processes of the jaws (gingiva), which always leads to fairly rapid atrophy of the gums, i.e. to a decrease in height. The latter circumstance leads to the fact that removable dentures should be changed on average every 2.5-3 years, because. the prosthesis ceases to correspond to the tissues of the prosthetic bed.

Another problem of prosthetics in the complete absence of teeth is the fixation of the prosthesis (especially when it comes to the lower jaw). There is even the term "suction cup prostheses" (Fig. 1). We are talking about plastic prostheses, which are relatively well fixed during prosthetics. upper jaw, but in the lower jaw, good fixation of the prosthesis is in principle impossible to achieve if mini-implants are not installed under the prosthesis.

In the complete absence of teeth, apply –

2. Dental prostheses with partial absence of teeth -

Partial removable prosthetics teeth means that the patient has at least one or more remaining teeth in the jaw that will be retained and used as abutment teeth. Abutment teeth are necessary for good fixation of the prosthesis in the oral cavity, as well as for distributing the chewing load from the prosthesis not only to the gums, but also to the abutment teeth.

It is on the latter circumstance that the chewing efficiency of a removable prosthesis, as well as comfort (painlessness when chewing), depends. Some types of partial dentures restore chewing efficiency better than others, but they may have slightly worse aesthetics.

In case of partial absence of teeth, –

Below we will analyze in detail all these removable dentures - which ones are better, reviews about them, which ones can be made on the upper jaw without a palate, and also indicate their cost as of November 2016) ...

1. Plastic dentures -

Plastic dentures are made from acrylic plastic. These prostheses can be used both with complete and partial absence of teeth. Sometimes this type of prosthesis is also referred to as a "removable laminar prosthesis". Below we will describe all the pros and cons of this prosthesis with complete and partial absence of teeth.

Acrylic prosthesis in the absence of teeth: reviews

Fixation of complete removable plastic dentures (Fig. 3-6) is carried out due to the so-called “closing valve” (suction cup effect). If the prosthesis is made correctly, then after you put on the prosthesis and bite on it, excess air will come out from under the prosthesis. However, air must not be drawn back in if the contour of the prosthesis fits very closely to the tissues of the prosthetic bed and has a good fit to them.

Complete removable denture for the upper jaw: before and after photos

Complete removable denture lower jaw: before and after photos

Thus, a rarefied space is formed under the prosthesis, which holds the prosthesis. That is why patients often refer to such prostheses as suction cup dentures. Moreover, it is best to make complete removable acrylic dentures on an individual impression tray (remember this term), which will ensure a more accurate fit of the prosthesis to the tissues of the prosthetic bed, and therefore improve its fixation.

Which dentures are better - nylon or acrylic ...
when prosthetics in such a situation with a complete removable nylon prosthesis, there will be no “suction cup effect” due to the high elasticity of the body of the nylon prosthesis. This means that with the complete absence of teeth in the upper jaw, it is best to choose a plate prosthesis made of acrylic plastic.

When prosthetics of the lower jaw with a complete absence of teeth, the fixation of an acrylic prosthesis almost always leaves much to be desired (as with nylon prostheses), and almost all patients complain of periodic prosthesis falling out when chewing and talking. Of course, here you can also use a special cream to improve the fixation of the prosthesis, but still the most effective solution is a conditionally removable acrylic prosthesis supported by 2-3 implants (read about this type of prosthesis below).

In terms of comfort and chewing efficiency -
plastic prostheses are superior in these qualities to nylon prostheses, because. the latter deform uncontrollably under chewing load (due to the high elasticity of nylon), causing pain when eating.

Acrylic dentures with partial absence of teeth: reviews

A partial acrylic denture will have stiff wire clasps that will extend from the plastic base of the denture and wrap around the abutment teeth (Figure 7-9). It is due to them that the partial lamellar prosthesis made of plastic is fixed in the oral cavity (Fig. 10-11).

Removable partial dentures for the upper and lower jaws -

Because the clasps are clasped precisely by the extreme teeth (located along the edges of the defects of the dentition), then if the abutment teeth are located precisely in the smile zone, the clasps will be clearly visible on the front surface of the teeth. This can be avoided only if you give preference to other types of prostheses (nylon or clasp).

In a nylon prosthesis, the clasps are made of flexible pink nylon, and therefore they are almost imperceptible against the background of the gums. However, the fixation of a prosthesis with elastic clasps will be - to put it mildly, “not important”, besides, such an elastic prosthesis will also be painful to chew. And the best solution in case of partial absence of teeth will always be only prosthetics with clasp-type prostheses (read about them below).

Acrylic dentures: pros and cons

In addition to the pros and cons that we have listed above, the advantages of plastic prostheses include: ease of manufacture, maintainability in case of breakage, relatively low cost compared to all other types of prostheses (see cost below).

The disadvantages of plastic prostheses can also be attributed -

Plastic prostheses: prices 2017

Prices for acrylic removable dentures are for 2017. The first figure corresponds to economy-class clinics, the second - to clinics of the middle price segment (the most low prices recorded by us in paid departments of state dental clinics).

• Complete removable acrylic denture -
  → in the regions - from 12,000 to 20,000 rubles.
  → in Moscow - from 14,000 to 20,000 rubles. (but if from expensive materials and on an individual impression spoon, then the price will be about 25,000 rubles).

• For a partial removable denture
  prices in most clinics will be similar to a complete removable denture (or only slightly less, but no more than 10-15%). But a butterfly prosthesis for one tooth - the price will be from 6500 rubles.

2. Removable dentures made of nylon -

These are the so-called soft removable dentures made of elastic nylon (Fig. 13-15). They are used for complete and partial absence of teeth. Thanks to the properties of nylon, dentures made from this material can be made thinner and lighter than plastic dentures. In addition, nylon has a high degree of elasticity and flexibility, which makes these prostheses more comfortable to wear.

In addition, removable dentures made of nylon have very good aesthetics and are almost invisible in the oral cavity. This is due to the fact that the gingival clasps of a nylon prosthesis (required for its fixation) are also made of nylon Pink colour, which makes them invisible against the background of the pink shell of the gums. In turn, for plastic and clasp prostheses, the clasps are made of metal, and therefore they are clearly visible when they are in the smile line.

Dentures: photo

However, on this positive properties such prostheses are running out. Reviews for nylon prostheses in the vast majority of cases are negative, which is connected, paradoxically, precisely with the flexibility and elasticity of such prostheses. All the negative properties of nylon are fully manifested precisely when chewing pressure is transferred from a soft elastic prosthesis to the tissues of the prosthetic bed.

The high elasticity of the base of the nylon prosthesis leads to -

Removable nylon dentures: price

For removable nylon dentures - the price is indicated for 2017 (the first digit is the cost in economy class clinics, the second - in clinics of the middle price segment) ...

3. Removable dentures "Acry-free" -

Removable dentures Acry-free - called the new generation of nylon dentures (although this name is not entirely correct). In fact, these types of prostheses are made from an advanced acrylic resin that does not contain the monomer "methyl methacrylate". Acry-free plastic dentures have a small degree of flexibility, which is much less than nylon dentures.

Photo of Acry-free dentures -

Acry-free material was developed by Perflex Ltd (Israel) for partial and complete removable dentures. It has amazing aesthetic properties, i.e. the basis of the prosthesis is practically indistinguishable from the oral mucosa. The clasps of the prosthesis are also made of a translucent material, which makes them invisible - unlike the metal clasps of the clasp and traditional acrylic prostheses.

Cost of Acry-free prostheses –
the prices below are "turnkey" in clinics of secondary price category. average price in Moscow for Acry-free prostheses in 2017 will be…

4. Clasp dentures -

Let's say right away that there is nothing better than clasp prostheses with partial absence of teeth. Prostheses of this type differ from nylon and plastic prostheses in that they have a metal frame (arc) inside. The use of a reinforcing metal frame, on which a pink plastic or nylon base with artificial teeth is then installed, can significantly reduce the size of the prosthesis base.

So, for example, it is possible to make a removable prosthesis for the upper jaw without a palate, or rather, only a thin metal arc will pass through the palate. On the lower jaw in the sublingual space there will also be no massive prosthesis base, because. there will also be a practically imperceptible thin metal arc (Fig. 6). All this gives high comfort when wearing a prosthesis, talking, eating.

Removable clasp prosthesis on the upper jaw: before and after photos

Removable clasp prosthesis on the lower jaw: before and after photos

Fixation of clasp prostheses on the abutment teeth is carried out in two ways –

Advantages of clasp prostheses -

Reviews of clasp prostheses are only positive. So, for example, prostheses made of plastic or nylon transfer the masticatory load from the prosthesis only to the tissues of the prosthetic bed (gingiva), which in some cases leads to uncomfortable painful chewing. The byugel distributes the chewing load between the gums and the abutment teeth approximately equally, which gives high chewing efficiency and chewing comfort. About all positive feedback you can read by following the link above.

In addition, these prostheses have a very good fixation to the abutment teeth (either with clasps or with micro locks). You must understand that there are situations in the oral cavity when none of all types of removable dentures will be well fixed on the teeth, for example, except for the clasp with micro-locks. We are talking about the so-called terminal defects of the dentition (especially unilateral), when the last teeth are completely absent.

Clasp removable dentures: price

• With clasp fixing -
  in Moscow, on average, from 30,000 to 40,000 rubles, in the regions - from 20,000 to 35,000 rubles (the price largely depends on the complexity of manufacturing such a prosthesis in a particular clinical situation, according to which the byugel is usually divided into simple and complex).

• Lockable -
  double-sided clasp with fixation on 2 micro-locks of the Bredent type (Germany) - from 80,000 rubles. Everything is already included in this price: the cost of the prosthesis itself, the cost of 4 metal-ceramic crowns, the cost of micro locks.

  One-sided clasp prosthesis with micro-locks - from 40,000 to 50,000 rubles (the price also already includes: the cost of the prosthesis itself, the cost of 2 crowns made of metal-ceramic, the cost of micro-locks).

4. New generation dentures without a palate -

The Sandwich denture, developed by one of the Moscow dentists, is positioned in advertising as a new generation of removable dentures without a palate. We were quite interested to study this type of prosthesis, which is a combination of different elements of different types of removable prostheses and, in its own way, is really unique in some way.

Sandwich prosthesis is used only in case of partial absence of teeth. It got its name because of the combination in the body of the prosthesis of 2 different layers of materials (having practically opposite properties) - hard acrylic plastic and elastic polyurethane.

The body (basis) of the prosthesis itself consists of a rigid acrylic plastic of pink color, into which artificial teeth are inserted. However, in those areas where the patient has retained his own teeth, the prosthesis has something like “telescopic” crowns made of soft elastic material (in the figure they are located on 2 sides at the end of the prosthesis). These crowns, as it were, are stretched over the remaining teeth, and provide fixation of the prosthesis.

New generation dentures without a palate have a patent for an invention. In fact, this is a removable denture made of acrylic plastic, in which the base is greatly reduced, and telescopic crowns made of polyurethane are used instead of metal wire clasps (similar to the telescopic crowns of a clasp prosthesis).

Removable dentures of a new generation: cost

For new generation dentures without a palate - the price will be from 40,000 rubles. The cost may be higher if more expensive sets of artificial teeth are used or the number of supporting teeth is increased, which complicates the manufacture of the prosthesis.

New generation dentures: who are they suitable for?

To begin with, these dentures are not the only dentures without a palate. Removable dentures of the clasp type also do not have a massive base, and therefore practically do not cover either the palate on the upper jaw or the sublingual space on the lower jaw. Moreover, the fixation of clasp prostheses, as well as their chewing efficiency, is three orders of magnitude better.

In fact, this prosthesis can only be suitable for those who have only a few chewing teeth both sides of the upper or lower jaw. Considering that polyurethane crowns (about 1-1.5 mm thick) are also stretched onto their own crowns of the teeth, the teeth in these sections will look very bulky and ugly, which is critical if the remaining teeth fall into the smile line.

Important: what you should be prepared for

• Even the most best types removable dentures (clasp on micro-locks) - the chewing load is distributed on the gum and on the abutment teeth approximately 50/50. Considering that the sandwich prosthesis has "telescopic" crowns made of elastic material, which, due to elasticity, are simply not able to transfer chewing pressure to the remaining teeth - all chewing pressure will go to the plastic hard base of the prosthesis.

• The manufacturer claims an extremely small basis of the prosthesis. But the smaller the area of ​​the basis – the greater the chewing load falls on the remaining tissues of the prosthetic bed. This means that the prosthesis that is placed in the figure above – it will be simply impossible to chew something. Chewing will be painful, of course, if you are not going to eat only semolina now.

• Fixation of such a prosthesis in the anterior section will be practically absent, because. fixation can be provided either by a clasp or the basis of the prosthesis. And these so-called removable dentures of the new generation do not have either clasps or a bulk base on both sides of the alveolar process of the jaw (as in plastic and nylon dentures).

Conclusions: for removable dentures of a new generation, the cost is quite high, and in our opinion, for such money it is better to give preference to a clasp denture on clasps (the cost of which is equivalent). Also, if you have an elevated vomiting reflex, then the clasp prostheses are no less compact in the oral cavity than the Sandwich prosthesis, and their chewing efficiency is much higher.

5. Removable dentures on implants -

Conditionally removable dentures on implants are called “conditionally removable”, because. despite the fact that the patient can remove and put on such a prosthesis at any time, the latter is very securely fixed on the implants. This design resembles prosthetics with a clasp prosthesis with lock fastening, only micro locks are not on here. metal-ceramic crowns, and not protruding parts of 2-3 implants.

If you have a completely edentulous lower jaw or edentulous jaws with a high degree of bone atrophy, then only this method of prosthetics can achieve good fixation of a removable denture. In addition, in such prostheses, the basis of the prosthesis is much smaller than in complete removable dentures made of nylon or plastic. Some sources also call this type of prosthesis the term - covering dentures.

Covering dentures on implants - options for prosthetics

• Prosthesis on implants with a microlock button type(Fig.15-17) -
  2-3 mini-implants are implanted into the jaw, into which spherical attachments are then screwed (they will protrude above the mucosal surface in the form of metal round heads). In the projection of attachments on inner surface the body of the removable prosthesis is made recesses into which the fixing mechanism is inserted - silicone matrices.

  

  When you put on the prosthesis, the heads of the attachments fall into the locking mechanism (silicone matrix), and the prosthesis is securely held. Such a prosthesis can never fly off on its own. You can remove it only with a little effort by hand. With such a prosthesis, you can comfortably chew, confidently talk with other people, without fear of falling out of the prosthesis.

Covering dentures on intracanal implants -

There is also covering prosthesis and another type. To implement such a prosthesis, it is necessary that the patient has 2-4 strong single-rooted teeth or at least the roots of teeth (preferably canines or premolars) left in the jaw. To make such a prosthesis, the crowns of the remaining teeth are first sawn off at the root, and their root canals are sealed.

Then, implants are screwed into the root canal of each root (Fig. 28), resembling large pins, which will have an element protruding above the root in the form of a metal head (i.e., just like the prosthesis on implants with push-button micro locks).

Recesses are made on the inner surface of the prosthesis in the projection of metal heads, into which silicone retaining matrices are inserted in the same way. As a result, you get excellent fixation of the prosthesis, comfortable painless chewing of even hard food, and due to the preserved teeth roots, the atrophy of the bone tissue of the edentulous jaw slows down sharply, which helps to increase the life of the prosthesis.

Which dentures are better to put: a summary

We hope that our article on the topic: Removable dentures, what are the best reviews - turned out to be useful to you! Below we summarize all the above and write the types of removable dentures in order of decreasing their comfort and convenience for the patient.

With completely edentulous jaws -

With partial absence of teeth -

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Inexpensive prosthetics in Moscow

Cheap dental prosthetics in Moscow with preservation quality materials perhaps when the clinic has its own premises, so there is no need to allocate funds for rent. Also, long-term and fruitful cooperation with suppliers can lead to the fact that the clinic will be given some discounts on materials, as a result of which dental prosthetics will be carried out cheaply, but without loss of quality.

During the initial visit to the dentist, the doctor must examine the oral cavity, identifying all defects. Prosthetic options also depend on the types of defects, which prosthetists divide into two groups:

• included dentition defects;
• end defects of the dentition.

In the first case, dental prosthetics will be inexpensively carried out, since it is possible to resort to the installation of a bridge or removable dentures. In the second case, it is necessary to use only implants or use removable clasp structures.

If the tooth is severely damaged, you can try to restore it by applying:

1. Complete removable
2. Partially removable
3. Conditionally removable

Since the range of removable dental systems is quite diverse, many will have a question: what kind of removable dentures is it better to insert? Their choice is determined by the number of teeth that survived in the oral cavity.

• In case of complete loss of teeth, a complete removable denture will be required.
• If the orthopedic structure has something to “catch on”, then clasp can be used for prosthetics, which are on this moment are considered the best of the partially removable.

Complete removable

The only alternative to prosthetics for edentulous jaws (one or both) are fully removable dentures made of acrylic or nylon. Such structures in recent times were subject to a number of improvements, as a result of which their main disadvantages, such as unsatisfactory aesthetics and unreliable fixation in the oral cavity, became less significant.

Made using the latest technology, artificial teeth have excellent aesthetic qualities and very high wear resistance. With good hygiene and proper maintenance, dentures can last a very long time, retaining their appearance, density and color. In addition, complete removable structures can be made taking into account the wishes of the patient and his and individual characteristics.

In order for removable dentures to stand firmly in the oral cavity, it is better to put them on dental implants implanted in the jaw. A more expensive option is to install structures on special suction cups, although they are not recommended to be placed on a more mobile lower jaw. Modern removable dental structures made of latest materials, look no worse than natural teeth, they are characterized by rapid adaptation.

Fully removable acrylic lower jaw denture

Which removable dentures are better - nylon or acrylic? To answer this question, it is necessary to compare some of their criteria, namely:

1. Lightweight and flexible. Removable thanks to the use of nylon nylon dentures flexible, light and soft, but at the same time they are very durable. In this sense, acrylics are significantly inferior to them, having more likely breakdowns. But on the other hand, the acrylic construction is lightweight and retains its shape for a long time.
2. hygiene. Nylon constructions do not emit odors, do not absorb moisture, and are non-toxic. Acrylic, in contrast to nylon, have porosity, as a result of which bacteria accumulate on the surface of structures, which can cause inflammation.
3. Aesthetics. Nylon prostheses match natural teeth in color and shape and retain their appearance throughout the entire period of wearing. The disadvantage of removable nylon structures is that artificial teeth are translucent at the junction. In the case of acrylic removable dentures, it is possible to choose the appropriate size, color and shape.
4. Hypoallergenic. Nylon removable dentures have good biocompatibility, acrylic dentures can cause general and local allergic reactions.
5. Price. Due to the fact that nylon orthopedic constructions they are made abroad, their cost is more expensive than acrylic ones. In general, the cost of removable dentures, when compared with implantation, is quite democratic.

Partially removable dentures

Partial removable systems, made on metal or plastic frames, will help fill gaps with lost teeth. Most often they are shown:

1. With the loss of chewing teeth.
2. As a temporary measure (in the manufacture of a better prosthesis).
3. With significant defects in the dentition (missing several teeth in a row).
4. In cases where the use of adjacent teeth as a support for the installation of a bridge is not possible.

• plastic plate prostheses;
• clasp;
• prostheses on telescopic crowns;
• removable sectors or segments;
• immediate dentures.

plastic plate

Plastic dental structures are inexpensive, but when chewing food, they do not provide optimal distribution of the mechanical load on the gum. On the other hand, thanks to simple attachments, the patient can independently remove them from the oral cavity for hygienic treatment, and then put them back in place.

Lamellar plastic partial dentures are used to replace missing teeth and are considered the simplest prosthodontics available at a cost. Such prostheses, with their basis, rest on the surface of the gums and, by means of metal clasps (hooks), are held by the abutment teeth closest to the defect.

Clasp

Byugel dentures are considered the most reliable and quite convenient to use. They are characterized by a more expensive and complex orthopedic design. Clasp systems evenly distribute the load between the teeth remaining in the mouth and the jaw surface.

They are based on a frame (a metal arc with all functional, fixing and fastening elements), where artificial teeth are located. The frame of the denture is made individually by high-precision casting from heavy-duty alloys (chrome-cobalt, gold-platinum or titanium). Clasp prostheses are precisely adjusted to the tissues of the oral cavity: they are easy to use, durable, very light and strong enough.

Clasp systems are placed in the partial absence of teeth, and are also used as medical devices for periodontal disease, tooth mobility.

Designs on telescopic crowns are a kind of clasp. They are attached to the teeth with a 2-piece crown. Holding tightly, the crown sits one inside the other and resembles a folding telescope. Telescopic crowns are indicated when a large prosthesis is needed that cannot be fixed.

Removable sectors and segments of dentition

Cases of unilateral loss of chewing teeth are not uncommon in dental practice. AT similar situations one-sided structures are shown, the so-called removable sectors, which are attached with attachments or clasps.

Removable immediate dentures are used in dentistry as temporary ones.

Conditionally removable prosthetics

In the absence of one tooth, usually chewing, ceramic or plastic conditionally removable dentures are shown. These orthopedic structures are attached to the abutment teeth with special locks that are built into the dental crowns, and only a doctor can get them out of the mouth.

Fixed dentures

There are several types of dental systems designed to recreate missing teeth and restore chewing function, which are fixed in place and are not removed by the patient. Only a dentist can remove them with the help of tools.

Kinds:

1. dental crowns is established when one or two adjacent teeth are lost. Crowns can be cast, metal-ceramic and ceramic. They differ in aesthetics, convenience and durability (they serve up to 20 years). Before installing the crown, the pulpless tooth is ground, an impression is taken from it, according to which a crown is made and then put on.
2. Bridge prosthetics indicated to replace one or more lost teeth, if there are still natural teeth next to them. The bridge is placed only on 2 supports in the form of prepared prepared teeth (can be installed on an implant).
3. Tabs — these are micro prostheses, which are indicated for the correction of significant defects in the dentition. Inlays can be metal (titanium, gold or silver), ceramic, composite or plastic. The last 2 options, despite their low cost, have good qualities but they are less durable.
4. Veneers are thin plates that are attached to the teeth with special glue. They are often used to eliminate defects in the dentition: darkening of the teeth, malocclusion, the presence of chipped teeth.
5. Implantation- this is the introduction of an artificial root into the jawbone, where the crown is subsequently put on.

What to choose: removable or fixed dentures

To decide on a particular type of prosthetics, it is necessary to take into account factors such as:

• Number of lost teeth: if 1-2 teeth are missing, you can implant an implant, install a crown or a conditionally removable prosthesis.
• Expected Result: fixed dentures restore chewing function much better than removable ones, but veneers and conditionally removable structures will provide an attractive smile.
• Convenience: it is important to remember that, unlike fixed (non-removable) prostheses, removable structures must sometimes be removed, since they are located on the gingival surface, thereby creating little washed areas.
• Vote with your wallet - choose by price. Many people, of course, dream of making high-quality dental prosthetics, but if you choose the best option the financial situation does not allow, you have to stop at what is cheaper (solid metal crowns, removable plastic structures).

The question of which prosthesis to install should not be decided by yourself. In any case, you should contact a doctor who will offer you the most acceptable option in terms of cost and quality.

In addition, when choosing a denture, one should take into account contraindications to certain types prosthetics. But at the current stage of development of dentistry and orthopedics, it can be confidently stated that absolute contraindications to this procedure does not exist. Due to the large number of different methods of prosthetics, if it is impossible to use one, you can choose some other.

Dental bridges are one of the most common ways to restore missing teeth. The dental structures used in this case have the aesthetics necessary for prosthetics, affordable price, durability and wear resistance. However, despite all the advantages, bridges have a number of contraindications that should be taken into account when choosing the type of prosthetics. At the stage of preparation for the recovery procedure, the doctor advises the patient about the types of these structures, the features of their installation and possible side effects.

Indications for the installation of dental bridges

Loss of teeth is not only an aesthetic problem. The absence of units of the dentition (edentia) can lead to such consequences as:

To avoid these consequences, experts do not recommend postponing dental prosthetics for a long time and advise you to consult a doctor as soon as possible. An experienced dentist will assess the condition of the oral cavity and determine which type of dentures is best for a particular case.

The most popular types of dentures are dental bridges, also called dental bridges. This orthodontic design got its name because of the external resemblance to the engineering structure of the same name. For clarity, the article contains photos of bridges.

Short description

The main condition for the installation of a dental bridge is the presence of at least 2 healthy units of the dentition, which can serve as supporting elements of the prosthesis and withstand the masticatory load. Components Bridge prostheses are crowns that are worn on pre-turned supporting units, and an intermediate element is artificial teeth that replace missing dental units.

The installed dental bridge is completely invisible against the background of natural teeth, since it is made of materials that are practically indistinguishable from natural enamel in color and structure. The photo shows how the patient's oral cavity looks before the prosthetics procedure and after the installation of an orthodontic structure in the form of a bridge.

Advantages

Bridges have many advantages. Among them are the following points:

There are many types of such structures. The types of bridges used depend on one or another indication for prosthetics, individual characteristics and wishes of the patient.

Contraindications for installation

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Bridge-shaped orthodontic products have a number of contraindications. This type of dentures is not used in the following cases:

• involuntary grinding of teeth during sleep (bruxism);
• pathology of the oral cavity (periodontal disease, periodontitis);
• various bite anomalies;
• loss of no more than 4 adjacent incisors, 2 premolars and 1 molar;
• predisposition to intense abrasion of the surface of the teeth;
• diseases of the jaw bone tissue (osteoporosis, osteomyelitis).

Bridge prosthetics is also not recommended for poor blood clotting, allergies to medical preparations used for pain relief, chronic pathologies in the stage of exacerbation, mental disorders. If at least one of these conditions or diseases is detected, the doctor selects a different type orthodontic structures to recover lost units.

Types of bridges

The classification of bridges is extensive. Structures are divided into types according to the following features:

1. Manufacturing material. Dental bridges are metal, plastic, ceramic and combined - from metal-plastic and metal-ceramic.
2. Mounting method. Structures are made removable and non-removable.
3. Life time. On this basis, orthodontic products are divided into temporary and permanent.
4. Prosthesis device. Bridges are made in the form of a one-piece cast or composite (collapsible) structure.
5. Reference element type. The division on this basis implies such types of bridge prostheses as products on implants, on lock fasteners, with unilateral and bilateral support on the teeth.
6. The location of the intermediate part of the structure on the gums. Bridges are tangential (installed on the front teeth) and flushing.

To better navigate in matters of prosthetics, the patient needs to know general classification orthodontic products. However, information about the materials of manufacture of the structure in the form of a bridge is worth studying in more detail, since this is one of the highlights in preparation for a dental restoration procedure.

Construction materials

This type of combined bridges, such as metal-plastic models, is used extremely rarely, since plastic is much inferior in its properties to ceramics. However, there are certain indications for the use of such products. These include, for example, dentures on implants, in which it becomes necessary to use lightweight crowns or bridges. Dental bridges made of metal, cermet and plastic are used much more frequently in dentistry. Each of these materials has certain characteristics.

metal

According to the manufacturing method, bridges are cast and stamped, and depending on how the products are connected, they are solid-cast and stamped-soldered. Such designs are made of gold and nickel-chromium or cobalt-chromium alloys.

A one-piece cast dental bridge is highly reliable, it is able to withstand significant loads and reproduce natural teeth as accurately as possible. This type of construction is intended for use in difficult cases, for example, with strong abrasion of the dentition units. When using one metal in the production of bridge prostheses, the occurrence of galvanism (reactions between different metals) is excluded.

Stamped-soldered bridges are structures made of individual elements soldered to each other. Such prostheses are not reliable and, due to the presence of dissimilar metals, can provoke the appearance of galvanic syndrome. For this reason, they have practically ceased to be made.

The stages of manufacturing one-piece cast bridge prostheses are less labor-intensive compared to the stages of production of stamped-brazed products. Due to low aesthetics, metal structures are rarely used in modern dentistry.

Metal-ceramic

Metal-ceramic bridges have a large number merits. These include:

In addition, after the installation of metal-ceramic structures, the risk of developing allergic reactions minimal. Numerous advantages of ceramic-metal bridges are appreciated in modern dentistry, due to which dental bridges are the most popular type of prosthetics. When choosing this material, it should be taken into account that a contraindication to the use of ceramic-metal prostheses is the absence of more than 3, sometimes 4 units of the dentition.

plastic

Plastic structures are made of special plastic, which contains acrylic. These orthodontic products have good aesthetic properties, are hypoallergenic and, as a rule, do not cause discomfort to their owner.

However, plastic bridges have serious disadvantages: low strength and wear resistance. For this reason, they are intended for temporary use while the permanent bridge is being built. Orthodontic products made of plastic are also installed to eliminate the defect of the anterior units of the dentition, which do not experience a significant chewing load, and in cases where the patient has financial limitations.

Classification of bridges according to the method of fastening

As noted earlier, bridge structures are divided into removable and non-removable according to the method of attachment. The type of fastening system must be determined before the prosthetics procedure, for which you need to study the information about the features of each type.

A fixed bridge is a one-piece structure consisting of several teeth, in the side parts of which crowns are placed, which play the role of a support for the entire product. This design can be worn without removing for a long time. Prostheses of this type are often used in the absence of several units of the dentition.

Bridge-like crowns are installed only after preliminary grinding of the extreme healthy teeth. The non-removable structure is attached using locks, plates, splints or implants.

Removable bridges may be fully or partially removable. The first type of prostheses is designed to restore the dentition in the absence of 1-3 units. In this case, other defects of the oral cavity are not taken into account. The main condition for installation is the presence of at least 2 healthy teeth that will perform support function. Fully removable bridges are used to restore both the upper and lower jaw.

A partially removable design is a plate in the form of an artificial gum with teeth. Such products are fixed by suction or with the help of special locks and hooks made of durable metal wire or plastic.

How many teeth can be bridged at the same time?

With bridge dentures, the first consideration is how many teeth need to be restored. No more than 4 missing teeth can be replaced with dentures. The number of intermediate crowns should not exceed the number of supporting units of the dentition, otherwise the service life of the structures is significantly reduced due to overloading of the supports.

When planning a bridge prosthesis, an important factor is the group of missing teeth and the type of units that will perform the supporting function. If there is too much load on the supports, over time they will begin to stagger.

Construction installation steps

The process of manufacturing bridges is carried out in several stages:

The finished product is fixed only if, when putting on and taking off, it does not cause the patient discomfort. After that, the doctor checks the correctness of the bite and the closing of the teeth. It is also evaluated whether there are visual differences between the color of the prosthesis and natural enamel.

Special cement is used to fix the bridge. Upon completion of the prosthetics procedure, the patient receives information about the rules for caring for the installed structure.

Service life of the prosthesis

When performing dental prosthetics using bridges, dentists guarantee that they will serve properly for at least 5 years. The service life of bridges is directly affected by such points as:

The service life of structures can be significantly extended (in some cases up to 25 years) by following the care recommendations. These include the following rules:

• rinsing the mouth after each meal;
• regular and thorough cleaning of the prosthesis with a brush in vertical movements from the gum to the crown;
• the use of floss, toothpick, brush or irrigator to clean food debris from the interdental space;
• timely visit to the dentist;
• periodic professional hygiene procedures(1-2 times a year).

In addition, it is necessary to take care of prostheses. Despite the strength and wear resistance, bridge structures cannot be subjected to significant mechanical stress, for example, it is forbidden to crack open nut shells with them.

Denture

Building over an obstacle

Crossing the river

Transport facility for crossing, crossing

Part of a car chassis

City in the Czech Republic

. "Duga" from shore to shore

. "Arc" lying on the "bulls"

Autobiography of the American writer Richard Bach "...through eternity"

Arched...

Shore connector on the river

It also happens on TV

There are 312 of them in St. Petersburg

City in the Czech Republic

Golden Gate

Tooth bridge

Denture

engineering structure

Painting by French artist Henri Rousseau "... in Sevres"

Painting by French artist Francois Boucher

M. platform, stilka, slan, reel, all kinds of continuous flooring from boards, logs, beams, for driving and for walking; solid construction across the river, or ravine, for the transition; such a bridge happens: wooden, stone, iron; on vaults, piles, goats; live or floating, from log rafts; floating, ship or pontoon, on ships or boats; flying, hanging, thrown over without an average support, on the same coastal abutments; often it also happens to be a chain, removable bridge, it is placed only temporarily, for example, in the summer; movable, built to pass ships; lifting, for example, is done through the moats, etc. The bridge is not a great post, you can go around. With this, at least a dime a dozen, at least bridges! a lot of. Well done at least the bridge of the bridge. Front rear axle, anyway. Front rear axle to the churchyard. More expensive than a stone bridge (on the Moscow River). Not the devil carried you to the thin bridge. A kind person is better (or more reliable) than a stone bridge. Remember the bridge and the ferry (the old one, when there was a toll on the bridges). Sit under the bridge; stand around the corner (i.e., rob). He is a tailor, and his workshop on the high road, under the bridge, is the same. Chigiriks, migiriks, sharandas, barandas, over the bridge over the bridge, over the Lykov bridge, shishel, left, the stench went! horses. The bridge is bridged under the pillow, from twigs, splinter, and in a dream they conclude about fate. Who builds such a bridge without a knife, without an axe, without wedges, without blades? freezing. Do kokovyak grow on the iron bridge? frying pan with pancakes. Under the bridge, under the tier, is the cloth green in one row? winter There is a bridge for seven miles; there is an oak on the bridge, a club on the oak, a color on the club in all white light? Great Lent and Easter. Bridge or bridges, log frame, pavement over a swamp; hut floor, platform, especially the porch and large canopy (north-east. eagle. tamb. ryaz. resin.). Do you have Spas, Mother of God on the bridges on the viburnum? Vologda is there an image in the hallway at the door, are you baptized? Kalinovye bridges are mentioned in a song and a fairy tale. Under the bridge (senami) a shepherd or podklet, the bridge separates the front hut from the rear, winter, and from the rear bridge, that is, the back of the porch, the door leads to the barnyard. Look for an ax on the bridges, sib. in the canopy. A downcast bridge, in mining factories, a sloping line between pigs, from a pond; drain bridge excess water . On maps, a bridge is called one of the cheating tricks. To pave the bridge, a kind of girlish fortune-telling, with splinters. The bridge will diminish. on steamboats, a kind of bridge across the deck, over the wheels; watchman's place. Bridge, bridge, bridge will diminish. bridge, -on, bridge increased. Bridges pl. wooden pavement, slan, along marshy roads, on unreliable ice. Scaffolding during construction, scaffolding. Masonry, lava, rungs across a stream, ravine, novg. footbridge. Kaz. bridge, canopy, porch in front of the canopy. Mostets m. psk. chest. What is the speech, such is the bridge. All bridges along country roads collapsed. Mostovoy, related to bridges. the form of a noun m. caretaker for bridges, roads; collector of road wash. Bridge Wed and bridgework. fee or fee for bridges, roads. Mostovaya any bedding along the road or along the street: plank, round, end, cobblestone, hewn, etc. Mostovina railway. sowing bridge. bridge of chickens Bridgeman Psk. hard. floorboard, floorboard, pavement, flooring. Bridge, masonry, lava. Mostovinny, related to it. -vinnik m. collected. forest assigned for laying the bridge, for laying on the swamp, etc. Mostina, -nka railway. novg. hard. I grew up. basket, large spit, pester. Novg. bridge? Mostinkovy, related to the basket. Bridge chicken. bridge keeper. Mostinnik Psk. hard. a boy picking up hay in the bridge at the market. Mostnik m. bridge builder; roadmaster or bridge toll collector. Mostovik m. in a wooden mine lining: a spacer between the posts, for laying an adit floor, a soil platform. Pavers m. builder, contractor, owner or worker of a bridge, walkways, pavement. -kov, belongs to him. - shchichy, relating to them. Paver m. paver, in the meaning. worker. Mostyrnik Psk. beggar on the bridge. Mostyrnichat Psk. guard passers-by on the bridge, begging. To pave, to pave, to completely cover the road, the street, to lay a sheet, a solid bedding for driving or walking; to fence or build high, heap in heaps. People paved people and walk. - Xia, to be bridged; pave around yourself, your place, your site; climb where scaffolding, scaffolding. bridge good, but back away from bad (or: push back). Can a bridge be built without boards, without an ax and without a wedge? (ice). Why did you pile up such a woodpile? Where did you climb? The streets are paved with cobblestones. Made it impossible. The building was covered with scaffolding, nothing to see. A lot of stone was worn out! They didn't push, but they piled on. Paving the forests higher. Retired, finished. Come on, push yourself! Without scaffolding, you will not reach. Move everything again. How would I nestle to you, sit down or lie down. Promoted all night. We camped out here, and there is no ride because of you. The yard was killed and paved well. Relics cf. action by vb. Moschenka, broken pavement of large roads, gravel, highway. Mostovye cf. leather. unfinished skins? Bridge? and. southern sheep worms, worm disease in sheep

Interbank bridge on the river

Must m. places, grape must; any fruit and berry juice, sea

Association of German Expressionist Painters in Dresden (1905-13)

Crossing on bulls, but not horned

Posture in classic wrestling

Travel from coast to coast

Passage through the river

prosthesis in the mouth

viaduct

Adjustable...

Adjustable in St. Petersburg

Drawbridge across the Neva

Rock band "Kalinov..."

The novel of the Russian writer S. A. Dangulov "Kuznetsky ..."

Russian folk group "Kalinov..."

Burnt ferry

The bow of the banks

connects the shores

Construction for crossing, crossing a river, ravine, railway track

Construction on bulls and abutments

Stationary crossing on bulls

Stands on bulls and pillars

Tower Bridge in London

Transport facility for crossing, crossing a river, ravine, obstacle

Oleg Efremov's film "Under construction..."

Richard Attenborough film "...too far"

Part of a car chassis

Part of a car chassis

Jaws

overpass

Platform, flooring from boards, logs

A wrestling move in which the wrestler's body is bent chest up and rests on the feet and hands (or head)

Cold vestibule between the front and back huts

Part of the chassis of a car, tractor, located above the axles and connected with the wheels

Dental prosthesis - a bar on which a number of artificial teeth are fixed

Cable-stayed...

. "arc" lying on the "bulls"

Richard Attenborough film "...too far"

In mathematics, an edge whose removal increases the number of connected components in a graph

water adapter

Czech football club

Russian folk group "Kalinov..."

Anichkov in St. Petersburg

The poem of the English poet Thomas Hood "... sighs"

The autobiography of the American writer Richard Bach "... through eternity"

Poem by American poet Hart Crane

Network device of the 2nd level of the OSI model designed to combine segments of a computer network

The novel by the Russian writer S. A. Dangulov "Kuznetsky ..."

Oleg Efremov's film "Under Construction..."

Painting by French artist Henri Rousseau "... in Sevres"

There are 398 in Venice, 1281 in Amsterdam, 1662 in Berlin, and Hamburg holds the European record with 2123

Mervyn Le Roy's melodrama "... Waterloo"

A place where the soldiers don't keep pace

What architectural structure is hidden behind the card game bridge?

Adjustable attribute of St. Petersburg

Canopy or corridor in a wooden house

pontoon structure

Crossing

He connects the shores

Type of obstacle in equestrian sport

What connects something is the link between someone, something (figuratively)

Both the viaduct and the overpass

Arc across the river

Arc over the river

building across the river

Rock band "Kalinov..."

Palace... across the Neva

Across the river

In the mouth or over the river

Tower Bridge in London

Anichkov...

Kalinov...

Adjustable over the Neva

. "arc" from coast to coast

Shore connector across the river

Stationary ferry

Anichkov... in St. Petersburg