direction of lymph flow. How to cleanse the lymphatic system. Functions of the lymphatic system

This curious article is from the page of Nazar Ruzanov vk

Popular about the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM,

or Don't let the lymph stagnate!

Lymph movement is youth!

Move blood through arteries causes the muscular vascular organ - the heart, and the movement of blood through the veins is provided by the muscular-valve structure of the veins. This is how the large and small circles of blood circulation function.

But the lymphatic channel does not have such a "drive". The movement of lymph is slow and is provided by the muscles. The main muscle for driving the lymph is the diaphragm. This is a kind of "heart" of the lymphatic system. During physical activity and deep breathing"belly" the amplitude of the movement of the diaphragm increases, and the circulation of the lymph increases, i.e. its stagnation is removed.

With obesity and the absence of certain physical exertion, lymph stagnation occurs in any lymph nodes. At the same time, cell waste products (fragments of decayed lipids, proteins, toxins, etc.) accumulate in the intercellular spaces, which even gradually grow into fibers connective tissue(Doctors call this process fibrosis). And these cells simply begin to rot - there are sluggish oncological diseases, hypertension, allergies, etc.

Lymph is cleansed through saliva. Salivary glands belong to the lymphatic system, have access to the oral cavity and, together with saliva, carry waste and pollution from their system to digestive tract for further removal from the body.

Under stress, it usually dries up in the mouth, saliva is not released, stagnation occurs in the lymphatic system. And the man is given water to drink. But this is undesirable. It is better to stimulate the secretion of saliva with sucking movements of the lips in order to release saliva in the mouth, and to make swallowing movements.

You can also use it to increase salivation chewing gum, half an hour after eating, put salt on the tip of a knife under the tongue.

Should be abandoned bad habit- Drink drinks immediately after meals on the third and have fruit for dessert. Do not store yesterday's food in the refrigerator, as it (especially warmed up) is rich in toxins from reproduction putrefactive bacteria, and after use fills the entire intercellular space and lymphatic system in the human body with ballast.

The lymphatic system is a system that even doctors don't know well. They never seriously studied it. The lymphatic system works in one direction. All lymph flows from bottom to top. Swelling on the legs, arms, eyes, lower back, joints - it's all lymph. A bacterium, virus or fungus enters the body. What does lymph do? Near the hit is a large lymph node, for example, the genital tract. Lymph nodes block the passage of infection further.

If gonorrhea passed through the body and got into the brain, then people would die immediately. Lymphocytes come out of the lymph nodes, and they patrol the entire mucous membrane, urethra, and vagina. If they find something there, they eat it and take it back to the lymph nodes. In the lymph nodes, this is all lysed, activated and thrown out. The first route of lymph flow in the body is through the vagina and urethra. Everything related to leucorrhea in women, discharge in men, suggests that someone lives in the body, and the lymph of this someone eats, at the cost of its own life, and deletes. The second escape route is in the intestine, which contains tens of thousands of small lymph nodes.

Up to 50% of poisons come out through sweat and armpits. Now people use deodorants, from which a person does not sweat for 24 hours. They do not sweat under the armpits, but the palms sweat. Still doing cosmetic surgery when the lymphatic ducts are cut. The forehead should not sweat. If the armpits are clogged, then the entire surface of the body sweats. This indicates the second degree of damage and pollution of the lymph. The face should be relatively dry, and under the armpits should flow, because there is a powerful sweat collector. There are not many sweat glands on the face.

Adenoids are The lymph nodes. Everyone who breathes through the mouth has adenoids - enlarged lymph nodes in the nose.

The salivary glands are a powerful detoxifying organ. Up to half a liter of toxic sputum is excreted through saliva. If a child is salivating on a pillow, then this indicates that serious problems lymphatic system. If a person or a child sweats in a dream, then this may indicate that he has pinworms, Giardia, or something else. Children should not sweat even at an ambient temperature of 30C. They have a poorly developed sweat system. If small child wet head at night, it means he is sick. In a child, everything should go through the kidneys, intestines.

Larynx. Chronic laryngitis or pharyngitis are the lymph nodes of the pharynx and larynx. With this diagnosis, a person chronic infection chronic fungus or chronic streptococcus. They are candidates for chronic lymphatic involvement.

Tonsils are the most powerful springboard for various bacteria. Streptococcus always goes through the tonsils. This is angina, rheumatism. Staphylococcus will not go through the tonsils. It goes through the nose. Sinusitis is a lesion of the lymphatic system, not the respiratory system. There is nothing in the nose, there are only minks for air and membranes 1 micron thick. Everything else there is garbage.

Where does pus come from? From the abdomen, from the lymph, from the blood, from the intercellular spaces, and exit through the nose. Staphylococcus has this way. The fungus through the nose will never go. The fungus is excreted through nearby organs. If it is foot, then it will stand out there. The skin will crack. The lymphatic system will never drag the fungus into the nose, because it will not drag it. She will kill all the lymphatic collectors. The lymphatic system will open the skin and eject the lymphatic fluid right between the fingers. The lymph nodes of the bones will never miss the fungus. If the whole body is affected by the fungus, then fungal bronchitis begins. The deep lymph nodes of the bronchi are connected, and a person may begin bronchial asthma (we are talking not about psychosomatics, when a person draws attention to himself with an illness).

joint inflammation is a lesion of the lymphatic system. Everyone believes that swelling in the legs is cardiac, renal. Edema can only be lymphatic. The heart is depleted and cannot pump blood. But it is not blood that lingers in the legs, but lymph. Elephantiasis is a lesion of the lymph when the inguinal lymph nodes are clogged and the fluid does not rise. Swelling of the hands is a blockage axillary lymph nodes. Puffiness of the eyes is a blockage of the submandibular and facial lymph nodes. This indirectly indicates blockage of the kidneys. If the kidneys secrete less fluid than they need, then there is more of it in the body.

SO:

For the functioning of the lymphatic system, it’s not enough just to “drink a pill”- for people leading a sedentary lifestyle, at a minimum, you need to do breathing exercises, “breathe with your stomach”, do at least minimal exercises, try to walk more. This allows you to partially eliminate the stagnation of the lymph.

Today we will talk about beauty again, but instead of testing new face creams and masks, we will turn our attention deep into the body, namely, we will study the lymphatic system, lymphatic drainage and their effect on beauty and health in general.

The skin is of great importance for us, and not only because it is well-groomed and beautiful, it makes us beautiful. The skin does a lot various functions– protection from harmful external influences, keeps the temperature internal organs, softens the body as a whole, toxic waste products of the body are constantly released through the skin. In other words, the skin is an intermediary between the body and the external environment.

The respiratory and excretory functions of the skin are vital to health. If it stops normal functioning skin, poisoning of the body may occur. Skin disease always affects the health of the body, in the same way, a disease of any organ affects the condition of the skin. Influencing the skin with various medical means, it is possible to influence the whole organism, for example, hydrotherapy, massage, etc.

And so, everything in our body is interconnected. When we talk about skin care, we always start with cleansing, then moisturizing, and so on. But most importantly, if the body is not cleansed from the inside, then all efforts with skin rejuvenation will be in vain. So let's think about health first. What we are going to talk about now will tell us what efforts and where each of us needs to make in order to combine beauty and health.

Today we'll talk about this important system, which plays in the human body special role is the lymphatic system. In order for you to seriously think about how important it is for the skin and the whole organism as a whole, you will have to delve a little deeper into the structure of your body. Perhaps then many of us will understand what prevents our skin from having beautiful colour, to be elastic, elastic and velvety.

The lymphatic system is part of vascular system in the human body. The lymph circulating in the body moves slowly under slight pressure, since the lymphatic system does not have an organ that acts as a pump, which the heart does in the circulatory system. The speed of its movement is 0.3 mm/s. Lymph moves in one direction - towards the large veins.

She plays important role in the metabolism and cleansing of cells and tissues of the body. Thus, we already see where the cleansing of the body begins, and in particular the skin, which we take care of in the first place.

The lymphatic system includes:

How is lymph formed and in general, what kind of structure is it?

Even the ancient Greek doctors discovered that in addition to the red liquid in the human body, there is also a transparent one, which they called lymph, which means in Greek - “ pure water, moisture.

As a result of the contraction of the heart liquid part blood flows through the walls blood vessels, tissue fluid is formed. Part of the tissue fluid returns to the blood again. Since the heart works, and blood constantly flows through the vessels, the difference in fluid pressure outside the vessels and inside always exists.

It looks like a perpetual motion machine that works while the heart lives... But part of the tissue fluid, washing the cells, enters the lymphatic capillaries that penetrate the tissues of the whole body, so lymph is formed. Tissue fluid nourishes the cells, removes their waste and moisturizes the body.

The fluid that enters the lymphatic system is already called lymph. The smallest lymphatic capillaries merge into lymphatic vessels, which have thin walls and valves that prevent the outflow of lymph. Lymph moves in one direction along the lymphatic vessels, along which there are also lymph nodes.

The lymph nodes, these are soft and small internal structures produce immune cells. It is the nodes that act as filters in which microbes are neutralized. When there is a threat to our body from an infection, and various bacteria enter the lymph, the lymph nodes increase production protective cells, which are actively involved in the destruction of microbes and foreign substances.

From the lymph nodes, filtered lymph through the lymphatic vessels enters the veins, that is, it returns to the blood. The largest lymph nodes you can feel yourself, they are in the cervical regions. Large nodes are also found in the axillary, popliteal and inguinal regions. When you get a sore throat, there is an increase in the lymph nodes - the tonsils, because it is here that the battle between microbes and the protective substances of the body takes place.

The lymphatic system contributes to the redistribution of fluid in the tissues of the body, since its capillaries drain all tissue intercellular spaces. From here we see that the lymphatic system not only cleanses our body, but also moisturizes it. And we hope to achieve skin hydration only with the help of moisturizing creams, when all this directly depends on the lymphatic system.

If everything is in order in our body, there are no failures, tissue fluid does not accumulate in excess in the tissues, since the lymphatic system moves it through the lymphatic vessels and returns it to the blood. Otherwise, fluid accumulates in the intercellular space, and edema occurs.

For example, in cellulite, the accumulation of fluid in the tissues is often associated with the presence of toxins in the body. Thus, the lymphatic system cleanses and moisturizes all tissues of the body, and also transfers nutrients.

Beauty machine for lymphatic drainage

If, after reading, you understand everything, then you will be able to answer the question of why it is so important for our body, at least morning work-out? The answer is simple. After all, the lymph moves very slowly. But if there is no “pump” in the lymphatic system, then by what means does it move, no matter how due to muscle contraction, which pushes the lymph further along its difficult life path.

Lymphatic capillaries and vessels penetrate the muscle tissue, the muscles contract - the lymph is pushed through, but there is no way for it to go back, the valves in the lymphatic vessels do not pass. But if the muscle around the vessel does not work, then where does the movement of the lymph come from? Now you understand what movement means and, in general, physical exercise.

Stagnation and damage to the lymph from the fact that the muscles are lazy, because we are too lazy to do exercises, leads to sad consequences. Physical exercises significantly accelerate the movement of lymph. And this, in turn, improves the condition of tissues with edema and stagnation.

sedentary image life combined with abundant food intake leads to an overload of the lymphatic system, and often for this reason various diseases and immunity disorders occur.

From all that has been said, we see that the lymphatic system

Redistributes fluid in the body;

Protects the body from infections and diseases by removing and destroying various bacteria in the lymph nodes; human immunity depends on it;

Removes foreign substances and waste products;

Transfers nutrients from tissue spaces to the blood.

Now imagine that the lymph nodes are clogged, what will happen then, because they are the body's filter? Then, let's say, dirty lymph cannot pass through the lymph node, and the body throws it out, onto the skin. What will you see on your skin? - There will be dermatitis, furunculosis, acne, acne, diathesis, psoriasis ... Probably enough to list.

When we catch a cold, we get a runny nose and stuffy nose. Since the body is fighting microbes, and lymph is directly involved in this, before it enters the blood, it must be cleansed of toxins. The lymph gets rid of this rubbish through the mucous membranes and skin. Therefore, you should not use vasoconstrictor drops for a long time during a runny nose, we interfere with the work of the lymphatic system.

The second example, when we deliberately disrupt the work of the lymph nodes, is a sweat deodorant. Sweat is the release of not just moisture from the body, but also toxins. If you constantly use deodorant that blocks sweat, you are harming your body by leaving harmful substances in tissues in certain areas, such as underarms. In this zone, the mammary glands are very close. And then you should understand a lot.

And what will help the work of the lymphatic system, except for charging?

In Russia, treatment with a steam bath with a broom has long been used, tea with currant leaf or raspberries. The use of the bath should be consulted with a doctor.

Breathing techniques can also stimulate lymph flow, improving your health.

The movement of the lymph is also helped by massage, which increases the outflow of tissue fluid. However, the massage should be in the form of light and gentle circular strokes and kneading. In addition, you need to know for sure that massage is not contraindicated for you.

The main reason for contraindications may be malignant neoplasms (cancer). After all, massage movements make the lymph move, and with it the malignant cells, which contributes to the formation of metastases. And in general, any procedures that affect the lymphatic system are unacceptable for cancer.

How does massage affect the lymphatic system?

Accelerates the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels. Massage movements should occur in the direction of the outflow of lymph to the nearest lymph nodes. pressure on muscle tissues facilitates the penetration of tissue fluid through the walls of blood vessels, and this prevents or reduces swelling.

Harmful substances that easily pass through the walls are removed from the body faster lymphatic vessels. Massage movements - stroking, pressing and squeezing should be gentle. With swelling of the legs, the outflow of fluid will help if they are raised, since in this case the movement of fluid and lymph will be helped by gravity.

A professional massage therapist can make a lymphatic massage with benefit, and not harm. You can do it yourself at home, but for this you need to get instructions on the basic techniques from a specialist. the volume of lymphatic flow can be increased by 20 times, which means increasing the ability of the lymphatic system to remove toxins and harmful bacteria, and strengthen immunity.

It is useful not only for problems with the lymphatic system, but also in the case when you have a cold or just want to relieve fatigue. All touches should be gentle and soft.

Massage with essential oils such as geranium, rosemary and juniper, grapefruit, Atlas cedar and lemon oils is effective to activate the movement of the lymph and reduce swelling. Also used essential oils anise, orange, basil, cloves, oregano, ginger, hyssop, cypress, coriander, lavender, lemongrass, carrot, naioli.

Carrier oils can be wheat germ oil, almond oil, avocado, Peach oil, jojoba, macadamia oil, safflower oil.

Lymphatic drainage of the face and body at home

At home, you can use a bath with a lymphatic drainage mixture, which includes:

If you add 30 ml of grape seed oil to this mixture, you can do self-massage with it.

Malfunctions in the functioning of the lymphatic system are indicated not only by edema or cellulite, but also by other diseases where there is inefficient excretion from the body harmful substances. For example - frequent colds, headaches, skin problems, etc.

Lymphatic drainage will help in stimulation immune system removing toxins from the body, bad color face, aging skin, and bruising under the eyes. After a course of lymphatic drainage, cell nutrition usually improves, the body is cleansed, metabolism improves, skin regeneration processes are stimulated, its dryness is eliminated, bags under the eyes disappear, wrinkles are smoothed out.

Now you see the necessity and importance of the lymphatic system, on which human immunity depends. Immunity is life!

Lymph is the body's fluid tissue contained in the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. In the human body, lymph is formed in the amount of 2-4 liters per day. it clear liquid, the density of which reaches 1.026. The reaction of the lymph is alkaline, it is pH 7.35-9.0. This liquid helps to maintain and is able to flush out pathological microorganisms from the tissues.

The composition of the lymph

This liquid tissue circulates in the vessels of the lymphatic system and is found in almost all organs. Most of all it is in organs with high permeability of blood vessels: in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, and also in the heart.

It is worth noting that its composition is not constant, since it depends on the organs and tissues from which it flows. The main constituents can be called water, decomposition products organic compounds, lymphocytes and leukocytes. Unlike tissue fluid, lymph has more high content proteins. Her chemical composition resembles but its viscosity is lower.

Lymph also contains anions, enzymes and vitamins. In addition, it contains substances that increase blood clotting ability. When small blood vessels (capillaries) are damaged, the number of lymphocytes increases. Also in the lymph there is a small amount of monocytes and granulocytes.

It is worth noting that human lymph is devoid of platelets, but it can coagulate because it contains fibrinogen. This forms a loose clot. yellow color. In addition, factors humoral immunity(lysozyme, properdin), as well as complement, although the bactericidal ability of lymph is much lower than that of blood.

The meaning of lymph

The following main functions of lymph can be noted:

The return of electrolytes, proteins and water from the interstitial space to bloodstream;

Normal lymphatic circulation ensures the formation of the most concentrated urine;

Lymph carries many substances that are absorbed in the digestive organs, including fats;

Certain enzymes (such as lipase or histaminase) can only enter the blood through the lymphatic system (metabolic function);

Lymph takes erythrocytes from tissues, which accumulate there after injuries, as well as toxins and bacteria (protective function);

It provides communication between organs and tissues, as well as the lymphoid system and blood;

Maintenance of a constant microenvironment of cells, i.e. homeostatic function.

In addition, lymphocytes and antibodies are formed in the lymph nodes, which take part in the body's immune response. At oncological diseases The lymph is the main route for the spread of cancer cells.

It should be noted that lymph, tissue fluid and blood are closely related, therefore they provide homeostasis.

Lymph formation

This process is based on filtration, diffusion, osmosis and the difference in hydrostatic pressure, which is recorded in the capillaries and in interstitial fluid.

How is lymph formed? In this process great importance has a degree of permeability of the lymphatic vessels. Thus, particles of various sizes pass through the walls of the lymphatic capillaries in two main ways:

1. Intercellular, when highly dispersed particles pass through the intercellular gaps, the size of which reaches 10 nm - 10 microns.

2. Through the endothelium, such transport of substances is associated with their direct movement with the help of micropinocytic vesicles and blisters.

It is worth noting that these paths work simultaneously.

If you answer the question “how is lymph formed”, it is worth remembering about oncotic pressure. So, high blood promotes the formation of lymph, and high oncotic pressure inhibits this process. The filtration of the fluid takes place in the capillaries, while it returns to the venous bed, since there is a pressure difference at the venous and arterial ends of the capillaries.

It should be noted that the permeability of lymphocapillaries varies depending on functional state organs, as well as under the influence of various mechanical, chemical, as well as humoral or nervous factors. The rate of formation of lymph and its volume depend on the relationship between systemic and lymphatic circulation. So, if the minute volume of blood circulation is 6 liters, then 15 ml of fluid is filtered through the blood capillaries, 12 ml of which is reabsorbed back, but 5 ml remains in the interstitial space, after which it returns to circulatory system through the lymphatics.

To better understand how and where lymph is formed, you should know the structural features of the lymphatic system.

Features of the organization of the lymphatic system

The initial link is They are located in all tissues and organs. They are not only in the head and spinal cord, eyeballs and inner ear, as well as in the epithelium of the skin, in the spleen, bone marrow, placenta.

Lymphocapillaries are able to unite, forming lymphocapillary networks and larger lymphatic vessels, which have three membranes:

Internal - consists of cells called endotheliocytes;

Medium - contains cells of smooth muscle tissue;

External - connective tissue sheath.

It should be noted that the lymphatic vessels have valves. Thanks to them, the movement of lymph occurs only in one direction - from the periphery to the center. As a rule, lymphatic vessels from muscles and organs exit with blood vessels and are called deep.

Important constituent elements of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes. They act as a filter and provide immune defense organism. Lymph nodes are located near large blood vessels, as a rule, in groups, they can be superficial or located in internal cavities organism. They accumulate and remove viruses and bacteria, as well as foreign particles from the body. At excessive load the lymph nodes enlarge and become painful, which indicates excessive pollution of the lymph. Lymph nodes in the groin tend to swell with infection in the pelvis or legs. The inflammatory process may also be associated with allergic reactions, presence benign cysts or after muscle strain.

It must be said that in the lymphatic system there are also specific lymph trunks and straits, through which the outflow of lymph from various parts of the body and internal organs occurs.

Features of lymph movement

Approximately 180 ml of lymph enters the lymphatic vessels per hour, up to 4 liters of this fluid can pass through the thoracic lymphatic duct per day. Subsequently, it returns to the general bloodstream. Knowing how lymph is formed, it is worth familiarizing yourself with how it moves through the body.

Since lymph is formed in the lymphatic capillaries, more intensive filtration of fluid from the blood small vessels leads to an acceleration of its formation and to an increase in the speed of its movement. Among the factors that increase lymph formation, the following should be mentioned:

High hydrostatic pressure in capillaries;

High functional activity organs;

High capillary permeability;

Introduction of hypertonic solutions.

The main role in the processes of lymph movement is assigned to the creation of primary hydrostatic pressure. It promotes the movement of the bodice from the lymphatic capillaries towards the outlet vessels.

What ensures its further movement? Lymph is formed from tissue fluid. At the same time, the main force that contributes to its movement from the place of formation to the flow into the veins of the neck is the rhythmic contraction of lymphangions.

Features of the structure of lymphangions. Other mechanisms for moving lymph

Lymphangion is a tubular formation with valves and a muscular "cuff". These formations can be called a kind of lymphatic hearts. So, lymph accumulates in them, which leads to stretching of the “cuff”. In this case, the distal valve of the lymphangion closes, and the proximal valve, on the contrary, opens. As a result of this, the lymph moves to the next lymphangion (and so on until it flows into the venous system).

If we talk about the structure of the walls of lymphangions, then they are represented by adrenergic fibers that modulate spontaneous rhythmic contractions. The smooth muscles of the lymphangion are also capable of contraction, which leads to an increase in pressure in the lymphatic vessels and to the flow of lymph into the bloodstream. This process can be influenced by certain hormones, biologically active substances (for example, histamine), as well as changes in the concentration of metabolic compounds and high temperature.

The described mechanism of lymph movement is the main one, but there are also secondary factors. So, when you inhale, the lymph flows from the thoracic lymphatic duct more intensively, and when you exhale, this process slows down. Due to the movements of the diaphragm, the cisterns of this strait are periodically compressed and stretched, which contributes to the further movement of the lymph.

The intensity of the lymphatic flow is also affected by the rhythmic contraction of the organs (heart and intestines), which leads to a more active transition of tissue fluid into the lumen of the capillaries. The contractions of the skeletal muscles that surround the lymphatic vessels are also capable of squeezing out the lymph, since they contribute to its mechanical movement, and also increase contractility lymphangions, which are located in the muscle fiber. Due to this, the movement of lymph through the vessels is accelerated.

Stagnation in the lymphatic system

Insufficiency of lymphatic circulation is a violation of the formation or movement of lymph. Many diseases are accompanied by disorders in the functioning of the lymphatic system, which is often crucial in the progression of the pathological process.

In case of insufficiency of lymphatic circulation, the lymph cannot cope with its main task - the removal of metabolites from the tissues of the body with sufficient speed. In this case, mechanical insufficiency of lymphatic circulation can be of a general or regional nature.

Lymph stasis appears various symptoms, which depends on a number of factors:

From the zone in which lymphostasis develops;

From the features of the lymphatic network;

From the age of the patient;

From the speed with which lymphatic insufficiency develops.

Violation of the lymph flow leads to the accumulation of toxic products. When the lymphatic vessels are damaged, blood clots occur, which, as a rule, consist of leukocytes and fibrin. They linger so they don't pose a threat.

It should be noted that lymphostasis is especially dangerous in infectious pathologies and malignant diseases, since it causes the generalization of the lesion and the appearance of retrograde metastases (spread against the flow of lymph).

General clinical manifestation insufficiency of lymphatic circulation are edema. Lymph stagnation is accompanied by tissue hypoxia, disturbances in metabolic processes and water and electrolyte balance, as well as dystrophic and sclerotic phenomena. With a general stagnation of the lymph, varicose changes in the lymphatic vessels develop, hypertrophy of their muscle fibers, as well as intin sclerosis, changes in valves.

Violation of the coagulation ability of the lymph

It is known that the lymph contains almost all components that are responsible for the processes of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis, therefore, intravascular coagulation is characteristic not only of blood vessels, but also of lymphatic vessels. At the same time, tissue coagulation factors affect not only hemostasis, but also vascular permeability and interstitial transport of tissue fluid. At the same time, the mechanisms that cause blood clotting can provoke similar phenomena in the lymphatic capillaries, vessels and nodes.

It should be noted that the relationship between the various components of blood and lymph has been little studied, but it is known that various pathological processes able to affect lymph clotting in different ways. So, with the introduction of heterogeneous blood, the ability of the lymph to coagulate disappears, since the amount of natural anticoagulants increases. It is believed that a significant amount of anticoagulants in this case formed in the liver, and the lymph only transports them into the blood.

Almost nothing is known about the violation of lymph coagulation during the development of thrombosis. There are experimental data that confirm that quantitative changes in the blood and lymph may differ slightly, but their direction is identical. In addition, it is known that thrombosis is accompanied by a slight slowdown in lymph flow from the drained thoracic lymphatic duct, and the formation of a venous thrombus is accompanied by pronounced changes both in blood and lymph. This pattern indicates that there is every reason not only to theoretically study the features of coagulation processes in the lymphatic system, but also to use them in clinical practice.

Lymph cleansing: indications

In case of violation normal operation the lymphatic system, a significant amount of harmful compounds accumulate in the intercellular space. In this case, the lymph is polluted, which leads to the development of lymphostasis. This state accompanied by an increase in the load on the organs, especially the liver, kidneys and intestines. To prevent the damaging effects of toxins, it is necessary to provide lymphatic drainage and a constant outflow of interstitial fluid.

Indications for cleaning the lymphatic system are the following conditions:

Insufficient due to disturbances in the liver and intestines (hepatitis, colitis, dysbacteriosis, constipation and bile stasis);

Frequent colds;

Chronic infection pelvic organs (for example, cystitis, adnexitis or endometritis);

Intestinal infections or other pathologies that are accompanied by significant intoxication;

Skin diseases;

Allergic lesions (for example, neurodermatitis, eczema or atopic dermatitis);

Conditions accompanied by massive tissue damage and absorption of decay products into the bloodstream (injuries, burns and fractures);

Circulatory disorders due to blood loss, thrombosis, embolism;

Endocrine pathologies, especially obesity, diabetes and thyroid pathology.

The main methods of cleansing the lymph

Before cleaning the lymph, you should consult a doctor who will determine possible contraindications and help you choose the best option.

You need to take 900 ml of orange juice, the same amount of grapefruit juice, as well as 200 ml of fresh lemon juice. All this should be diluted with 2 liters of melt water. Do not have breakfast in the morning, make an enema of 2 liters of water, in which you must first add 2 tbsp. l. apple cider vinegar. After setting the enema, you should drink 100 ml of water, in which it is diluted immediately take hot shower, then drink 200 ml of a pre-prepared mixture of citrus juices and melt water. In the future, you should drink all 4 liters of this mixture (in portions, 100 ml every half hour).

Cleansing the lymph by this method must be carried out for three days. It should be remembered that after this it is impossible to suddenly switch to the usual diet, the diet should be expanded gradually. It is recommended to drink juices, eat fruits, boiled vegetables and porridge.

Method number 2. It helps to cleanse the lymph, remove toxins and saturate the body with vitamins. Should be done in the morning cleansing enema. Then you need to eat one grated lemon with steamed zest, combined with honey and fruit sugar. Every day you need to use one lemon more, bringing the amount to 15. Then their number should be reduced, eating 1 less lemon every day.

Method number 3. You need to take lemons, beets, carrots, pomegranates (all 2 kg each), squeeze the juice, mix with honey and take 50 ml on an empty stomach for 10 days, then take a five-day break. Repeat such courses until the end of the prepared mixture, which should be stored in the refrigerator with a tightly closed lid.

Method number 4. Tibetan doctors it is recommended to cleanse the lymph as follows. You need to take 200 ml fresh juice carrots and beets in a ratio of 4:1 daily before meals. At the same time, an infusion of celandine should be taken according to the appropriate scheme: on an empty stomach in the morning - 1 drop, before lunch - 2 drops, in the evening for dinner - 3 drops, etc., bringing the dose to 15 drops, and then reducing the amount of infusion to the initial dosage ( up to 1 drop).

To prepare this infusion, celandine grass should be crushed and squeezed out the juice, then strain it. After that, for every 450 mg of juice, add 70 ml of alcohol. The resulting infusion should be stored in the refrigerator.

It should be noted that this method cleaning the lymphatic system is also beneficial in patients with hypertension, diseases of the digestive system, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, osteochondrosis.

Conclusion

To summarize, we can say that lymph is a fluid that surrounds and washes all cells. human body. The primary task of the lymph is to clean tissues and organs from decay products. Lymph circulation is closely related to blood circulation and ensures optimal physical state human and high level his life energy.

How is lymph formed? As mentioned above, this is a rather complex process that goes through several schemes and depends on many factors. Cleansing the body due to lymph is that it takes away excess liquid, as well as metabolic products from the intercellular space, and transfers them to the lymph nodes, which are "filtration stations". In addition, lymph performs a protective function, as it helps to get rid of foreign agents and pathogenic microbes.

Lymph is an important regulator of metabolic processes in the body, as well as a factor good nutrition cells. In cases of violation of the formation of lymph or a slowdown in its circulation, stagnation of the intercellular fluid develops, which leads to the appearance of edema. It should also be noted that the slow circulation of the lymph leads to the appearance of excessive fatigue, as well as to the inertia of the vital important processes, which may later lead to various kinds illness and premature aging cells.

Of which 25 dm 3 is in the intercellular and interstitial spaces. Per day in an adult through the left thoracic duct at rest and on an empty stomach flows 1200-1500 cm 3 lymph.

colorless liquid, alkaline reaction containing 3-4% albumin proteins, globulins, fibrinogen), : about 1.0% glucose, 0.8-0.9% mineral salts. Viscosity and its density are less than . It contains lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. The composition of the lymph is not constant, it changes depending on the organ from which it flows. After eating a meal containing a lot of fat, the lymph flowing from the alimentary canal acquires a milky white color due to the content of emulsified fats in it, from the liver - contains more proteins, from the glands internal secretion- hormones. Lymph can coagulate, forming a loose clot.

Lymph flowing from small lymphatic vessels enters two ducts: right and left. The left thoracic duct collects lymph from the vessels of both lower extremities, from the entire abdominal cavity, from the left half chest, left upper limb and left side of the head and neck.

The right duct collects lymph from the rest of the body. Both channels flow into large veins, as a result of which the lymph flows into the venous and, together with it, enters right heart. The lymph flow is very slow, in large lymphatic vessels its speed is 0.25-0.3 mm/min.

Lymph moves due to rhythmic contractions of the walls of large lymphatic vessels (10-20 times per 1 minute), in which valves allow it to pass only in one direction. Large lymphatic vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers, which cause their reflex narrowing in case of pain, emotions, irritation of the receptors of internal organs, increased pressure in the carotid sinus. The movement of the lymph is enhanced due to the suction action of the chest and contractions skeletal muscles. The formation of lymph increases with an increase in the difference in osmotic pressures in capillaries and tissues and decreases with an increase in the oncotic pressure of proteins in the bloodstream.

Lymphogenic substances include albumoses, chicken, histamine, extracts of crayfish, strawberries, etc., which increase the lymphatic function of capillary walls. These also include solutions of salts, sugar and urea, which increase osmotic pressure blood.

The amount of lymph increases: 1) increase blood pressure, 2) enhanced inflow arterial blood, 3) venous stasis, 4) increase total mass blood, 5) increased activity of the organ.

Functions of the lymph nodes

Lymph nodes are located along the course of the lymphatic vessels, which are innervated by sympathetic nerves. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes are formed and phagocytosis of microbes and foreign substances occurs. Some of the microbes that have entered the lymph node are phagocytosed by reticular cells, and some are retained in the node and gradually lose their virulence.

Neutralization of microbes also occurs in the tonsils, which, among seven, are located around the pharynx.

When absorbed from the intestines, both nutrients and harmful substances enter the lymph. These substances pass through the first line of nodes located in the intestinal wall, as well as the second and subsequent lines of nodes located in the mesentery.

Lymphatic system - an integral part of the vascular system that drains tissues by forming lymph and conducting it into the venous bed (additional drainage system).

Up to 2 liters of lymph are produced per day, which corresponds to 10% of the volume of fluid that is not reabsorbed after filtration in the capillaries.

Lymph is a fluid that fills the vessels of the lymphatic channel and nodes. It, like blood, belongs to the tissues of the internal environment and performs trophic and protective function. In its properties, despite the great similarity with blood, lymph differs from it. At the same time, lymph is not identical to the tissue fluid from which it is formed.

Lymph consists of plasma and formed elements. Its plasma contains proteins, salts, sugar, cholesterol and other substances. The protein content in the lymph is 8-10 times less than in the blood. 80% of the formed elements of the lymph are lymphocytes, and the remaining 20% ​​are the share of other white blood cells. There are no normal erythrocytes in the lymph.

Functions of the lymphatic system:

Tissue drainage.

Ensuring continuous fluid circulation and metabolism in human organs and tissues. Prevents the accumulation of fluid in the tissue space with increased filtration in the capillaries.

Lymphopoiesis.

Transports fats away from the site of absorption in the small intestine.

Removal from the interstitial space of substances and particles that are not reabsorbed in the blood capillaries.

Spread of infection and malignant cells(tumor metastasis)

Factors that ensure the movement of lymph

Filtration pressure (due to the filtration of fluid from the blood capillaries into the intercellular space).

Permanent formation of lymph.

Availability of valves.

Contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles and muscle elements of the internal organs (they squeeze the lymphatic vessels and the lymph moves in the direction determined by the valves).

The location of large lymphatic vessels and trunks near the blood vessels (the pulsation of the artery squeezes the walls of the lymphatic vessels and helps the lymph flow).

Suction action of the chest and negative pressure in the brachiocephalic veins.

Smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels and trunks .

Table 7

Similarities and differences in the structure of the lymphatic and venous systems

Lymph capillaries- thin-walled vessels, the diameter of which (10-200 microns) exceeds the diameter of blood capillaries (8-10 microns). The lymphatic capillaries are characterized by tortuosity, the presence of constrictions and expansions, lateral protrusions, the formation of lymphatic "lakes" and "lacunae" at the confluence of several capillaries.

The wall of the lymphatic capillaries is built from a single layer of endothelial cells (there is a basement membrane in the blood capillaries outside the endothelium).

Lymph capillaries No in the substance and membranes of the brain, cornea and lens of the eyeball, spleen parenchyma, bone marrow, cartilage, epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes, placenta, pituitary gland.

Lymphatic postcapillaries- an intermediate link between the lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels. The transition of the lymphatic capillary to the lymphatic postcapillary is determined by the first valve in the lumen (the valves of the lymphatic vessels are paired folds of the endothelium and the underlying basement membrane lying opposite each other). Lymphatic postcapillaries have all the functions of capillaries, but lymph flows through them in only one direction.

Lymphatic vessels are formed from networks of lymphatic postcapillaries (capillaries). The transition of a lymphatic capillary to a lymphatic vessel is determined by a change in the structure of the wall: in it, along with endothelium, there are smooth muscle cells and adventitia, and in the lumen - valves. Therefore, lymph can flow through the vessels in only one direction. The area of ​​the lymphatic vessel between the valves is currently referred to by the term "lymphangion" (Fig. 58).

Rice. 58. Lymphangion - morphofunctional unit of a lymphatic vessel:

1 - segment of the lymphatic vessel with valves.

Depending on the localization above or below the superficial fascia, the lymphatic vessels are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial lymphatic vessels lie in the subcutaneous adipose tissue above the superficial fascia. Most of them follow to the lymph nodes located near the superficial veins.

There are also intraorganic and extraorganic lymphatic vessels. Due to the existence of numerous anastomoses, intraorganic lymphatic vessels form wide-looped plexuses. The lymphatic vessels emerging from these plexuses accompany the arteries, veins and exit the organ. Extraorganic lymphatic vessels are sent to nearby groups of regional lymph nodes, usually accompanying blood vessels, more often veins.

On the path of the lymphatic vessels are located The lymph nodes. This determines that foreign particles, tumor cells, etc. linger in one of the regional lymph nodes. The exceptions are some lymphatic vessels of the esophagus and, in isolated cases, some vessels of the liver, which flow into the thoracic duct, bypassing the lymph nodes.

Regional lymph nodes organ or tissue - these are the lymph nodes that are the first in the path of the lymphatic vessels that carry lymph from this area of ​​​​the body.

lymph trunks- These are large lymphatic vessels that are no longer interrupted by lymph nodes. They collect lymph from several areas of the body or several organs.

There are four permanent paired lymph trunks in the human body.

jugular trunk(right and left) is represented by one or more vessels of small length. It is formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the lower lateral deep cervical lymph nodes located in a chain along the internal jugular vein. Each of them drains lymph from the organs and tissues of the corresponding sides of the head and neck.

subclavian trunk(right and left) is formed from the fusion of the efferent lymphatic vessels of the axillary lymph nodes, mainly the apical ones. It collects lymph from the upper limb, from the walls of the chest and mammary gland.

Bronchomediastinal trunk(right and left) is formed mainly from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the anterior mediastinal and upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes. It carries lymph away from the walls and organs of the chest cavity.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the upper lumbar lymph nodes form the right and left lumbar trunks, which divert lymph from the lower limb, walls and organs of the pelvis and abdomen.

Inconsistent intestinal lymphatic trunk occurs in about 25% of cases. It is formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the mesenteric lymph nodes and flows into the initial (abdominal) part of the thoracic duct with 1-3 vessels.

Lymphatic trunks flow into two ducts: the thoracic duct (Fig. 59) and the right lymphatic duct, which flow into the veins of the neck in the so-called venous angle formed by the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veins. The thoracic lymphatic duct flows into the left venous angle, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the human body: from the lower extremities, pelvis, abdomen, left half of the chest, neck and head, and left upper limb. The right lymphatic duct flows into the right venous angle, through which lymph is brought from 1/4 of the body: from the right half of the chest, neck, head, from the right upper limb.

thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) has a length of 30-45 cm, is formed at the level of the XI thoracic -1 lumbar vertebrae by the fusion of the right and left lumbar trunks (trunci lumbales dexter et sinister). Sometimes at the beginning of the thoracic duct has extension (cisterna chyli). The thoracic duct is formed in the abdominal cavity and passes into the chest cavity through the aortic opening of the diaphragm, where it is located between the aorta and the right medial crus of the diaphragm, the contractions of which help to push the lymph into the thoracic part of the duct. Level VII cervical vertebra the thoracic duct forms an arc and, having rounded the left subclavian artery, flows into the left venous angle or the veins that form it. At the mouth of the duct there is a semilunar valve that prevents the penetration of blood from the vein into the duct. AT upper part thoracic duct joins the left bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis sinister), collecting lymph from the left half of the chest, as well as the left subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius ​​sinister), collecting lymph from the left upper limb and the left jugular trunk (truncus jugularis sinister), carrying lymph from the left half of the head and neck.

Right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter) 1-1.5 cm long, formed at the confluence of the right subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius ​​dexter), which carries lymph from the right upper limb, the right jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter), which collects lymph from the right half of the head and neck, and the right bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter), which brings lymph from the right half of the chest. However, more often the right lymphatic duct is absent, and the trunks forming it flow into the right venous angle on their own.

Lymph nodes of certain areas of the body.

Head and neck

There are many groups of lymph nodes in the head region (Fig. 60): occipital, mastoid, facial, parotid, submandibular, submental, etc. Each group of nodes receives lymphatic vessels from the area closest to its location.

So, the submandibular nodes lie in the submandibular triangle and collect lymph from the chin, lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, palate, lower eyelid, nose, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. In the parotid lymph nodes located on the surface and in the thickness of the gland of the same name, lymph flows from the forehead, temple, upper eyelid, auricle, walls of the external auditory canal.

Fig.60. Lymphatic system of the head and neck.

1 - anterior ear lymph nodes; 2 - rear ear lymph nodes; 3 - occipital lymph nodes; 4 - lower ear lymph nodes; 5 - buccal lymph nodes; 6 - chin lymph nodes; 7 - posterior submandibular lymph nodes; 8 - anterior submandibular lymph nodes; 9 - lower submandibular lymph nodes; 10 - superficial cervical lymph nodes

There are two main groups of lymph nodes in the neck: deep and superficial cervical. Deep cervical lymph nodes in large numbers accompany the internal jugular vein, and the superficial ones lie near the external jugular vein. In these nodes, mainly in the deep cervical ones, there is an outflow of lymph from almost all the lymphatic vessels of the head and neck, including the efferent vessels of other lymph nodes in these areas.

Upper limb

There are two main groups of lymph nodes on the upper limb: elbow and axillary. The ulnar nodes lie in the ulnar fossa and receive lymph from part of the vessels of the hand and forearm. Through the efferent vessels of these nodes, the lymph flows into the axillary nodes. Axillary lymph nodes are located in the fossa of the same name, one part of them lies superficially in the subcutaneous tissue, the other - in depth near the axillary arteries and veins. Lymph flows into these nodes from the upper limb, as well as from the mammary gland, from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the chest and the upper part of the anterior abdominal wall.

chest cavity

In the chest cavity, the lymph nodes are located in the anterior and posterior mediastinum (anterior and posterior mediastinal), near the trachea (peritracheal), in the bifurcation of the trachea (tracheobronchial), in the hilum of the lung (bronchopulmonary), in the lung itself (pulmonary), and also on the diaphragm. (upper diaphragmatic), near the heads of the ribs (intercostal), near the sternum (peripheral), etc. Lymph flows from the organs and partly from the walls of the chest cavity into these nodes.

lower limb

On the lower extremity, the main groups of lymph nodes are popliteal and inguinal. Popliteal nodes are located in the fossa of the same name near popliteal arteries and veins. These nodes receive lymph from part of the lymphatic vessels of the foot and lower leg. The efferent vessels of the popliteal nodes carry lymph mainly to the inguinal nodes.

Inguinal lymph nodes are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial inguinal nodes lie below the inguinal ligament under the skin of the thigh over the fascia, and deep inguinal nodes lie in the same area, but under the fascia near the femoral vein. Lymph flows into the inguinal lymph nodes from the lower limb, as well as from the lower half of the anterior abdominal wall, perineum, from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the gluteal region and lower back. From the inguinal lymph nodes, lymph flows into the external iliac nodes, which are related to the nodes of the pelvis.

In the pelvis, the lymph nodes are located, as a rule, along the course of the blood vessels and have a similar name (Fig. 61). So, the external iliac, internal iliac and common iliac nodes lie near the arteries of the same name, and the sacral nodes lie on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, near the median sacral artery. Lymph from the pelvic organs flows mainly to the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.

Rice. 61. Lymph nodes of the pelvis and the vessels connecting them.

1 - uterus; 2 - right common iliac artery; 3 - lumbar lymph nodes; 4 - iliac lymph nodes; 5 - inguinal lymph nodes

abdominal cavity

There are a large number of lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. They are located along the course of the blood vessels, including the vessels passing through the gates of the organs. Yes, along the way abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava near the lumbar spine up to 50 lymph nodes (lumbar). in the mesentery small intestine along the branches of the upper mesenteric artery lies up to 200 nodes (superior mesenteric). There are also lymph nodes: celiac (near the celiac trunk), left gastric (along the greater curvature of the stomach), right gastric (along the lesser curvature of the stomach), hepatic (in the region of the gate of the liver), etc. Lymph from the organs flows into the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity, located in this cavity, and partly from its walls. Lymph from the lower extremities and pelvis also enters the lumbar lymph nodes. It should be noted that the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine are called lactiferous, since lymph flows through them, containing fat absorbed in the intestine, which gives the lymph the appearance of a milky emulsion - hilus (hilus - milky juice).