What is deviant behavior. Deviant behavior: examples. Deviant behavior of adolescents: causes, forms, prevention

Despite the fact that certain limits and rules of behavior are established in society, it is natural for a person to violate them. Everyone has their own unique thinking, which leaves an imprint on communication with others. Sometimes this becomes the cause of such a phenomenon as deviant behavior. Examples of such non-standard thinking are quite numerous, and, fortunately, not always negative.

Concept definition

Deviation from generally accepted social norms is defined as deviant behavior. There are numerous examples of this phenomenon. At the same time, experts from various fields define deviant behavior in their own way:

From the point of view of sociology, we can say that this is a phenomenon that poses a real threat to the survival of a person in society. In this case, we are talking about both the deviant and its environment. In addition, there is a violation of the processes of assimilation of information, reproduction of generally accepted values, as well as self-development and self-realization.
From the point of view of medicine, the violation of interpersonal interactions and behavioral deviations are caused by the presence of neuropsychic pathologies of varying severity.
From the point of view of psychology, deviant behavior is an antisocial way of resolving conflict situations. At the same time, there is a desire to harm one's own and public well-being.

Main reasons

Unfortunately, psychologists still cannot accurately determine the range of reasons that provoke deviant behavior. The examples only provide an indicative list. It looks like this:

inconsistency between the goals set and the available means that can be used to achieve them;
a decrease in the level of society's expectations from a particular individual, which gradually leads to marginalization;
addiction to alcohol and drugs, deterioration of the genetic fund and other social pathologies;
mental illness of a different nature;
the lack of a clear motivation that would make it possible to accurately determine adequate actions for a particular situation;
social inequality and injustice that encourage aggression;
armed conflicts, man-made disasters and natural disasters that violate the human psyche.

Characteristics of the deviant

Increasingly, in society, one can encounter such a phenomenon as deviant behavior. The examples allow us to highlight a number of common features that are common to all people with this problem. So, deviants can be characterized as follows:

cause a sharp negative reaction and condemnation from the society;
may cause physical or material damage to themselves or others;
abnormal behavior is constantly repeated or has a permanent character;
there is social maladaptation;
behavioral deviations are fully consistent with the individual characteristics of the individual;
there is a desire to express their personal characteristics.

Examples of deviant behavior in society

Despite the fact that theoretical definitions clearly describe behavioral features, they do not always fully reflect the essence of the phenomenon. However, looking around you will be surprised how often deviant behavior occurs in society. Real life examples are as follows:

People without a fixed place of residence. Due to the circumstances, their behavior differs significantly from generally accepted norms.
Begging for alms can cause pity or a negative reaction from others. In any case, in a society where the vast majority provides themselves with material means through work, such behavior is perceived inadequately.
Prostitutes cause condemnation from the point of view of moral principles.
Drug addicts and alcoholics are recognized as deviants not only because of their dependence on the use of certain substances. In a state of intoxication, they can pose a real physical threat to others.
Oddly enough, monks, from the point of view of society, are also considered deviants. Most people do not understand the desire to give up all public goods and opportunities.
Geniuses are also treated with caution, despite the fact that scientific and technological progress has firmly entered modern life. Nevertheless, the attitude towards people with a high level of intelligence cannot be called negative.
Murderers, maniacs and other criminals are condemned not only by society. The legislation provides for severe punishment for them.

Considering deviant behavior, examples from life can be given for a very long time. So, for example, someone can include here people of art, parasites, informals, and so on. In any case, if desired, a person can rid himself of such a characteristic (regardless of whether it is acquired or congenital).

Examples of positive deviant behavior

Positive deviant behavior is actions aimed at changing obsolete values and norms that hinder further social development. It can manifest itself in creativity, political activity, or simply personal protest. Despite the fact that at the initial stage society may have a negative attitude towards such phenomena, examples of positive deviant behavior prove the effectiveness of this model:

G. Perelman is a brilliant mathematician who became famous for proving the Poincaré theorem (other scientists have been struggling with this for over 100 years). As a result, he has been nominated for several prestigious awards. But Perelman categorically refused all awards, which is bad form in scientific circles. Nevertheless, such behavior did not bring any harm to society. In addition, Perelman considered it unnecessary to belittle the contribution of other mathematicians and generally transfer science to a commercial plane.

The next example is also quite interesting, but there is no evidence of its veracity. So, the author's method of psychiatrist D. Rogers was recognized as a mockery of patients, for which he was sentenced to death. It was about bringing the patient to the extreme form of hysteria, after which he recovered and continued to live a normal life. Only 50 years after the execution, the doctor's deviant behavior was recognized as effective.
Some examples of positive deviant behavior have had a significant impact on our lives today. So, in the late 60s, computers were the size of a living room or even a school gym. A real revolution in this area was made by Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. What many considered madness, they brought to life. Today, almost everyone has a compact and functional computer.

Negative deviant behavior

Harm to the individual and others is caused by negative deviant behavior. Examples are crime, prostitution, alcoholism, drug addiction, and many other illegal and immoral activities. Often people who commit such acts end up in the hands of law enforcement agencies or for compulsory treatment by psychotherapists. In addition, society itself creates a background of contempt for negative deviants.

Examples of situations of deviant behavior

Without even thinking about it, every day we encounter situations of deviant behavior. An example might be:

A physically healthy young man enters public transport and takes an empty seat. There is nothing reprehensible in this, but at the next stop an elderly man enters. Not wanting to give up his seat, the young man begins to pretend that he is asleep and does not notice the old man. In most cases, this deviation is due not only to personal qualities, but also to improper upbringing.
The student constantly violates discipline in the classroom, interfering with the teacher and his peers. Unfortunately, such a manifestation of deviant behavior often causes a sharp reaction on the part of teachers, which gives rise to even greater resistance. As a rule, the lack of discipline of schoolchildren is a direct reflection of the psycho-emotional state and problems in the family.
Social inequality, financial difficulties, in theory, should encourage people to be active in order to overcome this situation. However, not everyone has the will power to do so. Some people turn to alcohol or drugs to get away from reality, which inevitably causes public condemnation.
People strive for the blessings of life, but everyone has different ways of obtaining them. So, for example, many, not feeling the desire or strength to earn money on their own, resort to theft.

Literary examples

If you are interested in examples of deviant behavior, you can learn a lot of interesting things from the literature. Here are the most striking of them:

Raskolnikov from the work "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky demonstrates an example of deviant behavior. For the sake of material gain, he decides to kill.
Chatsky's behavior in the play "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. This character is sometimes quick-tempered and absolutely tactless. He acts as a denouncer of other people's vices, as well as a strict judge of moral principles.
In Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, the main character can also be cited as an example of deviant behavior. Adultery, extramarital affairs, and suicide are the clearest signs.
In Makarenko's Pedagogical Poem, almost all the pupils of the orphanage personify deviant behavior in one way or another. This work is interesting primarily because the talented teacher managed to correct the situation.
The hero of the work "Gobsek" by Balzac is a rather interesting example of deviant behavior. The greedy usurer has a pathological tendency to accumulate. As a result, a huge amount of wealth is found in his closet, as well as food that has simply gone bad.

Examples from history

Being interested in such a question as examples of deviant behavior, you can find quite a lot of interesting situations in history:

One of the clearest examples of deviant behavior is the burning of the Temple of Artemis by Herostratus, a local resident of Ephesus. During the torture, the man had to confess that he did this in order to glorify his name, so that descendants would talk about him. Herostratus was not only sentenced to death, but also forbidden to mention him. Nevertheless, the historian Theopompus considered it necessary to tell about the crime of Herostratus, and therefore his goal was achieved.
Adolf Hitler's behavior is also considered deviant. A particular danger was that he had pronounced leadership qualities and had power. The sad result is known to all.
Another example of deviant behavior is the 1917 revolution. Then V. I. Lenin and his comrades-in-arms decided to oppose the power of the tsar. The result was the formation of a fundamentally new state.
There is ample evidence of how the deviant behavior of soldiers during the Great Patriotic War contributed to victory in battles. So, the fighters often sacrificed themselves, throwing themselves under the tracks of tanks with grenades. Thus they paved the way for their army. This is one of the many examples of deviant behavior that has been called a feat as a result.

Children's deviant behavior

Unfortunately, deviant behavior of children is not uncommon. Examples that are most common are verbal aggression (swearing, rudeness, and rudeness) as well as physical attack (hitting, biting, or pushing). This phenomenon has specific reasons, the main of which are the following:

Genetic predisposition to aggression, which is transmitted from immediate family. It is worth paying special attention to diseases associated with hearing and vision impairments, mental and physical retardation, and mental disorders.
Influence on the child's psyche of external stimuli. This may be due to a tense situation in the family, conflicts with peers, prejudice on the part of teachers.
Physiological defects (speech or bodily) often cause ridicule and negativity from others, and especially children. This causes the child to feel inferior, which becomes one of the main causes of aggression.

To prevent and correct deviant behavior in children, the following measures can be taken:

the task of adults is to arouse in the child a keen interest in communicating with peers, as well as teachers, psychologists and other adults who can help in solving the problem;
the formation of knowledge about the culture of behavior in society and the skills of live communication with others;
assistance in developing an adequate assessment of one's own personality, as well as teaching self-control techniques that will stop attacks of aggression;
independent or joint reading of fiction, which contains positive examples of correct social behavior;
organization of situational games, during which children will independently simulate ways out of conflicts;
rejection of the usual censures and prohibitions in favor of a constructive dialogue, which is aimed at explaining to the child why deviant behavior is unacceptable.

Deviant behavior of teenagers

A burning problem is the deviant behavior of adolescents, examples of which, unfortunately, are numerous. The first manifestations can be seen somewhere in 12-13 years. This is the most dangerous age, when the child still has a childish perception of the world, but at the same time an irresistible desire to show himself to be an adult has appeared. Even if the children behave normally, it is extremely important not to miss this period. An alarming signal can be a change in preferences in music and clothing, as well as the first manifestations of rudeness. If you do not take educational measures in time, this can lead to the following consequences:

running away from home and vagrancy;
smoking, as well as the use of alcohol and drugs;
theft;
association in "bad" companies;
criminal activity;
passion for extremist ideas;
early sexual life;
life-threatening hobbies.

Examples of negative and positive deviant behavior of adolescents are known. If everything is clear with the first, then many perceive the second as a normal manifestation. It can be an excessive effort in study or physical development. Despite the fact that these actions have a positive connotation, it is important to ensure that the child does not withdraw into himself, so that hobbies do not replace communication with peers.

Conclusion

An example of deviant behavior is alcoholism, vagrancy, banditry and many other phenomena that society is actively fighting against. As a rule, the reason lies in the problems of childhood, social injustice, as well as congenital mental disorders. But you should understand that deviation is not always bad. For example, the development of scientific and technological progress is largely due to people with positive deviations.

In the modern world, the problem of deviant behavior is particularly acute. Economic inequality, mass globalization, free access to information, the development of democracy, as well as social phenomena often cause negative reactions among adolescents. Young people rebel against injustice, established or imposed moral principles. Often this protest develops into especially dangerous forms that harm not only the young "revolutionary", but the whole society.

Deviations from the norms of behavior

The boundaries of what is permitted have long been outlined by mankind in the process of its development. Deviant behavior, examples of which can be observed in all sectors of society, is a deviation from generally accepted norms, customs, customs and traditions. It is non-standard, does not live up to the expectations of the surrounding world or a group of people. It is clear that there is no absolutely ideal society: often its members make exceptions to the rules, circumvent the canons, and do not fulfill their tasks. But this reaction does not have an aggressive or destructive color, rather, it is filled with elements of cunning, laziness, greed and other individual. Such a person, if he causes damage to himself and other people, then he is insignificant, easily corrected.

Quite another matter - deviant behavior. Real life examples show that it has the most negative impact not only on the mental and human, but also on his socialization. And the saddest thing is that other personalities can suffer from it. Deviant behavior has its own focus:

Selfish goals. Actions, the purpose of which is to obtain material benefits: theft, robbery, speculation, theft, fraud.
aggressive manifestations. These are actions directed against an individual: sexual, physical and moral violence.
Socially passive orientation. Departure from a full life in society, lack of interest in ongoing events: vagrancy, drunkenness, suicide.

Behavioral deviations can be classified according to a number of factors: depending on the form of violation (etiquette, morality, law); motivations (selfish, aggressive, pessimistic); performer (individual, group of people, organization).

Varieties of deviant behavior

Harassment can be roughly divided into two large groups of violations. Each of them is fundamentally different, since they are based on diametrically opposed motivating elements:

1. Mental disorder, that is, the presence of a congenital or acquired pathology in a teenager. The problem of deviant behavior is most often observed in people suffering from schizophrenia, asthenia, imbecility, mental retardation and other disorders of consciousness. This group can also include individuals with an accentuated character, when some deviations in behavior are still within the normal range, but almost border on pathology. Such individuals can also be given a definite diagnosis, but often they do not undergo the necessary treatment, as they can live a full life without revealing features in their psyche.

2. Antisocial behavior. People who are prone to negative actions are mentally healthy. The rebellion committed by them has a lot of different reasons: from “there is simply nothing to do” and to an attempt to turn all the foundations of society upside down due to the injustice of the distribution of material wealth in it. If the offenses committed by these people do not bring much harm to the outside world, then the correction of deviant behavior occurs through punishment in accordance with the norms of labor or administrative law. Police officers often order corrective labor or fine them for offenders; in an enterprise, institution or office, such individuals are at risk of reprimand, disciplinary action or dismissal. If the crime is qualified as a criminal one, then more severe punishments are applied to the offender, for example, arrest or imprisonment for one or another line.

Whatever the starting points of deviant behavior, in any case, it must be stopped, and preventive, curative or punitive measures should be applied to the person who committed the offense.

accentuation

It should be discussed in detail, since this feature is most often observed in minors in adolescence. Accentuation, as already mentioned, is a slight deviation from the norm of behavior. In this case, adolescents have a pronounced character trait, most often negative, which becomes problematic in communicating with others. For example, he can openly be rude to teachers and parents, refuse to do homework, ignore requests from adults for help, and so on. There may be several reasons for this: a complex school curriculum, difficulties of adolescence, the influence of puberty. If we add to them troubles of a personal nature or experienced stress due to problems in the family, then we get a real deviant, ready to take revenge on everyone and everyone.

It happens that a protest in a child takes place not in an active, but in a passive form. This behavioral reaction is called depression, and minors carefully hide it from adults. It can develop due to imaginary physical defects that children attribute to themselves. Also, a teenager may experience the so-called when he unjustifiably takes responsibility for important or tragic events. This is also deviant behavior. Examples include the following: guilt after the loss of a loved one, the death of a pet, or a serious illness of a best friend.

Reasons for deviant behavior

Some of them we have already named. Sociologists identify three main primary sources, thanks to which the social behavior of a teenager goes beyond the bounds of decency:

Social inequality. The child encounters this phenomenon even in elementary school: classmates dress better than him, they have more pocket money, and so on. The minor feels impoverished, disadvantaged. He cannot fully show his abilities and talents due to the lack of material wealth. Even self-realization is sometimes difficult when there is no money at your disposal, with which you can buy books, atlases, encyclopedias. A teenager is angry at the whole world, but first of all - at his parents. Even if they try their best, the deviant does not understand that a person's desires do not always coincide with his capabilities.
Moral and ethical factor. It is expressed in the low spiritual development of society, apathy towards science and art. The child observes the decline in morals among people: many of them, for example, consider the trade in the body and labor, mass alcoholism and prostitution to be an ordinary event.
Environment, society. Representatives of the latter not only ignore deviants, but often even treat them favorably. Nowadays, they are pitied, blaming everything on their upbringing and living in dysfunctional families, and they forget that the personality is formed primarily not by parents, but by the person himself. There are many individuals who grew up in an unfavorable environment, but managed to cultivate inner and firmness of spirit, therefore they reached certain heights in life and became normal members of society.

The characteristic of deviant behavior is marked by the complete absence of strong qualities in adolescents or by their being in a "sleeping" state. Instead of self-education, they choose an easier, but dangerous path, which gives them deceptive oblivion in the form of alcohol or drug intoxication or imaginary self-affirmation, manifested in the form of violence.

Typology

The types of behavior that run counter to the normal way of life were also identified by the American sociologist Robert King Merton, known for his studies of the problem. His typology is based on the concept of deviation as a gap between revered moral values and methods for achieving them:

Innovation. People accept the goals of society, understand them, but deny the normal means of achieving (prostitutes, creators of financial pyramids, blackmailers, great scientists).
ritualism. The goals of society are ignored, and the way to achieve them becomes absurd. An example is a bureaucrat who requires hundreds of forms to be filled out in detail. At the same time, he forgets about the main thing: why the papers were signed.
Retreat is an escape from reality. The individual refuses goals and all ways to achieve them (drug addict, bum).
Riot. Denial of moral principles, the desire to remake them, replace them with more perfect and progressive ones (revolutionary).

Types of behavior according to Merton show us that deviation is not always negative. After all, there is nothing wrong with the actions of a revolutionary, he is simply trying to create better conditions for life. As for the great scientist, he is considered, on the contrary, a respected and revered person who has little oddities or eccentricities.

Alcoholism and drug addiction

These two forms of deviant behavior among adolescents are more common than others. Alcoholism is the excessive use of alcoholic beverages by minors, which threatens their physical and mental health, causes pathological addiction, dependence. There are many reasons: genetic predisposition, congenital syndrome, individual personality traits, unfavorable environment, curiosity. Deviant behavior, examples of which are demonstrated by schoolchildren drinking alcohol, is the result of a low level of development, lack of demand in the team, self-doubt. In order to fish a child out of a dangerous company and quickly save him from the negative effects of alcohol, it is necessary to find an exciting activity for the victim, as well as normal friends who will show an example of self-affirmation using other methods. The society also came up with legal measures to prevent the drinking of minors: a ban on the sale of alcohol to persons under 18 years of age, a fine to parents for the appearance of their son or daughter in a state of intoxication. In addition, teaching children to drink alcohol is considered a crime, which is punishable by articles of administrative and criminal law.

Drug addiction is another deviation from the norm. It implies the systematic use of mind-stupefying substances that cause deep and irreversible disturbances in mental and physical functions. A teenager becomes addicted to pills, injections and powders due to social neglect. Often, drugs are used by minors to express themselves or satisfy their curiosity. Addiction to them often prompts a teenager to take a criminal path in order to illegally raise money to purchase a potion. Children who have fallen into such bondage should be treated in special institutions. Quitting drugs on your own is often impossible.

Prostitution and homosexuality

Deviant behavior, exemplified by girls who provide sexual services for or without pay, is also not uncommon. The main reason is the desire to earn money, improve the financial situation on their own, if the parents are not able to provide all the vagaries dictated by fashion and the “beautiful life” promoted by the media. If we add to this the low level of culture of a teenager and his social promiscuity, trouble in the family and the indifference of adults, the path to the panel becomes a kind of salvation for the child, an opportunity to hide from difficulties and vicissitudes of fate. In order to reduce the level of prostitution among minors to a minimum, it is recommended to develop special programs for sex education, to equalize and raise the culture of the population.

As for homosexuality, in most cases it is an inborn predisposition. Finding that he is not like everyone else, the teenager falls into depression, begins to take large amounts of drugs and alcohol, suffers from neuroses and mental disorders. Such a minor needs qualified specialist assistance. If, however, he was drawn into homosexuality through deceit or coercion, then the guilty persons face imprisonment. By the way, sexual perversions are also deviant behavior. Real life examples show that teenagers become interested in sadomasochism, group intimacy and other unnatural things.

Suicide and delinquency

The intention to take one's own life or try to scare others in this way are also features of deviant behavior. The most dangerous age for young people is 16-19 years old: at this time, disappointment in life usually occurs due to a failed first love, the inability to find a job or continue education. Social status, conflicts with society and stress are also powerful triggers for suicide. For people with suicidal tendencies, psychological help services and helplines are organized. Preventive work is also important: raising a child as a cheerful optimist, demonstrating by example that life is beautiful, and the black stripes that are found in almost everyone bring only variety and a tart zest to it.

Offenses - a form that is directed against citizens, society, way of life. Adolescents have different motivations: from ordinary mischief to unmotivated aggression. In order to protect the growing generation from the influence of the criminal world, it is necessary to conduct lessons on relevant topics in schools. Parents, for their part, are obliged to explain that breaking the law is bad, harming or hurting others is unacceptable, and deviant behavior is punishable in any case.

Help

How to pull teenagers out of the asocial abyss in which they are mired? Sociologists say: firstly, a special state program will help. Deviant behavior of children must be taken under control, this is the task of specialists. Favorable conditions should also be created for the opening of rehabilitation centers of various directions, in which experienced specialists could save young people from addictions, direct their energy into a channel that is productive and useful for society.

Secondly, invaluable assistance will be provided by hotlines operating in every city, nationwide helplines and regional family counseling centers for psychologists.

Thirdly, the study of the adaptation environment of adolescents should not stop for a day. The deviant behavior of schoolchildren requires constant adjustment, which must be carried out in full cooperation with the Inspectorate for Juvenile Affairs, doctors, police officers, and representatives of guardianship authorities. If necessary, such children must be removed from the family if the reason for the deviation is precisely the influence of the parents.

Prevention of deviant behavior

To this end, experts have developed the following measures:

1. Conducting educational and development programs, courses in schools. Lectures are aimed at educating teenagers and educating them in a sustainable aversion to drugs, alcohol, etc.

2. Promotion of sports and a healthy lifestyle. Prohibition of advertising of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages.

3. Organization of interesting and informative leisure for young people. Working with children with deviant behavior requires the development of such a pastime scenario that would correspond to modern trends and fashion trends.

4. Caring for the material security of children.

Prevention of deviant behavior should cover all segments of the population, regardless of their social status, religion, level of education and other factors. The main task is to establish a trusting relationship between a teenager and his parents. Only then can you be sure that in the event of a problem, the student will turn to his mother or father for help, and not to a dubious group of friends.

Friendly relations in the family are a guarantee that you will never encounter deviant behavior of your son or daughter. It is necessary from a very young age to make sure that there are no problems in the future. Pay attention to your child: give him love and tenderness, do not swear in his presence, talk with the baby on various topics, share your feelings and emotions, listen to the heir and listen to his opinion. Become a faithful, devoted and reliable companion for your child.

Concept definition

From the point of view of sociology, we can say that this is a phenomenon that poses a real threat to the survival of a person in society. In this case, we are talking about both the deviant and its environment. In addition, there is a violation of the processes of assimilation of information, reproduction of generally accepted values, as well as self-development and self-realization.
From the point of view of medicine, the violation of interpersonal interactions and behavioral deviations are caused by the presence of neuropsychic pathologies of varying severity.
From the point of view of psychology, deviant behavior is an antisocial way of resolving conflict situations. At the same time, there is a desire to harm one's own and public well-being.

Main reasons

Unfortunately, psychologists still cannot accurately determine the range of reasons that provoke deviant behavior. The examples only provide an indicative list. It looks like this:

inconsistency between the goals set and the available means that can be used to achieve them;
a decrease in the level of society's expectations from a particular individual, which gradually leads to marginalization;
addiction to alcohol and drugs, deterioration of the genetic fund and other social pathologies;
mental illness of a different nature;
the lack of a clear motivation that would make it possible to accurately determine adequate actions for a particular situation;
social inequality and injustice that encourage aggression;
armed conflicts, man-made disasters and natural disasters that violate the human psyche.

Characteristics of the deviant

cause a sharp negative reaction and condemnation from the society;
may cause physical or material damage to themselves or others;
abnormal behavior is constantly repeated or has a permanent character;
there is social maladaptation;
behavioral deviations are fully consistent with the individual characteristics of the individual;
there is a desire to express their personal characteristics.

Examples of deviant behavior in society

People without a fixed place of residence. Due to the circumstances, their behavior differs significantly from generally accepted norms.
Begging for alms can cause pity or a negative reaction from others. In any case, in a society where the vast majority provides themselves with material means through work, such behavior is perceived inadequately.
Prostitutes cause condemnation from the point of view of moral principles.
Drug addicts and alcoholics are recognized as deviants not only because of their dependence on the use of certain substances. In a state of intoxication, they can pose a real physical threat to others.
Oddly enough, monks, from the point of view of society, are also considered deviants. Most people do not understand the desire to give up all public goods and opportunities.
Geniuses are also treated with caution, despite the fact that scientific and technological progress has firmly entered modern life. Nevertheless, the attitude towards people with a high level of intelligence cannot be called negative.
Murderers, maniacs and other criminals are condemned not only by society. The legislation provides for severe punishment for them.

Examples of positive deviant behavior

G. Perelman is a brilliant mathematician who became famous for proving the Poincaré theorem (other scientists have been struggling with this for over 100 years). As a result, he has been nominated for several prestigious awards. But Perelman categorically refused all awards, which is bad form in scientific circles. Nevertheless, such behavior did not bring any harm to society. In addition, Perelman considered it unnecessary to belittle the contribution of other mathematicians and generally transfer science to a commercial plane.

The next example is also quite interesting, but there is no evidence of its veracity. So, the author's method of psychiatrist D. Rogers was recognized as a mockery of patients, for which he was sentenced to death. It was about bringing the patient to the extreme form of hysteria, after which he recovered and continued to live a normal life. Only 50 years after the execution, the doctor's deviant behavior was recognized as effective.
Some examples of positive deviant behavior have had a significant impact on our lives today. So, in the late 60s, computers were the size of a living room or even a school gym. A real revolution in this area was made by Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. What many considered madness, they brought to life. Today, almost everyone has a compact and functional computer.

Negative deviant behavior

Examples of situations of deviant behavior

Without even thinking about it, every day we encounter situations of deviant behavior. An example might be:

A physically healthy young man enters public transport and takes an empty seat. There is nothing reprehensible in this, but at the next stop an elderly man enters. Not wanting to give up his seat, the young man begins to pretend that he is asleep and does not notice the old man. In most cases, this deviation is due not only to personal qualities, but also to improper upbringing.
The student constantly violates discipline in the classroom, interfering with the teacher and his peers. Unfortunately, such a manifestation of deviant behavior often causes a sharp reaction on the part of teachers, which gives rise to even greater resistance. As a rule, the lack of discipline of schoolchildren is a direct reflection of the psycho-emotional state and problems in the family.
Social inequality, financial difficulties, in theory, should encourage people to be active in order to overcome this situation. However, not everyone has the will power to do so. Some people turn to alcohol or drugs to get away from reality, which inevitably causes public condemnation.
People strive for the blessings of life, but everyone has different ways of obtaining them. So, for example, many, not feeling the desire or strength to earn money on their own, resort to theft.

Literary examples

If you are interested in examples of deviant behavior, you can learn a lot of interesting things from the literature. Here are the most striking of them:

Raskolnikov from the work "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky demonstrates an example of deviant behavior. For the sake of material gain, he decides to kill.
Chatsky's behavior in the play "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. This character is sometimes quick-tempered and absolutely tactless. He acts as a denouncer of other people's vices, as well as a strict judge of moral principles.
In Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, the main character can also be cited as an example of deviant behavior. Adultery, extramarital affairs, and suicide are the clearest signs.
In Makarenko's Pedagogical Poem, almost all the pupils of the orphanage personify deviant behavior in one way or another. This work is interesting primarily because the talented teacher managed to correct the situation.
The hero of the work "Gobsek" by Balzac is a rather interesting example of deviant behavior. The greedy usurer has a pathological tendency to accumulate. As a result, a huge amount of wealth is found in his closet, as well as food that has simply gone bad.

Examples from history

Being interested in such a question as examples of deviant behavior, you can find quite a lot of interesting situations in history:

One of the clearest examples of deviant behavior is the burning of the Temple of Artemis by Herostratus, a local resident of Ephesus. During the torture, the man had to confess that he did this in order to glorify his name, so that descendants would talk about him. Herostratus was not only sentenced to death, but also forbidden to mention him. Nevertheless, the historian Theopompus considered it necessary to tell about the crime of Herostratus, and therefore his goal was achieved.
Adolf Hitler's behavior is also considered deviant. A particular danger was that he had pronounced leadership qualities and had power. The sad result is known to all.
Another example of deviant behavior is the 1917 revolution. Then V. I. Lenin and his comrades-in-arms decided to oppose the power of the tsar. The result was the formation of a fundamentally new state.
There is ample evidence of how the deviant behavior of soldiers during the Great Patriotic War contributed to victory in battles. So, the fighters often sacrificed themselves, throwing themselves under the tracks of tanks with grenades. Thus they paved the way for their army. This is one of the many examples of deviant behavior that has been called a feat as a result.

Children's deviant behavior

Genetic predisposition to aggression, which is transmitted from immediate family. It is worth paying special attention to diseases associated with hearing and vision impairments, mental and physical retardation, and mental disorders.
Influence on the child's psyche of external stimuli. This may be due to a tense situation in the family, conflicts with peers, prejudice on the part of teachers.
Physiological defects (speech or bodily) often cause ridicule and negativity from others, and especially children. This causes the child to feel inferior, which becomes one of the main causes of aggression.

To prevent and correct deviant behavior in children, the following measures can be taken:

the task of adults is to arouse in the child a keen interest in communicating with peers, as well as teachers, psychologists and other adults who can help in solving the problem;
the formation of knowledge about the culture of behavior in society and the skills of live communication with others;
assistance in developing an adequate assessment of one's own personality, as well as teaching self-control techniques that will stop attacks of aggression;
independent or joint reading of fiction, which contains positive examples of correct social behavior;
organization of situational games, during which children will independently simulate ways out of conflicts;
rejection of the usual censures and prohibitions in favor of a constructive dialogue, which is aimed at explaining to the child why deviant behavior is unacceptable.

Deviant behavior of teenagers

running away from home and vagrancy;
smoking, as well as the use of alcohol and drugs;
theft;
association in "bad" companies;
criminal activity;
passion for extremist ideas;
early sexual life;
life-threatening hobbies.

Conclusion

Different people in the same situations behave differently, it depends on their personal characteristics. A person is social in nature - he functions in society and is guided by social motives. Therefore, it is important to understand that any deviant behavior, for example, the deviant behavior of adolescents, in each individual case is caused by different stimuli (family education, mental disorders, pedagogical neglect).

abnormal behavior

Behavioral reactions of a person are always the result of the interaction of different systems: a specific situation, the social environment and one's own personality. The simplest way for a person's behavioral responses to correspond to general standards is reflected in such a characteristic as "abnormal and normal behavior". “Normal” is considered such behavior that fully meets the expectations of society, without obvious signs of mental illness.

"Abnormal" (abnormal) refers to behavior that deviates from social norms, or has clear signs of mental illness. Abnormal behavioral reactions have many forms: behavior can be pathological, delinquent, non-standard, retreat, creative, marginal, deviant, deviant.

Methods for determining the norm are called criteria. Negative criteria consider the norm as a complete absence of symptoms of pathology, and positive - as the presence of "healthy" signs. Therefore, deviant behavior as a separate concept has its own characteristics.

Social psychology believes that antisocial behavior is a way to behave without paying attention to the norms of society. This formulation connects deviations with the process of adaptation to society. Thus, the deviant behavior of adolescents usually comes down to one of the forms of unsuccessful or incomplete adaptation.

Sociology uses a different definition. A sign is considered normal if its prevalence is more than 50 percent. "Normal behavioral responses" are the average responses that are characteristic of most people. Deviant behavior is a deviation from the "middle", manifesting itself only in a certain number of children, adolescents, youth, or people of mature age.

Medical classification does not attribute deviant behavior to either a medical concept or a form of pathology. Its structure is made up of: reactions to situations, accentuations of character, mental illness, developmental disorders. However, not every mental disorder (all kinds of psychopathy, psychoses, neuroses) is accompanied by deviant symptoms.

Pedagogy and psychology have defined deviant behavior as a way of action that causes harm to the individual, complicating its self-realization and development. This way of responding in children has its own age limits, and the term itself is applied to children only older than 7-9 years. A child of preschool age cannot yet understand or control his actions, reactions.

Various theories agree on one thing: the essence of deviance lies in a confident way of acting that deviates from the standards of society, causing damage, marked by social maladaptation, and also bringing some kind of benefit.

Typology

The typology of deviant behavior is constructed in such a way that, along with deviant behavior, other terms can be safely used: delinquent, asocial, antisocial, maladaptive, addictive, inadequate, destructive, non-standard, accentuated, psychopathic, self-destructive, socially maladapted, as well as behavioral pathology.

The types of deviations are divided into 2 major categories:

Deviation of behavioral reactions from mental standards and norms: explicit or hidden psychopathologies (including asthenics, epileptoids, schizoids, accentuants).
Actions that violate social, legal, cultural standards: they are expressed in the form of misconduct or crimes. In such cases, one speaks of a delinquent or criminal (criminal) mode of action.

In addition to these two types, there are other types of deviant behavior:

Classification

There is currently no single classification of deviant behavior. The leading typologies of behavioral deviations include legal, medical, sociological, pedagogical, psychological classification.

Sociological considers any deviations as separate phenomena. In relation to society, such deviations are: individual or mass, positive and negative, deviations in individuals, official groups and structures, as well as various conditional groups. Sociological classification identifies such types of deviations as hooliganism, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, immoral behavior, crime, vagrancy, molestation of minors, prostitution.

Legal: everything that is contrary to the current legal norms or is prohibited under pain of punishment. The main criterion is the level of public danger. Deviations are divided into torts, crimes, and disciplinary offenses.

Pedagogical. The concept of "behavioral deviations" in pedagogy is often equated with such a concept as "disadaptation", and such a child is called a "difficult student". Deviant behavior in schoolchildren has the character of social or school maladaptation. School maladjustment deviations: hyperactivity, discipline violations, smoking, aggression, theft, hooliganism, lies. Signs of social maladjustment of this age: abuse of various psychoactive substances, other addictions (for example, computer addiction), prostitution, various sexopathological deviations, incurable vagrancy, various crimes.

Clinical is based on age and pathological criteria that already reach the level of the disease. Criteria for adults: mental disorders from the use of various psychoactive substances, syndromes of mental disorders associated with physiological factors, disorders of drives, habits, sexual preferences.

When comparing all these classifications, the opinion suggests itself that they all perfectly complement each other. One type of behavioral reactions can take various forms: a bad habit - deviant behavior - a disorder or illness.

Signs of deviation

The main signs of a variety of behavioral deviations are: a constant violation of social norms, a negative assessment with stigmatization.

The first sign is a deviation from social standards. Such deviations include any actions that do not comply with the current rules, laws and attitudes of society. At the same time, one must be aware that social norms can change over time. As an example, we can mention the ever-changing attitudes towards homosexuals in society.

The second sign is the obligatory censure from the public. A person exhibiting such a behavioral deviation always causes negative assessments from other people, as well as pronounced stigmatization. Such well-known social labels as "drunk", "bandit", "prostitute" have long become abusive in society. Many people are well aware of the problems of resocialization of criminals who have just been released.

However, for quick diagnosis and correct correction of any behavioral deviations, these two characteristics are not enough. There are a few more special signs of deviant behavior:

Destructiveness. It is expressed in the ability to cause tangible damage to a person or to people around him. Deviant behavior is always very destructive - depending on its form - destructive or self-destructive;
Regularly repeated actions (multiple). For example, the conscious regular theft of money by a child from the pocket of his parents is a form of deviation - delinquent behavior. But a single suicide attempt is not considered a deviation. Deviation is always formed gradually, over a certain time, gradually moving from not very destructive actions to more and more destructive ones;
medical standard. Deviations are always considered within the clinical norm. In the case of a mental disorder, we are not talking about deviant, but about pathological behavioral reactions of a person. However, sometimes deviant behavior turns into pathology (domestic drunkenness usually develops into alcoholism);
Social maladjustment. Any human behavior that deviates from the norm always causes or enhances the state of maladaptation in society. And also vice versa;
Pronounced age and gender diversity. One type of deviation manifests itself differently in people of different sex and age.

Negative and positive deviations

Social deviations are either positive or negative.

Positive ones help social progress and personal development. Examples: social activity to improve society, giftedness.

Negative ones disrupt the development or existence of society. Examples: deviant behavior of teenagers, suicide, vagrancy.

Deviant behavior can be expressed in a wide range of social phenomena, and the criterion for its positivity or negativity is subjective. The same deviation can be evaluated positively or negatively.

Causes

Numerous concepts of deviance are known: from biogenetic to cultural-historical theories. One of the main reasons for social deviations is the discrepancy between the norms of society and the requirements put forward by life, the second is the discrepancy between life itself and the interests of a particular individual. In addition, deviant behavior can be caused by: heredity, upbringing errors, family problems, deformation of character, personality, needs; mental illness, deviations of mental and physiological development, negative influence of the mass media, discrepancy between the correction of actions and individual needs.

Deviance and delinquency

The concept of deviance is acquiring new nuances, depending on whether this phenomenon is considered by pedagogy, psychiatry or medical psychology. Pathological variants of deviant actions include various forms of deviance: suicides, crimes, various forms of drug addiction, all kinds of sexual deviations, incl. prostitution, inappropriate behavior in mental disorders.

Sometimes antisocial action is defined as “violation of accepted social norms”, “achievement of goals by all sorts of illegal means”, “any deviation from the standards accepted in society”. Often, the concept of "deviant behavior" includes the manifestation of any violations of the social regulation of behavior, as well as the defectiveness of the self-regulation of the psyche. Therefore, people often equate deviant behavior with delinquent behavior.

Deviant (abnormal) - a whole system of actions, or individual actions that do not correspond to the moral or legal norms of society.

Delinquent (from the English "guilt") - a psychological propensity to delinquency. This is criminal behavior.

No matter how different types of deviant behavior are, they are always interconnected. The commission of many crimes is often preceded by some kind of immoral action. The involvement of a person in any type of deviation increases the overall likelihood of delinquent acts. The difference between delinquent behavior and deviant behavior is that it is less associated with a violation of mental norms. Of course, delinquents are much more dangerous for society than deviants.

Prevention and therapy

Since behavioral deviations belong to the group of the most persistent phenomena, prevention of deviant behavior is always relevant. This is a whole system of various events.

There are several types of deviance prevention:

Primary - the elimination of negative factors, increasing the resistance of a person to the influence of such factors. Initial prevention focuses on childhood and adolescents.

Secondary - the identification and subsequent correction of negative conditions and factors that cause deviant behavior. This is a special work with different groups of adolescents and children living in socially difficult conditions.

Late - is aimed at solving highly specialized problems, at preventing relapses, as well as the harmful consequences of already formed deviant behavior. This is an effective and active impact on a close circle of people with stable behavioral deviations.

Preventive action plan:

Work in hospitals and clinics;
Prevention in universities and schools;
Working with disadvantaged families;
Organization of public youth groups;
Prevention by all kinds of media;
Working with homeless children on the street;
Training of qualified specialists in prevention.

Psychoprophylactic work is effective at the initial stages of deviations. Most of all, it should be aimed at adolescents and young people, since these are periods of intensive socialization.

Hello dear readers! You can read about what deviant behavior is in my article, and in this work we will talk about such features of this phenomenon as causes, types and forms, the specifics of their manifestations. The article presents several classifications of deviant behavior, general Russian and private factors are considered, and adolescent and children's deviations are considered a little.

The causes of deviant behavior were studied by such researchers as E. S. Tatarinova, N. A. Melnikova, T. I. Akatova, N. V. Vorobieva, O. Yu. Kraev and others. Summarizing the research of the authors, we can identify the following reasons for the formation of deviant behavior.

Mistakes of family education that destroy the styles of family education.
The negative impact of spontaneous group communication ("bad company").
Abnormal personality development, crisis and difficult life situations.
Character accentuations (more on this can be found in the articles “Character accentuations in psychology: norms or pathology”, “Character accentuations in adolescence”).
Psychosomatic disorders.
Anomalies of psychophysical development.
Life style and risk factors (external circumstances).

Among the negative factors, two groups can be generally distinguished: public and private factors. The first includes the political, economic, social state of the country, the general level of morality. Under private factors are meant personal motives, beliefs, goals. It is noted that personal factors are the basis of deviant behavior, and external factors are the guiding element, that is, they dictate the variant of deviation.

If we consider deviant behavior from the standpoint of clinical psychology, we can distinguish two groups of factors: biological and social.

The former include age-related crises, as well as congenital and acquired brain lesions.
To the second group - the specifics of the environment, training and education. Moreover, a stable relationship between these factors has been noted, but it has not yet been determined how exactly they are interrelated.

All-Russian negative factors

After analyzing a number of scientific papers and reports, I was able to identify several leading all-Russian factors contributing to the development of deviant behavior as a mass social phenomenon. So, the negative factors include:

growing commerce;
cultivation of physical strength and success;
abundance of advertising;
availability of digital materials, alcohol, cigarettes and drugs;
uncertainty in life orientations;
the ever-evolving entertainment industry;
shortcomings in the system of prevention of deviations;
morbidity of the population (growth of socially dangerous diseases);
information progress of Russia, transition to virtual technologies.

Mass media play an important role in the formation and development of deviant behavior. They promote various forms of deviations, antisocial behavior, affecting mainly the still unformed consciousness (children, adolescents). Accordingly, they thereby form a personality with behavior that goes beyond the accepted norms.

A striking example of the impact on consciousness is the Internet, in a narrower sense - computer games. Often the virtual world is transferred to reality, which causes maladaptation of the individual.

Another variant of the negative influence of the Internet is the desire to "hype" (gain popularity). And here we find echoes of Merton's theory (I will describe below). People strive to achieve their goal (popularity) in any way. And, unfortunately, as practice shows, it is easier to do this by killing someone (or beating) and posting a video on the network, having sex in a public place, and so on. In pursuit of fame and likes, people forget about all the norms of decency.

Types and forms of deviant behavior

To date, there is no single classification of deviant behavior. There are several different interpretations on one or another basis. The choice of a reference classification depends on the scope within which deviant behavior is analyzed and its main characteristic.

Classification by N. V. Baranovsky

The first ensures the progress of the whole society. We are talking about researchers, artists, commanders, rulers. It is these people who doubt the established order of things, see the world differently and try to change it. That is, it is a productive type of deviant behavior.
Socially negative deviant behavior is destructive and ensures the regression of the whole society. We are talking about criminals, addicts, terrorists.

This is the main primary classification. It explains what I talked about in the article "Theories of deviant behavior." Everything is clear with the productive one: its type is the only possible one. While deviations in behavior with a minus sign have multiple guises. The following classifications interpret destructive behavior.

Classification by V. D. Mendelevich (domestic psychiatrist, narcologist, clinical psychologist)

crime;
alcoholism;
addiction;
suicidal behavior;
vandalism;
prostitution;
sexual deviations.

In addition, V. D. Mendelevich notes that the type of behavior (deviating or normal) is determined by how the individual interacts with the outside world. He identifies five main styles of human interaction with society, that is, five styles of behavior, four of which are varieties of deviant behavior:

Delinquent (criminal) behavior. Such behavior arises when the individual is convinced that reality must be actively fought, that is, counteracted.
Psychopathological and pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior. Manifested in a painful confrontation with reality. This is due to changes in the psyche, in which a person sees the world exclusively as hostile to him.
addictive behavior. It is characterized by a departure from reality (the use of psychoactive substances, passion for computer games, etc.). With this type of interaction, a person does not want to adapt to the world, believing that it is impossible to accept its realities.
Ignoring reality. This is usually characteristic of a person engaged in some narrow professional orientation. He seems to be adapted to the world, but at the same time he ignores anything other than his craft. This is the most common type of behavior, the most acceptable by society. It's about normal behavior. The individual adapts to reality. It is important for him to find and realize himself in real life, among real people.

It has been experimentally proven that there is a relationship between all types of deviant behavior, as well as the dependence of deviations on the relationship of the individual with society.

There are other classifications, but I want to introduce you to them briefly. If something is of interest, then you can find additional material by authorship.

R. Merton's classification

The sociologist identified five types of deviations:

subordination;
innovations (achievement of the goal by any, even criminal means);
ritualism (observance of the rules by own infringement);
retreatism (avoidance of reality);
rebellion (rebellion, revolutions, anti-social behavior).

That is, the classification is based on the ratio of the goal of the individual and the means to achieve it.

Classification by A. I. Dolgova

Divides deviations into two groups:

deviant behavior;
crime.

This division is often used in interpreting the behavior of children and adolescents. That is, a line is drawn between disobedience and serious offenses.

Classification by O. V. Polikashina

Allocates the following forms of deviations:

commission of offenses;
drunkenness;
addiction;
substance abuse;
the use of psychotropic substances;
early sexual promiscuity.

Common classification in clinical psychology

Clinical psychology has its own concepts and varieties of deviant behavior. According to the DSM IV classification, four types of behavior problems can occur in conduct disorder (as deviant behavior is called in the medical field of psychology):

aggression towards others;
destruction of property;
theft;
other serious violations of the rules.

In the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10), several types of conduct disorders (hereinafter referred to as CD) are distinguished:

RP, limited to the family (antisocial or aggressive behavior, manifested at home or in relation to loved ones);
unsocialized RP (dissocial or aggressive behavior towards other children);
socialized RP (dissocial or aggressive behavior in children well integrated in a peer group);
oppositional defiant disorder (outbursts of anger, bickering, defiant behavior).

I will try to explain the meaning of multiple classifications and the possibilities of their application. For example, if it is established that the cause of deviations lies in pathological changes in the brain, then you need to focus on the ICD-10 and DSM IV. If the behavior was influenced by a social (psychological) factor, and not a biological one, then it is better to pay attention to the classification of V. D. Mendelevich.

Types and forms of deviant behavior of children and adolescents

risky sexual behavior;
self-destructive behavior;
vagrancy;
new forms of deviant behavior (involvement in totalitarian destructive sects and other public organizations that manipulate consciousness, terrorism, deviations using the Internet and a computer).

According to the direction of deviation can be divided into:

deviations of selfish orientation;
aggressive deviations directed against the personality (self-destruction);
socially passive deviations (different kinds of escape from reality).

Within the framework of self-destructive behavior, several more forms can be distinguished:

hidden and direct suicide;
disorders of habits and drives;
eating disorders;
substance use disorders;
disorders of behavior of the personality in the sexual sphere.

Thus, in adolescence and childhood, deviant behavior is more often manifested by aggression, school avoidance, running away from home, drug addiction and drunkenness, suicidal attempts, antisocial acts.

The most popular deviation of adolescence is addictive behavior.
It is not uncommon for an unformed personality to want to get away from reality, from problems and misunderstanding. Perhaps this is the easiest way.
In addition, addictions can be formed on the basis of a teenager's desire for adulthood. And the simplest adulthood is external copying.
Another common cause of addictions is the desire of a teenager to establish himself in the circle of his peers, to gain authority and trust. After all, peers at this age are the main "judges" and "audience".

Girls in adolescence are more likely to experience sexual deviations. Active puberty is directly related to the formation of secondary sexual characteristics, which can lead to ridicule from peers or unwanted sexual assault. In addition, often girls start relationships with older young people, which contributes to sexual activity, various risky and anti-social actions.

It should be noted that the deviant behavior of adolescents is not always negative. Sometimes teenagers want to find something new, overcome stagnation, conservatism. On this basis, there are:

music bands;
theater troupes;
athletes;
young artists.

You can read more about the features of deviant behavior in children and adolescents in my work.

Results

Thus, behavior deviating from generally accepted norms (deviant) can occur against the background of biological, social and socio-psychological problems. Deviation factors are internal and external. Influence, as a rule, is exerted by several factors at once, which makes it difficult to classify and plan for correcting deviant behavior.

Deviations differ in scale (within a family or country), the strength of the impact on the personality, the specifics of the impact (destroy or develop) and the scope of personality deformation.

There is no single correction scheme, the plan is selected according to the individual characteristics of the individual, the existing negative factors and the root causes of deviations. You can read more about diagnostic methods in my work.

Video: life as a doll: self-expression, deviation, escape from reality or business?

Thank you for your time! I hope the material will be useful to you!