Psychology recommendations for smokers. Reasons for smoking. A recent study in the United States found that people with mental health problems were twice as likely to smoke as fellow citizens without mental health problems.

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Introduction

1. What is smoking?
2. Smoking and the psyche
3. What is withdrawal sickness?

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Every third adult inhabitant of the Earth is a smoker. In many countries, their number reaches 35-39% of the adult population. No downward trend in these indicators is visible. And nothing can reduce the number of smokers - neither stories about the dangers of smoking, nor high risk"buy" something chronic illness nor smoking ban in in public places. And the worst thing is that only 3% of smokers have a habit. For everyone else, systematic smoking, in the end, ends with the formation of dependence.

As it turned out in last years, nicotine, as claimed by smokers, really helps to concentrate, facilitates memorization and weakens the reaction to stress. But only in small doses. In fact, nicotine is a truly unique substance: it combines the properties of a stimulant and a depressant of the central nervous system. As a stimulant, it acts in small doses, and in large doses it quickly acquires sedative properties. smoking prevention correction addiction

For the treatment of smoking, both medical and psychotherapeutic methods are used. The effectiveness of a particular treatment method is largely determined by the form of tobacco dependence.

According to the clinical-psychological and follow-up studies, patients with psychosomatic form tobacco addiction are practically not amenable to psychotherapeutic treatment due to the lack of the necessary motivation: in their opinion, the deterioration of health is in no way related to smoking. A completely different matter is the use of psychotherapy, in particular the method of emotional stress therapy. Perhaps, having passed through so many sensations, the soul is not saturated with sensations, but is only irritated by them and demands more, and stronger and stronger, until final fatigue.

Alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, and especially tobacco smoking is formed mainly in the process of socialization, but at the age of late maturity it is not very favorable for prevention and correction. This explains the relevance of the topic of addictive behavior of people of late maturity.

The awareness of most smokers about the consequences of smoking is limited to the well-known inscription on cigarette packs: "The Ministry of Health warns: smoking is dangerous for your health." Why it is dangerous, to what extent, how it threatens each of them - smokers, as a rule, do not know. At the same time, there are compelling statistics showing that smoking is one of the top human killers:

one third of all deaths from cancer associated with smoking

tobacco - main reason death due to heart disease, stroke and chronic lung disease;

currently in Russia 42% of cases premature death men aged 35-69 are associated with smoking;

in non-smokers who work or live in the same room with smokers, the risk of disease lung cancer increases by 34 percent, cardiovascular diseases - by 50 percent.

Unfortunately, these figures are no exaggeration. But even these data may seem unconvincing for many smokers, since they for a long time"feel" no harm.

1. What is smoking?

Smoking is a habit. Smoking is a very strong habit. Nothing prevents a person from smoking another cigarette, and it is still socially acceptable in many places.

Very soon smoking becomes an inveterate habit. The average smoker takes about 200 puffs a day. This equates to approximately 6,000 per month, 72,000 per year, and over 2,000,000 puffs in a 45-year-old smoker who started smoking at age 15.

For many smokers, smoking becomes part of their Self, and this internal perception of oneself is sometimes very difficult to change.

However, smoking is more than a habit. Tobacco contains nicotine, one of the strongest known poisons, which is used as an insecticide on the farm. All those forms of tobacco consumption that have become popular among the population contribute to the entry of nicotine into the bloodstream [Smoking, p.3].

After penetration cigarette smoke in the lungs, nicotine enters the brain in just seven seconds. Nicotine has a very a wide range actions. It increases heart rate, blood flow, blood sugar concentration, makes the cerebral and midbrain cortex more easily excitable, and can also have a relaxing effect on peripheral muscles and reduce peripheral blood flow. The importance of nicotine can be demonstrated by the following observations: recent smokers quickly establish their characteristic puff depth of tobacco smoke, as well as the active level of nicotine in the blood; in heavy smokers, the mechanism for regulating the level of nicotine in the blood is activated; smokers want to smoke most of all when the concentration of nicotine in the blood decreases; nicotine replacement therapy partially reduces the severity of symptoms associated with smoking cessation.

It is preferable to avoid the word "addiction". When using this term, people may get the impression that it is impossible to quit smoking altogether. This is not true. There is such a possibility. It is important here to find language that, on the one hand, recognizes the potential difficulties associated with quitting smoking, and on the other hand, emphasizes the possibility of doing so.

Despite the fact that tobacco smoking is a strong habit and also a form of drug addiction, millions of people have succeeded in quitting smoking. In the UK, the number of smokers has decreased by about 10 million over the past 10-15 years. This means that almost 2,000 people quit smoking every day! [Smoking, c.4].

It is difficult even to list the harmful substances contained in tobacco, because they were counted almost 1200 [Smoking, p. 19].

2. Smoking and the psyche

A recent study in the United States found that people with mental health problems were twice as likely to smoke as fellow citizens without mental health problems.

The study was conducted at the Harvard Medical School. Data analysis was carried out on 4,411 people aged 15 to 54 years. The term "mental disorder" was used in a broad sense to include anything from delirium and schizophrenia to alcoholism and drug addiction.

Dr. Wesley Boyd, one of the authors of the study, admits that the number of cigarettes smoked by mentally ill people would be less if alcoholism were not included in the list of mental disorders.

The study, called "Smoking and Mental Disorders", found that 41% of people who had symptoms of a mental disorder during the month preceding the study were smokers. Among people who did not have such signs, only 22.5% smoked. It also turned out that people with mental disorders smoke 44% of total cigarette consumption in the United States.

Dr. Boyd believes that these two factors - smoking and mental disorders - mutually reinforce each other. "If you are a smoker, then you are more likely to develop a neurotic or psychotic syndrome," says Dr. Boyd. "Those who have a predisposition to mental illness are more likely to become smokers" [Smoking, p.42].

Tobacco is chronic intoxication organism. Tobacco poisons enter the body of a smoker, their destructive action However, many smokers do not feel much change in their well-being for a number of years. The insidiousness of smoking lies in the fact that severe, sometimes incurable diseases, which are caused by him, develop gradually and imperceptibly for the smoker himself. After all, in order to get lung cancer, you need to smoke for 10-15 years, ischemic disease hearts - 5-8 years old, etc. The preparation of the disease begins with the first cigarette, but outwardly relatively normal health in the first years of smoking determines the usual psychology of a smoker [Smoking, p.45].

3. What is withdrawal sickness?

Withdrawal illness is a collection of symptoms or signs of illness associated with the body's addiction to a particular substance.

This disease can be observed with the reduction or cessation of the use of any drug that causes physical dependence.

Such drugs include heroin, opium, LSD, pervitin, diphenhydramine and other sedatives, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, nicotine.

Nicotine withdrawal disease most commonly presents with the following symptoms:

anxiety (87%)

sleep disorders (84%)

irritability (80%)

impatience (76%)

difficulty concentrating (73%)

restlessness (71%)

tobacco cravings (62%)

hunger (53%)

gastrointestinal problems (33%)

headaches (24%)

drowsiness (22%)

The percentage of smokers who have this symptom is indicated in brackets.

If you have most of the symptoms listed above when trying to quit smoking, and they are pronounced, then you are addicted to nicotine.

In this case, one of the ways to increase the success of your attempt to stop smoking in your case may be the use of medications to help quit smoking, in particular, nicotine replacement therapy [Smoking, p.131].

Conclusion

Many consider smoking a habit, believing that it is very easy to quit smoking, that it is only a matter of willpower. This is incorrect for two reasons. First, a habit is sometimes very difficult to change. Secondly, smoking is not just a habit, but also a certain form of drug addiction. There is also an opinion that smoking tobacco is an acquired reflex. People with mental disorders are twice as likely to smoke as non-smokers. mental disorders. In "smokers" there is a withdrawal disease - this is a set of symptoms or painful signs associated with the body's dependence on a particular substance.

Literature

1. Andreeva, D.A. Problems of student activity / D.A. Andreeva. - Rostov n / D .: Edema, 1975 - 159

2. Glukhanyuk, N. S. Late age and strategies for its development. / N.S. Glukhanyuk, T.B. Gershkovich. - 2nd ed. - M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2003. - 112 p.

3. Godefroy, J. What is psychology: In 2 volumes / J. Godefroy. - T.2. - M.: Mir, 1992. - 376 p.

4. Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 volumes / V.I. Dal. - V.2.: M.: Publishing house "Russian language", 2002. - 2734 p.

5. Ivanov, G.G. Traditional and non-traditional methods of healing children. /G.G. Ivanov, V.N. Vorontsov - Izhevsk: Udmurt Publishing House. un-ta, 1996. - 677 p.

6. Ilyin, E.P. Motivation and motives / E.P. Ilyin. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Piter", 2000. - 502 p.

7. Korolenko, Ts.P. Sociodynamic psychiatry / Ts.P. Korolenko, N.V. Dmitriev. - M.: "Academic project", 2000. - 322 p.

8. Korolenko, Ts.P., Donskikh T.A. Seven paths to disaster: Destructive behavior in the modern world / Ts.P. Korolenko, T.A. Donskoy. - Novosibirsk, "NESTOR" 2005 - 296 p.

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For success…

In order to quit smoking forever, and not for some time, motivation is needed and, of course, an understanding of the reasons that make us take a new cigarette. Each of us has heard that smoking is an easy drug and addictive. Of course, every smoker will disown and in no case recognize himself as a drug addict, on extreme case dependent, but that doesn't change much.

Why and when do we smoke? Firstly, during smoking, stimulation of the sense organs occurs, which gradually becomes a habit, and the body requires a constant repetition of sensations. In addition, we reach for a cigarette when there is nothing to do, or when we see that the interlocutor is reaching for a cigarette. Some seek to interrupt the monotonous chain of events with constant smoke breaks, or simply thereby shirk work. We often hear that smoking calms, in moments of terrible melancholy and minor, you can smoke a pack of cigarettes almost in one fell swoop.

If there is a goal to quit smoking forever, then you need to learn how to relax, put your thoughts and your mood in order without cigarettes. It is the lack of skills in raising our mood, destroying boredom that leads us to start smoking or even drinking.

The hardest part is setting yourself up for failure.

There are several tips to help you get through the first days of quitting, which are considered to be the most difficult. You need to return to these tips daily, until the need for them disappears. And when will she disappear? Every smoker will feel it on their own.

The first thing that needs to be taken into account, understood and accepted is the significant harm to health that we inflict on ourselves by constantly adhering to such a bad habit. Of course, smoking cessation propaganda is now on highest level, relevant laws have also been adopted, but until we ourselves understand how dangerous it is for health and what consequences it can have, we will have to wait a long time for results in the fight against smoking.

Tobacco smoking is harmful to health

One cigarette contains great amount harmful substances Three types of toxins are considered especially hazardous to health. The first - resin, which contain in their composition carcinogenic substances that strongly irritate the tissues of the bronchi and lungs. The involvement of carcinogens in the formation of lung cancer has been proven. Moreover, all smokers are threatened cancer not only of the lungs, but also of the larynx and oral cavity(at not people who smoke These 2 types of cancer almost never occur). In addition, the resin negatively affects the cleansing processes in the lungs, can paralyze them and damage the alveoli of the lungs, which is why various diseases lungs characteristic of smokers - COPD, chronic bronchitis, the main symptom of which is a chronic cough.

The second toxin is directly nicotine, which is considered a narcotic substance with a pronounced stimulating effect. Like any narcotic substance Nicotine is addictive and gradually becomes addictive. Nicotine is able to stimulate the heart rate, increases arterial pressure. Nicotine is characterized by a two-stage mechanism of action, initially it excites, and then depletes.

When quitting smoking, there is withdrawal syndrome which will take about a couple of weeks. The withdrawal syndrome is characterized by excessive irritability, sleep disturbances, unreasonable anxiety and a decrease in overall tone.

The third group - toxic gases(hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, etc.). The most toxic compound is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide forms a very strong bond with hemoglobin, respectively, the amount of hemoglobin decreases, which is able to carry oxygen to the tissues of the body, this is how oxygen starvation. You can clearly feel oxygen starvation when physical activity shortness of breath appears almost immediately.

Tobacco smoke also contains carbon monoxide, which can damage the walls of arteries, which greatly increases the risk of narrowing. coronary vessels which will almost inevitably lead to heart attacks or strokes.

This is only a small part of the consequences of smoking, in fact, there are a huge number of them. It is worth remembering that all human body interrelated, and the same oxygen starvation can provoke serious negative consequences.

Smoking can cause atherosclerosis of blood vessels, heart attacks and strokes, disorders of the immune system. In a negative way smoking affects endocrine system . Every woman who smokes should remember that smoking causes premature aging organism and skin in the first place.

For men, a particularly relevant consequence may be impotence. On the reproductive system women, smoking also has an impact - infertility, childbirth physical disabilities or even stillbirth.

Of the quick consequences that can develop in just a couple of months - a change in the taste of food, the presence of abundant dental deposits, there is even a special term in dentistry - "smoker's plaque". Also common to all smokers halitosis – bad smell out of the mouth, regardless of how long ago the cigarette was smoked. When smoking, salivation of the oral cavity is disturbed - the secretion of saliva, namely saliva is a protective factor of the oral cavity and is able to deal with abundant dental deposits, remove food debris, and so on. In addition, according to dental studies, smokers are more likely to register caries, gum disease and various inflammatory diseases mouth and even lips.

After the above, the decision to quit smoking may seem right, but in the meantime, doubts arise, especially among heavy smokers. There will always be excuses, because there is no desire to deprive yourself of daily support with cigarettes. It's hard to imagine how you manage without smoke breaks, and do a hundred things during the waiting hours? But there is an answer to this as well.

We don't lose anything

We can even say we get it, firstly, the risk of earning is significantly reduced oncological disease. In addition, the work of the whole organism is significantly improved, because there is no oxygen starvation. Of course, all these concepts seem abstract, distant, and it turns out that the fear of being left without a “magic” stress reliever is more significant. But all these fears are phantom, and you can fight it.

When quitting smoking, there can be no later, and you should not postpone smoking cessation until Monday, the beginning of the month or New Year. Once you decide to quit smoking, you need to do it right away. Need to be ready for feeling unwell, on at least, in the first week, the formed discomfort cannot be eliminated, it just needs to be experienced.

It is necessary to prepare for the fact that the brain can send provocative messages, but you cannot respond to them, even despite the categorical requirement of the brain "just one puff"!

One of effective ways Quit smoking is coding, and you need to code yourself. And the most important coding tool is self-hypnosis. Arrange a competition, which is stronger: willpower or bad habit!? The incentive can be an analysis of what smoking gives? If you think about it and figure it out, then apart from harm to health, waste of time and money - nothing!

It is worth remembering that it is not always possible to quit smoking on the first try - and this is normal. Even after failed attempts you should not hang your nose, you must continue to fight, fight for your health. In addition, it is necessary to quit smoking exclusively for yourself, not for friends, girls / men, but for yourself, because everything positive results from smoking cessation will go to you, and not to those dear and close, although they will also get to their share.

You cannot achieve success by constantly finding excuses for smoking another cigarette. And you can find a lot of excuses - too nervous environment, stress, difficulties at work, a session, and so on. The main difficulty and the main stress is the rejection of nicotine.

A separate discussion deserves the issue of weight gain after quitting smoking - this is especially true for women. If you set yourself up for a set excess weight or replace cigarettes with buns and cakes, then of course weight gain is guaranteed. And cigarettes have nothing to do with it. Overeating is the cause of weight gain, not smoking cessation.

For experienced smokers, you can use some tricks, for example, engage in self-hypnosis - "I will not smoke until noon", "I will not smoke until the end of the working day", etc. Sometimes such attitudes help more effectively in the fight against smoking than the attitude of quitting smoking once and for all, and step by step they bring you closer to the goal.

It is necessary to protect yourself from stress, to minimize communication with people who can cause excessive irritation. It is also necessary to eat regularly and not arrive in a hungry state. It is necessary to constantly occupy yourself with something, it is desirable that the actions be active, occupying all the attention. Psychologists advise to have with you something to occupy your mouth, in literally. Lollipops, chewing gum, sometimes even seeds will do - if the situation allows.

For long-term smokers it is quite difficult to quit smoking immediately, experts advise in this case to quit smoking gradually, slowly - gradually reducing the number of cigarettes. But at the same time, it is worth remembering that reducing the number of cigarettes can be as difficult as complete failure from them.

Smoking is currently considered by doctors not as bad habit but as a chronic disease prone to relapse even after long time after quitting tobacco. It ranks higher on the physical and mental addiction scale than alcohol, amphetamines, and hashish. Therefore, if you cannot cope with your addiction on your own, use the help of a narcologist, do not be afraid, no one will put you on record.

What can a narcologist offer?

Initially, nicotine replacement therapy may be offered. These are various nicotine chewing gums, patches, inhalers containing pure nicotine. The dosage is selected individually. This will get rid of psychological dependence from cigarettes, the need to "hold a cigarette in hand." Do not use with cigarettes! After a couple of months, the dosage is gradually reduced over 2-3 months until complete withdrawal in order to prevent withdrawal syndrome.

A drug plant origin Tabex helps those who want or are forced to give up nicotine. His therapeutic effect is based on the fact that, against the background of smoking, it creates unpleasant symptoms nicotine overdose, which stimulates the reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked or quit smoking altogether.

Zyban tablets are a nicotine-free remedy for nicotine addiction. Blocks the pleasure of smoking. The action of the substance bupropion is based on its antidepressant properties, which gives the quitter psychological comfort, which is an important factor in the process of quitting smoking.

But treatment involves a serious attitude of the patient himself and his motivated desire to quit smoking, so the main condition for successful treatment and sustainable remission is serious attitude patient to treatment and careful implementation of all recommendations.

To quit smoking, you need to give up not cigarettes, but negative thinking.According to statistics different countries, about 60% of men and 20% of women on the planet smoke. Moreover, the harm from smoking has been proven for a long time and is known to everyone. Why do they do it? And given that most smokers are confident that they will soon quit this smoky business, what makes you postpone another painful “throw” until Monday? “There is nothing easier than quitting smoking, I have already quit a hundred times,” Mark Twain justified.

If in men the beginning of smoking practice is associated with the desire to be an adult, to prove their worth - why a cigarette in adolescents is associated with maturity - a question for parents, then for girls, smoking is primarily associated with coquetry, with a desire to attract the attention of guys, especially those who which is older. Some people are delighted with smoking from the first puff, others feel sick a couple of times, but the desire to be like everyone else overcomes the resistance of the body, and now the person is already reaching for a cigarette - first to the public, saying that he was nervous - it's time to smoke, then seriously - any stress, even the smallest excitement - associated, for example, with a sentimental song, calls for a puff.

“The reasons why a person goes to the smoking room with a cigarette are emotional,” agrees Pavel Staroshchuk, narcologist, Insight clinic. “But the real reasons for smoking are deeper and have to do with the psyche, not with emotions.”

A real understanding that smoking is harmful to health cannot come at the age of twenty - when you are full of strength and blush, you will not believe that shortness of breath happens in life, bad teeth and lung or lip cancer. But when the first illnesses appear, not even related to the habit, when the first thousand rubles are spent on pills, you begin to appreciate health. Just as a twenty-year-old is proud of the fact that he did not sleep for several nights in a row, and a thirty-year-old boasts that he managed to go to bed at ten, so smoking, which at a young age seemed to be something that was very important to know and have, eventually becomes something that is not needed.

But here the question arises that it is already difficult to get rid of pranks - it sucked: “You can talk about addiction when you want to stop and you can’t,” explains narcologist Pavel Staroshchuk. “But the fact is that many want to quit on a formal level, unconsciously wanting to continue smoking.” In general, according to a narcologist, all addictions are incurable, just like, for example, the ability to swim is incurable.

So when people talk about quitting smoking, we are talking not about a complete recovery, but about remission, which should be long, preferably for life. “Chemical dependence on nicotine is not the main problem in quitting smoking,” writes Allen Carr in his legendary book The Easy Way to Stop Smoking. - She's easy to deal with.

The main problem is the mistaken belief that cigarettes bring you pleasure.” Indeed, at the physiological level, nicotine is eliminated from the body within a few days, but people can return to smoking in a year: “The fact is that most do not need tobacco in a cigarette, but that a lot of psychological problems, - explains Pavel Staroshchuk. - Problems come from childhood, on an unconscious level in a stressful environment they cause great excitement, and from stress many people have good remedy- Ritualchik with blowing smoke.

And suddenly a person blocks his way to the smoking room, but it’s better for him not to get - the stresses are returning, only now he is left alone with them, and before he had chain mail - a cigarette.

If you just quit smoking cigarettes without being mentally prepared, a return to smoking is almost completely guaranteed. From the first time it is possible to quit smoking only for those who have a prosperous psyche without pitfalls, but for the most part people, according to experts, give up tobacco only on the fifth or even fifteenth attempt.

You need to approach quitting consciously, accustom yourself to the idea that although smoking is delicious, the smoke pleasantly tickles your throat, it’s time to give it up: “Like a pacifier in childhood, it’s nice, but it’s time to quit,” the narcologist gives an example. But first you need to quit not a cigarette, but your usual attitude to life: “You can try to change the perspective of thinking, because most often we think negatively, and this causes depressive moods,” Pavel Staroshchuk suggests. “You need to not focus on the destruction of the enemy - smoking, but control the thinking that leads to the desire to smoke.”

So that the process of quitting is not painful, you need to place “prostheses” everywhere, so as not to torture yourself by giving up your favorite business, but to love, supporting in every possible way.

Inability to cope with stress. As we have already said, it is necessary to change consciousness and deal with childhood traumas. It is not always easy to do this yourself - why not take advantage of a trip to a psychotherapist?

Fear of gaining weight. The fact is that all dependencies stem from the same root, they are all a way to drown out internal problems. And if the "prosthesis" smoking is discarded, another one comes to the fore easy way distraction - food. “Smoking causes some atrophy of the walls of the stomach and sometimes smokers need special diet, but in 95% of the weight gain after quitting smoking is a habit substitution, - says Elena Nikolaeva, a nutritionist at the Sante-Estetik beauty and health center. - A person replaces periods of smoking with periods of eating. To avoid the problem, it is worth making the food fractional, not three, but five times a day, so that you can chew something more often. It is even better to replace food with liquid - for example, herbal tea with a stimulating or calming effect.

Refusal to communicate with the usual company and alcohol. “It’s not right to avoid the company of smokers – this is another minus for refusal, people begin to feel that they are falling out of society,” warns narcologist Pavel Staroshchuk. - It is more correct after a period of physical withdrawal to go to communicate with familiar people. And to position yourself as someone who has overcome a stage that other smokers have yet to come. This also includes alcohol - you need to wait out the withdrawal period and in the future, if the throwing is conscious, control yourself in situations with alcohol intake that can provoke depression.

There is nothing to keep yourself busy. You need to learn to be alone with yourself, learn to talk with yourself and not fill the void with cigarettes. “Often people smoke out of boredom - there is simply nothing to do,” says the narcologist. “But as soon as a person gets carried away with something, he forgets about smoking.”

There is nowhere to put your hands - knit, pick a lilac branch, stroke a cat - there are a lot of “prostheses” in the beautiful world around.

And it is important to remember that if not inner desire quit smoking - nothing will work for you. Only if the consciousness completely switches to something more worthy than dodging problems and stops perceiving everything in black, smoking, as a result, and secondary factor will go away on its own. The warnings of the Ministry of Health do not work, they do not scare, but they put pressure on them, causing a desire to act out of spite. But realizing that smoking shows self-loathing can make a big impression on you: “Love yourself and stop smoking,” Allen Carr urges. Because if you can't love own person You will never learn to love others.

I’ve already quit a hundred times, ”Mark Twain justified.

If in men the beginning of smoking practice is associated with the desire to be an adult, to prove their worth - why a cigarette in adolescents is associated with maturity - a question for parents, then for girls, smoking is primarily associated with coquetry, with a desire to attract the attention of guys, especially those who which is older. Some people are delighted with smoking from the first puff, others feel sick a couple of times, but the desire to be like everyone else defeats the resistance of the body, and now the person is already reaching for a cigarette - first to the public, saying that he was nervous - it's time to smoke, then seriously - any stress. even the smallest excitement - associated, for example, with a sentimental song, calls for a puff.

A real understanding that smoking is harmful to health cannot come at the age of twenty - when you are full of strength and blush, you will not believe that shortness of breath, bad teeth and lung or lip cancer happen in life. But when the first illnesses appear, not even related to the habit, when the first thousand rubles are spent on pills, you begin to appreciate health. Just as a twenty-year-old is proud of the fact that he did not sleep for several nights in a row, and a thirty-year-old boasts that he managed to go to bed at ten, so smoking, which at a young age seemed to be something that was very important to know and have, eventually becomes something that is not needed.

So when they talk about quitting smoking, it's not about a complete recovery, but about remission, which should be long, preferably for life. “Nicotine chemical dependence is not the main problem in quitting smoking,” writes Allen Carr in his legendary book The Easy Way to Stop Smoking. - She's easy to deal with.

The main problem is the mistaken belief that cigarettes bring you pleasure.” Indeed, at the physiological level, nicotine is eliminated from the body within a few days, but people can return to smoking in a year: “The fact is that most do not need tobacco in a cigarette, but that a lot of psychological problems are hung on it, - explains Pavel Staroshchuk. “Problems come from childhood, they cause great excitement at an unconscious level in a stressful environment, and many people have a good remedy for stress - a smoke-blow ritual.”

You need to approach quitting consciously, accustom yourself to the idea that although smoking is delicious, the smoke pleasantly tickles your throat, it’s time to give it up: “Like a nipple in childhood, it’s nice, but it’s time to quit,” the narcologist gives an example. But first you need to quit not a cigarette, but your usual attitude to life: “You can try to change the perspective of thinking, because most often we think negatively, and this causes depressive moods,” Pavel Staroshchuk suggests. “You need to not focus on the destruction of the enemy - smoking, but control the thinking that leads to the desire to smoke.”

Fear of gaining weight. The fact is that all dependencies stem from the same root, they are all a way to drown out internal problems. And if the "prosthesis" smoking is discarded, another easy way to distract yourself comes to the fore - food. “Smoking causes some atrophy of the walls of the stomach and sometimes smokers need a special diet, but in 95% of the weight gain after quitting smoking, the habit is changed,” says Elena Nikolaeva, nutritionist at the Sante Estetik beauty and health center. - A person replaces periods of smoking with periods of eating. To avoid the problem, it is worth making the food fractional, not three, but five times a day, so that you can chew something more often. Better yet, replace food with a liquid, such as herbal tea with a stimulating or calming effect.

Refusal to communicate with the usual company and alcohol. “Avoiding the company of smokers is not right - this is another minus for refusal, people begin to feel that they are falling out of society,” warns narcologist Pavel Staroshchuk. - It is more correct after a period of physical withdrawal to go to communicate with familiar people. And to position yourself as someone who has overcome a stage that other smokers have yet to come. This also includes alcohol - you need to wait out the withdrawal period and in the future, if the quitting is conscious, control yourself in situations with alcohol intake that can provoke a depressive state.

There is nothing to keep yourself busy. You need to learn to be alone with yourself, learn to talk with yourself and not fill the void with cigarettes. “Often, people smoke out of boredom - there is simply nothing to do,” says the narcologist. “But as soon as a person gets carried away with something, he forgets about smoking.”

There is nowhere to put your hands - knit, pick a lilac branch, stroke a cat - there are a lot of “prostheses” in the beautiful world around.

And it is important to remember that if there is no inner desire to quit smoking, you will not succeed. Only if the consciousness completely switches to something more worthy than dodging problems and stops perceiving everything in black, smoking, as a result, and the secondary factor will go away on its own. The warnings of the Ministry of Health do not work, they do not scare, but they put pressure on them, causing a desire to act out of spite. But realizing that smoking shows self-loathing can make a big impression on you: “Love yourself and stop smoking,” Allen Carr urges. After all, if you do not know how to love your own person, you will never learn to love others.

Everyone knows how harmful cigarettes are to health, but most smokers do not even think about the effect of smoking on the psyche. But many studies have already been conducted that convincingly prove that smokers not only spoil their character, but also increase the level of anxiety, irritability and emotional instability. Intellectual abilities and memory, on the contrary, are reduced. What happens to the human psyche when smoking tobacco?

How exactly does smoking affect the psyche?

Smoking is a kind of drug addiction, it's just that its consequences are not so destructive for the human psyche and are less "striking". Smokers usually actively protest against such comparisons, believing that "love" for tobacco is a bad habit, something like a love for hot sauces, chocolate or thrillers. But is it?

Manifestations	drugs	Cigarettes
physical addiction	+++	+
mental addiction	+++	++
Changes in the psyche	+++ appear quickly	++ appear slowly
Decline in intellectual abilities	++	+
withdrawal syndrome	+++	++
To give up smoking	- - - (according to narcologists, there are no former drug addicts, there is always a risk of relapse)	+ - (it is possible and necessary to quit smoking, but how many smokers quit cigarettes forever?)

It turns out that smoking differs from drug addiction only in weaker external and internal manifestations and the fact that, fortunately, giving up cigarettes is still easier.

The influence of nicotine

Nicotine is a substance that can be incorporated into chemical reactions occurring in the brain. With regular smoking, it replaces acetylcholine, stimulating the receptors responsible for the release of adrenaline and dopamine, the "hormone of happiness." The brain quickly remembers the chain: smoking - activation of all systems - a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction. And he begins to constantly demand a "repetition of the banquet."

But it produces less and less of its own hormones and everything is needed to maintain the normal functioning of the body. large dose nicotine. An experienced smoker constantly feels nicotine hunger, and his brain all the time, “in the background”, is looking for ways to solve the “nicotine problem.

As a result, the human psyche suffers - due to permanent shortage“Vital” substance, “smoke breaks” are always not enough, the smoker experiences irritation, a decrease in emotional reactions, anxiety and constant desire"go out for a smoke"

Of course, such changes do not appear immediately, you need to smoke a couple of years, so that the first changes in the psyche become noticeable. In the early years, smoking helps to relax, relieve stress and become more cheerful and relaxed.

This happens due to the overexcitation of the nervous system, which speeds up all thought processes, "pushes" unpleasant experiences and helps to activate all the body's reserves. But, gradually, the reserves are depleted, more and more nicotine is required, and the character begins to deteriorate due to the inability to get a dose as quickly as you want.

Effect of tobacco smoke

Tobacco smoke is a strong irritant, not only for others, but also for the smoker himself. Even if he is completely “saturated” with the smell of tobacco and does not perceive it, his nerve receptors still react to irritation with hot smoke and small particles.

And for the central nervous system, tobacco smoke- a kind of "sign", it is worth the smoker to smell this "aroma", as his nervous system begins to demand his "legitimate dose" of nicotine in a panic, forcing him to forget about all other tasks and plans.

Possible consequences for the psyche

Nicotine acts not only as a "substitute" for acetylcholine, it also slows down the transmission nerve impulses in the brain, weakening the bioelectrical activity of brain cells. Because of this, the smoker needs more time to assimilate, remember and process new information, his brain gradually “slows down” and this cannot but affect the intellectual activity of a person.

But besides this, smoking also causes vasospasm and hypoxia of nerve cells, as a result of which, nerve cells perish, because of which suffers not only mental activity but also the psyche of the smoker.

Anyone who has a smoker among their friends or family does not need to talk about negative influence nicotine and cigarettes on the psyche, much less prove it. It is enough to observe the behavior of a smoker who is forced to do without his favorite "occupation" for several hours or to communicate with him at the time when he decided to quit.

Hundreds of dangers lie in wait for our brain every day, and by old age we all risk turning into senile people who forget their own name. But, if you give up smoking in time, there is a chance, at least, to be cute and friendly senile!

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Psychology recommendations for smokers. Reasons for smoking. A recent study in the United States found that people with mental health problems were twice as likely to smoke as fellow citizens without mental health problems.

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Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

For the treatment of smoking, both medical and psychotherapeutic methods are used. The effectiveness of a particular treatment method is largely determined by the form of tobacco dependence.

1. What is smoking?

Smoking is a habit. Smoking is a very strong habit. Nothing prevents a person from smoking another cigarette, and it is still socially acceptable in many places.

Very soon smoking becomes an inveterate habit. The average smoker takes about 200 puffs a day. This equates to approximately 6,000 per month, 72,000 per year, and over 2,000,000 puffs in a 45-year-old smoker who started smoking at age 15.

For many smokers, smoking becomes part of their Self, and this internal perception of oneself is sometimes very difficult to change.

It is difficult even to list the harmful substances contained in tobacco, because they were counted almost 1200 [Smoking, p. 19].

2. Smoking and the psyche

A recent study in the United States found that people with mental health problems were twice as likely to smoke as fellow citizens without mental health problems.

The study was conducted at the Harvard Medical School. Data analysis was carried out on 4,411 people aged 15 to 54 years. The term "mental disorder" was used in a broad sense to include anything from delirium and schizophrenia to alcoholism and drug addiction.

Dr. Wesley Boyd, one of the authors of the study, admits that the number of cigarettes smoked by mentally ill people would be less if alcoholism were not included in the list of mental disorders.

3. What is withdrawal sickness?

Withdrawal illness is a collection of symptoms or signs of illness associated with the body's addiction to a particular substance.

This disease can be observed with the reduction or cessation of the use of any drug that causes physical dependence.

Such drugs include heroin, opium, LSD, pervitin, diphenhydramine and other sedatives, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, nicotine.

Nicotine withdrawal disease most commonly presents with the following symptoms:

anxiety (87%)

sleep disorders (84%)

irritability (80%)

impatience (76%)

difficulty concentrating (73%)

restlessness (71%)

tobacco cravings (62%)

hunger (53%)

gastrointestinal problems (33%)

headaches (24%)

drowsiness (22%)

The percentage of smokers who have this symptom is indicated in brackets.

If you have most of the symptoms listed above when trying to quit smoking, and they are pronounced, then you are addicted to nicotine.

In this case, one of the ways to increase the success of your attempt to stop smoking in your case may be the use of medications to help quit smoking, in particular, nicotine replacement therapy [Smoking, p.131].

Conclusion

Literature

1. Andreeva, D.A. Problems of student activity / D.A. Andreeva. - Rostov n / D .: Edema, 1975 - 159

2. Glukhanyuk, N. S. Late age and strategies for its development. / N.S. Glukhanyuk, T.B. Gershkovich. - 2nd ed. - M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2003. - 112 p.

3. Godefroy, J. What is psychology: In 2 volumes / J. Godefroy. - T.2. - M.: Mir, 1992. - 376 p.

4. Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 volumes / V.I. Dal. - V.2.: M.: Publishing house "Russian language", 2002. - 2734 p.

5. Ivanov, G.G. Traditional and non-traditional methods of healing children. /G.G. Ivanov, V.N. Vorontsov - Izhevsk: Udmurt Publishing House. un-ta, 1996. - 677 p.

6. Ilyin, E.P. Motivation and motives / E.P. Ilyin. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Piter", 2000. - 502 p.

7. Korolenko, Ts.P. Sociodynamic psychiatry / Ts.P. Korolenko, N.V. Dmitriev. - M.: "Academic project", 2000. - 322 p.

8. Korolenko, Ts.P., Donskikh T.A. Seven paths to disaster: Destructive behavior in the modern world / Ts.P. Korolenko, T.A. Donskoy. - Novosibirsk, "NESTOR" 2005 - 296 p.

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