Mushroom farm business plan in the countryside. Mushroom farm - the idea of ​​​​your business at minimal cost. How champignons are grown: Video

Many people think about their own mushroom farm. Growing champignons at home for beginners is a responsible and time-consuming task, but not difficult. It does not require large investments, especially if mushrooms are planned to be grown for personal use, and not as a business.

How to create a mini-farm for growing champignons at home

Mushrooms are the undisputed leaders in popularity because they have high taste and are easy to grow. mushrooms need specific growing conditions. Best fit cellar and cellar. You can create the necessary conditions in the garage, shed and even on the balcony!

Room requirements:

1. Mushrooms are susceptible to various diseases, so the room should be as clean as possible which can be disinfected. The floor must be concrete. Earth floor is not suitable!
2. Champignons can develop in total darkness. Therefore, lighting in the cellar is only needed to serve the culture.
3. The cellar should be good air ventilation. This is due to the fact that the decomposition of compost releases a lot of carbon dioxide, which must be eliminated.
   Indoors insects must not enter. Therefore, the windows are equipped with mosquito nets, and the ventilation pipes are tightened with a fine mesh to prevent access by insects.
   in the cellar there should be no draft. If you plan to grow a large crop, you will have to equip forced ventilation and install air purification filters. At least 3 m³ of air is needed for every 1 m² of beds. Without these measures, the harvest will not be due to the defeat of fungi by diseases.
4. For culture there are rigid air humidity conditions– 85-90%! To control the humidity in the basement, you need to hang a hygrometer. If the humidity is insufficient, carry out spraying the substrate from a spray bottle. If it is too high, the room is ventilated.
5. The hardest thing with temperature regime. In each growing season, champignons need to provide different temperatures of air and compost. For the germination of mycelium, in the first 2 weeks, an air temperature of 24-25 ºС and a compost temperature of 26-27 ºС are needed. If the substrate overheats, the room need to ventilate. After the appearance of fruiting bodies, the air temperature is reduced to 16–17 ºС.

Champignons can grow all year round, but for this the room must be heated. To reduce labor costs, the cellar is equipped with two rooms. In one, a higher temperature is maintained for the germination of mycelium, and in the other, a lower temperature. Boxes with mushrooms are transferred there for fruiting.

Preparing the premises and growing the crop

Before growing champignons, disinfection of the premises is mandatory. It is carried out in the following ways:

• Wall and ceiling whitewashing lime with copper sulfate.
• All surfaces spray with 4% formalin solution.
• Chlorophos treatment mandatory from insects if vegetables and fruits were previously stored in the room.
• Fumigation sulfur flask.

After processing the room ventilate.

Mushroom seedlings are mycelium. The simplest growing technology:

	Purchase a bag of ready-made mushroom compost. It is convenient when it is packed in thick cellophane. Make a rectangular hole on top of the bag.
	Lay a layer of peat on top of the compost. Moisten the substrate with water from a spray bottle. After 12-14 hours, the mycelium threads from the compost begin to move to the top layer of peat.
	This is the easiest option, when the mycelium is already in the compost, it remains to create optimal conditions for growing mushrooms.

There is a more difficult way when the compost is prepared by yourself. The basis of the substrate is horse straw manure. The concept of "straw" means that the animal should not eat green grass, but hay and straw.

There are many recipes for preparing a substrate for mushrooms, depending on their variety. What specific composition is needed can be found in the information provided when buying mycelium (on the label, packaging, etc.).

Typical composition of the substrate:

• Horse straw manure with a humidity of 40-45% - 850 kg.
• Superphosphate-13 kg.
• Gypsum-18 kg.
• Ammonia saltpeter- 8 kg.
• Urea- 3 kg.

Process compost maturation lasts 20-25 days.

If it is not possible to purchase straw manure, they take ordinary manure and add straw to it. For 100 kg of manure, 50 kg of chopped winter straw are needed.

Substrate preparation process

Straw is soaked for a day in warm water. It is mixed with manure and left to ferment for 3-6 days. When the temperature of the mixture rises to 40-60 ºС, it is stirred (perebivka is carried out). At the same time, superphosphate, gypsum, urea and ammonium nitrate are added, according to the recipe. Rebuffing is carried out every 2-5 days, as a result they should turn out 4-6. After the last mixing, the substrate is allowed to warm up to 60 ºС. As a result of preparation, the pungent ammonia smell disappears from the finished compost. It is laid out in landing boxes. When the substrate cools down to 24–25 ºС, mycelium is sown into it, planting it to a depth of up to 10 cm.

Any business is a type of income that almost every one of us aspires to. At present, every person wants to be financially independent and earn a living in the activity that is of the greatest interest. After all, otherwise the work will seem like hard labor. In this connection, a business such as a mushroom farm can become a good income.

In favor of this, statistics can be cited, according to which a third of the total population living in Russia prefers to feast on mushrooms. At the same time, some go on an independent search for them, but most of them visit markets or shops to save time, where mushrooms have already been collected and it remains only to pick them up, however, for a certain amount. Moreover, the consumption of these products increases every year by 20-25%.

Reason for the high demand

The increasing demand for mushrooms is due to several reasons. First of all, it is worth noting their low cost, compared with seafood or meat products. As for the benefits, they are in no way inferior to the mentioned products in terms of the content of nutrients useful for the human body.

Due to the content of a large amount of protein and minerals (potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium and other substances) in products, one can understand how relevant such a business as a home mushroom farm is. Oyster mushroom, champignon, shiitake - all these mushrooms are just a real warehouse for our body.

Tellingly, dried mushrooms are absorbed by people in a better way than fresh ones. And due to the presence in the composition of unsaturated fatty acids, salt deposits do not occur on the walls of blood vessels.

Advantages and disadvantages of doing business

What are the positive aspects of the mushroom business? First of all, this is a small amount of initial contributions, which does not happen with every business. Other significant benefits are:

• not seasonal;
• high percentage of profitability;
• ever-increasing demand in the Russian market;
• harvest can be harvested every week;
• one substrate can be used up to three times.

In addition, if the farm, you do not have to spend a lot on renting a room.

Unfortunately, this activity also has its drawbacks. One of these is the complex sale of products for wholesale buyers. It is also not easy to maintain the necessary conditions for the proper development of fungi.

What is to be implemented?

Often, those who are faced with the need to open their own business are wondering what can be sold or what services can be provided. Considering in this case the example of a mushroom farm, we can distinguish several market segments in which products can be supplied in the following form:

• fresh:
• frozen;
• canned.

Sometimes the market can be supplemented with dried mushrooms. According to A. V. Khrenov, General Director of the School of Mushroom Growing, the Russian market is filled with fresh products by about 22%; 28% falls on canned mushrooms. The remaining 50% is frozen food.

In favor of such a business as a mushroom farm, it is worth citing some interesting data received from a large supplier. Back in 2004, the domestic market was filled with 15,000 tons of frozen mushrooms, and the total amount of useful product was 30,000 tons. Although market experts give other figures - 60 thousand tons. And the most developed segment is represented by frozen mushrooms, the demand for which increases by 30% year by year.

At the same time, the total consumption of mushrooms for the whole of 2003 amounted to almost 500 thousand tons, which is equivalent to the consumption of at least 3 kg of this product by each person. For comparison, in the United States, there were no more than 2.5 kg of mushrooms per capita. Thus, it gives rise to reflection on what exactly can be marketed.

Where to begin?

Any entrepreneurial activity, including a farm, is not complete without a competent business plan. Thanks to him, you can determine the important stages through which you should go. A plan for the cultivation and further sale of mushrooms may include several important steps, during which it is necessary:

• purchase seed;
• prepare the substrate (raw materials);
• directly grow mushrooms;
• sell goods.

It is also necessary to resolve the issues of equipment selection, hire staff and take into account a number of other equally important points. However, let's not get ahead of ourselves and try to consider this type of business from all sides.

The legal side of the issue

Before starting to move on to active actions, it is necessary to regulate the legal side of the business. Since mushrooms are food products, some issues should be settled with the state before the mushroom farm opens. This business requires the registration of its activities and the provision of data to the tax service. You can act as an individual entrepreneur, according to the OKVED code - A.01.12.31. After that, you need to choose a tax system. In this case, it will be enough to choose a single agricultural tax.

Next, you need to visit several structures. For starters, you can go to the fire inspectorate for a permit. Next, you need to confirm the quality of the products, for which it is necessary to send a batch of mushrooms for analysis. If everything is in order, the laboratory issues a quality certificate with which you can start your own business.

It is only necessary to draw up a number of documents, one of them is a license that gives the right to sell mushrooms. Another document is the phytosanitary certificate. Also, it does not hurt to get instructions for storing and transporting products.

Raw material selection

An extremely important stage of the business is the selection of raw materials from which the mushrooms of the mushroom farm are grown. For this purpose, mycelium is used, or, as it is also called, mycelium. This basic seed can usually be purchased at almost any mushroom farm. However, if you already have experience, then you can grow it on your own.

When purchasing the so-called licensed seed, first of all, you need to make sure of its quality. A good mycelium is white in color, emits a pleasant mushroom smell and does not have any spots on it. It will not be superfluous to ask the seller about the availability of a license, which he must have.

The second necessary raw material is the substrate - it is on it that mushrooms grow. It can also be made by yourself. To do this, straw (wheat, rye, barley), flax pit and corn stalks can be included in the composition. And in order for the mushroom farm to produce more yield, you can add the following components:

• sawdust;
• shavings;
• tree bark;
• chaff and other household waste.

When making the substrate yourself, the main thing is to make sure that the raw materials used are environmentally friendly. Otherwise, you can suffer large crop losses, and the quality of mushrooms due to the presence of various chemicals will leave the best.

Buying a ready-made substrate from different manufacturers, you can be sure that up to 2 kg of mushrooms can be grown from 10 kg of raw materials. Of course, subject to all the necessary conditions for their cultivation. It is only worth taking into account that such an amount of substrate is equal to the cost of 1 kg of mushrooms at a wholesale price.

Champignons and oyster mushrooms

Before you open your business, you need to know its specifics. The mushroom farm is no exception; champignons are distinguished by increased requirements for development conditions. For the substrate on which mushrooms will be grown, it is best to use wheat straw. First, it must be well dried, chopped and soaked in water. Since straw perfectly absorbs it, the following proportion should be taken: 2.5 parts of liquid per 1 part of straw. After that, you need to add manure to the wet straw or leave the compost to mature. This usually takes two weeks, and special aerated containers are used to allow air to enter.

Such compost is ideal for growing a rich crop of champignons and oyster mushrooms. But due to the laborious work on its creation, it is not used for the latter, since it is possible to get by with a simpler option - a substrate.

room

Finding and choosing the right premises is important for a business like a mushroom farm, champignons require optimal conditions for development. Already experienced entrepreneurs in this business prefer cultivation chambers in which the necessary microclimate conditions are maintained. At the same time, even the level of carbon dioxide content can vary, depending on the stage of development of fungi.

But it is quite possible for novice businessmen to opt for a greenhouse, basement or barn. The selected room must be equipped with ventilation and heating systems. The temperature should be kept in the region of 12-16, but not more than 25 degrees. It is extremely important to ensure a high level of humidity - up to 80 or 90%. For a small room, it is not difficult to maintain it; it is enough to irrigate the bags with the substrate. But if a large-scale production is planned, then one cannot do without air conditioners and air humidifiers.

Also, the construction of a mushroom farm implies the presence of electrical wiring in the premises and an uninterrupted supply of water. You need to take care of removing its excess.

Regarding the dimensions, it is worth considering the scale of production. For starters, you can choose a room with an area of ​​​​15 to 20 square meters. m. However, if in the future it is planned to expand production, then the room must be chosen in advance more spacious. It can be purchased or rented. It all depends on the size of the initial investment. If there is enough money, then it is better to buy the premises immediately, otherwise the rent remains.

In addition to the main working area, it is necessary to provide places for storage and pasteurization of the substrate in the room. To this end, it is better to make separate rooms for convenience.

Equipment

The issue of arranging the premises directly depends on what kind of crop the mushroom farm will grow. Oyster mushrooms in this regard are unpretentious mushrooms, and champignons need certain conditions. With regard to technical equipment, the following equipment should be included in the list:

• refrigerating chamber;
• humidifiers;
• heaters;
• steam generators.

When growing oyster mushrooms, you will also need bags where they will grow. To collect mushrooms, you can use wooden or plastic boxes. Purchased raw materials, especially straw, must undergo heat treatment. For this purpose, steam generators are purchased in which the pasteurization procedure takes place. If there is little natural light in the room, then you should take care of purchasing fluorescent lamps.

Hiring

It is worth noting that mushroom farms in Russia require staff, as one entrepreneur cannot cope with such a business, no matter how hard he tries. And therefore, for the prosperity of the business and in order to avoid losses, it is necessary to think about hiring workers.

There are no special requirements for future staff, since in our country they do not teach the basics of mushroom science. The only prerequisite for hiring employees is that they have a health book. As in any other job, the absence of bad habits, conscientiousness, and honesty are welcome on the part of candidates. If you wish, you can attract a specialist in this field, only his salary will be higher than usual. As an option, offer a percentage of the sale of mushrooms.

How many people will work on the farm depends on the volume of products grown. If the planned volume involves growing up to 50-100 kg of mushrooms per day, then two people will do an excellent job. If the volume is more - 200-300 kg daily, then the staff should be increased to 3 or 4 people.

But these people will work directly with mushrooms. Therefore, it is recommended to hire two workers or one person to prepare the substrate. Another one will deal with sales issues. If an entrepreneur does not understand anything in financial matters, then an accountant should be hired.

Sale of goods

When developing a business plan, it is important to include a point of sale for mushrooms. The main consumers can be found among:

• supermarkets;
• markets;
• wholesale buyers;
• shops;
• restaurants and canteens.

From the point of view of optimal implementation, wholesale buyers are of the greatest interest. This allows you to sell large batches of products, which has a positive effect on profit growth.

But it is worth considering that the wholesale cost is lower than the market price of mushrooms. But, at the same time, the risk of damage to the goods is significantly reduced. And in order to slightly reduce the cost of transporting mushrooms, production facilities should be located in close proximity to the city.

Profitability calculation

The financial part of the plan, which includes expenses and likely income, should also be provided. Costs will include the following:

• Rent - from 12 to 13 thousand rubles / month.
• The cost of raw materials is approximately 80 thousand rubles.
• Salary for workers - 35 thousand rubles / month.
• Utility payments - from 9 to 10 thousand rubles.
• Transportation of raw materials and finished products - from 16 to 17 thousand rubles.

The planned profit, if we subtract the mushroom farm equipment and the listed expenses, will be 300 thousand rubles. per month. If we take into account one-time contributions to the opening of an enterprise, then the payback of the business will take six months.

A business idea for growing mushrooms, namely various varieties of them, such as oyster mushrooms and champignons. This type of income, or for someone just a part-time job, has been quite popular for a long time.

Useful properties of champignons can be listed indefinitely. But fats, minerals and nitrogenous substances and 20 types of amino acids, iron, zinc, phosphorus and potassium should be mentioned. All this has a positive effect on the body and improves immunity. In terms of the amount of phosphorus, mushrooms and seafood are on the same level. This product is ideal for the dieter. He makes up for all the missing substances. It can also be used by people with diabetes.

What is needed for business?

1. Premises. To calculate the exact area, you need to decide on the desired result of the work. The area depends on the volume of products. For example, to obtain 3,000 kg of goods, 100 sq m will be required. To resolve this issue, you can purchase a land plot and equip it, buy a room that was previously used for production purposes or rent it.

2. Mycelium is the spores of fungi that are sold along with the soil. Here you need to be extremely careful. You need to buy soil only from trusted companies that have established themselves as quality suppliers. The first results of the work can be seen in 30-60 days. The assembly of the material is carried out in several stages.

3. Technology. Experienced mushroom pickers use methods for growing mushrooms in boxes, containers or bags. This method greatly simplifies the maintenance process and saves space. For a small farm, a 5-row container arrangement is applicable.

4. Growing conditions. At different stages of growth, a product needs to create certain conditions. For example,

• During the first month after planting, no watering is required. But humidity should not fall below 90%, and temperature 27C.
• After germination, a layer of cover soil is laid out on the soil and watered until the soil becomes wet. But overdoing it is not recommended. Liquid should not accumulate on the surface of the soil. It is desirable to reduce the percentage of moisture content to 80%, and the temperature to 15–17 C.

5. Implementation. This is the main aspect of successful business prosperity. You can sell finished goods in the markets. But this option is suitable for a small number of products. A more profitable option is to sign an agreement on the supply of mushrooms to restaurants, hypermarkets.

6. Finance. Below is a calculation of costs and profits based on two months of work.

• Consumption. It will take about 150,000 rubles to purchase 30 tons of soil and necessary additives, and pay wages. Income. 30 tons of compost produces 6000 kg of finished product. Which is estimated at 600,000 rubles.
• Income. Having made simple mathematical calculations, it turns out that the net profit is 450,000 rubles.

In conclusion, we can conclude that the cultivation of mushrooms, in particular, champignons, is a profitable enterprise. It does not require large financial investments and has a quick payback period. The main thing is to study the technology and maintain the temperature and humidity in the steam ratio.

Photo review. Mushroom farm.

Video: How to sow a mushroom block with champignon mycelium in compost

mushroom farm

Turning the cultivation of mushrooms for sale into a highly profitable business is not so difficult. By creating your own mushroom farm, you will lay the foundations of a mushroom growing business.

Mushroom "farm" at home: how to start working on creating a mushroom farm at home?

Preliminary preparation

The technology for growing mushrooms is not complicated, but requires preliminary preparation. In order to put production on stream, you will need to purchase special equipment and material (mycelium), as well as provide a “farm” for growing mushrooms with a room in which a certain temperature regime and air humidity level will be observed.

room for growing mushrooms. The first thing that a novice entrepreneur should take care of is the preparation of space for doing business. In the case of mushroom cultivation, the basement of a private house, the basement of a garage, or any other space in which a certain level of humidity can be maintained is suitable for these purposes.

Another important point is the purchase of equipment and consumables. In particular, you will need to have:

• autoclave, or its analogues used in the processing of grain;
• machine for heat treatment of the substrate;
• "incubator" for the successful maturation of mushrooms.

Growing mushrooms: from theory to practice

substrate for growing mushrooms. The first step towards creating a mushroom growing business will be the preparation of compost, where the mycelium will be laid - the "mushroom", from which in the future products ready for harvest will appear. Two types of straw obtained from winter and spring wheat are used as the basis for compost. It is important to consider that the purchased raw materials must have a moisture content of no higher than 20%. Make sure that the straw does not have extraneous inclusions, traces of mold or rot. Prepared and crushed compost litter is mixed with bird droppings (in such a way that the measurements of the ratio of nitrogen to carbon correspond to 1:30). The finished compost should remain fairly dry and light, allowing sufficient air flow to the mycelium as it matures.

Before planting the mycelium, the compost is laid out in containers and sprinkled with a mixture of peat and dolomite (chalk, limestone), which provides the planting cover with a moisture content of 70% with an acidity of 7.2 - 7.5%. Watering the nutrient substrate is carried out using a sprayer.

After planting the mycelium, a high humidity level (not lower than 95%) should be maintained in the “incubator” room, good ventilation and temperature conditions should be ensured (on average, the temperature should not fall below 22 degrees in the first two weeks of mushroom ripening, and below 16 degrees in later time).

The prepared room allows the cultivation of mushrooms all year round. The second option for making money on your mushroom farm is to rent it out. Comparing the costs and purchase prices, you can calculate the profitability of growing mushrooms. If you have your own premises, on the premises of which you can organize a mushroom business, you will significantly increase your profits. Perhaps your premises are not used because they cannot be used for other types of business due to humidity or poor lighting - then they can certainly be used to equip a mushroom farm.

Mushroom cultivation and business: reviews

From 1 square meter of land, you can get about 80 kg of mushrooms per year, and potatoes or cucumbers - no more than 6-8 kg. And this despite the fact that mushrooms are much more expensive

What do you think about growing mushrooms? Leave your feedback.

Even in the worst case scenario for traditional farming, farmers will not go anywhere. They just go underground. It is underground that you can build a whole mushroom farm, and harvest all year round, even in the most hungry years.

All the minuses of the basement in the context of growing mushrooms become pluses, and the most important of them is a stable microclimate that is not subject to fluctuations (temperature, humidity, etc.).

Room preparation:

1. Best of all, if the walls and ceiling of the basement are made of concrete

2. The floor, usually earthen, is best cemented or concreted.

3. We whitewash the walls and ceiling with lime to protect our crops from pests.

4. We make ventilation ducts to the surface. If necessary, we mask them (we take them out in the bushes, cover them with hollow stumps, etc.)

5. Again, in order to protect the mushrooms from pests and insects, it is necessary to close the ventilation holes with a mesh with small cells. Outside or inside. And it's better here and there.

6. If the ceiling height allows, we build several tiers (2-3) to increase the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe basement.

That's all. Our cellar is ready for permanent cellar production of mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms, champignons, and many others. Now let's move on to the preparation of the substrate, and, in fact, the cultivation technology itself.

Growing champignons

Substrate preparation

The substrate is a nutrient medium for our fungi, a place for the development of beneficial organisms and useful (for fungi, of course) substances.

Assuming that we have BP on top, or simply existing autonomously, our substrate will not include pesticides and chemicals that are not known where to get it, but will include natural, reproducible components:

It is better to use horse manure, but in the absence of it, the manure of cattle, sheep, pigs, chicken droppings, etc. is also suitable. It should be remembered that in order to get a good substrate, it is necessary to use straw in an amount of 100 kg or more. With less straw, the fermentation process may not start.

For 100 kg of straw, it will be necessary to use 35-40 kg of manure. Before laying the pile, the straw must be soaked for 40-50 hours.

Laying the compost heap

As a rule, a collar for growing champignons is made of arbitrary length (for example, for the entire length of the basement), 1.5-2 meters wide and 2-2.5 meters high.

The thickness of the layers fluctuates around 25-30 centimeters.

Before laying layers with straw, it is additionally moistened, sprinkled with urea (if any) at the rate of 2.5 kg of urea per 100 kg of straw.

Attention: the compost pile is laid only on a concreted surface. Avoid contact with soil. Otherwise, pests will enter our substrate, which will be difficult to get rid of, and which will spoil our mushrooms!

Avoid excessive humidity in the room where the substrate is being prepared. Also, make sure you have good ventilation. Since our composting process is accompanied by the release of ammonia. If the smell appeared - the process has begun. Another indication of the reaction is the temperature (it is higher inside the compost).

The substrate can also be prepared outdoors, but then take care to protect it from rain.

In order for the layers to decompose evenly over their entire area, it is necessary to break down, during which the outer layers are moved inward with a fork, and vice versa. The substrate is broken ten days after the start of composting. After the procedure is repeated 3-5 times at intervals of 5 days.

After 3-4 weeks, our substrate is usually ready. This is evidenced by:

No ammonia smell.

Uniform dark brown color of the substrate

Soft consistency compost

Moderate humidity (drops of water come out when squeezed)

If the water flows straight down when squeezed, this is excessive moisture. Such compost must be spread out in a thin layer and allowed to dry a little.

Layout

After we have prepared the substrate, it must be laid out in wooden or plastic boxes with sides of at least 25-30 centimeters, and with an area that allows to accommodate the volume of the substrate in the amount of 3 square meters. To save space in a limited space, the boxes are best placed on top of each other or in a checkerboard pattern, as shown in the figure.

After stuffing the boxes with compost, the temperature inside it will rise to about 50 degrees. In a couple of days the temperature will drop to 25 degrees. This means that the substrate is ready for the introduction of mushroom mycelium into it.

Mushrooms are not picky mushrooms at all, and do well without lighting, but during the fruitful period they are sensitive to:

drafts

Excess carbon dioxide (lack of ventilation)

Planting and growing

After the substrate has cooled to 22-25 degrees, mycelium is introduced: for this, a depression of 5 centimeters is made over the entire surface of the substrate in a box, at a distance of 20 centimeters, where pieces of mycelium are laid in half the size of an egg. The recesses are covered with substrate. Top with paper, newspapers, to preserve moisture. Newspapers (but not the substrate itself), periodically, lightly spray with water.

This is called the incubation period. At this time, the temperature in the room should be in the region of 22-24 degrees. Stove heating is also suitable. The basement usually retains heat well, so this will not cause much trouble.

Mycelium will develop over the next 15 days. Further, the growing temperature will drop significantly.

After this time, the compost is covered with a three-centimeter layer of cover soil (3-5 percent of which should be chalk). During this period, the room should be high humidity. The top layer is moistened periodically with a sprayer, atomizer, or similar device, the main thing is that the water does not pour in a stream, and that water does not penetrate the compost.

The champignon grows 4-5 weeks after planting the mycelium. In 2 weeks there will be a second harvest. The entire fruiting period lasts about eight weeks. Mushroom picking is a careful twisting of the mushroom (not cutting, as in the forest).

Collected mushrooms are stored at a temperature of 0-4 degrees, about 2 weeks. This is if we are talking about fresh champignons. To increase the shelf life, we use conservation, rolling.

Statistics confirm that three-quarters of the Russian population loves mushrooms. And in order not to go into the forest in search of this product, the majority buys it in the market and in supermarkets. The most popular cultivated mushrooms are champignons and oyster mushrooms, and their cultivation can turn into a profitable business that provides a stable income. Only to implement this idea, you need to draw up a detailed business plan for growing mushrooms for sale.

Business features

The mushroom growing business has many advantages:

• No need for large initial capital.
• Great demand for products (annually it increases by about 7%).
• High level of profitability (from 40%).
• No seasonality.
• Weekly harvest, the ability to use one substrate up to three times.
• Simple requirements for the premises, respectively - low rent.

The disadvantages of the business include difficulties in the sale of large quantities of goods, the need for strict maintenance of the microclimate in cultivation and theoretical knowledge about the characteristics of the growth of mushrooms.

Stages of project implementation

A starting detailed business plan for growing mushrooms should display:

• information about the premises where the mushroom farm will be located;
• list of necessary equipment;
• description of the methods of procurement and procurement of raw materials;
• list of hired employees;
• sales market analysis;
• basic calculations of costs and projected profits.

Registration and Permits

First of all, you must register your business and become registered with the tax service. You can register as an individual entrepreneur according to the main OKVED code - A.01.13.6. Next, you choose the taxation mode. In this case, the single agricultural tax will be the most beneficial.

In addition, you must obtain permission from the fire inspection, and confirm the quality of the goods - for this you will need to send a batch of mushrooms to the laboratory of the sanitary and epidemiological station for examination. As a result, you will receive a quality certificate from SES.

To be able to sell products, the following documents are also required:

• declaration of conformity with GOST;
• radiology protocol;
• phytosanitary certificate;
• instructions for storage and transportation of mushrooms.

Search and preparation of premises

Mushroom growers prefer to use special cultivation chambers with maintained microclimate and microflora. In such rooms, even the level of carbon dioxide changes in accordance with the needs of mushrooms at different stages of development. However, a spacious greenhouse, a basement, a barn, an abandoned factory building, and sometimes even a house or a city apartment will be enough for novice businessmen. The main thing is that the room has heating and ventilation systems that allow you to regulate the required level of humidity and air temperature.

The cost of preparing a room for growing mushrooms depends on the type and characteristics of the culture. If you are going to grow oyster mushrooms, the cost of arranging a cultivation room will be insignificant: this type of mushroom is unpretentious to environmental conditions and feels great with fluctuations in humidity levels, air temperature and room illumination. Mushrooms for reproduction require the stability of the optimal value of the listed indicators.

As for the size of the premises, they depend on the scale of production. Initially, the cultivation area may have an area of ​​15–20 square meters. m. With the expansion of production, the size of the premises will have to be increased. In addition, it is necessary to allocate separate rooms for cold chambers and boxes, for storage of the substrate and its pasteurization.

Necessary equipment

In the business plan for growing mushrooms, if you are not dealing with industrial scale production and do not need special equipment, you will need to make:

• air humidifiers;
• climate control system;
• refrigerating chamber for storing mycelium;
• bags (when growing oyster mushrooms);
• wooden or plastic boxes for picking mushrooms.

Since the substrate for growing mushrooms must be disinfected, it will be necessary to purchase steam generators for the pasteurization of raw materials. If there is not enough natural light in the room due to the lack of windows or their small size, artificial lighting with fluorescent lamps will be required.

Procurement of raw materials

The business plan of a mushroom farm should contain information on the purchase and methods of harvesting raw materials. It includes the mycelium or mycelium of fungi, from which fruiting bodies develop, and the substrate on which they grow. Mycelium can be purchased from specialized biological laboratories, and the substrate can be purchased from farmers. Also, raw materials can be produced on their own.

As a substrate use:

To improve yields, you can add a little to the substrate:

• sawdust;
• shavings;
• chaff and other waste;
• tree bark.

If you are going to make the substrate yourself, pay due attention to the environmental friendliness of the raw materials used. Otherwise, there is a risk of losing a large amount of the crop or insecurity of already grown mushrooms.

Recruitment

To grow mushrooms, even on a small scale, you need to hire staff, as you cannot do it alone. The main requirement for employees is the availability of a medical book. The education and qualifications of employees are not of particular importance, since in our country they do not pay due attention to this industry, and mushroom science is not taught in universities. Therefore, if you want to find a more or less competent specialist, you can involve graduates of biological or agricultural faculties for cooperation. If you manage to find a qualified specialist, you will have to pay him an increased salary, better - a percentage of sales.

The number of employees directly depends on the scale of cultivation. If your plans are to collect 50–100 kg of mushrooms daily, then two workers are enough for this. If you plan to grow 200-300 kg of mushrooms daily, you will need at least three people. For other work, you need to hire a few more employees: one or two - for the preparation of the substrate and one more - for the marketing of finished products. If you do not intend to deal with accounting yourself, hire an experienced specialist.

Sale of goods

An important part of the business plan for growing mushrooms is devoted to the marketing of finished products. The main buyers should be:

• supermarkets;
• small grocery stores;
• market wholesalers;
• restaurants and canteens.

Although the price for wholesale buyers is much lower than the retail one, the sale of goods in large quantities is more profitable, since the risks of damage to mushrooms are reduced.

Approximate costing

The financial section of the business plan includes data on the expenses and expected income of the enterprise. We carried out an approximate calculation for a small enterprise with a staff of five people.

The costs include the following items:

• Renting a room with a greenhouse - about 12 thousand rubles / month.
• Purchase of raw materials - 80 thousand rubles.
• Salaries to employees - 35 thousand rubles / month.
• The cost of transporting raw materials and finished products - 16 thousand rubles.
• Utility payments -10 thousand rubles.

Planned income, net of taxes, is 300 thousand rubles per month. Taking into account one-time expenses before opening the enterprise, we get that the business will pay off in about six months after the start of production.

How champignons are grown: Video