Social problems of disability - abstract. Main problems of children with special needs

Introduction

Currently, the problem of disability occupies a special place in a number of social problems. According to the United Nations, in the early 1990s there were about 500 million people with disabilities in the world, which is about 10% of the world's population. In developed countries, this figure is higher than the global average: in the United States, about 20% of the population are disabled. According to WHO estimates, the number of people with disabilities is on the rise.

In Russia, according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, in 1994 there were 8.5 million people with disabilities. In 1999, the number of disabled people in Russia was 10 million, that is, it increased by 1.5 million in five years. Ministry of Health and Social development is concerned: every year the number of disabled people increases by 1 million people, now almost every tenth Russian receives a disability pension. And by 2015, the number of disabled people will exceed 15 million. The department considers such a situation unacceptable: in terms of the Ministry of Health, this is already a matter of national security.

The purpose of the work: To consider the concept of "disability" and the specifics of social work with people with disabilities

1. Consider the concept of "disability"

2. Consider the causes of disability

3. Get to know the problems of people with disabilities

4. Consider medical and social rehabilitation of people with disabilities

5. Learn about the social protection of people with disabilities

Object of work: Problems of people with disabilities.

Subject of work: Technology of social work with people with disabilities.

Disability as a social problem

The concept of "disability"

"Disabled person - in the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ" On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation "- a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions caused by a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life and necessitating social protection”

“Restriction of life activity, - explanations in the same law, - is a complete or partial loss of the ability or ability of a person to carry out self-service, move independently, communicate, control their behavior, study and work”

The degree of limitation of life activity is the amount of deviation from the norm of human activity due to a violation of health.

Social insufficiency - the social consequences of a violation of health, leading to a limitation of a person's life and the need for his social protection or assistance.

Social protection - a system of state-guaranteed permanent and (or) long-term economic, social and legal measures that provide conditions for disabled people to overcome, replace (compensate) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society with other citizens.

These structural elements make it possible to reveal the essence of the causes of disability.

The crippled are blind, dumb, deaf, people with impaired coordination of movement, completely or partially paralyzed, etc. are recognized as disabled due to obvious deviations from the normal physical condition of a person. Disabled persons are also recognized as persons who do not have external differences from ordinary people, but suffer from diseases that do not allow them to work in various fields in the same way as healthy people do. For example, a person suffering from coronary heart disease is not able to perform heavy physical work, but he is quite capable of mental activity.

All disabled people are divided into several groups for various reasons. By age - disabled children, disabled adults. By origin of disability: disabled since childhood, disabled from war, disabled at work, disabled from a general disease. According to the degree of ability to work: disabled able-bodied and disabled, disabled people of group I (incapacitated), disabled people of group II (temporarily unable to work or able-bodied in limited areas), disabled people of group III (able-bodied in sparing working conditions). By the nature of the disease, people with disabilities can be classified as mobile, low-mobility or immobile groups. Depending on belonging to a particular group, the issues of employment and organization of the life of the disabled are resolved.

In the third millennium, the population of the planet must realize the presence of disabled people and the need to create normal living conditions for them. According to the UN, every tenth person on the planet has a disability, one in 10 suffers from physical, mental or sensory defects, and at least 25% of the total population suffer from health disorders. Approximately one family of four has a person with a disability.

According to official statistics, there are more than 60 million disabled people in China, which is 5% of the population, in the USA there are 54 million (19%), in Russia there are now 10 million disabled people (about 7% of the population). According to the Agency of Social Information, there are at least 15 million of them. Among the current disabled people, there are a lot of young people and children; in the total contingent of disabled people, men make up more than 50%, women - more than 44%, 65-80% are elderly people.

Along with the growth in the number of disabled people, there are trends in qualitative changes in their composition. The society is concerned about the increase in the number of people with disabilities among people of working age, they make up 45% of the number of citizens initially recognized as people with disabilities. Over the past decade, the number of disabled children has increased at a faster pace: if in the RSFSR in 1990 there were 155,100 such children registered with the social protection authorities, then in the Russian Federation in 1995 this figure increased to 453,700, and in 1999 - up to 592,300 children. It is also alarming that, according to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, every year in our country 50,000 children are born who are recognized as disabled since childhood.

In recent years, the number of disabled people due to war injuries has also increased. Now their number is almost 42,200 people. The share of people of retirement age accounts for 80% of the total number of disabled people; invalids of the Great Patriotic War - more than 15%, group I - 12.7%, group II - 58%, group III - 29.3%.

The structure of the distribution of disability due to a common disease in Russia is as follows: in the first place are diseases of the cardiovascular system (22.6%), followed by malignant neoplasms (20.5%), then injuries (12.6%), respiratory diseases and tuberculosis (8.06%), in fifth place - mental disorders (2.7%). The prevalence of disability is generally higher among urban populations than among rural residents. The availability of statistical data on the number of people with disabilities in the country, forecasting and identifying the dynamics of growth in the number of people with disabilities, the causes of disability, developing a system of measures to prevent it, and determining the possible costs of the state for these purposes are important.

The forecasts of the growth dynamics of the number of people with disabilities in the world, especially in active working age, are alarming: for example, in Canada over the next 15 years their number may more than double. The growth of persons with disabilities on an international scale is explained both by an increase in the indicator itself, indicating a deterioration in the health of the inhabitants of the planet, and by an expansion of the criteria for determining disability, primarily in relation to the elderly and especially to children. The increase in the total number of people with disabilities in all developed countries of the world, and especially the number of children with disabilities, has made the prevention of disability and the prevention of childhood disability among the national priorities of these countries. As well as solving the problems of people with disabilities.

The conditions for ensuring a decent quality of life for people with disabilities include meeting their needs. These needs relate to various social aspects and personal aspects of life and largely coincide with the needs of every citizen.

With the onset of disability, a person has real difficulties, both subjective and objective, in adapting to living conditions. Access to education, employment, leisure, personal services, information and communication channels is largely difficult for disabled people; public transport is practically not adapted for the use of persons with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, hearing and vision. All this contributes to their isolation, a sense of alienation. The disabled person lives in a more closed space, isolated from the rest of society. Limited communication and social activity creates additional psychological, economic and other problems and difficulties for the disabled themselves and their loved ones. There are both social and economic barriers to sexual intercourse and marriage among people with disabilities. The socio-psychological well-being of the majority of disabled people is characterized by uncertainty about the future, imbalance, and anxiety. Many feel like outcasts of society, flawed people, infringed on their rights.

Let us focus on the most important problems in the life of the disabled.

Of course, among the problems of the disabled, the main one is health, after all, often in addition to a disabling disease, a person has several “passing” ailments. Older disabled people have chronic diseases with a tendency to gradual progression and disability. The incidence of this category of citizens is characterized by multiple pathologies, atypical manifestations and a high frequency of complications. Disabled people today are in dire need of quality and free medical services. They have real difficulties in acquiring prosthetic and orthopedic products, wheelchairs, tiflo devices, deaf devices, etc. The lack of specially adapted places in hospitals exacerbates the situation of the disabled. Disabled people acutely feel the lack of free medicines, in medical care - in outpatient treatment, inpatient, sanatorium-resort, dispensary observation. However, not all disabled people in need receive all the necessary assistance.

The physical dependence of the disabled takes on acute forms due to loneliness. Loneliness and psychological problems are characteristic of the vast majority of disabled people who feel unnecessary, forgotten by everyone, which further complicates their life.

Financial situation - the only problem that can compete in its importance with health. Disabled people are much more painful than representatives of other categories of the population, endure the consequences of political and economic reforms: most of them are forced to abandon their usual way of life, established standards of consumption, reduce the level of social claims, part with their social expectations and plans, lead a passive lifestyle.

The constant rise in prices for food products, consumer goods, household and other services does not allow the majority of disabled people to overcome the "poverty line". Deterioration of the diet, minimization of expenses for social and cultural needs increase the vulnerability of a disabled person and, ultimately, affect his health and life expectancy. Thus, the deterioration in the health of the population is accompanied by a process of declining living standards.

An equally significant problem for people with disabilities is psychological incapacity. to the surrounding world. The type of disease and deviations in development, the features of the course of the disease, the specifics of damage to various organs and systems, the nature and severity of the defect determine the decrease in adaptive and integration capabilities. A disabled person, having significant limitations of life, often loses the ability to self-service, self-control, self-development.

The well-being of people with disabilities is largely determined by the relationships that have developed in the family. Able-bodied disabled people and disabled people living in boarding schools usually do not communicate very intensively with their relatives, unlike those disabled people who need constant care and are in the care of relatives. Unfortunately, the most acute problems of people with disabilities are relationships with other family members.

Every family with a disabled person has its own characteristics, its own psychological climate, which in one way or another affects the disabled person - either contributes to rehabilitation or slows it down. Almost all families with disabled children need various types of assistance, primarily psychological. Usually, with the birth of a disabled child, a number of complex psychological problems arise in the family, which lead not only to the psychological maladjustment of the parents, but also to the breakup of the family.

For disabled people, the problem of obtaining education still occupies a special place. Sociological studies conducted by the staff of the Russian State Social University showed that 29% of the surveyed disabled people are not satisfied with the level of their education, more than half of the young disabled people are sure that their constitutional right to education is being infringed. At the same time, of those who study or would like to study (and they are about 42%), the main reasons preventing them from doing this were the lack of funds 67.7%, the underdevelopment of the infrastructure of educational professional institutions for the disabled - 51.8%, physical illness -- 45.5 % . .

Creating conditions for obtaining the most accessible education for disabled people that meets their specific needs is growing into a nationwide problem. The underdevelopment of the regional network of professional educational institutions is associated with the need to move from a permanent place of residence, which is not always acceptable for a disabled person. In addition, one should take into account the fact that 68% of disabled people consider special educational institutions of the system of social protection of the population as not prestigious and do not provide prospects for subsequent employment.

The main obstacle to the development of integrated forms of education is the unsuitability of most educational institutions for such forms of work. The physical capabilities of disabled people require the creation of a barrier-free environment - a special architecture of premises, special equipment for training places and technical teaching aids, special teaching methods, the provision of sign language interpreters and other services. In addition, there are practically no qualified teaching staff professionally trained to work with students with disabilities in the context of integrated learning.

At present, the system of continuous multi-level vocational education for disabled people is not sufficiently developed. There are no conditions and training programs that take into account the individual capabilities of people with disabilities, and the principle of "normalization", i.e. providing opportunities for education of such categories of persons in ordinary educational institutions. The main problem of a person with disabilities is the disruption of his connection with the world, the poverty of contacts with peers, the restriction of movement and communication with the real world. A disabled person may be a talented person, but not be able to realize their abilities and creative inclinations. The state and society must create such a structure of education, such living conditions that the disabled person does not feel inferiority and can satisfy his needs. Increasing the level of professional education of a disabled person will become a factor in successful employment, social inclusion, financial independence, and psychological comfort.

In the context of the modernization of Russian society, it is more difficult for disabled people to compete equally in the labor market with physically fit people, despite the statutory quota of jobs for disabled people. Under conditions of a general increase in unemployment, their participation in social production is significantly reduced. Serious problems with finding a job arise not only for the disabled themselves, but also for parents raising a disabled child: due to the need to care for him, they cannot work fully and, therefore, are uncompetitive in the labor market.

According to sociological surveys, almost 2/3 of disabled people believe that their state of health allows them to work. As practice shows, employment is one of the most intractable problems of disabled people.

The number of working disabled people is steadily declining. For many years, the proportion of employed persons with disabilities was approximately 2% of the average number of employees. The most difficult situation is with the employment of disabled people of groups 1 and 2, among them the proportion of workers is no more than 8%. The sharp decline in the number of working disabled people is associated with the transition to a market economy, the massive layoffs of workers, primarily disabled people, and competition for jobs. .

The international community recognizes the inadmissibility of such a situation for the country that every tenth citizen is economically passive. Employment not only improves the well-being of persons with disabilities and their families. From a socio-economic point of view, it is also beneficial for the state, as it allows you to increase revenues from expanding the labor market and facilitating social programs for preferential provision of disabled people. Taking into account the increase in the demographic burden on the able-bodied population, it is necessary to treat labor resources more carefully and carefully.

An important problem is also access to social infrastructure facilities - health care, education, culture and sports, personal services (hairdressers, laundries, etc.), places of work and recreation, many shops due to architectural and construction barriers, unsuitability of public transport for use by persons with disorders of the musculoskeletal system and defects in sensory organs. Ignoring the needs of people with disabilities in everyday life activities for each person, the inaccessibility of socially significant objects reduce the ability of people with physical defects to fully participate in society.

Urban transport is not equipped with lifting devices for boarding disabled people in wheelchairs, platforms, seats, fixing and fastening devices, special handrails and other equipment that ensures their placement and movement inside the vehicle. There are no special places for the disabled in air transport. Convenience, comfort and safety are not fully guaranteed to the disabled also on passenger sea and river vessels. When transporting disabled people by rail, wagons with a wide corridor, a special toilet and space for wheelchairs are not used in trains. Insufficient attention is also paid to the equipment of railway stations, stations, crossings, etc. To date, sea and river vessels do not provide facilities for the transportation of disabled people with impaired motor functions. Disabled people are in dire need of adapting housing conditions to their psychosomatic capabilities, expanding the doorways of disabled people 1 gr., Adapting the ways of moving disabled people in the entrance of a living house. Many social and cultural facilities are not equipped with ramps. It should be noted that the problem of creating an infrastructure that allows people with disabilities to satisfy their needs for normal life has not yet been practically resolved, especially in areas remote from the center.

There is a lack of state support for editorial offices and publishing houses that produce special literature for the disabled.

The publication of periodical, scientific, educational, methodological, reference and informational and fiction literature for the disabled, including those published on tape cassettes and Braille, the provision of sign language equipment is not fully funded from public funds.

Sign language is officially recognized as a means of interpersonal communication. On television, in movies and video films, a system of subtitling or sign language translation should be provided, which is practically not implemented, only some television programs are accompanied by subtitles or simultaneous translation.

There are also problems of physical rehabilitation and social adaptation of disabled people. The main reasons are the practical absence of specialized sports facilities and equipment, the lack of professional coaching staff, insufficient information, methodological and propaganda support, the low role of health care institutions, education, social protection of the population in the rehabilitation of disabled people by means of physical culture and sports, insufficient attention to mass physical education and sports through passion for sports of the highest achievements. Thus, the situation of disabled people in modern Russia is characterized by the presence of problems that can be grouped into material and financial, psychological, medical, vocational, educational, social and social and environmental problems.

Social relations between society and disabled people are dominated by the practice of social restrictions, which determines the access of disabled people to resources and life chances. Such social injustice towards people with disabilities should not be allowed in a civilized society, therefore, providing disabled people with equal opportunities with other people in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms is a priority for the state and society as a whole. This requires a comprehensive study of the problems of persons with disabilities, which will allow a better understanding of their needs and identify ways to eliminate difficulties in accordance with the principle of a targeted approach.

Introduction	3
Chapter 1 Disability as a social problem of modern society

1.2 Characteristics of the main areas of social assistance and protection of disabled people in Russia and abroad in modern times
Chapter 2 Cultural and Leisure Activities as a Basis for the Socio-Cultural Rehabilitation of the Disabled
2.1 The concept and general characteristics of cultural and leisure activities
2.2 The main directions of socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people	45
2.3 Model of socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people	52
Chapter 3 Modern technologies of cultural and leisure activities with disabled people
3.1 Features of the implementation of cultural and leisure activities with people with disabilities
3.2 Technological foundations of cultural and leisure activities with disabled people
Conclusion	70
Literature	72

INTRODUCTION
The last decade of the 20th century was marked by the emergence and establishment of a new specialty in the professional sphere - "Social work". As a specialized type of professional activity, it was first legalized in Russia in 1991. Since that time, there has been an active interest of researchers in the problems of social work, social services for the population, the personality of a specialist - a professional in the social sphere. An important component of the professional activity of a social worker is the activity with the disabled - people with disabilities.

In modern conditions of Russia, when the political, economic, social life of the country has undergone and continues to undergo a radical transformation, the solution of the problems of disability and the disabled is becoming one of the priorities of the state's social policy. The low level and quality of life of most people with disabilities are accompanied by serious personal problems due to the maladjustment of these people in a rapidly changing socio-cultural environment.

A full-fledged life of the vast majority of disabled people is impossible without providing them with various types of assistance and services that meet their social needs, including in the field of rehabilitation and social services, aids and devices, material and other support. Adequate and timely satisfaction of the individual needs of persons with disabilities is designed to compensate for their disability. It involves the creation of equal opportunities with other categories of the population in the social, professional, socio-political, cultural and other spheres. According to various researchers, most of these citizens belong to the poorest segments of the population. For a number of years, especially in recent years, the indicator of their labor and other social activity has remained low.

A positive direction in the development of these phenomena is possible only if targeted assistance is provided to the disabled, oriented, in particular, to self-determination and self-realization of their personality. The scale of the problems of disabled people and the need to address them as a priority are due to a steady trend towards an increase in the proportion of disabled people in the structure of the population of the Russian Federation.

According to UN experts, people with disabilities make up an average of 10% of the population. The relevance of the topic of this work is explained by the fact that in Russia there is an increase in both absolute and relative indicators of disability, which occurs against the background of a decrease in the population of the country and its individual regions, an increase in morbidity and mortality. As of early 2001, the total number of persons with disabilities in the country reached 10.7 million. Every year, more than one million citizens are recognized as disabled for the first time, of which almost half are people of working age. The number of children with disabilities is steadily increasing. For this large group of people, more or less limited in their connections and interactions with society, facing significant barriers to inclusion in the social and cultural space, periods of social transformations, similar to the current stage of development of Russian society, become especially difficult and painful.

Considering the structural specifics of disability in modern society, first of all, a significant number of people with disabilities with limited capabilities only in some particular respect, the importance of the sphere of culture, various types of cultural activities is obvious as, on the one hand, a possible, and on the other hand, a necessary area of socialization. , self-assertion and self-realization of people with partially limited abilities.

Domestic and foreign experience in solving the problems of social adaptation and socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people by means of culture and art testifies to the high efficiency of the relevant programs and technologies, their capabilities to ensure the integration of disabled people into social and cultural life.

In 1995, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation recognized the need to jointly create a comprehensive system for the rehabilitation of disabled people using the means of culture and art, ensure the development of appropriate socio-cultural technologies, approved the concept of a socio-cultural policy for disabled people in the Russian Federation, prepared by the Russian Institute of Cultural Studies .

Building a specialized socio-cultural policy in relation to people with disabilities, taking into account the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this population group, the specifics of the current social situation, based on such basic principles as scientific validity, a systematic approach to identifying and posing problems, taking into account the nature and degree of differentiation of various groups of people with disabilities, regionalization , hierarchy and coordination of the subjects of organizational activity, reliance on legal grounds, manufacturability of approaches and solutions, is a necessary condition for the organization of cultural and leisure activities of disabled people. At the same time, the most important vectors for constructing a socio-cultural policy in relation to people with disabilities should be focusing on the abilities of people with disabilities, and not on their disability; to uphold the civil rights and dignity of the disabled, and not to treat them as an object of charity.

An analysis of the current situation gives reason to conclude that there is insufficient, and in some respects, frankly weak development of the sphere of social and cultural activities of people with disabilities, which is seen rather as some secondary “application” to such areas as medical care and vocational training for people with disabilities. , their material support.

Therefore, attention should be focused on the special, otherwise uncompensated role of activities related to the inclusion of disabled people in various forms of cultural leisure. This is a special space of development, which potentially contains a very wide range of choices of forms of self-fulfillment, carries the function of psychological compensation and restoration of broken social and socio-psychological networks of interaction between disabled people.

Theoretical and methodological aspects of social work as a scientific theory, academic discipline and professional activity are reflected in the studies of S.A. Belicheva, V.G. Bocharova, B.Z. Vulfova, M.A. Galaguzova, S.I. Grigorieva, I.V. Gurianova, L.G. Guslyakova, N.F. Dementieva, T.E. Demidova, Yu.A. Kudryavtseva, A.I. Lyashenko, S.G. Maksimova, V.P. Melnikova, P.D. Pavlenka, A.M. Panova, L.V. Topchego, M.V. Firsova, E.I. Kholostova, V.D. Shapiro, T.D. Shevelenkova, N.B. Shmeleva, N.P. Schukina, V.N. Yarskaya-Smirnova and others.

Disability problems and ways to overcome them are considered by scientists and specialists in the following areas: psychological (T.A. Dobrovolskaya, A.A. Dyskin, S. Zastrou, F.A. Kolesnik, E.I. Maksimchikova, N.B. Shabalina and others); pedagogical (N.A. Gorbunova, M.V. Korobov, L.G. Laptev, E.I. Okhrimenko, E.I. Kholostova, etc.); sociological (D.D. Voitekhov, M.M. Kosichkin, P.D. Pavlenok, N.V. Shapkina and others); medical (V.A. Gorbunova, N.F. Dementieva, V.A. Zetikova, K.A. Kamenkov, L.M. Klyachkin, T.N. Kukushkina, E.A. Sigida, E.I. Tanyukhina and others); legal (O.V. Maksimov; O.V. Mikhailova and others); vocational labor (E.L. Bychkova, L.K. Ermilova, D.I. Katichev, A.M. Lukyanenko, E.V. Muravieva, A.I. Osadchikh, R.F. Popkov, V.V. Sokirko, I.K. Syrnikov and others).

V.A. Volovik, A.F. Volovik, E.A. Zaluchenova, Yu.D. Krasilnikov, V.I. Lomakin, L.B. Medvedev, Yu.S. Mozdokova, T.F. Murzina, E.A. Orlova, L.S. Perepelkin, L.I. Plaksina, G.G. Siyutkina, A.A. Sundieva, V.Yu. Terkin, G.G. Furmanova, L.P. Khrapylina, A.E. Shaposhnikov, B.C. Shipulina and others.

The problem of professional training of social work specialists for cultural and leisure activities with disabled people was developed by us, taking into account the leading research in the field of pedagogy and psychology by S.I. Arkhangelsky, Yu.K. Babansky, A.A. Dergach, B.Z. Vulfova, N.V. Kuzmina, Yu.N. Kulyutkina, I.Ya. Lerner, A.K. Markova, V.A. Slastenina, E.N. Shiyanova and others.

The cited works contain a lot of valuable and useful information. However, scientific knowledge in them needs to be systematized, structured, adapted processing, supplemented by those methods, means and techniques with which they can comprehensively solve the problems of including people with disabilities in various forms of cultural leisure.

An analysis of the literature, the state of the problem of organizing cultural and leisure activities with disabled people in the theory and practice of social work, the study of the experience of social services in this direction allow us to state the successful solution of many of the tasks set. At the same time, contradictions remain unresolved between the increased relevance of the development and implementation of promising technology of cultural and leisure activities with disabled people and the insufficient development of the theoretical and methodological basis for this, as well as between the existing practical experience in organizing cultural leisure for people with disabilities and its insufficient integrity and consistency as a direction of professional social work with disabled people.

CHAPTER 1 Disability as a social problem of modern society
1.1 Historical analysis of the problem of disability in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR

At all times of the existence of human civilization, there has been a problem of helping people with disabilities. The changes taking place in the development of society, in socio-economic relations, changed the direction and approaches to helping needy disabled people.

Some researchers give priority in the field of social protection of the disabled to foreign countries. Meanwhile, Russia has always been characterized by social support for citizens in this category who need it.

Even in the ancient Slavic community or vervi during the period of paganism, a tradition of caring for the weak and infirm was laid. Relatives should have taken care of such people. If those in need had no relatives, then the social care of the disabled was entrusted to the peasant community. Such a form of social assistance to infirm people as alternate feeding in the homes of rural owners from one day to a week has become widespread. Prisoners moved from yard to another yard until they went around the whole village in this way and received help from every householder. Along with alternate feeding, peasant communities practiced such a method of charity, as the reception by householders of those in need for a long time with the provision of food to them. In this case, by decision of the rural "world", the detainee was given to the householder for full maintenance. This form of charity was used on the terms of either a certain payment to a community member for the maintenance of a disabled person, which the householder received from a peasant society, or the release of a peasant household from paying worldly or even all natural duties. In other cases, for taking a weak person into his house for full maintenance, the owner of the peasant household was given an additional piece of secular land or land allotment of the poor. Among the forms of peasant public charity, the issuance of bread allowances to the needy from communal spare shops was quite often used. Such allowances in bread were allocated according to the "sentences" of rural gatherings. They were issued monthly or at any other time and were established in various amounts.

With the advent of the ancient Russian state, the main trends in helping the disabled were associated with princely protection and guardianship. The Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir the Baptist, by the charter of 996, made it incumbent on the clergy to engage in public charity, defining a tithe for the maintenance of monasteries, almshouses and hospitals.

For many centuries, the church and monasteries remained the focus of social assistance to the old, wretched, crippled and sick. The monasteries contained almshouses, hospitals, orphanages. Church parishes provided social assistance to many crippled people. By the 18th century, for example, there were about 20 parochial almshouses in Moscow. In all 90 Moscow almshouses owned by the church, the city and private benefactors, in 1719 about 4 thousand needy were kept. In general, by the 90s of the 19th century, the Orthodox Church contained 660 almshouses and almost 500 hospitals. As of December 1, 1907, out of 907 male and female monasteries operating in Russia at that time, more than 200 monasteries were constantly working on the social charity of the disabled.

Known are the decrees of Ivan the Terrible and Peter I on helping the “orphans and the poor,” who used shelter and food in monasteries and almshouses. So, under Peter I, a fairly extensive system of social protection of the disabled was formed. In 1700, caring about the “addition” of those who were truly in need, the emperor wrote about the construction of almshouses in all provinces for the crippled, “who cannot work.” In 1701, Peter I issued decrees providing for the appointment of some of the poor and sick "feed money" and the placement of the rest in the "households of the Holy Patriarch of the almshouse." In 1712, he demanded the establishment of hospitals everywhere in the provinces "for the crippled, who are not able to earn a living by labor, and for the hospitals to be for the care of the orphans, the poor, the sick and the crippled, and for the most elderly people of both sexes."

The legislative acts of Peter I concerning the social protection of the disabled were primarily aimed at the charity of military personnel. Thus, the instructions and charters of the army and navy of that time contained the obligation of the state to provide assistance to the wounded at the expense of the state budget. In 1710, Peter I gave the order to “treat the wounded from the treasury” and give them “full pay”. The opening of the first invalid home in Russia for crippled soldiers is associated with the name of Peter I. Moreover, regarding the seriously wounded officers and soldiers in 1720, it was established that the completely helpless of them were treated and "fed in the hospital until death."

Catherine II, on the basis of the “Institution on the provinces” adopted in 1775, in 33 provinces of Russia, orders of public charity were created, which, along with other cares, were entrusted with the creation and maintenance of almshouses in each 26th diocese “for male and female, poor and crippled who have no food."

As a result, by 1862, a certain system of social assistance institutions was taking shape, which included medical institutions (hospitals, asylums for the insane), educational institutions (educational homes, orphanages, schools for children of clerical workers), institutes for boarders, local charities communities and institutions of charity. The latter included almshouses, nursing homes, homes for the terminally ill.

Attempts to carry out certain social and protective measures in relation to the disabled took place in the reign of Alexander I. Among the numerous areas of social assistance of the "Imperial Humanitarian Society", created in May 1802, the leading place was occupied by charity distorted by nature (cripples, deaf-mutes, blind, etc.). e.) with the provision of free or cheaper apartments and food to those in need, the restoration of health to those who are ill. So in 1908, under the auspices of the Society, 76 almshouses functioned, in which the poor of both sexes numbered 2147 people.

Disabled soldiers were taken care of by the public organization Committee for Assistance to Wounded Soldiers, founded by Alexander I in 1814 and later called the Alexander Committee. The “Committee” appointed pensions and maintained military almshouses, the most famous of which are the Chesme almshouse in St. Petersburg and the Izmailovsky almshouse in Moscow. The almshouses were designed to accommodate 1,000 retired military personnel.

A great contribution to the cause of social assistance to the disabled was made by the city self-government bodies of pre-revolutionary Russia - city dumas and city district guardianships, created in accordance with the "City Regulations for All Cities of Russia" in 1870 by the government of Alexander II. The activities of district guardians were originally aimed at open charity, at direct assistance to those in need (the issuance of cash benefits and in kind). However, with the development of a network of almshouses and other charitable institutions of a closed type, guardians tried to arrange lonely petitioners - mostly helpless and sick people - in almshouses, invalid homes, etc.

Private philanthropists and patrons also contributed to the social protection of people with disabilities. So, P.P. Pomian-Pesarovius In 1813, for the first time, he published a weekly newspaper of historical and political content, The Russian Invalid, in Russian and German, the income from the distribution of which was supposed to help the most needy invalids of the war of 1812. By 1814, the capital from the newspaper reached 300 thousand rubles. rubles, and by 1815 - 400 thousand rubles. Of these funds, 1,200 disabled people received a permanent allowance. By 1822, the capital, increased by expanding the publication of the newspaper, which became a daily newspaper, reached 1 million 32 thousand rubles. .

After the turning political events of October 1917, which led to the establishment of Soviet power, the new government, represented by the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), immediately began to implement the program of the Bolshevik Party in relation to the needy categories of the population, and primarily citizens with disabilities.

Already on November 13, 1917, on the sixth day of its existence, the Council of People's Commissars included among the first events and decrees of the Soviet government the official government announcement "On Social Insurance". This document stated: “The workers’ and peasants’ government ... notifies the working class of Russia, as well as the urban poor, that it will immediately begin issuing decrees on the policy of social insurance on the basis of workers’ insurance slogans: 1) extending insurance to all workers without exception, as well as the urban and rural poor; 2) extension of insurance for all types of disability, namely in case of illness, injury, disability, old age, motherhood, widowhood and orphanhood, as well as unemployment; 3) the imposition of all insurance costs entirely on employers; 4) reimbursement of at least full earnings in case of disability and unemployment; 5) full self-government of the insured in all insurance organizations. According to the Government report on social insurance, which laid the foundation for the formation of a system of social assistance to the disabled in Russia, the pension of the disabled increased from January 1, 1917. 100% at the expense of the pension fund.

In 1919, the legislation on the social protection of disabled people was supplemented by the Regulation "On the social security of disabled Red Army soldiers and their families." As a result of government measures to organize the state social security system during 1918-1920. the number of pensioners and families of Red Army soldiers who used benefits increased significantly. If in 1918 105 thousand people received state pensions, in 1919 - 232 thousand, then in 1920 the number of pensioners in the RSFSR was 1 million people, including 75% were former military personnel. Compared with 1918, the number of families of Red Army soldiers who used state benefits increased in 1920 from 1 million 430 thousand to 8 million 657 thousand. At the same time, there were 1800 institutions for the disabled, which contained 166 thousand people.

During the years of the recovery period, in line with the new social protection policy, the Soviet government adopted a number of regulations. According to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the social security of the disabled" (December 8, 1921), all workers and employees, as well as military personnel in the event of disability due to occupational disease, work injury, general illness or old age, received the right to a disability pension.

On the basis of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of May 14, 1921, peasant committees of mutual assistance were created, which provided social assistance to those in need in the form of benefits, loans, plowing fields and harvesting, financial support for schools, hospitals, orphanages, providing them with fuel, etc. Already in the first During the months of their activity, the Mutual Aid Committees provided significant support to disabled people in need. In 1924, the monetary fund of the peasant committees amounted to 3.2 million rubles, in September 1924 - about 5 million rubles.

Based on the experience of the activities of the Peasant Committees of Public Mutual Assistance, a system of peasant mutual aid societies later arose. In September 1925, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the "Regulations on Peasant Mutual Assistance Societies." The regulations obligated these societies to carry out social security for the disabled and all the poorest sections of the village, to "assistance" state bodies in equipping, maintaining and supplying disabled institutions, hospitals, and free canteens located on their territory. To solve these problems, funds were partially allocated from state social security agencies. In the second half of the 1920s, about 60 thousand peasant mutual aid societies operated in the RSFSR, their funds exceeded 50 million rubles.

Gradually, the peasant mutual aid societies are being replaced by mutual aid funds of collective farmers. Their existence was legislated by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on March 13, 1931. It approved the "Regulations on the Funds of Public Mutual Assistance of Collective Farmers". This regulatory document gave the cash desks the right to provide financial and in-kind assistance in case of illness and injury. According to the regulation on the funds of public mutual assistance of collective farmers, they were supposed to be engaged in the employment of disabled people. In 1932, these funds employed only in the RSFSR in various jobs on collective farms, as well as in the workshops organized by them 40 thousand disabled people. Along with this, public mutual aid funds opened homes for the disabled, medical aid centers, etc.

The provision of pensions for disabled workers was streamlined in the Regulations of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars (March 1928). The size of pensions was established depending on the group and cause of disability, work experience and wages. Since 1961, the competence of the Ministry of Social Security of the RSFSR began to include the payment of pensions, the provision of medical and labor expertise, employment and vocational training for the disabled, their material and household services, etc.

To implement the procedure for establishing disability, a special organizational and structural institute was created - a medical and labor examination, initially as a component of insurance medicine. The formation of insurance medicine was based on the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of November 16, 1917 on the transfer of factories and factories to the sickness funds of medical institutions. The emergence of insurance medicine, in turn, determined the need for a medical examination of working capacity in the social insurance system. Medical control commissions (VKK) were created at the sickness funds. In the first period of its existence, the VKK had the function of checking the correctness of the diagnoses of the attending physicians, determining temporary incapacity for work, and examining permanent disability.

The decision of the Council of People's Commissars of December 8, 1921 introduced the so-called "rational" six-group system for establishing disability: Group I - a disabled person is not only not capable of any professional work, but also needs outside help; Group II - a disabled person is not capable of any professional work, but can do without outside help; Group III - a disabled person is not capable of any regular professional work, but can to some extent earn his livelihood by casual and light work; Group IV - a disabled person is not able to continue his previous professional activity, but can switch to a new profession of lower qualification; Group V - a disabled person is forced to abandon his former profession, but can find a new profession of the same qualification; Group VI - the continuation of the previous professional work is possible, but only with reduced productivity. This classification of disability was called “rational” because instead of the percentage method, it introduced the definition of working capacity, based on the ability for a disabled person, depending on the state of health, to perform any professional work or work in his former profession. Thus, the principle of determining the severity of dysfunction in a patient and comparing them with the requirements of professional labor imposed on the body of a worker began to take hold. The rational core of the six-group system was, first of all, that, by recognizing disability even among persons with a slight decrease in working capacity (groups VI, V, and partly IV), it gave them, in the then existing unemployment, the opportunity to get a job and use certain benefits provided by the state to disabled people. Only the disabled of the first three groups had the right to pension provision. However, the six-group classification could not fully meet the requirements for the examination of working capacity in the conditions of the industrialization of the economy, the elimination of unemployment and the high demand for labor. One of the fundamental defects of medical expertise was the lack of a scientific and methodological base.

The most important factor that determined the entire further development of medical and labor expertise and social policy in relation to the disabled was the replacement in 1923. six-group to three-group disability classification. According to it, the disabled were divided into three groups: I - persons who have completely lost their ability to work and need outside care; II - who have completely lost the ability to professional work, both in their own and in any other profession; III - incapable of systematic work in their profession in the usual conditions for this profession, but retaining residual working capacity sufficient to apply it: a) not at regular work, b) with a reduced working day, c) in another profession with a significant decrease in qualifications .

The replacement of the six-group classification by the three-group one was carried out not mechanically - by eliminating groups 4, 5 and 6, to which pensions were not assigned, but by significantly revising the wording of disability groups, first of all, group 3, which actually included the criteria of the liquidated group 4 - the ability to work "in another profession with a significant reduction in qualifications. Thus, persons who actually retained their ability to work ceased to be recognized as disabled, and on the other hand, persons with limited ability to work began to belong to the 3rd group, in which the disabled received a pension

This three-group classification of disability, which already in the thirties played a significant role in streamlining the medical and labor examination, exists with some changes to the present.

In the early 60s. A number of documents were adopted (the Law on State Pensions of July 14, 1956, the Law on Pensions and Allowances for Collective Farm Members of July 15, 1964), which significantly influenced the improvement of pensions for disabled people. Free medical care, free education and other benefits provided at the expense of public consumption funds to the entire population of the Soviet Union were equally the property of the disabled. These goals were also served by the state system of employment of disabled people, allowing them to work at their request in conditions that are not contraindicated for them for health reasons. During this period, for the first time, a unified legislation was created on state pensions paid both at the expense of social insurance funds and at the expense of state appropriations, under the system of social security bodies. This unified legislation covers all types of pensions, including disability pensions, assigned to workers, employees, persons equated to them, students, military personnel of privates, sergeants and senior officers in military service, members of creative unions, some other citizens, as well as family members of all these categories of workers.

In 1965, there was an equalization of legislation in relation to collective farmers and the establishment for them of the same legal norms that had previously been extended to workers and employees. By 1967, a unified procedure for disability pensions was established for all socio-professional categories of citizens and a unified procedure for medical and labor examination, which was in force until 1990.

Since the mid-70s, we can talk about the emergence and development of a new state form of social services, namely, social and consumer services for the disabled at home. To be enrolled in home care, a number of documents were required, including a certificate from a medical institution confirming the absence of chronic mental illness at the stage of a pronounced defect or profound mental retardation; tuberculosis in an open form; chronic alcoholism; venereal and infectious diseases, bacteriocarrier. The boarding house, which was entrusted with serving citizens at home, was supposed to provide the following types of services: 1) delivery of products according to a previously developed set once or twice a week (if possible, delivery of a hot lunch and semi-finished products for breakfast could be organized once a day and dinner) 2) washing and changing bed linen at least once every 10 days, for which the boarding school allocated three sets of linen for each person served; 3) cleaning of residential premises and common areas; 4) delivery of medicines, payment of utility bills, delivery of things to the laundry and dry cleaning, shoes - for repair.

In parallel, there are services to provide social assistance to disabled citizens with special structural units. Such structural subdivisions were the departments of social assistance at home for single disabled citizens, which were organized under the district departments of social security. Their activities were regulated by the "Temporary regulation on the department of social assistance at home for single disabled citizens." The provision stipulated that, in addition to the already traditional types of social and domestic assistance, social workers had, if necessary, to provide assistance in maintaining personal hygiene, fulfill requests related to postal items, assist in obtaining the necessary medical care, and take measures to bury dead single clients. The services were provided free of charge. A social worker, who is part of the staff of the social assistance department, was supposed to serve at home 8-10 single disabled people of 1-2 groups.

Departments were created in the presence of at least 50 disabled people in need of home care. In 1987, a new normative act introduced some changes in the activities of social assistance departments. Basically, the changes concerned the organization of departments of social assistance at home. The contingent of persons subject to home care was more clearly defined, and it was also provided that persons receiving a maximum pension pay a fee of 5 per cent of the pension. Enrollment in home care was carried out on the basis of a personal application and the conclusion of a medical institution about the need for such care.

In 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the concept of the State Policy for the Disabled and the Law "On the Basic Principles of Social Protection of the Disabled in the USSR." The law established that the state creates the necessary conditions for individual development, the realization of creative and productive opportunities and abilities of this category of the population. Local authorities and governments were obliged to provide disabled people with the necessary conditions for free access and use of cultural and entertainment institutions and sports facilities. Despite their declarative nature, these documents contained very progressive ideas, the main of which was the transfer of the center of gravity from passive forms of support to the rehabilitation and integration of disabled people into society. If implemented, these approaches could significantly change the situation of persons with disabilities. However, they were not ratified in the RSFSR, and further events in 1991 dramatically changed the socio-economic and political situation in Russia.

1.2. Characteristics of the main areas of social assistance and protection of disabled people in Russia and abroad in modern times

On December 26, 1991, in connection with the aggravation of the socio-economic situation in the country and the deterioration of the financial situation of poor citizens, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On additional measures for social support of the population in 1992” was issued, according to which republican and territorial social support funds were formed the population, the procedure for the targeted direction of humanitarian assistance and the creation of territorial services for urgent social assistance were determined. In accordance with this Decree, by order of the Minister of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation dated February 4, 1992, the “Regulations on the Territorial Emergency Social Assistance Service” were approved. This document determined the content of the work of this service, which was intended to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of citizens in dire need of social support by providing them with various types of assistance, including food, medicines, clothing, temporary housing and other types of assistance. The persons who could use the emergency social assistance service included: single citizens who have lost their livelihood, single disabled people and the elderly, minor children left without the supervision and care of their parents or persons replacing them, large and single-parent families, etc.

The Decree of the President "On measures to create an accessible living environment for the disabled" dated October 2, 1992 initiated the transformation of the environment, taking into account the needs of the disabled. In Russia, standard rules have been developed that take into account the needs of people with disabilities in the construction of housing and the construction of social infrastructure. However, the most important obstacle to the implementation of this direction is the lack of a mechanism obliging to take appropriate measures.

In 1993, an attempt was made to adopt a Russian law on the social protection of disabled people, but again, due to well-known political events, this draft law was considered only in the second reading by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and was not finally adopted.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), which proclaimed Russia a social state, provides for the creation of conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of each person, guarantees disabled people equal rights and freedoms with other citizens. At the present stage, this has become one of the most important tasks of the state and its health authorities, social protection of the population, education, employment, culture, physical culture and sports.

By the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 16, 1995 “On the Federal Comprehensive Program “Social Support for the Disabled”, this program was approved. However, this program was not implemented on time, as a result of which, on August 13, 1997, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Decree “On the extension of the deadlines for the implementation of federal targeted programs included in the federal comprehensive program “Social Support for the Disabled”.

On August 4, 1995, the Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens” was issued, and on December 10, 1995, the Federal Law “On the Basics of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation” was issued. They became the basis of the legislative framework in the field of social protection of the population. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 25, 1995 approved the list of state-guaranteed social services that were provided to elderly citizens and the disabled by state and municipal social service institutions. Among them are such types of assistance as material, sanitary and hygienic and socio-medical, advisory, etc. Thus, the state has defined the subjects of mandatory assistance, the types of services that it guarantees to this category of those in need.

Cardinal changes in the state policy towards the disabled were supposed in connection with the adoption in 1995 of the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation". This Law defines the state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people in Russia, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in exercising civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation. In accordance with this law, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have adopted legislative normative legal acts and comprehensive targeted programs over the past years that ensure the implementation of state policy in relation to persons with disabilities, taking into account their level of socio-economic development.

This Law of 1995 incorporated all the progressive norms of the social laws of foreign countries and international documents. Thus, the formal legislation in Russia was as close as possible to international standards and acquired a progressive methodological basis.

However, it should be noted that the provisions of the law do not carry norms of direct action; they lack a mechanism for implementing the declared obligations of the state to persons with disabilities, including the lack of clarity in matters of their financial support. These circumstances significantly hampered the implementation of the Law and required a number of Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, new by-laws and regulatory materials: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 1, 1996 "On measures to ensure state support for disabled people", Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1996 " On the Procedure for Recognizing Citizens as Disabled”, a new Regulation on Recognizing a Person as Disabled and an Approximate Regulation on Institutions of State Medical and Social Expertise. In contrast to the Instructions for determining disability groups of 1956 that were in force until that time, the new Regulation determined that a person is recognized as a disabled person during a medical and social examination based on a comprehensive assessment of his health status and the degree of disability. Previously, the basis for establishing a disability group was a persistent disability, which led to the need to stop professional work for a long time or significant changes in working conditions. The new provision provides for an assessment not only of the state of working capacity, but also of all other spheres of life. Thus, according to the Regulations, the grounds for recognizing a citizen as disabled have been expanded. These include: 1) a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects; 2) limitation of life activity (complete or partial loss of the ability of a person to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, study or engage in work activities); 3) the need to implement measures of social protection of a citizen. At the same time, however, the presence of one of these signs is not sufficient to recognize a person as disabled.

Depending on the degree of impairment of body functions and limitation of life activity, a person recognized as a disabled person is assigned I, II or III disability group, and a person under the age of 16 is assigned the category "disabled child".

The main distinguishing feature of the new package of laws and social policies in relation to persons with disabilities was their reorientation to active measures, among which the most important is given to programs for the rehabilitation of the disabled . The development of individual programs for the rehabilitation of disabled people in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" is within the competence of institutions of medical and social expertise. An individual rehabilitation program is, in our opinion, a real step for a disabled person on the way to improving health, raising professional status, and accessibility of a social environment. Thus, it is precisely in the rehabilitation direction that the significant difference between the activities of the new institutions of medical and social expertise (Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise - BMSE) and the previously functioning VTEK lies.

By the end of the 20th century, the traditional state policy regarding the disabled and disability, based on the theory of their exclusivity and focused mainly on medical care, meeting the material and everyday needs of the disabled, lost its effectiveness.

In society, in the state, among the disabled themselves, an approach is becoming increasingly recognized, according to which the problems of disabled people should be considered in the aspect of restoring broken ties between the individual and society, meeting the needs for the social development of the individual, and integrating disabled people into society. At the same time, the policy in the field of relations between the state and the disabled must be consistent with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law. Among them, a special place belongs to the “Standard Rules for Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities”, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 20, 1993, which are based on the experience gained during the United Nations Decade of Persons with Disabilities (1983-1992).

The Standard Rules are the main international document that fixes the cornerstone principles of the socio-cultural life of people with disabilities in society. They contain specific recommendations to states on measures to remove obstacles that complicate the participation of persons with disabilities in public life, on the one hand, and to ensure an adequate attitude of society towards the problems of persons with disabilities, their rights, needs, opportunities for self-realization, on the other.

According to the Standard Rules, the rehabilitation process is not limited to the provision of medical care, but includes a wide range of measures, ranging from initial and more general rehabilitation to targeted individual assistance.

The principle of equality of rights implies that the needs of all exclusionary individuals are of equal importance, that these needs should form the basis of social policy planning, and that all means should be used in such a way that everyone has an equal opportunity to participate in society.

One of the main tasks of socio-economic development is to provide all persons with access to any spheres of society. Among the target areas for creating equal opportunities for people with disabilities, along with the availability of education, employment, social security, the sphere of culture was also identified. The Standard Rules, in particular, establish that States should ensure that persons with disabilities, both in urban and rural areas, have the opportunity to use their artistic and intellectual potential not only for their own benefit, but also to enrich the culture of society. Examples of such activities include choreography, music, literature, theatre, plastic arts, painting and sculpture.

States are encouraged to promote the accessibility and use of cultural and educational institutions such as theatres, museums, cinemas and libraries, to use special technical means to increase the access of persons with disabilities to literary works, films and theatrical performances. The Standard Rules also recommend other equal opportunity measures for persons with disabilities. Among them are: information and research, policy development and planning, legislation, economic policy, coordination of activities, activity of organizations of persons with disabilities, training of personnel, national monitoring and evaluation of programs related to persons with disabilities.

Describing the state of the problem of social protection of persons with disabilities abroad, it is important to note that the main formalized criteria by which the policy of states in relation to persons with disabilities is assessed are the following parameters: 1) the presence of an officially recognized policy in relation to persons with disabilities; 2) the existence of special anti-discrimination legislation in relation to persons with disabilities; 3) coordination of the national policy on persons with disabilities; 4) judicial and administrative mechanisms for the implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities; 5) presence of non-governmental organizations of disabled people; 6) access of persons with disabilities to the exercise of civil rights, including the right to work, to education, to found a family, to privacy and property, as well as political rights; 7) availability of a system of benefits and compensations for disabled people; 8) accessibility of the physical environment for a disabled person; 9) accessibility for the disabled person of the information environment.

According to UN experts, in most countries, general legislation is used to protect people with disabilities, that is, people with disabilities are subject to the rights and obligations of citizens of the state. UN experts believe that special legislation that ensures equal access of persons with disabilities to general legislation is a stronger legal instrument.

In general, the effectiveness of social policy in relation to persons with disabilities also depends on the scale of disability in the country, which is determined by many factors, such as the state of health of the nation, the level of health care, socio-economic development, the quality of the ecological environment, historical heritage, participation in wars and armed conflicts and etc. However, in Russia all of the above factors have a pronounced negative vector, which predetermines the high rates of disability in society. Currently, the number of people with disabilities is approaching 10 million people (about 7% of the population) and continues to grow. Since this trend has become especially noticeable in the last six years, it can be argued that if such rates are maintained in Russia, there will be an increase in the total number of disabled people, and especially the entire population of retirement age. Therefore, the Russian state should not ignore the problem of disability, given its scale and the unfavorable direction of the relevant processes.

As a retrospective historical analysis of the development of social assistance to people with disabilities in Russia shows, social work in its modern sense is often identified with social services for people with disabilities who need support. The transformation of the disabled person into a separate object of activity of social service workers had a positive effect not only on expanding the range of tasks of social work, but also on the introduction of its new directions. Thus, it is not enough and wrong to talk only about social services for the disabled. Social work with this category of citizens has absorbed the methods and techniques used by psychologists, psychotherapists, teachers and other specialists in contact with the fate of people, their social status, economic well-being, moral and psychological status. From a theoretical standpoint, social work can be viewed as a penetration into the need sphere of a disabled person and an attempt to satisfy it. In accordance with the broader task of social work on the interaction of a social worker with the environment of a person with a disability, a social worker should: influence social policy and social protection policy for people with disabilities; seek links between organizations and institutions providing social assistance and support to persons with disabilities; encourage organizations to take care of people with disabilities; promote the expansion of the competence of people with disabilities, as well as the development of their abilities in terms of solving life problems; help people with disabilities access resources; promote interaction between individual persons with disabilities and those around them; promote the organization of cultural and leisure activities for disabled people.

"Disabled person - in the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation" - a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions caused by a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life and necessitating social protection"

"Restriction of life activity, - explanations in the same law, - is a complete or partial loss of a person's ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, communicate, control their behavior, study and work"

The degree of limitation of life activity is the amount of deviation from the norm of human activity due to a violation of health.

Social insufficiency - the social consequences of a violation of health, leading to a limitation of a person's life and the need for his social protection or assistance.

These structural elements make it possible to reveal the essence of the causes of disability.

Disability is a serious medical and social problem, relevant not only for Russia, but also for the world community. According to international data, today people with disabilities make up about 10% of the total population of the Earth. Not all of them receive the necessary social assistance and can participate in the full life of society.

Instruction

The most serious problem is the violation of the integration of disabled people in society. Often people with disabilities are maladjusted, children with disabilities suffer from insufficient socialization. The reasons for this problem lie in the insufficient adaptability of the environment for comfortable living and functioning of people with different degrees of disability.

At the moment, in the Russian society, there are practically no favorable conditions for the disabled, there is no affordable opportunity to move around the city. Access to most social infrastructure facilities is difficult. Even ordinary urban transport for most people with limited mobility becomes an insurmountable obstacle.

In society, there are no skills to communicate with people with disabilities, the culture of this communication is not formed, there is no opportunity for comfortable employment. The problem of the majority of disabled people with intact intelligence is that their ability to work is not realized. Persons with disabilities are not provided with employment opportunities in accordance with the characteristics of their life. This leads to a low property status, lower social status, a certain level of social discrimination.

The problem of accessibility of the environment is especially relevant for children with disabilities. Their knowledge of the surrounding world is forcedly limited, which often leads to violations of individual development, the inability to fully reveal the potential of the child, the inability to reveal his abilities. The lack of full communication with peers also adversely affects the development of a child with disabilities.

Disadaptation and the lack of the possibility of full participation in the life of society leads to serious problems of a personal and psychological nature. Often people with disabilities feel alienated from the world, they are isolated from society, their social circle is extremely limited. There are many psychological and emotional problems: uncertainty about the future, low self-esteem, lack of faith in one's own abilities, a sense of infringement in rights and one's own inferiority.

The task of modern society is to move towards creating the most comfortable environment, adapted not only for ordinary people, but also for people with disabilities. At the moment, a disabled person has to adapt to society. In fact, society itself must create favorable conditions for the life and development of disabled people. It is necessary to enshrine at the legislative level the equal rights of disabled people and ordinary people, to create all opportunities for the realization of these rights and the full participation of a disabled person in the life of society.

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The term "disabled" goes back to the Latin root ("valid" - effective, full, powerful) and in literal translation can mean "unsuitable", "inferior". In Russian usage, starting from the time of Peter I, such a name was given to military personnel who, due to illness, injury or injury, were unable to perform military service and who were sent to serve in civilian positions. Peter tried to rationally use the potential of retired military men - in the system of state administration, city security, etc.

It is characteristic that in Western Europe this word had the same connotation, i.e. applied primarily to crippled warriors. From the second half of the XIX century. the term also applies to civilians who also became victims of the war - the development of weapons and the expansion of the scale of wars increasingly exposed the civilian population to all the dangers of military conflicts. Finally, after the Second World War, in line with the general movement to formulate and protect human rights in general and certain categories of the population in particular, there is a rethinking of the concept of "disabled", referring to all persons with physical, mental or intellectual disabilities.

Today, according to various estimates, on average, almost every tenth inhabitant in developed countries has one or another health limitation. The classification of specific types of limitations or disabilities as disabled depends on national legislation; consequently, the number of persons with disabilities and their proportion in the population of each particular country may differ significantly, while the level of morbidity, loss of certain functions in countries that have reached a certain level of development is quite comparable.

The Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" provides a detailed definition of disability.

Disabled person- a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limited life activity and causing the need for his social protection.

Limitation of life activity is expressed in the complete or partial loss of the ability or ability of a person to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work activities.

Thus, in accordance with internationally recognized criteria, disability is determined by deviations or disorders in the following areas.

Blind, deaf, dumb, people with limb defects, impaired coordination of movement, completely or partially paralyzed are recognized as disabled due to obvious deviations from the normal physical condition of a person. Disabled persons are also recognized as persons who do not have external differences from ordinary people, but suffer from diseases that do not allow them to function in various spheres of life in the same way as healthy people do. For example, a person suffering from coronary heart disease is unable to perform heavy physical work, but mental activity may be quite within his power. A patient with schizophrenia can be physically fit, in many cases he is also able to perform work related to mental stress, but during the period of exacerbation he is not able to control his behavior and communication with other people.

At the same time, the majority of disabled people do not need isolation, they are able to lead an independent life on their own (or with some help), many of them work in ordinary or adapted jobs, have families and support them on their own.

The systemic understanding of disability presented by WHO departs from its narrow interpretation, which emphasized occupational limitations and the ability (inability) to work. The presence of disability and the degree of inferiority is considered as an indicator of disorders in regulating the relationship of a disabled person with his social environment. At the same time, the analysis of social practice shows that there are people who have a disorder of communication and social behavior, maladjustment and social marginalization are not associated with health problems. Such individuals (of deviant behavior) also need social rehabilitation, however, in order to organize specialized assistance, it is necessary to distinguish between marginalized people who have difficulties in the field of social adaptation, based on sociopathy or behavioral disorders, and people with psychosomatic deviations.

All disabled people but for various reasons are divided into several groups:

according to the age - disabled children, disabled adults;

the origin of the disability invalids from childhood, invalids of war, invalids of labor, invalids of a general disease;

general condition - invalids of mobile, low-mobility and fixed groups;

degree of working capacity - able-bodied and disabled people, disabled people of group I (incapacitated), disabled people of group II (temporarily disabled or able-bodied in limited areas), disabled people of group III (able-bodied in sparing working conditions).

Criteria for determining first group of disability is a social insufficiency that requires social protection or assistance due to a health disorder with a persistent, significantly pronounced disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a pronounced limitation of any category of life activity or a combination of them.

Criteria for establishing second group of disability is a social insufficiency that requires social protection or assistance due to a health disorder with a persistent pronounced disorder of body functions caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects leading to a pronounced limitation of any category of life activity or a combination of them.

Criteria for determining third group of disability is a social insufficiency that requires social protection or assistance due to a health disorder with a persistent slight or moderately pronounced disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a mild or moderately pronounced limitation of any category of life activity or their combination.

Thus, for our country, the problem of providing assistance to people with disabilities is one of the most important and relevant, since the growth in the number of people with disabilities acts as a steady trend in our social development, and so far there is no data indicating a stabilization of the situation or a change in this trend.

Provisions on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities are also contained in many international instruments. The integrative of them, covering all aspects of the life of persons with disabilities, are the Standard Rules for Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, approved by the UN in 1994.

The philosophy of these rules is based on the principle of equal opportunity, which assumes that persons with disabilities are members of society and have the right to remain in their communities. They must receive the support they need through the regular systems of health, education, employment and social services. There are 20 such rules in total.

Rule 1 - deepening understanding of problems

Rule 2 - medical service.

Rule 3 - rehabilitation.

States should recognize that all persons with disabilities who require assistive devices should be able, including financially, to use them. This may mean that assistive devices should be provided free of charge or at such a low cost that persons with disabilities and their families can afford them.

The following rules form the standards regarding the removal of barriers between the disabled person and society, the provision of additional services to persons with disabilities that would allow them and their families to realize their rights.

Thus, in the field of education, states have recognized the principle of equal opportunities in primary, secondary and higher education for children, youth and adults with disabilities in integrated structures. Education for the disabled is an integral part of the general education system. Parents' groups and organizations of the disabled should be involved in the education process at all levels.

A special rule is dedicated employment - States have recognized the principle that persons with disabilities should be able to exercise their rights, especially in the field of employment. States should actively support the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the free labor market. Such active support can be provided through a variety of activities, including training, incentive quotas, reserved or targeted employment, loans or subsidies to small businesses, special contracts and preferential production rights, tax incentives, contract guarantees, or other forms of technical or financial assistance to enterprises employing disabled workers. States should encourage employers to take reasonable steps to create appropriate conditions for persons with disabilities, to take measures to involve persons with disabilities in the development of training programs and employment programs in the private and informal sectors.

Under the income support and social security rule, states are responsible for providing social security to persons with disabilities and maintaining their income. States should take into account the costs often incurred by persons with disabilities and their families as a result of disability, and provide financial support and social protection to those who take care of the person with a disability. Welfare programs should also stimulate the efforts of persons with disabilities themselves to find work that would generate income or restore their income.

The Standard Rules on Family Life and Personal Liberty provide for the possibility for persons with disabilities to live with their families. States should encourage family counseling services to include appropriate services related to disability and its impact on family life. Families with disabilities should be able to use patronage services, as well as have additional opportunities for caring for people with disabilities. States must remove all undue barriers to individuals wishing to either adopt a child with a disability or provide care for an adult with a disability.

The rules provide for the development of standards that ensure the involvement of persons with disabilities in cultural life and participation in it on an equal basis. The standards provide for the adoption of measures to provide persons with disabilities with equal opportunities for recreation and sports. In particular, states should take measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to places of recreation and sports, hotels, beaches, sports arenas, halls, etc. Such measures include support for recreational and sporting staff, projects to develop methods for access and participation of persons with disabilities, information and training programs, promotion of sports organizations that increase opportunities for the participation of persons with disabilities in sports activities. . In some cases, such participation is sufficient merely to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to these activities. In other cases, it is necessary to take special measures or organize special games. States should support the participation of persons with disabilities in national and international competitions.

In the area of information and research, States are required to collect regular statistical data on the living conditions of persons with disabilities. Such data can be collected in parallel with national population censuses and household surveys, and in particular in close collaboration with universities, research institutes and organizations of persons with disabilities. This data should include questions about programs, services, and usage.