People with disabilities. Help for people with disabilities. Successful people with disabilities

If you give up and do not have the strength to conquer the next peak, remember the historical figures and contemporaries with physical disabilities, who became famous throughout the world. To call them disabled is simply not the language. People with disabilities who have achieved success set an example for all of us of courage, resilience, heroism and determination.

World famous personalities

Surprise and inspire numerous stories of people with disabilities. Successful personalities are often known throughout the world: books are written about them, films are made. The German musician and composer, representative of the Viennese school, Ludwig van Beethoven, is no exception. Already being famous, he began to lose his hearing. In 1802, the man became completely deaf. Despite the tragic circumstances, it was from this period of time that Beethoven began to create masterpieces. Having received a disability, he wrote most of his sonatas, as well as the Heroic Symphony, the Solemn Mass, the opera Fidelio and the vocal cycle To the Distant Beloved.

Bulgarian clairvoyant Vanga- Another historical figure that deserves respect and admiration. At the age of 12, the girl fell into a sandstorm and became blind. At the same time, the so-called third eye opened inside her - all-seeing eye. She began to look into the future, predicting the fate of people. Vanga attracted attention for her activities during World War II. Then a rumor went around the villages that she was able to determine whether or not a warrior had died on the battlefield, where the missing person was and whether there was any hope of finding him.

People during World War II

In addition to Vanga, during the German occupation, there were other people with disabilities who were successful. In Russia and abroad, everyone knows the brave pilot Alexei Petrovich Maresyev. During the battle, his plane was shot down, and he himself was seriously injured. For a long time he got to his own, because of the developed gangrene he lost his legs, but, despite this, he managed to convince the medical board that he was able to fly even with prostheses. The brave pilot shot down many more enemy ships, constantly took part in combat battles and returned home as a hero. After the war, he constantly traveled to the cities of the USSR and everywhere defended the rights of the disabled. His biography formed the basis of The Tale of a Real Man.

Another key figure in World War II is Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The thirty-second president of the United States was also disabled. Long before that, he contracted polio and remained paralyzed. Treatment did not give positive results. But Roosevelt did not lose heart: he worked actively and achieved amazing success in politics and in the diplomatic field. Important pages of world history are connected with his name: the participation of the United States in the anti-Hitler coalition and the normalization of relations between the American country and the Soviet Union.

Russian heroes

The list of famous personalities includes other people with disabilities who have achieved success. From Russia, first of all, we know Mikhail Suvorov, a writer and teacher who lived in the second half of the 20th century. When he was 13 years old, he lost his sight from a shell explosion. This did not prevent him from becoming the author of sixteen collections of poems, many of which received wide recognition and were set to music. Suvorov also taught at a school for the blind. Before his death, he was awarded the title of Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation.

But Valery Andreevich Fefelov worked in a different field. He not only fought for the rights of the disabled, but was also an active participant in the Soviet Union. Prior to that, he worked as an electrician: he fell from a height and broke his spine, remaining chained to a wheelchair for the rest of his life. It was on this simple device that he traveled through the expanses of a vast country, inviting people, if possible, to help the organization he created - the All-Union Society of Disabled People. The activities of the dissident were considered by the USSR authorities to be anti-Soviet and, together with his family, he was expelled from the country. Refugees received political asylum in Germany.

Notable musicians

People with disabilities who have achieved success with their creative abilities are on everyone's lips. Firstly, this is a blind musician Ray Charles, who lived for 74 years and died in 2004. This man can rightfully be called a legend: he is the author of 70 studio albums recorded in the style of jazz and blues. He went blind at the age of seven due to sudden onset glaucoma. The disease did not become an obstacle to his musical abilities. Ray Charles received 12 Grammy awards, he was noted in numerous halls of the stave. Frank Sinatra himself called Charles "the genius of show business", and the famous magazine Rolling Stone entered his name in the top ten of his "List of Immortals".

Secondly, the world knows another blind musician. This is Stevie Wonder. The creative personality had a tremendous impact on the development of vocal art in the 20th century. He became the founder of the R'n'B style and classic soul. Steve became blind immediately after birth. Despite his physical handicap, he ranks second among pop artists in terms of the number of Grammy statuettes received. The musician was awarded this award 25 times - not only for career success, but also for life achievements.

Popular athletes

Special respect deserves people with disabilities who have achieved success in sports. There are a lot of them, but first of all I would like to mention Eric Weihenmeier, who, being blind, was the first in the world to climb the formidable and mighty Everest. The rock climber became blind at the age of 13, but managed to complete his studies, get a profession and a sports category. Eric's adventures during his famous mountain climb were made into a feature film called "Touch the Top of the World". By the way, Everest is not a single achievement of a man. He managed to climb seven of the most dangerous peaks in the world, including Elbrus and Kilimanjaro.

Another world wide famous person- Oscar Pistorius. Having become an invalid almost from the first days of his life, in the future he managed to turn the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern sports. The man, having no legs below the knee, competed on an equal footing with healthy runners, and achieved great success and numerous victories. The Oscar is a symbol of people with disabilities and an example that disability is not a hindrance to normal life including for sports. Pistorius is an active participant in the program to support citizens with physical disabilities and the main promoter of active sports among this category of people.

strong women

Do not forget that people with disabilities who have achieved success in their careers are not exclusively members of the stronger sex. There are a lot of women among them - for example, Esther Verger. Our contemporary - the Dutch tennis player - is considered the greatest in this sport. At the age of 9, due to an unsuccessful operation on spinal cord but she sat on the wheelchair and managed to turn the tennis upside down. In our time, a woman is the winner of the Grand Slam and other tournaments, a four-time Olympic champion, seven times she became the leader in world competitions. Since 2003, she has not suffered a single defeat, becoming the winner of 240 sets in a row.

Helen Adams Keller is another name to be proud of. The woman was blind and deaf-mute, but, having mastered the iconic functions, having mastered the correct movements of the larynx and lips, she entered higher education. educational institution and graduated with honors. The American became a famous writer who, on the pages of her books, talked about herself and people like her. Her story is the basis of William Gibson's play The Miracle Worker.

Actresses and dancers

Everyone has people with disabilities who have achieved success. Photos of the most beautiful women tabloids often love print: among such talented and beautiful ladies it is worth noting In 1914, the French actress had her leg amputated, but she continued to appear on the stage of the theater. The last time grateful spectators saw her on the stage was in 1922: at the age of 80, she played a role in the play The Lady of the Camellias. Many prominent artists called Sarah a model of perfection, courage and

Other famous woman, who conquered the public with her thirst for life and creativity, is Lina Po, a ballerina and dancer. Her real name is Polina Gorenstein. In 1934, after suffering from encephalitis, she was left blind and partially paralyzed. Lina could no longer perform, but she did not lose heart - the woman learned to sculpt. She was accepted into the Union of Soviet Artists, the woman's work was constantly exhibited at the country's most famous exhibitions. The main collection of her sculptures is now in the museum of the All-Russian Society of the Blind.

Writers

People with disabilities who have achieved success did not live only in our time. Among them are many historical figures- for example, the writer Miguel Cervantes, who lived and worked in the 17th century. The author of the world-famous novel about the adventures of Don Quixote not only spent his time writing plots, he also served in the military in the navy. In 1571, having taken part in the Battle of Lepanto, he was seriously wounded - he lost his arm. Subsequently, Cervantes liked to repeat that disability was a powerful impetus for further development and perfecting his talent.

John Pulitzer is another person who has become famous all over the world. The man went blind at the age of 40, but after the tragedy he began to work even harder. IN modern world he is known to us as a successful writer, journalist, publisher. He is called the founder of the "yellow press". After his death, John bequeathed the $ 2 million he earned. Most of this amount went to the opening of the Graduate School of Journalism. With the rest of the money, they founded the prize for correspondents, which has been awarded since 1917.

Scientists

Among this category there are also people with disabilities who have achieved success in life. What is the famous English physicist Stephen William Hawking - the author of the theory of primordial black holes. The scientist suffers from amyotrophic sclerosis, which first deprived him of the ability to move, and then to speak. Despite this, Hawking is actively working: he controls a wheelchair and a special computer with his fingers. right hand- the only moving part of your body. Now he occupies high position, which belonged to Isaac Newton three centuries ago: he is a professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge.

It is worth noting Louis Braille, a French typhlopedagogue. As a young boy, he cut his eyes with a knife, after which he forever lost the ability to see. To help himself and other blind people, he created a special embossed dot font for the blind. They are used all over the world today. Based on the same principles, the scientist also came up with special notes for the blind, which made it possible for blind people to play music.

conclusions

People with disabilities who have achieved success in our time and in past centuries can become an example for each of us. Their life, work, activity is a huge feat. Agree how hard it is sometimes to break the barriers on the way to a dream. Now imagine that they have these barriers more extensive, deeper and insurmountable. Despite the difficulties, they managed to pull themselves together, gather their will into a fist and take action.

To list all worthy personalities in one article is simply unrealistic. People with disabilities who have achieved success make up a whole army of citizens: each of them demonstrates his courage and strength. Among them famous artist Chris Brown, who has only one limb, writer Anna MacDonald with a diagnosis of "intellectual disability", as well as TV presenter Jerry Jewell, poet Chris Nolan and screenwriter Chris Foncheka (all three have cerebral palsy), and so on. What can we say about the many athletes without legs and arms, who take an active part in competitions. The stories of these people should become a standard for each of us, a symbol of courage and determination. And when you give up and it seems that the whole world is against you, remember these heroes and move on to your dream.

The view and attitude of society towards a special category of the population, which is people with disabilities, has changed over the centuries, going from categorical non-recognition to sympathy, support and loyalty. In fact, this is an indicator, a decisive factor that determines the degree of moral maturity and economic viability of a well-coordinated civil society.

Attitudes towards persons with special needs through the ages

The literal meaning of the term "disabled person" is identified with such words as "unfit", "inferior". In the era of the reforms carried out by Peter I, former military men, people with disabilities who were injured or ill during hostilities began to be called disabled. Wherein general definition such a group of individuals, i.e. all persons with physical, mental or other disabilities that prevent normal full-fledged life, appeared in the post-war period - in the middle of the twentieth century.

A significant breakthrough in the complex journey of people with disabilities to acquire their own rights was the adoption the most important document on international level. This refers to the Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, signed in 1975 by UN member states. According to this multilateral treaty, the concept of "disabled person" began to mean the following: it is any person who, due to congenital or acquired physical or mental limitations, is not able to realize his own needs without outside help (full or partial).

The system of supporting the socialization of disabled people

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, today absolutely all people with disabilities can be called disabled. To establish the appropriate group, MSEC is assigned by a specialized civil service.

Over the past few centuries, attitudes towards such people have changed dramatically. If even some two hundred years ago everything was limited to ordinary care, today things are different. A whole functioning system has been created, which includes a complex of organizations designed for the specific maintenance of disabled people, rehabilitation centers and much more.

It is impossible not to mention the well-established efficiency of educational institutions in which disabled children can receive a decent education, as well as institutions whose graduates are ready to devote their lives to helping people with disabilities. It covers not only physical, but also psychological and moral aspects.

Labor Market Problems

It should also be highlighted important point as a job for people with disabilities. Modern labor markets for people with disabilities are a separate spectrum in the economy of the state, depending on special factors and patterns. It is impossible to resolve this issue without the help of the governing state bodies. Citizens who do not have sufficient competitiveness are in dire need of state assistance in finding an appropriate job.

It is possible to determine at what stage in society people with disabilities are, taking into account a number of objective and subjective points:

• financial income and level of material support;
• education or possible potential for obtaining it;
• satisfaction with social guarantees provided by the state.

The lack of permanent employment and unemployment among the disabled is a rather acute problem throughout the country due to the scale of the likely negative consequences.

Why are people with disabilities not successful people?

Often, the low status in society occupied by disabled people is easily explained by the lack of proper psychological rehabilitation. In particular, this applies not only to persons injured already in adulthood but also disabled children. As a result, such people do not pursue clear life goals, do not have specific attitudes due to the lack of professional skills, knowledge and skills.

The current situation is significantly aggravated by the fact that the majority of entrepreneurs, to put it mildly, are not ready to provide jobs for people with disabilities. Employers are reluctant to hire such people, since providing them with jobs equipped for their needs, complete package preferential terms are extremely disadvantageous. After all, you have to cut work time and performance requirements in accordance with Russian legislation, and this is fraught with losses for businessmen. Despite the large number of existing legal acts regulating job quotas in enterprises and the employment mechanism, the current heads of firms, organizations, companies, as a rule, find good reasons to refuse to employ disabled people. In general, it is possible to single out a single system consisting of several factors that determine the specifics of the employment of persons with physical disabilities.

Stereotypical barriers

People with disabilities are stereotyped by employers. Most managers unequivocally believe that disabled people cannot have a decent professional experience, they are not able to fulfill their official duties in full and they will not be able to build good relationships in the team. In addition, health problems are fraught with frequent sick leave, instability, and sometimes inappropriate behavior. All this, according to employers, testifies to the professional unsuitability of a person, his insolvency.

The prevalence of such stereotypes has a large-scale impact on the attitude towards persons with disabilities, discriminating against them and depriving them of the chance to adapt in official labor relations.

Choosing a profession that does not correspond to the possibilities

A small percentage of people with disabilities can correctly build a personal strategy for professional growth. The first step in this process is making the right decision about choosing a future specialty, its likely prospects. When entering universities to study in chosen specialties and areas, people with disabilities often make the main mistake here. Not all disabled people are able to sensibly assess their abilities and physiological capabilities based on the severity of their health status, accessibility, study conditions. Guided by the principle “I can and I want”, not taking into account the realities of the current labor market situation, many of them do not think about where they can find a job in the future.

This implies the need to develop an additional vector in the activities of employment services, which will give results during the implementation of preventive measures to overcome the unemployment of people with disabilities. It is important to teach such people to look at employment through the prism of their own potential.

Lack of working conditions for the disabled

An analysis of the statistical data of the most demanded and popular vacancies for people with disabilities has shown that such people are mainly offered jobs that do not require a highly qualified approach. Such positions provide for low wages, a simple monotonous work process (watchmen, operators, assemblers, seamstresses, etc.). Meanwhile, it cannot be categorically stated that this state of affairs is due only to the limited nature of persons with special needs.

A significant role is played by the underdevelopment of the labor market in creating the necessary conditions for the activities of disabled people.

Fighting for the rights of persons with special needs

At the moment, many public, charitable and volunteer associations are implementing their activities, regularly advocating close attention to the plight of the disabled. Their main task is to increase the level of social protection of this category of the population. In addition, over the past few years, it is impossible not to notice a positive trend towards the widespread inclusion of people with disabilities in public life, using their unlimited potential. Societies of people with disabilities go through a difficult path, breaking down barriers and destroying stereotypes.

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The above-mentioned Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is not the only document regulating the rights of such people. A few years ago, another international treaty acquired legal significance, in no way inferior in importance to the previous one. The 2008 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a kind of appeal to states to solve the numerous problems of this social sphere as soon as possible. Creation barrier-free environment- so you can informally call this project. People with disabilities should have full physical accessibility not only in literally– to buildings, premises, cultural and memorial sites, but also to information, television, places of employment, transport, etc.

The 2008 UN Convention outlines the rights of persons with disabilities, which must be ensured at the state level by health care, education, and important political decision-making. An important point of the international document is that it affirms the fundamental principles of non-discrimination, independence and respect for such people. Russia was no exception among the countries that ratified the Convention, taking this important step for the entire state back in 2009.

The significance of the adoption of this international document for our state is invaluable. The statistics are not encouraging: a tenth of Russians have a disability group. More than two thirds of them are occupied by patients with cardiovascular and oncological diseases. They were followed by carriers of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the musculoskeletal system.

The activity of the state in solving the problem

Over the past few years, the main areas of support for people with disabilities have been work on regulatory, financial, organizational social security. The question of how to raise incomes and improve the lives of people with disabilities deserves special attention. Considering that the implementation social programs aimed at supporting the disabled continues, already now we can sum up the intermediate result:

• public organizations of the disabled receive state subsidies;
• disability pension has doubled in recent years;
• more than 200 rehabilitation centers for the disabled and about 300 specialized institutions for children.

It cannot be said that all problems in this area have been solved. Their list is quite long. Among them, a whole set can be singled out, namely: regular failures in the operation of the MSEC mechanism, difficulties that arise during the rehabilitation activities of disabled people, the presence of conflicts in regulations denoting the rights of disabled people to sanatorium treatment.

Conclusion

The only fact that causes only positive attitude is the realization that modern Russia the course and direction for the long-awaited transition from the current social system to new principles, according to which all obstacles and barriers must be removed.

After all, human capabilities are not limited. and interfere with full effective participation in public life no one has the right to make important decisions on an equal basis with others.

What do we know about how people live no arms or legs? What difficulties are overcome every minute by those who are diagnosed with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome? Surprisingly, it is these people who have the strength and wisdom to motivate us. - healthy, strong and often ungrateful.

turn around

This article is not about those who like to feel sorry for themselves with the first rays of difficulties. Blame the whole world for injustice when a man leaves, and cry into the pillow, lying on the couch.

It's about people. Very brave, strong, whom we try not to notice in everyday life.

Today I woke up. I am healthy. I am alive. I am grateful. How do we start our mornings? I think no. Coffee, shower, sandwiches, rush, frantic whirlpool of plans.

Sometimes we don't even notice those around us. Stop for a second! Look around! Mom and daughter are sitting on the bench. Daughter twenty years old. It looks like she has Down syndrome. We immediately avert our eyes and pretend not to notice this couple. That's what the majority does.

Every day these strong people start the morning with a fight- for life, for the ability to move, to exist. For people like us to notice them and accept them into their cruel world.

We offer 3 stories. Amazing, challenging, tearful, inspiring and, hooray- destroying the social framework in our head.

Welcome.

Story one

Trafalgar Venus

How is it to be born without arms and practically without legs? Become a victim of a drug for toxicosis, which was prescribed to pregnant women in the 60s. Being abandoned by a mother and subjected to endless bullying in an orphanage. And with this "jackpot" to find the courage and strength to become a talented artist, amazing person and a happy mother.

"I'm just a natural anomaly"- Alison jokes. Oh yeah! This beautiful woman There are forces and for jokes over themselves.

She began drawing at the age of three, holding a pencil between her toes. But after the operation, her legs lost their mobility, and the girl began to hold a pencil with her teeth.

After graduating from the orphanage, she entered the faculty of painting and, as best she could, lived independently, every day making a new victory over herself. She hates the word "disabled", learns to live in society.

“Yes, people are always looking at me. I know what I get every time I leave my house.” Alison is raising her son on her own and finds in herself the universal wisdom to take care of the boy so that he does not feel “different”. "They look at us like that because we're really great."

In the center of London on the famous square for two years stood a statue called Trafalgar Venus. It was created by the famous sculptor and designer Mark Quinn, who was captivated by Alison's courage and femininity.

She is beautiful and stubborn, travels a lot, speaks at conferences, writes new paintings. She has her own charitable organization, Mouth and Foot. Alison's life is full of restrictions due to the anomaly, but she breaks the boundaries and stereotypes, lives an exceptionally fulfilling and interesting life.

Alison wrote an autobiography with a very symbolic title"My life is in my hands".

And yours?

Story two

Sunny Ellie

Waking up, we do not know whether grief or joy awaits us during the day.

So early morning in an ordinary British family, a 16-month-old sun with eyes the color of the sky had a fever.

Nothing special for kids. But little heart conceived something of her own and stopped beating. Diagnosis- meningitis. Contrary to all predictions, the baby survived. She just really wanted to live. Joy treacherously fled after four days: arms and legs must be amputated- dot.

Tell me, how can a child live without arms and legs in this world? How to communicate with peers, how to learn to want to live again? Is it even possible? And this little smart girl not only dared- she staged a boycott of grief.

Before you is the only little man in the world who has masteredparalympic bionic blades. Ellie became the first child to play football professionally for the school team on a par with her physically fit peers.

little sun- the most dedicated fan of football and the Arsenal team. Together with dad, they do not miss a single match.

“She loves to play football and feels like a fish in water on the football field. When I watch her play, I completely forget that she has no legs. ”, - says Ellie's mom.

Not everything went so smoothly immediately after the operation. Re-learn to walk- now on dentures. The very first of them caused severe pain, but Ellie agreed to wear them for at least 20 minutes a day.

A small but big hero, stubborn and courageous, motivating different people all over the planet.

And if someday it seems to you that you are unhappy, that the world is cruel and unfair to you- remember this tiny miracle Ellie. How she smiles and greedily runs forward on her amazing path.

Story three

Braveheart brave to the end

And now, instead of a bar of delicious chocolate, let's taste a bit of bitter human cruelty.

One day, Lizzy turned on her laptop and found a video of herself called “The Ugliest Woman in the World.” The control shot to the temple was the comments below:"Lord, how does she live, with such and such a mug." "Lizzie, kill yourself," these "people" advised.

The girl cried for several days, and then she began to watch the video over and over again - to the point of nausea - and suddenly realized that it no longer bothered her. All this is just decorations, and she wants to be happy, so it's time to change them.

Lizzy was born with an illness unknown to the world so far. Her body does not absorb fat at all. In order not to die, she needs to eat every 15 minutes. She weighs 25 kg with a height of 152 cm. Oh yes, she is also blind in one eye.

In the hospital, the child was advised to refuse, referring to the fact that she would never walk or talk. And they strongly recommended that parents not give birth to children anymore, otherwise a disabled person will be born again.

It's amazing how people love to give advice and teach life when you don't ask for it at all. The Velazquez family gave the world two more children, completely healthy and beautiful.

Lizzy grew up and not only learned to walk and talk, but also graduated from the University of Texas, wrote three books,gave a speech at the TED Austin Women in her native Texas and filmed documentary about your life.

Here are some tips for an amazing and perky girl.

Never let anyone label you. No matter what anyone says about you, only you know what you are capable of and what you are. Set the bar high and strive for it. The dogs bark, the caravan moves on.

It is useless to respond with aggression for aggression. When you get hit, you want to hit back. But answering evil with evil, you only increase around you negative energy. It is unlikely that this will bring you happiness.

Trials and hardships the necessary conditions growth. Without trials, we would never have reached the top. They help us learn, change and become better.

A loving family means a lot. Parents who believe in their child, whatever it may be, are doing a great job. They form in him self-confidence, the ability to cope with failures and move on.

The world is full of cruelty, pain and suffering, children's tears, terrible disasters. But it all starts with you. Every day, hour, minute remember this.

Starting a new day, we do not know exactly how much we are allotted. But it is important to firmly realize that we can do a lot. The main thing is to start. From myself.

Understand that among us there are people who are a little different from you and me. It doesn't matter what their diagnosis is. The most important thing is that it is a human- the same as you. They feel and grieve, laugh and cry, want to love and believe.

Sometimes it's worth smiling and just saying, "You're beautiful."

Thank the world and the Universe for what you have, and even more so for what you may not have.

limited center help social

Categories of people with disabilities

The concept of "person with disabilities"

Most often, "people with disabilities" in the scientific literature is understood to mean people who have certain limitations in everyday life associated with physical, mental or sensory defects.

In the Dictionary of social work A person with a disability is defined as one "who is unable to perform certain duties or functions because of a special physical or mental state or weakness. Such a condition may be temporary or chronic, general or partial."

In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted British version three-tier disability scale:

• a) disease - any loss or anomaly of psychological, or physiological, or anatomical structure or function;
• b) limited ability - any limitation or loss of ability (due to the presence of a defect) to perform any activity in a manner or within such limits that are considered normal for a person;
• c) incapacity (disability) - any consequence of a defect or disability of a particular person, preventing or limiting the performance of any normative role (based on age, gender and socio-cultural factors).

According to the federal law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" (1995), a disabled person is characterized as a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects that lead to limitation of life and necessitate social protection.

At present, as noted above, every tenth in the population of the Earth, i.e. more than 500 million people have some form of limitation in daily life due to physical, mental or sensory impairments. Among them are at least 150 million children. Every fourth family faces the problem of disability in one way or another. In the US, with a population of over 250 million, there are about 20 million people with disabilities.

Developed civilized countries strive to solve social problems associated with an increase in the number of persons with disabilities based on a scientific approach to the formulation and solution of these problems, the use of material and technical means, a detailed legal mechanism, national and public programs, high level professional training of specialists, etc.

And, nevertheless, despite the efforts made and significant progress in medicine, the number of people with disabilities is slowly but steadily growing. For example, there are 3-5% more children in need of special education every year. These are mostly children congenital pathology: cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, mental retardation, etc.

The growth of disability in most countries of the world is associated with the complication of production processes, an increase in traffic flows, military conflicts, environmental degradation, a significant spread bad habits(smoking, use of alcohol, drugs, toxic substances) and other reasons.

In Russia, only 6.2 million people with disabilities are currently registered with the social protection authorities. Every year, more than 1 million people are recognized as disabled for the first time, of which more than half are of working age.

The number of people with disabilities is steadily increasing in our country. Thus, the number of disabled people registered with the social protection authorities has increased by 56.8% over the past 5 years. Taking into account the transition of Russia to international criteria and the expansion medical indications To establish disability, according to experts, in the next 10 years we should expect an increase in the number of people with disabilities by 2-3 times.

A violation of one of the functions leads a person to developmental problems only under certain circumstances, since its presence does not always entail further violations. So, for example, with hearing loss in one ear or visual impairment in one eye, the ability to perceive sound or visual signals is preserved. Violations of this kind do not limit children in the knowledge of the world around them, in communicating with other people, do not prevent them from mastering educational material and study in general education school. A person with developmental problems due to his disorder needs special conditions, V special treatment and education.

Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted a federal law aimed at protecting children "with disabilities", the Law introduces such a wording instead of the term "with developmental disabilities" in a number of existing federal laws, in particular "On Education", "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation", "About physical education and sports in the Russian Federation".

According to the authors of the bill, the term "with developmental disabilities" is traditionally associated in Russia with such a health disorder as "mental retardation" and does not take into account age features. Therefore, an inferiority complex is formed in children already at an early age, which in the future is associated with significant problems for their family, social, educational or professional integration and adaptation. In most developed countries and in the documents of the World Health Organization, the term "persons with disabilities" is used to refer to this category of citizens.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 18, 2008 No. 617 "On Amendments to Certain Acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on Educational Institutions in which Children with Disabilities Are Educated (Brought Up") a number of terminological clarifications are made to the acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on educational institutions in which (brought up) children with disabilities: the term "developmental deviations" is replaced by the term "disability", the words "psychological-pedagogical and medical-pedagogical commissions" are replaced by the words "psychological-medical-pedagogical commissions", instead of the words "deviations in psychophysical development" the words "deficiencies in physical and (or) mental development" are now used, etc. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, in agreement with the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, was instructed to approve by December 31, 2008 the regulation on the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission. The statutes of educational institutions in which children with disabilities are trained (brought up) are subject to be brought into line with this Decree before 12/31/2008.

In the regulatory documents, people with disabilities are defined as disabled and there must be appropriate grounds for recognizing them as such. There are three mandatory conditions to recognize a citizen as disabled:

• 1. a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, consequences of injuries or defects;
• 2. limitation of life activity (complete or partial loss of a person's ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, study or engage in work activities);
• 3. the need to implement measures of social protection of a citizen.

The same law assigns the function of determining disability to the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise.

Ministry of Labor and social development The Russian Federation and the Ministry of Health (dated January 29, 1997) approved the classification of violations of the basic functions of the human body:

• 1. Violations of mental functions (perception, attention, memory, thinking, speech, emotions, will).
• 2. Violations of sensory functions (vision, hearing, smell, touch).
• 3. Violations of the static-dynamic function.
• 4. Violations of the functions of blood circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, metabolism and energy, internal secretion.

The most common diseases in this group are cerebral palsy, tumors nervous system, epilepsy, schizophrenia and others endogenous psychoses, mental retardation (oligophrenia or dementia of various origins, corresponding to the stage of idiocy or imbecility), Down's disease, autism.

All these diseases are combined into one group, however, mental and mental disability follows, this is insisted by the International League of Societies for the Assistance of the Mentally Retarded and other organizations involved in the study of this category of people and / or helping them.

The term "intellectual disability" includes two significant components, which "should be considered in accordance with biological age and the corresponding cultural background: intellectual retardation, which is below the average level and is present with early age; a significant weakening of the ability to adapt to the social requirements of society" / 61 /.

Disabled people in this category very often have gross violations of all sides. mental activity: memory, attention, thinking, speech, motor skills, emotional sphere. However, after special exercises and classes, they can achieve good results. The range of problems of such children requires, in the main, the intervention of specialists in the field of pedagogy and rehabilitation (respectively, teachers and social workers) in close contact with the family.

The term "mental disability" is used to refer to the many shifts that affect emotional function and behavior. It is characterized by an imbalance of emotions of various kinds and degrees of complexity, impaired (rather than absent) understanding and communication, and misdirected rather than just inappropriate adjustment. Most often, such diseases occur suddenly and take the form of an acute shift, sometimes being the result of biochemical changes or drug use, experiencing a severe or prolonged stress, psychological conflicts, as well as as a result of other reasons.

People with disabilities feel uncomfortable, they become isolated, .. And this turns into a disease.

Mental illnesses can take the form of acute, chronic or intermittent diseases, depending on it and on the specifics of the manifestation of the disease, treatment is prescribed. In this case, the intervention of specialists from the field of medicine and psychiatry is mandatory.

However, there is a combination of mental retardation with mental deficiency and other complications. This creates certain difficulties in diagnosing diseases and working with such people and requires good preparedness and training from specialists. Complications may appear at birth or later. The following reasons for their appearance can be distinguished: bad care for children with mental retardation, the susceptibility of such a person to stress, stress, inattention on the part of persons to whom they are especially attached, etc.

2. Diseases of internal organs. Currently, they occupy a leading position in the structure of childhood disability, which is caused by the transition of diseases to chronic form with severe functional impairment. Often this is due to late detection of violations and insufficient rehabilitation measures.

This group of diseases includes various diseases, pathological conditions and malformations of the respiratory organs (including chronic pulmonary tuberculosis), kidneys and urinary organs, gastrointestinal tract, liver and biliary tract (liver cirrhosis, chronic aggressive hepatitis, continuously recurrent ulcerative process, etc.), cardiovascular system (including heart defects and large vessels), hematopoietic systems (leukemia, Veriehof's disease, lymphogranulomatosis, etc.), musculoskeletal system (polyarthritis, etc.).

Often, due to their illnesses, such children cannot lead an active lifestyle, peers can avoid communicating with them and including them in their games. There is a situation of mismatch between the need to carry out normal human life and the impossibility of its full implementation. Social deprivation deepens due to the long stay of a person in special hospitals, sanatoriums, where social experience and communication is carried out between the same people. The consequence of this is a delay in the development of social and communication skills, insufficiently formed adequate presentation about the world around a sick person

3. Damage and diseases of the eyes, accompanied by a persistent decrease in visual acuity to 0.08 in the best seeing eye up to 15 from the fixation point in all directions. People with this disease accounted for 20% of total number disabled people.

The mental development of people with visual impairments largely depends on the time of the onset of the pathology and on the time of the onset of special corrective work, and this (mental development) defects can be compensated for by the early and widespread use of the functions of safe analyzers.

M. R. Romanov characterizes such a person as timid, with little contact. Therefore, he proposes to enrich the sensual and practical experience these children, gradually including him in the circle of healthy peers. In working with this category of people, it is also recommended to use their special sensitivity to music.

4. Oncological diseases, which include malignant tumors of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the tumor process after combined or complex treatment, including a radical operation; refractory malignant neoplasms eyes, liver and other organs.

At oncological disease crisis situations can be renewed or interrupted by more or less long periods of stabilization, during which the patient is rehabilitated. Features of treatment methods in combination with age and interpersonal characteristics of a person lead to changes first in the physical, and then in his mental state. Experts have found that more than half (56%) of parents note a deterioration in the character of their people as a result of illness, 62% of parents have difficulties in relationships with people. Such a person is marked by isolation and isolation (25%), as well as irritability, aggression and other manifestations of a neurotic nature (56%). Such people have practically no friends, except for the same sick people as they are. Thus, they are, as it were, fenced off from the outside world, which causes a delay in the development of social skills, social maladjustment.

5. Lesions and diseases of the organ of hearing. According to the degree of hearing loss, deaf and hard of hearing are distinguished. Among the deaf, two groups can also be distinguished, depending on the presence or absence of speech. The number of people with this disease is relatively small, they make up about 2% of all people with disabilities.

Features of the behavior of a person with hearing impairment are diverse. Usually they depend on the causes of the violation. For example, in people with early limited brain damage, hearing impairment is combined with increased mental exhaustion and irritability. Among the deaf there are closed, "strange", as if "staying in their own world" people. In deaf people, on the contrary, there is impulsivity, motor disinhibition, sometimes even aggressiveness.

• 6. Surgical diseases and anatomical defects and deformities.
• 7. Endocrine diseases.

Thus, it was possible to make sure that there is a fairly large list of diseases that lead to disability. These diseases undoubtedly "leave their mark" on a person's behavior, his relationships with others and in other areas of his life, creating certain "barriers" on the way of people with disabilities and their families to a normal life, to their integration into society.