Congenital and acquired deformities of people. The Horrors of Human Birth
VIEWING IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR THE NERVOUS AND PREGNANT PEOPLE!
All the exhibits presented in this hall are real children, they are not dummies, not rubber dolls.
The exposition, which is presented to you today, has been collected in various regions of Russia, in the republics of the former Soviet Union. The oldest exhibits are about 50 years old, and the latest are about 2 years old.
Since ancient times, deformities have evoked fear and curiosity among superstitious people, and have attracted attention. In one Egyptian sarcophagus, a mummy of a human freak with an underdeveloped brain was found. In the deep past different countries freaks were treated differently. For example, in Sparta and Athens, newborn freaks were killed, in Europe, the Inquisition sentenced women who gave birth to freaks to be burned at the stake for having a connection with the devil. And in countries like ancient india, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome often endowed gods and demigods with various deformities.
The exhibits presented at the exhibition are based on the teachings of the famous Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch.
Sirenomelia (Latin sirenomelia; other Greek σειρήν - siren + μέλος - part of the body, limb) (syn.: mermaid syndrome, simpus, siren) - an anomaly of development in the form of fusion lower extremities. The limbs grow together in such a way that they become like a fish tail, and the child himself looks like a mermaid or a siren (hence the name). Also often there are no external genitalia, underdeveloped gastrointestinal tract and not perforated anus.
Front defect abdominal wall. The defect of the anterior abdominal wall at the base of the hernial sac may be 10 cm or more in diameter. The size of the defect is not always proportional to the size of the hernial protrusion.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (lat. osteogenesis imperfecta) - group genetic disorders. One of the diseases of brittle bones. People with OI either have insufficient amounts of collagen, or its quality is not up to standard. Since collagen is an important protein in bone structure, this disease results in weak or brittle bones.
Congenital malformations of the face - cleft lip and palate - have a common name " cleft lip"And" wolf's mouth. "The cause is most often an infectious disease transferred by the mother in the first 3 months of pregnancy viral disease. Even if the infection was mild and the woman did not attach any importance to it, the consequences for the child can be very unpleasant.
Fruit of parents of alcoholics.
Exencephaly is a deformity in which the brain or part of it is placed outside the skull, forming a kind of hernia. The brain can partially exit the skull either in the occipital, or in the frontal, or in the parietal region, or, finally, lie almost entirely outside the skull. In humans, cases were observed when the entire brain lay outside the skull on the back, covered from above only thin layer skin. Such freaks are not tenacious and die before birth or shortly after birth.
Spina bifida is a condition in which part of one or more vertebrae does not fully develop, resulting in a segment spinal cord remains unprotected.
Hydrocephalus (from other Greek ὕδωρ - water and κεφαλή - head), dropsy of the brain - a disease characterized by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system of the brain as a result of difficulty in moving it from the place of secretion (the ventricles of the brain) to the place of absorption in circulatory system(subarachnoid space) - occlusive hydrocephalus, or as a result of impaired absorption - aresorptive hydrocephalus.
The fruit of parents of drug addicts
For the first time in Kovrov in the best traditions of the Cabinet of Curiosities of Peter I. Exhibition "Tragedies of human birth" in the city museum on the street. Abelman, house 20.
Ticket price:
120 rub. - adults;
100 rub. - children (from 7 years old), students and pensioners;
80 rub. - for groups of 10 people.
Contact phone numbers: 8 930 743 41 27,
2-27-51.
The exhibition is open daily from 10 am to 7 pm.
Malformations (synonymous with developmental anomalies) is a collective term for deviations from normal structure organism due to a violation of intrauterine or postnatal (less often) development.
The most important of the malformations are congenital malformations, formed in the prenatal period. under the term " birth defects" should be understood as persistent morphological changes that go beyond the variation in the structure of a normal organism.
The term "malformation" is broader - a developmental disorder not only in utero, but also postnatally (dental defects, open ductus arteriosus).
"Deformity" should be called such a congenital defect that disfigures part or all of the body and is detected during external examination. It is better not to use this term in relation to living people.
Rice. 3. Absence big brain: Rice. four. Complete absence, limbs
With malformations that are compatible with life, their early diagnosis is important, since some of them can be corrected. surgically. Prevention of malformations should be carried out in line with the protection of a pregnant woman from harmful to the fetus external influences- see Antenatal protection of the fetus.
Malformations (synonym: developmental anomalies, deformities) are violations prenatal development, deviations from the normal structure of the body.
The science that studies deformities is called teratology (from the Greek teras, teratos - freak, deformity). The terms "deformities" and "malformations" are used as synonyms, but sometimes the mildest degrees of malformations are called developmental anomalies, and the most severe (usually accompanied by disfigurement of the appearance) - deformities. In the vast majority of cases, malformations are a consequence of embryopathy (see), occasionally fetopathy (see). Modern teaching about the etiology and pathogenesis of malformations arose on the basis of the success of embryology, genetics and experimental teratology.
For every thousand births, there are on average about 10 children with malformations. Among the perinatally dead, according to pathoanatomical data, malformations are recorded in 8.5 - 14% of cases.
Malformations can be manifested by the absence of an organ (agenesis, aplasia), its underdevelopment (hypogenesis, hypoplasia) or overdevelopment (hypergenesis, hyperplasia), closure of a canal or opening (atresia, such as atresia anus), fusion of organs or members (syndactyly; horseshoe kidney), preservation of embryonic structures (Meckel's diverticulum, open ductus arteriosus, many forms of congenital heart defects), non-closure of embryonic fissures (cleft lip, spine), displacement of organs or tissues, etc. In one
twins may be missing a heart, head, or limbs.
Connected double malformations occur in identical twins during early gastrulation by bifurcation of the end of the embryo or by the fusion of two embryos. Each malformation can occur only in a certain (so-called critical) period of embryogenesis, when the corresponding organ is formed (Fig. 5). When exposed to any hazards on the embryo, such a period, according to E. Schwalbe, can become a teratogenetic termination period.
The etiology of malformations is various. There are two main groups of etiological factors.
BUT. Genetic factors(burdened heredity, over-ripening of the germ cells of the parents, disorders of the chromosomal apparatus of the germ cells due to the age of the parents, etc.). At the core hereditary defects development lies mutation (see) germ cells of ancestors; it can be caused by ionizing radiation and chemical influences. Over-ripening of sex marks is a long-term (up to two days) presence of an egg or sperm in the genital tract of a woman, where these cells can be damaged. There are indications that older parents are more likely to have children with malformations; this is determined by violations of the chromosomal apparatus of the germ cells of the parents.
B. Factors directly affecting developing embryo(fetus); physical (radiation, mechanical, thermal), chemical (hypoxia, hormonal discorrelations, malnutrition, teratogenic poisons) and biological (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), as well as mental trauma mothers, indirectly causing harm to the embryo (fetus).
Of the physical factors, ionizing radiation has the greatest teratogenic value. Even small doses of radiation can sometimes cause a teratogenic effect. Mechanical damage embryo (fetus) are most often observed with amniotic adhesions. Thermal effects in the experiment, even short-term, also have a teratogenic effect.
From chemical influences highest value has hypoxia arising from different reasons. From hormonal disorders leading to malformations, diabetes is the most studied. Hormonal drugs received by the mother during pregnancy, malnutrition (lack of vitamins, essential amino acids, trace elements) can also lead to malformations. In the experiment, trypan blue proved to be a constant teratogenic agent. Recently installed the same effect sedative tolidamide. The teratogenic effect of many other chemical agents, including drugs (in particular, some antibiotics), has also been described.
Various biological agents can also cause malformations. Tperr (N.M. Gregg, 1941) and other authors described malformations associated with maternal diseases in early phases pregnancy viral infections(rubella, measles, mumps). Bacteria and their toxins, apparently, can cause malformations only indirectly, causing changes in the mother's body. The teratogenic effect of protozoa, in particular toxoplasmosis, is debatable.
The mother's mental trauma can cause hormonal changes in her, and this can ultimately lead to malformation. In this case, the pathogenetic “chain” can be as follows: fright (or prolonged negative emotions) → hyperadrenalinemia → embryonic ischemia → malformations.
The same malformations can be caused both genetically and by the influence of the external environment on the embryo (fetus).
Treatment. With some malformations (atresia, stenosis, adhesions, preservation of embryonic structures, etc.), surgical intervention may be effective.
Prevention. Social transformations of society, erasing class, property, racial and religious differences, expand the circle of persons entering into marriage, which helps to reduce the number hereditary diseases, including malformations. Genetic counseling can play a big role in preventing such diseases. A pregnant woman should be protected in every possible way from possible teratogenic effects, especially in the first three months of pregnancy, and ensured good nutrition. X-ray studies should not be carried out during this period; you need to beware of medications that can damage the fetus, and contact with patients, especially viral infections.
Malformations individual bodies- see articles on these bodies.
Incredible Facts
This list will tell about ten unfortunate people suffering from severe deformities.
Some of them with modern medicine were able to live a more or less normal life.
Some of the stories are tragic, others are hopeful. Here are ten shocking stories:
Human deformation
10 Rudy Santos
Man is an octopus
Attached to Rudy's pelvis and abdomen another pair of arms and legs, belonging to his brother, whom Santos devoured while in the womb. Also on his body is an extra pair of nipples and an undeveloped head with an ear and hair.
Rudy became a national celebrity while traveling as part of a freak show in the 1970s and 1980s. Then he earned about 20,000 pesos per day, being the main "attraction" of the show.
It was then that he got his stage name - "octopus". Rudy was likened to God and women lined up just to stand next to him or take pictures with him.
Oddly enough, Rudy disappeared from the screen in the late 1980s and eventually has been living in poverty for more than ten years. In 2008, two doctors examined him to see if he could survive after surgery to remove unwanted body parts.
9. Manar Maged
two-headed girl
Less than a year later, Manar herself died due to a brain infection, the development of which was provoked as a result of complications that arose after the operation.
Unusual people of the world
8. Minh Anh
The boy is a fish
Ming An is a Vietnamese orphan who was born with an unknown skin disease, due to which his skin massively flakes off and forms scales. His condition, as expected, was triggered by a special chemical (Agent Orange), used by the US military during the Vietnam War.
This condition is associated with constant overheating of the body, so it becomes extremely inconvenient for a person to “wear” the skin without regular showering. The same orphans orphanage They called him "fish".
Ming used to be abused by staff and other children living in orphanage. They tied him to the bed and prevented the boy from taking a shower to "take off" the old skin.
When Min was just a child, he met Brenda, a 79-year-old resident of the UK. Now she travels to Vietnam every year to see him. Over the years, the woman came to the boy and became his good friend.
Brenda did a lot to improve the boy's life in the orphanage. She convinced the staff not to tie him up when the next attack started, she also found him a friend who goes swimming with the child every week, which is now Min's favorite pastime.
7. Joseph Merrick
Elephant Man
Probably the most a famous person on this list is Joseph Merrick, the elephant man. Born in 1836, the Englishman became a London celebrity and later gained fame all over the world.
He was born with Proteus Syndrome, a condition that causes unusual growths of tissue on the skin that cause the bones to deform and thicken.
Joseph's mother died when the boy was 11 years old, and his father abandoned him. Thus, he left home as a teenager, then worked in Leicester, and later became a showman. He was extremely popular and at the peak of his popularity received his stage name: "elephant man".
Due to the size of his head, Joseph had to sleep sitting up. His head was so heavy that he could not sleep lying down. One night in 1890, he tried to escape into the kingdom of Morpheus "like everyone normal people", and sprained his neck in the process.
The next morning he was found dead.
The most unusual people
6. Didier Montalvo
Turtle boy
Didier was born in Colombian countryside with congenital melanocytic virus, which contributes to the fact that birthmark grows at an incredibly fast pace throughout the body.
As a result of this disease, the birthmark became so large that covered Didier's entire back. Peers nicknamed Didier "turtle boy", because the incredible size of the "mole" was very similar to a turtle shell.
Apparently Didier was conceived during an eclipse, because locals considered it "the work of the devil." For this reason, he was prevented from interacting with other children and banned from attending the local school.
When British surgeon Neil Bulstrode learned of Didier's problem, he headed to Bogota, where operated on the child and completely removed the ill-fated "mole".
When the operation was performed, the boy was barely six years old. It was a real success, because the specialists were able to remove the entire birthmark. After the operation, Didier was admitted to school, he began to live a normal and happy life.
People with an unusual appearance
5. Mandy Sellars
Mandy Sellars from Lancashire, UK, was diagnosed with the same diagnosis as Joseph Merik - Proteus syndrome. This resulted in Mandy's legs becoming incredibly huge, with a total weight of 95 kg and a diameter of 1 meter.
Her legs are so big that she orders herself specially equipped shoes, which cost about $4,000. She also has a personalized car that she can drive without the help of her legs.
The tumor mass was completely removed after the first operation, the other three were sent for facial reconstruction. The operations were successful and a few weeks later José was on his way to Lisbon.
People with the most unusual abnormalities
2. Dede Koswara
Man is a tree
Dede Koswara is an Indonesian man who most suffers from a fungal infection called epidermodysplasia verruciformes of his life. It causes the growth of large, tough fungal growths that look very similar to tree bark.
Over time, Dede became extremely uncomfortable using his limbs, they became so large and heavy. The fungus grows throughout the body, but manifests itself mainly on the arms and legs.
In 2008, Dede underwent a course of treatment in the United States, as a result of which 8 kg of warts were removed from his body. After that, a skin graft was made on the face and hands. Unfortunately, as a result of the operation, it was not possible to stop the growth of the fungus, so another surgical intervention was performed in 2011.
There is no cure for Dede disease.
1. Alamjan Nematilaev
A fetus in a fetus is an extremely rare developmental anomaly that occurs once in 500,000 newborns. The reasons for this anomaly are unknown, but many scientists believe that it occurs on early stages development of pregnancy, when one embryo is literally "enveloped" by another.
In 2003, the school doctor noticed that the child's stomach was very swollen and sent him to the hospital. Doctors examined him and concluded that the patient had a cyst. On the next week the boy was operated on, and, to everyone's surprise, a child weighing two kilograms and 20 centimeters long was found in Alamyan's stomach.
The doctor who performed the operation noted that the boy looked as if he was six months pregnant. The boy's parents believe that the development of such an anomaly was provoked as a result of radiation after the Chernobyl disaster, but experts rejected this idea.
Alamyan fully recovered from the operation, but to this day he does not know that his twin was growing inside him.
- Congenital malformations. These are violations in the formation of organs, tissues or limbs, which lead to a violation of their functioning, during the first two or three months of pregnancy.
- congenital deformity. This is damage to a part of the body associated with mechanical actions on tissues during pregnancy. So, for example, the wrong position of the fetus can lead to deformation thoracic or legs.
- Congenital genetic diseases . These are diseases associated with the genotype of the fetus. They may appear during the first cell division(trisomy 21, for example) or a mutated gene may be passed on to the child from one or both parents.
- Congenital diseases associated with external factors. They occur under the influence of various maternal diseases on the fetus: infections (rubella, toxoplasmosis), intoxication (alcohol, antiseptic preparations, anticoagulants, anticancer drugs).
If today there are less and less severe congenital malformations that are not detected during intrauterine ultrasound examinations, then at the first pediatric examination or during the stay in the maternity hospital, it often happens to notice minor deviations from the norm.
Positional anomalies
Varus foot is a slight deformation caused by wrong position fetus. It is revealed at birth.
An inward-turned foot is more or less easy to straighten by hand. The orthopedist will regularly perform the necessary manipulations, and in case of a significant curvature, he will impose a splint. All this will make it possible to correct the anomaly in the very first weeks after the birth of the child.
In some cases, a more significant deformation may occur, which is called horse foot and which may require more than difficult treatment(starting from a plaster boot and ending with surgical correction).
congenital curvature of the foot(foot turned outward) caused by mechanical pressure in the prenatal period of life. In order to correct this minor deformity, it is enough to apply a small splint and conduct several sessions of foot stimulation.
This anomaly appears due to the abnormal position of the fetus during pregnancy and no consequences for further development does not have a child.
Usually, congenital torticollis found in the first days or weeks after birth. It is expressed in the fact that the baby's head is always tilted in an unnatural way in the same direction (for example, to the right), and it is very difficult to turn the newborn's head in the other direction.
This is due to contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck. It will feel hard to the touch, and there may be 2-3 small hardenings (knots) in it. As a rule, the help of a massage therapist is required to restore the muscle.
The newborn's head must be moved carefully. In addition, toys should be hung from the side opposite to that to which the baby's head is tilted, so that the newborn himself gently develops the muscle (from 2-3 months of age).
Skin anomalies
Angioma is a minor tumor affecting the capillaries (small superficial blood vessels skin). Usually it is about benign education which disappears in the first years of life.
Angioma looks like a red spot, sometimes unevenly colored, most often located either on the back of the head, or on the eyelids, or at the base of the nose. There are also relief angiomas, which can be placed on any part of the body. Finally, we can talk about a very extensive flat angioma (it is also called " wine stain”), which occupies a significant part of the face. AT rare cases there are also volumetric angiomas, which can compress the area of the body on which they are located.
No matter how ugly an angioma looks, as a rule, it turns out to be quite simple. medical supervision. Only in very rare cases, compressive angiomas are an indication for treatment.
Mongolian spot- This is a bluish spot located, as a rule, in the lower back, found in children from the Mediterranean regions (the spot is called Mongolian because it is probably of Asian origin). It disappears within a few years.
Birthmark(nevus) is dark spot, which can be located on any part of the body and have any size. If the nevus is very large, you should consider the possibility of removing it surgically in the future.
Anomalies of the genitourinary system
At the first pediatric examination of a boy, it is very important to make sure that both testicles have descended into the scrotum. It may happen that in a newborn, only one testicle descended into the scrotum, while the other was delayed; in this case they talk about monarchism. If the testicle is palpable in the groin, i.e., at the base of the thigh, then often in the next few days it falls into place.
If during the first year of the baby's life the spontaneous movement of the testicle does not occur, it is possible at the age of about one and a half years or to carry out hormonal treatment to help move the testicle, or to perform surgery.
Often, a pediatrician immediately after the birth of a child notices that either the entire scrotum is enlarged, or one side of it is larger than the other. Through the thickness of the liquid, you can feel a completely normal scrotum. it hydrocele, or dropsy of the testicles. In other words, this excess amount fluid not removed from the membranes that make up the scrotum. The volume of the hydrocele is constantly changing, and eventually it will resolve.
A hydrocele may not appear immediately after birth, but in the first months of life or even after several years.
It is very important to monitor the hydrocele. In some cases, if dropsy does not disappear by the end of the child's first year of life, surgery may be required.
hypospadias- this is a fairly rare anomaly in the location of the external opening of the urethra ( urethra) in boys. As a rule, the head of the penis is more or less open, excess skin is formed at its base and there is an opening located on bottom surface(at the base of the head). It is very important to follow how the child urinates, because there may be two holes: one gives urine, the other, as a rule, turns out to be non-through. Depending on how serious the deviation is, at the end of the first year of life, but more often at about one and a half years of age, 1-2 surgical operations.
An anomaly of the glans penis in no way calls into question the future sexual possibilities of your child. It's about about a purely aesthetic problem.
Renal anomalies
Often, even in the prenatal stage of development, it is possible to detect an expansion of the excretory cavities of one or both kidneys. In this case, it is very important to confirm or not confirm this diagnosis in the first weeks after the birth of a child. If the pelvis is very much dilated, we can talk about the syndrome of the pelvis-ureteral anastomosis, i.e. about narrowing of the urethra preventing the flow of urine.
A slight expansion of the pelvis in a normal kidney (shown by ultrasound) should not cause concern and does not require anything other than ultrasound observation.
Cardiac anomalies
Coarctation of the aorta systematically determined by probing the femoral pulse (beating of the femoral vessels). The absence of a femoral pulse indicates the need to determine by means of ultrasound heart, whether there is a narrowing of the aorta at the exit from the heart. In fact, if the aorta is narrowed, it cannot provide good blood circulation. In this case blood pressure falls, which explains the absence of a femoral pulse. As a rule, coarctation of the aorta is corrected with surgery.
Immediately after birth or towards the end of the stay in the maternity hospital, a newborn is often found systolic murmur in the heart. Sometimes the murmur that was heard at the first pediatric examination disappears in the following days. Those noises that were detected during the child's stay in the maternity hospital often indicate the existence of a heart defect. Most often this is a defect. interventricular septum. At good health child in the near future, this diagnosis should be clarified by ultrasound.
Parents are always worried if a baby has a systolic heart murmur, but with medical point it poses no danger to the eye. And if a child pink skin and he sucks well emergency assistance not required.
Anomalies of the digestive tract
The absence of a stool in an infant or uncontrollable vomiting indicates possible anomalies digestive tract. They are usually detected in the first days after birth. It may be about neonatal obstruction requiring surgical assistance.
Neurological anomalies
Often in newborns in the first days, and sometimes in the first weeks of life, slight shiver(sometimes referred to as trembling of the chin or limbs). This is quite a common occurrence.
After difficult births, some newborns have a lowered tone (their normal tone is restored within 24-48 hours), which does not affect their development in the future. In other newborns, on the contrary, the tone is increased at first, but this also does not matter for normal development child.
Whatever diseases or anomalies are identified or appear shortly after the birth of a child, it is very important that parents are made aware of this and receive the necessary explanations.
As a rule, in most cases, there are healthy babies. But it also happens that a child is born with pathologies, which causes concern and anxiety for parents. We will figure out what are the most common pathologies of newborns.
There are a variety of anomalies in the development of the fetus, which are almost impossible to list. But there are pathologies that are more common than others, and we will talk about them.
Inguinal and umbilical hernia
The incidence of dysplasia in newborns is quite high.
If the baby is born with congenital dislocation hip, then the doctor repositions it, and then, at least for several months, imposes special fixed orthoses - stirrups. If this is not enough, then the child may be shown an operation. Fortunately, in most cases it is possible to cure dysplasia quickly enough without surgery.
hare lip
This congenital defect is manifested by external deformity, problems in the nutrition of the newborn and the development of speech, but the general psychosomatic development of the child usually does not suffer from this.
Fortunately, today the cleft lip is not an unrecoverable problem - in the first few weeks of the crumbs, he undergoes an operation that will remove this defect.
Cleft palate
This congenital deformity, which is a splitting of hard and soft palate in which there is communication between the oral and nasal cavities. This is a rather rare pathology with which 0.1% of newborns are born in the world.
This defect is also eliminated surgically. If the operation is carried out qualitatively, appearance the child will not be significantly affected - there will be a few inconspicuous thin scars.
Polydactyly
This is a pathology in which an extra finger is present on the arms or legs of a newborn child. The frequency of such an anomaly is very high - about every three hundredth crumbs.
This defect is eliminated very quickly - the simplest surgical operation, which lasts only a few minutes, a small rehabilitation period, and there will be no trace of an extra finger. Although many parents prefer to leave things as they are.
Congenital heart disease
One of the most serious pathologies are congenital heart defects. They can be very different, but all are associated with abnormal formation of the heart septum.
The treatment of such a pathology directly depends on its severity. If the defects are not very significant, the doctor may decide to simply observe the baby, and with age, the baby simply outgrows such a birth defect. But babies with serious defects will have serious surgical operations. But, fortunately, today such operations in most cases are very successful.
It's important to know: 
It is possible to predict the birth of a baby with a pathology using ultrasound during pregnancy. But to prevent it, unfortunately, it is impossible. But do not get upset ahead of time, because in most cases, children with the described pathologies live a full life.
Remember that before making any decision regarding the treatment of a child, it is worth listening to the opinions of at least two different specialists. In addition, do not forget about the need to visit the same genetics doctor.
