Primary prevention of alcoholism. Social prevention of alcoholism. What alcoholic drinks do you drink most often?

Alcoholism is a disease, very serious, associated with craving for alcohol, which manifests itself in the form of physical and psychological dependence. The problems of alcoholism are faced not only in Russia, but also in other countries of the world, but only in Russia is alcoholism such a large-scale problem that it is comparable to a national disaster.

The Bible also says that people drank wine, drank it everywhere, instead of water or, for example, tea broth, but it is not known what kind of wine it was, whether it was an intoxicating drink or was considered like juice, and the atmosphere in those distant times was different . The pressure of the atmosphere had a different effect on people who lived in antiquity, alcohol-containing drinks might not have pernicious influence on the body of ancient inhabitants, such as, for example, kefir or kvass on those living today.

Are there ways to cure the alcoholism of each individual and the nation as a whole? There is. It is necessary to carry out prevention this disease. Just like doctors who give people flu shots, or the population itself during a flu epidemic or colds begins to eat garlic and drink tea with lemon to strengthen immunity and not catch a cold. It is necessary to conduct conversations with people on the topic of alcohol addiction.

Prevention of alcoholism is necessary for people at any age, because dependent people become for various life reasons: someone is pushed by a banal interest - this is more often in adolescence, someone family problems- in people of young and middle age, and some are struggling with age-related depression, seeing in a glass of drunken swill a way out of all life's troubles.

Types of prevention

Prevention of alcoholism is very important and necessary, because it is easier to prevent and prevent than to deal with the consequences, and the treatment is difficult and not always successful. Many alcoholics feel relieved after a course of therapy, but after some time they return to this destructive habit - drinking alcohol.

Prevention of alcohol addiction is:

1. Primary.
2. Secondary.
3. Tertiary.

Primary prevention from alcoholism is carried out in the form of a conversation, it prevents the occurrence of alcohol dependence. These are conversations, watching various videos and listening to a course of interviews with people who use harmful drinks. People leading the fight against this disease go to crowded places and promote a healthy lifestyle. Conversations should be held with schoolchildren and students, at employment exchanges and with young people.

Usually such conversations are reduced to stories about the diseases that alcohol causes. The activity of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted, the liver and kidneys begin to hurt, the pancreas does not cope with the functions assigned to it, pancreatitis appears, which then turns into diabetes mellitus.

The influence of Western ideologies has a very strong effect on Russian citizens. There used to be no such thing as a glass of wine for breakfast to improve digestion. Now more and more business lunches and meetings are held with the use of alcohol, but is it possible to make important transactions on a drunk head?

More and more families are being destroyed due to the fact that one or both spouses abuse alcohol. Even beer, which most men consider a harmless drink, causes irreparable consequences. Not only does it disrupt the activity nervous system also increases the amount of female hormones in male body. Representatives of the stronger sex become like women: they have roundness on their stomachs and hips, their shoulders become more sloping, and their psyche is loosened - men begin to throw tantrums, and they are increasingly “punched” into tears. This is why primary prevention of alcohol dependence is needed in order to avoid all the irreversible consequences that alcohol consumption is fraught with.

Secondary prevention is talking and meeting with people who are being treated for this moment from the habit of drinking ethyl alcohol. Prevention of drunkenness and alcoholism consists of meetings with the family of the patient, so that its members would support and help in every possible way in curing the habit.

Yes, and the family members themselves need psychological help to combat the problem of drunkenness, because their native person changes - first, from an exemplary family man, he turns into a drunkard and an alcoholic who ceases to value his family, and then, on the contrary, he tries to turn back into a decent person. Sometimes it is much more difficult to believe in the possibility of a miracle than in the fact that a miracle has already happened, and a loved one has ceased to be addicted.

Tertiary Prevention is Alcoholics Anonymous.

In order not to fall into drunkenness again, you need to talk about your problems.

But it is very difficult to find a person who would listen and not condemn, help to cope with the problem that has arisen and share their own experience. For these purposes, societies of anonymous alcoholics are increasingly being created, where people talk to each other, share their problems and experiences, and tell how they fought the disease. A psychologist works with them and helps them understand themselves. Such societies are necessary for every city in Russia, then there will be fewer people suffering from alcoholism.

Now more and more often teenagers can be heard that they drank on the weekends or had fun at discos with alcohol. This is a reason to start sounding the alarm.

The program for the prevention of alcoholism among schoolchildren should be designed for two age groups:

1. Junior students.
2. Middle and senior level.

A prevention program should be in every educational institution, designed for a specific contingent of children and parents, updates and adjustments must be made annually.

It is clear that children under the age of 11 will not drink alcohol, but their parents can do it. It is the work with parents that becomes the key element of this program. On shoulders class teacher the task is to recognize parents suffering from alcohol dependence. How to do it right?

Hold parent-teacher conferences at least once a month. It's clear that school teachers enough of their own problems at work and in their personal lives, they need to write programs, prepare for classes every day, get milk for primary school, check homework. There are not enough teachers in schools - this is an acute problem, many of them have to take charge of two classes and work in two shifts, and then there are the parents. But if you do not recognize in time that a child in the family has problems with alcohol, his parents drink, and the child himself suffers, then in the future he himself will become a potential alcoholic. His academic performance is low, he is left to himself, and his behavior leaves much to be desired.

Such children try to attract the attention of adults, in this case teachers, namely bad behavior because otherwise they don't know how. Or learned that a bad deed will be noticed faster than a good one.

Conducting parent-teacher meetings will allow you to assess the whole picture. If parents regularly attend meetings, actively participate in the lives of their children, then everything is in order in the family. But if the parents do not get in touch with the class teacher, do not attend meetings, referring to work, then it is worth thinking about the involvement of this family in alcohol addiction.

Individual interview with parents. If the parents did not show up for the school meeting, then it is worth trying to meet with them in person, set a convenient time for them and talk about the children's school problems, their academic performance and class tasks.

Conducting school events and outings. Hiking is a fun time for children, they will be happy to go to nature, sit near the fire, fry sausages, frolic and run. For the class teacher, this is a very big responsibility, he takes the children with him and is responsible for their safety, but he can observe their behavior. Children from dysfunctional families are not shy in their expressions, they talk about what their parents drink, and when the children themselves drink tea or other drinks, they “clink glasses”, as adults do. Such behavior junior schoolchildren makes you think that they are from a dysfunctional family, and you need to help such a child and his parents.

Prevention of alcoholism among senior schoolchildren and students

Quite a challenge in schools and other educational institutions is the need to prevent drunkenness. On average, children in Russia start drinking alcohol at the age of 14. Not only the situation in the family can push them to this, but also environment, relationship between peers, craving for popularity. Many teenagers mistakenly believe that drinking alcohol will help them become more popular and relaxed, make many friends among the opposite sex and improve their personal lives.

If you just talk with children and show them videos about the dangers of alcohol and the effect on a young body, then in this case the benefit from this will be minimal. Teenagers rarely think about their own health and the health of their future children.

Prevention of drinking among teenagers should boil down to the following: leave children with as little free time as possible. Involve them in all sorts of school activities and activities: decorating school corners and stands, working in groups on projects in any subject, but in such a way that it is carried out on school grounds or the school yard, and not at home when parents are at work, and children have the opportunity to purchase alcohol in the store.

Schools and other educational institutions need to hold as many sports and recreational events as possible, for which attendance will be mandatory.

Sports and an active lifestyle are measures to prevent alcoholism and promote a healthy lifestyle.

If every child has to attend the sports section at an educational institution without fail, then there will be no time left for drinking alcohol.

alcoholism statistics

In 60% of cases, teenagers begin to drink alcohol under the influence of drinking parents or other family members, and in 40% of cases, children become addicted to alcohol because they have nothing to do, they get tired of sitting at the computer and listening to music. Alcohol helps them start to communicate with each other, they think so.

Modern teenagers own computer technologies, actively click keys and correspond with each other. But they do not know how to speak, communicate, they need to feel confident, so they hide behind alcohol intoxication. What to do in such a situation? In the lessons in educational institutions, teachers should try to build classes in such a way that children communicate in dialogue and discuss problems. The teacher or lecturer should not lead the lesson in the form of a monologue and lecture. Where else can children learn to communicate with their peers, if not in educational institutions.

Prevention of alcoholism among adolescents is also carried out at the state level. Alcohol is prohibited to sell to children and adolescents under 18 after 21:00 in some regions and after 22:00 throughout Russia. Such a law exists, but is not always followed. Enforcement of the law must be monitored because some vendors sell alcohol to children and some adults buy alcohol at the request of teenagers. Prevention of teenage alcoholism should also be carried out with the public in order to avoid cases of selling alcohol to minors and cases of buying alcohol for minors of adolescence.

Measures to prevent alcoholism among adolescents should be taken comprehensively. This should involve the family, educational institutions and the state.

Female alcoholism: prevention

If men's problems with alcohol are solvable, and the addiction itself, although difficult, but possible to cure, then it is incurable. This has long been a proven fact. The fair sex, who do not look as beautiful as before the disease, will never be able to completely get rid of addiction, in any difficult situation they will again and again be applied to the bottle and try to drown their problems in wine or something stronger.

There is only one way out in the fight against female drunkenness - the prevention of alcoholism. Young girls prefer lighter varieties of alcohol: light beer, sparkling wine or martini. They do not think about the fact that the body gets used to sweetish liquids that intoxicate and give deceptive freedom in communication; after drinking such drinks for a year, 1-2 times a week, an addiction occurs that is incurable. After 2-3 years of drinking alcohol like this, light alcohol no longer brings heady lightness, and girls switch to stronger alcohol without thinking about their health.

Mass of water in female body 20% less than in men, the psyche is softer and more vulnerable. And the body is not designed for alcoholic beverages and toxins, which is why a severe form of addiction occurs. Girls most often do not even think about the fact that they will never be able to give up alcohol, therefore, from an early school age, it is necessary to conduct explanatory conversations with them. Moreover, a drunk girl does not control herself well, unprotected sex with young people may occur, which will lead to unwanted pregnancy. A "drunk" conception is very dangerous for both the baby and the expectant mother.

More than 60% of girls aged 14-17 drink alcohol only in companies, but 40% have a desire to drink alone. If parents notice increased anxiety of their daughter or irritability, rudeness, drop in academic performance, then you need to talk with her, and then turn to a psychologist. Prevention of female alcoholism is necessary. Alcohol abuse among girls leads to infertility and problems in bearing offspring.

There are three stages of female alcoholism:

1. The first stage is drinking alcohol in groups. This stage lasts up to 1-2 years, when girls and young women meet in companies, where they drink alcohol and communicate.
2. The second stage - alcohol is the solution to the problem. At this stage, the mental state of a woman or girl changes. They no longer know how to talk about problems without a bottle of alcohol. Girlfriend and bottle are the best psychologists. And then the girl starts drinking alone. At this stage, if you turn to specialists for help, you can still get rid of addiction.
3. The third stage is painful. At this stage, diseases of the liver, kidneys, pancreas develop. Irreversible changes occur in the psyche, alcoholism can no longer be cured.

Prevention and treatment of male drunkenness

Prevention of drunkenness among men is much more relevant than the treatment of alcoholism, it is better to prevent than to cure. Moreover, group therapy brings top scores than individual conversations. What to do for prevention? Employers and heads of firms where mainly male teams work, promote sports and a healthy lifestyle, hold football, volleyball and other sports matches between workshops and teams, then the percentage of men addicted to alcohol will decrease. It is no secret that among men there are those who abuse alcohol, but male alcoholism is a curable disease.

Is it possible to somehow treat an existing addiction? Yes, you certainly may. Prevention and treatment of alcoholism should be carried out in a complex way - conversation and medicines. It is recommended to add bay leaf to all cooked food. This is not only the prevention of colds, but also alcohol addiction. Bay leaf discourages the body's craving for drinking alcohol. Lavrushka helps to cope with addiction not only for men, but also for women who abuse alcohol.

If you eat 2-3 teaspoons of honey daily with tea, then you can also cope with the desire to feel intoxicated. Honey is an excellent treatment. It contains glucose and maltose, necessary for the body to cope with addiction.

Besides honey and bay leaf, you can use soda, but soda will bring only temporary relief. To treat alcoholism, you need to drink half a glass of water in which soda is diluted during the day.

To prevent drunkenness and alcoholism, it is necessary to promote a healthy lifestyle, inform the population with the help of leaflets and newspapers, talk about the dangers of alcohol on television, and devote more time to children so that they do not find time to drink alcohol.

Thanks for the feedback

Comments

Megan92 () 2 weeks ago

Has anyone managed to save her husband from alcoholism? Mine drinks without drying up, I don’t know what to do ((I thought of getting a divorce, but I don’t want to leave the child without a father, and I feel sorry for my husband, he’s a great person when he doesn’t drink

Daria () 2 weeks ago

I have already tried so many things and only after reading this article, I managed to wean my husband from alcohol, now he doesn’t drink at all, even on holidays.

Megan92 () 13 days ago

Daria () 12 days ago

Megan92, so I wrote in my first comment) I will duplicate it just in case - link to article.

Sonya 10 days ago

Isn't this a divorce? Why sell online?

Yulek26 (Tver) 10 days ago

Sonya, what country do you live in? They sell on the Internet, because shops and pharmacies set their markup to be brutal. In addition, payment is only after receipt, that is, they first looked, checked and only then paid. And now everything is sold on the Internet - from clothes to TVs and furniture.

Now the problem of alcoholism is very acute. In the 90s. the percentage of child drunkenness has risen sharply. In the last decade, the rate in large cities has declined. This was achieved through the social prevention of alcoholism. Among the adult population, especially males, there remains a high rate of death from alcohol. The topic of prevention remains relevant, it requires new effective approaches and techniques.

Need for urgent action

The goals of alcoholism prevention among the population are simple and clear. Addiction has horrendous consequences locally and globally:

• an increase in the incidence of liver cirrhosis, oncology, mental
• disorders;
• reduced life expectancy;
• percentage increase genetic pathologies, mutations in newborns, childhood disability;
• an increase in the number of divorces, dysfunctional families;
• increase in the level of criminalization.

Prevention and treatment of alcohol dependence are discussed at the state level.

A law on the prevention of alcoholism and drug addiction was adopted. It defines the main control measures, establishes restrictions on the sale of alcoholic beverages.

Basic Strategies for Fighting

Prevention of drunkenness and alcoholism implies the formation of a negative perception of alcohol, increasing the value of a healthy and safe lifestyle. The following strategies are used for this:

1. Reducing risk factors for addiction. These include low material wealth, impaired physical and mental health, unwillingness to develop, family conflicts.
2. Strengthening sustainability factors. This group includes good upbringing and education, family and material well-being, developed mental and creative abilities.

Prevention of children's, male, and female alcoholism is carried out using the same technologies.

There are 3 types of prevention - primary, secondary and tertiary.

Primary Measures

The primary prevention of alcoholism is the prevention of addiction. It is designed for the population of all ages, but more for minors. Teenagers start drinking alcohol at the age of 15. This is a challenge to society, a form of protest, a demonstration of "adulthood", a manifestation of teenage depression, mental disorders. Dependence develops very quickly, so it is important to cultivate a negative attitude towards alcohol. Activities for the prevention of alcoholism are carried out in schools, colleges, universities, clinics. Various psychological approaches are used to prevent drunkenness.

Main approaches

Primary prevention of alcoholization of the population is carried out using the following approaches:

• Spreading information about the dangers of alcohol for health. This is the most effective approach, often used as a tactic of intimidation.
• Impact by positive and negative examples. The approach is based on the assertion that the environment presses, changing behavior. The consequences of alcoholism are confirmed by the example real people. The teenager is also taught to choose his environment.
• Formation of skills for building relationships, development of personal resources. The approach involves teaching positive thinking, harmonious coexistence with the world.
• Strengthening the body. Juveniles are taught to maintain health, get rid of harmful things, and resist negative pressure.

The most effective is A complex approach. Schools disseminate information about the consequences of alcoholism, teach to lead a healthy lifestyle on classroom hours, life safety and biology lessons. The work of a psychologist in educational institutions is aimed at developing the right life skills for problem students.

Basic Methods

For the prevention of alcoholism among adolescents, the following methods are used:

• familiarization with literature, distribution of brochures, leaflets, posters about the dangers of alcohol;
• lectures by doctors and psychologists for teenagers and parents;
• conversations with people who used to suffer from addiction;
• social actions with the participation of young people (can be aimed at encouraging the rejection of bad habits, promoting a healthy lifestyle);
• development of youth leisure programs.

Properly carried out measures for the prevention of alcoholism in children and adolescents reduce the percentage of the disease in the adult population. Primary prevention approaches and methods do not work well for people over 30 years of age. If they have addiction, intimidation, negative examples, social actions will not help to heal. Then secondary prevention measures are applied.

secondary measures

Secondary prevention of alcoholism is the treatment of people with alcohol dependence. The program includes the following methods:

1. Social and psychological work with the patient's family. This is especially true if a teenager suffers from addiction. Relatives are taught to perceive the patient correctly so that he does not feel unnecessary.
2. Medical treatment. It is carried out in a drug treatment clinic or at home. Hangover remedies, sorbents, sedatives, hepatoprotectors, etc. are used.
3. Psychological help. In the treatment of severe addiction, hypnosis is used, the patient is also satisfied with meetings with people who have got rid of addiction. The main task of the psychologist is to return the patient a positive attitude to life, motivation, increase self-confidence.

According to the law, treatment can be carried out only with the consent of the patient. This is the main problem of the secondary program. Few alcoholics want to get rid of addiction. Therefore, the environment of the patient needs to inspire him with the need for treatment. To motivate an alcoholic to start treatment, “soft” persuasion, concern about his health are suitable. You can use the help of a psychologist and a narcologist. Blackmail and resentment against the patient only increase the craving for alcohol.

Tertiary measures

After recovering from addiction, a person needs rehabilitation and support so that he does not return to his previous lifestyle. Creating a favorable psychological atmosphere for a former alcoholic is a tertiary prevention of alcoholism. The program includes regular consultations with a psychologist, a narcologist, and classes at the Alcoholics Anonymous club. The work of a psychologist is aimed at teaching the patient the skills of behavior and activities that are not related to the use of alcohol. Friends and relatives should be involved in this.

Conclusion

Alcoholism and its prevention is a global problem. Proper control measures annually reduce the number of deaths from alcohol intoxication. The number is increasing happy families, healthy children.

Prevention of alcohol addiction is necessary not only for children, but also for adults. To form a positive worldview, communication and mutual support are enough.

Alcoholism prevention is used to reduce the incidence of alcohol dependence. For Russia, the problem is especially acute, the number of people who drink is frightening.

The state and the public do not leave such issues without attention. Therefore, there are several levels of prevention that help to form right attitude to alcohol. This includes preventive measures and helping people who are already addicted.

Many try to find ways to help distract from the desire to drink. In such a situation, sports, creativity, hobbies, work, family, fresh air and much more can help. The most important thing is to think positively.

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In the 21st century, alcoholism has become widespread. This is one of the most dangerous addictions serious illness requiring medical intervention. characteristic feature is not only physiological, but also psychological craving for alcohol.

The problem of alcoholism today is acute even in developed countries, but, for example, in Russia it turned into a real disaster. Society and the state are working together to ensure that people reduce the volume of alcohol consumption. Effective methods of struggle are preventive measures, including the prevention of alcoholism.

The drinking problem

People suffering from alcoholism often refer to the Bible. It says that man has always drunk wine. It replaced tea, water, quenched thirst. But it's not the same wine as it is now. Perhaps it was a simple drink, similar to juice or fruit drink.

At that time, alcohol did not affect people as negatively as it does now, did not make them cheeky. The public looked at the world in a completely different way.

People, and not only doctors or government officials, are wondering if there is any method of curing alcoholism that can cure all alcohol addicts. There are such methods. One of the most effective is the prevention of alcoholism.

Alcohol addiction is classified as a disease that is easier to prevent than to treat. Prevention is at the heart of the fight against alcoholism.

To protect against infections, a person is vaccinated, takes antiviral drugs when there is a danger or the beginning of an epidemic. The same mechanism of action should be developed to deal with alcohol addiction. Measures for the prevention of alcoholism consist of various activities, conversations about the consequences, the severity of the disease.

Such lectures should be held among people of any age, gender, with different levels prosperity. Especially active prevention should be used in those segments of the population that belong to the risk group.

Any drinking person has his own reasons that pushed him to alcoholism. People drink because of problems in the family, at work, depression, the desire to prove something. Some people do it just out of curiosity. No one is immune from alcohol addiction. Therefore, prevention is important for everyone.

Prevention of alcoholism is a set of measures that form people's negative attitude towards alcoholic beverages. The most important is the transition to a healthy lifestyle, which involves the absence of the habit of drinking alcohol. There are 3 stages of disease prevention.

Alcohol Prevention Levels

Work among teenagers

How not to succumb to attraction?

Any preventive measures are not as important as the desire of the person himself to change for the better. Many are trying to figure out how to get rid of the thirst to drink alcohol.

There are several tips that help a person forget about his craving for alcohol, here are some of them:

• You can not store alcoholic beverages at home, this will help in situations where the desire to drink suddenly appears.
• You need to focus on your family. Surely drunkenness has ruined relations between loved ones, it's time to fix them.
• It is very important to start working, doing what you like. There will simply be no time for memories of alcohol. Also, boredom and depression will pass. Work is a source of income that helps fulfill your desires. There you can meet new people, make friends.
• You need to find a hobby. It will not only satisfy emotionally, but also increase self-esteem, give confidence.
• You need to acknowledge that there is a problem.
• Don't be afraid to contact a psychologist.
• You need to start exercising. active image life will not only distract from thoughts about alcohol, but also heal the whole body. It is important not to be zealous and adequately assess your capabilities.
• We must not forget that people become alcoholics because of psychological problems. It is necessary to look them in the face, not to be afraid to solve them. Working on yourself will be an excellent prevention of alcoholism.
• It is very important to accept the real you, adequately appreciating the positive and negative qualities of his character. Understanding yourself, finding weaknesses is the way to fight them, self-improvement.
• You can't cultivate guilt in yourself. Many people who have overcome their illness feel guilty before their relatives for those situations that occurred while intoxicated. Sometimes such self-blame leads to the fact that a person drives himself into stressful situation starts drinking alcohol again. If you can’t suppress the feeling of guilt on your own, you should use the services of a psychologist.
• Need to get rid of yourself anxious thoughts. It is they who increase the fear of what is happening, most often unreasonably and without reason. Increased anxiety characteristic of people with alcohol dependence. Usually a person himself cannot find the cause of fear. All this paints life in gray and black tones, creates unpleasant experiences.
• Must face everyone life's difficulties, look for solutions. It will also boost self-esteem.
• Do not watch programs that negatively affect the psyche. These include news about tragedies, accidents, someone's death or illness. Such programs increase feelings of anxiety, which can lead to a desire to drink.
• It is important to find what brings you joy. It could be sweets, music, books, travel, movies, shopping, pet training, or helping people. The feeling of pleasure from these things will put off the memories of alcohol.
• It is necessary to expand your horizons - visit theaters, museums, cinema, ballet, opera. You can participate in some social activities. This lifestyle increases self-esteem, brings pleasure.
• You need to make time for walking. It distracts from the usual hustle and bustle.
• It is important to at least try to change the situation. This encourages the development of one's own personality, increases responsibility for one's life.
• You need to feel like a person. This attitude encourages lifestyle changes.
• You need to put your appearance in order, be sure to follow your hair, wardrobe. The approval of your own image in the mirror stimulates you to conquer new heights.
• If there is a feeling that there is no more strength to abstain from alcohol, it is urgent to contact a psychologist.

Statistics

According to statistics, in 6 cases out of 10 the reason for the use of alcoholism by teenagers is the influence of drinking family members, most often parents. The remaining 4 cases are associated with boredom, idleness, a narrow range of interests, including, as a rule, computer games, internet, music. With the help of alcohol, adolescents lose their stiffness, it becomes easier for them to communicate while intoxicated.

Today's youth know perfectly well how to use a computer, they actively correspond with each other on the Internet. But in reality, they do not find a common language well, they are embarrassed to communicate, and they gain confidence only after drinking alcohol.

In such cases, teachers need to build a dialogue with children correctly, discuss problems with them, and help solve them. You can not conduct a lesson in the form of a monologue or lecture. It is at school that communication should be taught, including with peers.

Prevention of alcoholism is also a state task. In Russia, there is a law that prohibits teenagers under 18 from buying alcohol.

It also happens that unscrupulous sellers sell alcohol to minors. The state carefully monitors the implementation of this law. This can help and ordinary people by being vigilant.

Measures taken by the state and carried out by society must be comprehensive. The school, the family, the public as a whole should take part in them.

Goals at the state level

The state plays an important role in the prevention of alcoholism. AT last years changed his attitude to the measures taken in this matter. The goals of the state include:

• Stricter bans on the sale and consumption of alcohol.
• Prevention of alcohol abuse.
• Developing more effective policies.
• Formation in the population of responsibility for the consequences of drinking alcohol.
• Implementation of the principle of complementarity, finding a compromise.
• Formation among the population of the concept of moderation in consumption.
• Prevention of the emergence and development of the need to drink alcohol.
• Personal protection, recognition of the priority of civil interests.
• Development of preventive, cultural, educational and educational methods.
• Tougher liability for acts committed while intoxicated.
• Development and implementation of methods that can help assess and control the level of alcohol consumption in the country and in certain areas in particular.
• Formation of moral and moral values ​​with the help of the church.
• Conducting research on the prevalence of alcoholism in Russia, maintaining statistical data, comparing them.

To reduce the number of people suffering from alcoholism, it is necessary to carry out preventive measures. These include not only working with those who have recently been able to cope with addiction, but also the formation of values ​​​​in adolescents from an early age.

There are 3 levels of prevention. The first is based on working with healthy people, the second on helping drinking people, and the third on the support of those who have already stopped drinking. The last level includes the work of a person on himself, the formation of confidence, positive character traits, social consciousness.

The state, seeing the scale of the problem of alcoholism, is actively developing an anti-alcohol policy. The work is carried out in tandem with various public organizations. Today, a healthy lifestyle is actively promoted, which provides for the rejection of alcohol.

The most common form of drug addiction is alcoholism.

Man began to produce and consume alcoholic beverages many centuries before our era. Probably, already in primitive society, in order to achieve intoxication, they used fermented fruits, honey. With the development of agriculture and viticulture, the production of wines has spread widely. Numerous historical studies show that wine was widespread among the most diverse peoples of antiquity. AT Ancient China, for example, alcoholic beverages were made from rice, in India - from millet, rice or barley, in Iran - from hemp. The Scythians received an intoxicating drink from mare's milk. The Egyptians were the first to learn how to brew beer. AT Ancient Greece and ancient Rome, in honor of the grape harvest, festivities were organized - Bacchanalia (Bacchus - the god of winemaking), accompanied by revelry and drunken orgies, the name of which has become a household word.

Alcoholic drinks quickly won numerous adherents because of their ability to change the mental state of a person, especially mood, causing a variety of pleasant sensations, usually erroneous, i.e. illusions. After taking alcohol, health improves, longing and sadness are weakened, carelessness and fun appear. Timid - becomes bold, silent - talkative, etc. The environment is perceived in a distorted light, the voice of reason is muffled, a person ceases to be himself, very often his behavior becomes asocial. But all this does not last long, soon there is weakness in the whole body, weakness, drowsiness, depressed mood.

The concept of alcoholism

To date, there is no generally accepted definition of alcoholism. In everyday life, the term "alcoholism" means excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages and is synonymous with the concept of drunkenness. According to the WHO, “alcoholism is any form of alcohol consumption that exceeds the traditional, socially accepted “food” norm or goes beyond social habits of this society."

According to the definition adopted in medicine, “alcoholism is a disease determined by a pathological craving for alcoholic beverages (i.e., there is a mental and physical addiction), the development of an abstinence syndrome upon cessation of alcohol consumption, and in advanced cases, a violation of the internal organs, the nervous system and mental degradation.

The term "chronic alcoholism" is more commonly used. alcoholic disease"). It can be said that alcoholism - This is a set of pathological changes that occur in the body under the influence of prolonged immoderate alcohol consumption.

Alcoholism and drunkenness different stages alcohol abuse. Most often, when it comes to alcohol abuse, they mean drunkenness. Drunkenness, in turn, is the cause of alcoholism.

Classification of consumption of alcoholic beverages

Depending on the consumption of alcoholic beverages, the following groups of limes are distinguished (according to Yu. P. Lisitsyn):

• those who do not consume alcoholic beverages (convinced teetotalers);
• consuming alcoholic beverages rarely (on holidays and family celebrations), on average no more than once a month, in small quantities (several glasses of wine or strong alcoholic beverages);
• moderately drinking alcoholic beverages (1-3 times a month, but not more than 1 time per week), in small quantities in cases socially justified (holidays, family traditions, meeting with friends), do not allow antisocial actions;
• alcohol abusers, which include: a) drunkards - drinking alcohol often, several times a week, in large quantities, the reason for drinking has no social explanations ("for the company", "for no reason", "wanted and drank", etc.); etc.), alcoholic beverages are drunk in random places, in a state of alcohol intoxication behavior is disturbed (conflicts in the family, absence from work, violation of the rules public order), sometimes there may be an uncontrollable craving for alcohol; persons with initial signs of alcoholism (psychic dependence on alcohol intake, loss of control over the amount of alcohol consumed, increased tolerance to alcohol); b) persons with pronounced signs of alcoholism, when physical dependence on alcohol, a hangover syndrome (withdrawal syndrome) and other symptoms, up to serious ones, join mental dependence mental disorders(alcoholic psychosis).

Alcohol myths

The spread of alcoholism is facilitated by the so-called alcohol myths, i.e. illusory representations that justify the use of alcohol.

Myth one: alcoholics are those who drink cheap drinks every day (but this is not so, because the forms of alcoholism are different).

Myth two: drunkenness is unpleasant for others, but in general it is not very dangerous for health (this is also not true, since alcohol is a risk factor for diseases of the liver and organs of the cardiovascular system, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer stomach, psychological and biochemical dependence is formed, intellectual and mental degradation sets in).

Myth three: only those who have an innate tendency to become alcoholics become alcoholics (but this is not at all necessary, since cases of the development of alcoholism in children of non-drinking parents are known).

Myth four: without alcohol it is impossible to celebrate any events of human life, etc.

Causes of alcoholism

Along with alcohol myths, the following reasons are important, usually acting simultaneously:

biological: in 30-40% of cases, alcoholism develops due to hereditary predisposition. If one of the parents is an alcoholic, then the likelihood of developing chronic alcoholism in children it is 50%, if both parents are alcoholics, then the probability is 75%;

psychological: personality type largely determines addiction to alcohol. People who are weak-willed and lack initiative are more often subject to alcoholism. Psychogenic trauma often leads to alcoholism, when a person cannot cope with trouble and finds solace in escaping from reality by drinking alcohol; social: following the traditions that have developed in the family and the surrounding society, low cultural level (including the lack of a culture of drinking alcohol), lack of leisure, awareness of the hopelessness of one's social position, the inability to change anything in one's life;

socio-economic: the sale of alcoholic beverages generates multi-billion dollar revenues in all countries (in our country, income from the sale of alcoholic beverages constitutes a significant part of the state budget).

Consequences of alcoholism

The consequences of alcoholism can be:

medical: alcohol leads to damage to organs such as the liver (5th among other causes of death), the central nervous system (CNS) ( alcoholic encephalopathy, alcoholic psychoses, polyneuritis, etc.); increases the risk of acute infarction myocardium, acute violation cerebral circulation, against the background of alcohol abuse progresses pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; parental alcoholism leads to the birth of unhealthy offspring with birth defects and diseases, an increase in infant mortality, etc.;

social: alcoholism leads to an increase in crime, an increase in morbidity, disability, mortality, i.e., to a decrease in population health indicators, an increase in injuries;

socio-economic: a decrease in working capacity as a result of the effect of alcohol abuse on health leads to material and economic damage to society, a decrease in labor productivity, etc.

Measures to combat drunkenness and alcoholism

As experience has shown, prohibitive measures in the fight against alcoholism are ineffective. The organization of the fight against drunkenness and alcoholism should be based on the principles of persuasion, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, overcoming alcohol myths, the activities of the media and sobriety societies, etc.

Measures to prevent drunkenness and alcoholism should be divided into specific and non-specific (indirect). Specific prophylaxis implies measures directly aimed at reducing alcohol consumption: the formation public opinion, health education, time limit for the sale of alcoholic beverages, the age limit for the sale of alcoholic beverages, administrative measures (fines, deprivation additional holidays, premiums, etc.).

Measures of indirect prevention indirectly affect the reduction of alcohol consumption. These include attitudes towards the formation of a healthy lifestyle, raising the level of well-being and culture, education, etc.

Stages of development of alcoholism

Most people who begin to try and then consume alcohol and drugs go through a series of stages that coincide with each other and reflect the complexity of the issue of the development of alcoholism (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The development of alcoholism

At this stage of their introduction to alcohol, teenagers often begin to try alcohol (in the company of peers, at home, etc.) in order to cheer themselves up. Negative reaction body: bad feeling, headaches, nausea, vomiting, ie. negative experience, can wean from alcohol. However, for those who have experienced pleasure after drinking, the desire to continue drinking increases, and they move on to the next stage of drinking - the stage of regular drinking.

Teenagers who drink alcohol regularly are people who drink in the company. A certain degree of self-control is present in an adult, but most adolescents get drunk drunk (various physiological disorders and changes in behavior no longer cause them concern). Prolonged use accompanies the transition to the third stage.

The third stage is the presence intrusive thoughts about alcohol. During the dating and regular drinking stages, adolescents drink to experience the pleasurable sensations they associate with drinking. But at the third stage, a teenager begins to drink in order to eliminate or muffle unpleasant sensations, negative emotions. At this stage, adolescents begin to lose control of themselves, they develop physical endurance to alcohol (and at the same time physical dependence). it
the main warning sign that an addiction to alcohol and, possibly, alcoholism is developing.

The fourth stage is chemically conditioned need or alcohol dependence. characteristic feature this stage are the loss of self-control, long binges. The main driving motive at this stage is self-treatment. The behavior of an alcoholic has a number of characteristic features: tolerance - more and more alcohol is required to achieve the same effect; withdrawal syndrome - appearance painful symptoms developing when a person does not drink; drug addiction behavior, - behavior changes dramatically when an alcoholic is deprived of the object of his passion; drinking becomes more important than everything else in life; there is a degradation of personality.

Alcohol use and effects

Alcohol - ethyl alcohol (ethanol, chemical formula C 2 H 5 OH) is a colorless volatile liquid, highly flammable and with a characteristic odor and burning taste.

Short-term effects of alcohol:

• slow reaction to external stimuli;
• slow reflexes;
• impaired coordination of movements;
• decreased sharpness of thinking;
• memory impairment;
• vomit; blurred look;
• increased risk of accidents;
• staggering when walking or standing still;
• loss of consciousness.

Consequences of long-term alcohol exposure:

• alcoholism disease;
• memory lapses;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• dysfunction of the brain;
• violation of the nervous system;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• disruption of work digestive system and other systems;
• reduction in life expectancy;
• coma;
• death (as a result of accidents, from excess alcohol).

The alcohol molecule is small and easily absorbed into the blood. Absorption begins already in the oral mucosa, about 20% is absorbed by the gastric mucosa, and most of the alcohol is absorbed in small intestine. Ethanol readily permeates through cell membranes all tissues, but its concentration is directly dependent on the content of water in them. Therefore, for example, the concentration of alcohol in brain tissue is 1.5-2 times higher than in other tissues. Its concentration is also quite high in the liver, since it actively absorbs and neutralizes any substances in the blood in concentrations exceeding the norm.

After a single injection, ethanol is oxidized at a constant rate of 85-100 mg/kg per hour. With its frequent use, the rate of oxidation increases as a result of an increase in the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, which is the reason for the increase in tolerance in the first stage of alcoholism.

Alcohol is one of the substances that bad influence almost all systems of the human body. It is clear that its action is especially dangerous for a growing, not yet formed organism: it inhibits growth, delays the development of mental and sexual functions and muscles, and affects appearance person, etc. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the sensitivity of a growing organism to alcohol is much higher than that of an adult, so sometimes even 100 g of wine is enough to make him very intoxicated. A persistent addiction to alcohol - alcoholism - develops in a teenager 5-10 times faster than in an adult. If we take into account the irreversibility of the changes that occur in the human body during alcoholism, then this means that a teenager who has become an alcoholic remains an inferior person in terms of health for almost the rest of his life. He can still return to normal work, family or social activities, but he will no longer be able to fully realize the opportunities allotted to him by nature.

The effect of alcohol on the central nervous system is determined primarily by the fact that when it is used it is in her cells that it enters in the first place. This is due to the property of alcohol to dissolve fats well, the content of which in the shell of the nerve cell is higher than in any other, and exceeds 60%. Having penetrated inside the neuron, alcohol lingers here, because its cytoplasm contains a lot of water. Actually, in the described features of the effect of alcohol on the central nervous system, its attractiveness for a person lies: after drinking, it quickly causes excitation of the nervous system, and a person has a feeling of lightness and fun. However, as the concentration of alcohol in nerve cell and, accordingly, excitation, it gradually turns into the so-called transcendental inhibition. It is very important that, first of all, those parts of the brain that control behavior, a person’s relationship with other people, and criticality in relation to their own behavior fall into it. As a result of turning off these centers in a state of intoxication, a person becomes talkative, aggressive, and to himself he seems extremely intelligent and witty, strong and courageous. It is no accident, therefore, that many crimes and dangerous acts that threaten the life and health of both this person and the people around him are committed while intoxicated.

Unfortunately, it is the ability of alcohol to cause extreme inhibition that makes people often resort to its use when any life problems arise (conflicts, unrealized opportunities, unrequited love, etc.), when instead of trying to resolve them in practice, a person tries to get away from these problems. problems. It seems to him that he achieves this goal through the use of alcohol. Ethanol causes a rapid inhibition of the dominant centers of the central nervous system - and "no problem", the person becomes well and easily. But problems remain, and then he wants to return again and again to this blissful state, where there is an illusion of their absence. True, this does not take into account several important and dangerous consequences of such behavior:

• problems still do not disappear, but accumulate and grow more and more;
• any alcohol intake is accompanied by the destruction of brain cells, which, as you know, are not restored;
• a person loses time that could be used to solve the issues facing him;
• more and more alcohol is required to achieve intoxication;
• the more and longer he consumes alcohol, the more his body suffers.

But this is only the first phase of intoxication. As it develops, inhibition captures ever deeper formations of the brain. Therefore, at first speech becomes less and less controlled, memory is disturbed, coordination of movements is upset. Gradually, braking can cover those nerve centers, which are responsible for the most important functions of the body, which can disrupt the regulation of body temperature (for this reason, drunk people often freeze in cold weather), breathing (up to its stop) and heart activity.

Table. Diseases and physiological disorders in drinkers

AT reproductive system human alcohol destroys both proteins, which form the basis of the structure of the gonads, and fats, which are the most important part of sex hormones. Moreover, penetrating into male germ cells, alcohol causes damage to their genetic apparatus, and if such a spermatozoon fertilizes an egg, then a child may be born handicapped, with various physical and mental defects, mental underdevelopment. Now it is known for sure that mentally retarded, with physical deformities, children can be born from healthy parents, whose only fault was the conception that occurred while intoxicated by one or both parents.

French scientists on a large statistical material proved that big number stillborns were conceived during the period of carnivals, and even the term "children of carnivals", "children of Sunday" appeared. In Bulgaria, it was found that 15 stillborns and 8 freaks were born from 23 chronic alcoholics.

Of particular note is that alcohol often leads to a weakening of sexual function in men, especially young men. As a result, a person is deprived of the opportunity to have a strong family, offspring.

Liver a person performs many important features. One of them is the destruction and removal from the body of harmful substances that have entered or formed in it. One of these substances is alcohol. Its destruction and excretion from the body (with urine, sweat, feces, through the respiratory system) requires at least, from a sin of a day to a week, although the breakdown products of alcohol can remain in the body (especially in the brain) for up to a month. Throughout this period, the liver is "fighting" with alcohol. If it is used regularly, then gradually this vital important organ begins to break down, and cirrhosis of the liver develops, in which the production of this bile is disrupted, and the role of the liver as a “security guard” of the body is first reduced, and then distorted in such a way that even substances useful to the body can become dangerous. It has been proven that cirrhosis of the liver develops not only from strong alcoholic beverages, but also from the regular use of weak ones, including beer.

Lungs, providing gas exchange between the body and the environment, after taking alcohol, they begin to play a protective role and remove it from the body, which manifests itself in bad smell coming from the mouth of a drunk person. They continue to play such a role during the entire period while alcohol or its decay products remain in the body, i.e. for at least a few days. As a result, there is a breakdown of the tender lung tissue, and opportunities respiratory system gradually decrease more and more.

Digestive system A person under the influence of alcohol also experiences significant adverse changes. Alcohol itself causes the destruction of the gastric mucosa and disrupts its production of digestive juices. Under its action, the absorption of many important substances, such as vitamins and proteins, is difficult for the body. Gradually, gastritis develops, and then a stomach ulcer, metabolism is disturbed, aging processes go faster and the body's capabilities decrease.

Significant changes under the influence of alcohol occur in bone- muscular system due to a violation of the body's absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary for building its actively growing bones; as a result, growth slows down.

It is clear that alcohol consumption is incompatible with physical education and sports. This is due not only to the changes that occur in all body systems and are described above, but also to disorders directly in the muscular system, so that the performance of the muscles and the degree of their tension (tone) fall. In addition, the rate of recovery of the body after physical activity decreases, so the athlete has to disrupt his training process and reduce the load, which does not allow him to achieve high sports results.

Alcoholism is a dangerous disease associated with physical and mental cravings for alcohol. Although this problem is observed in all countries of the world, in Russia alcoholism has acquired the proportions of a national disaster. Numerous examples of alcohol degradation of the population can be seen not only from media reports - these examples literally surround any person, regardless of the characteristics of the living environment.

The problem of alcoholism has existed since the beginning of mankind, and even then the disease was characteristic not only of the so-called outcasts, but also high society. The rulers of states from time to time tried to take tough measures to control the sobriety of society, but most often such measures were perceived as repression. Such public rejection, for example, developed during the famous and relatively recent Gorbachev anti-alcohol reforms of perestroika in 1985-1991.

Among the "ordinary" people, an amazing belief has strengthened that alcoholism is the lot of the homeless and downtrodden individuals, although domestic drunkenness in various stages spread to almost all social strata. Even with the most obvious signs It is customary not to realize and not limit the neglected alcoholism: they drink in companies and alone, hide alcohol from the family, hide binges under plausible pretexts. For some reason, it is believed that help in the form of organizations "anonymous alcoholics" or medical coding for alcoholism is a sign of weakness of character, an interference with personal life. Alcohol is considered to be a good antidepressant, but it can be such only in homeopathic doses, with special medical prescription. Our “culture” is a condescending attitude towards drinking citizens, sympathy, understanding and forgiveness.

Meanwhile, the alcoholic tsunami is growing, spreading in waves, capturing everyone in its path. Stress and self-doubt provoke "relax", but this only brings with it a new round of problems - physical and moral. But the result is such a "stormy and beautiful life» most often - alcoholism, loneliness, death.

The goal of alcoholism prevention

ethnoscience able to cure many diseases with which it does not always cope modern medicine. For example, treatment of epilepsy, treatment of myocardial infarction folk remedies rarely give a greater effect. Traditional medicine includes in its methods of treatment a systematic and long-term effect on the body with compounds that include components useful for the body. Their impact is not limited to just one particular organ. There is an effect on the whole organism as a whole. This is the best healing, because a person does not have separate organs that are not interconnected with each other.

Primary prevention of alcoholism

In addition, we must remember that "slightly" does not count. Usually, craving for alcohol is not limited to beer: cocktails, wine, fortified wine, liquors, vodka, cognac - these "noble" drinks do not wait long for their turn. The “Americanization” of the way of life has imposed on the Russians some alcohol habits that are unusual for them. For example, a glass of wine at breakfast, lunch and dinner; business lunches with libations; corporate events; beer bars without the use of snacks; restaurant alcohol "etiquette". Not surprisingly, among those recognized by medicine as alcoholics were well-known figures of culture, art, politics, show business and the business world. Not so long ago, even the first President of Russia was associated with numerous alcohol scandals - what can we say about less significant figures?

Secondary prevention of alcoholism

Alcoholism is insidious in that its effect on a person is strictly individual: the habit of ethyl alcohol is formed under the influence of a whole range of factors. This is both a hereditary predisposition, and the influence of one's own social group with its opinion and traditions, and mental imbalance etc. It is noted that female alcoholism is less common than male, but the disease proceeds with more negative consequences. And, importantly, alcoholism in the later stages is practically incurable - akin to drug addiction and substance abuse. And how many people want to be treated for it? Moreover, the law requires voluntary consent patient for treatment. Meanwhile, the transition from one stage to the next is identified in a complex way, and the patient, believing that he can always stop, often misses the “point of return”.

Tertiary prevention of alcoholism

Conclusion