The structure of the genital organs A man comes to a sexologist. - Tell me, doctor, maybe an erection without ejaculation? - Oh sure. What about ejaculation without erection? - Well ... the question is scientifically ambiguous, but I think it's unlikely. - Or maybe there is no erection, no

Hanger for floor brushes Should be titled: duty. I preferred to write "brush rack" to emphasize that the watch won't do anything if we don't at the same time get the guys respect for the broom, rag, slop bucket, dustpan for

Two female states Nature has laid in a woman the opportunity to live in two different modes. One is when her husband is nearby, and she can take care of children, home, be gentle, affectionate and caring. Such a woman monitors her appearance, does not forget to take care of herself. Her always

Lesson 2. Sensations during stimulation of the genital organs of a woman First, the partners repeat the first lesson 1-2 times. Then the man sits down, leaning against the headboard or wall, and the woman sits between his legs with her back to him. Her legs are separated and thrown over the legs of a man.

Lesson 5. Sensations at the contact of the genitals with the presence of the penis in the vagina. When partners reach a certain degree of sexual arousal, the woman sits on the man's knees and stimulates the penis in this position. If necessary, he can

Evaluation of the Internal Genital Organs That sexual arousal may be largely independent of the production of sexual substances is shown by observations of male castrati, in whom the operation sometimes does not impair libido, although the rule is

What does the world know about vaginas? Very little, society seems to pretend that there is nothing at all under women's panties, like a doll.

Even porn and erotic magazines show a vanilla picture that differs from reality in the same way that silicone breasts differ from natural ones. Millions of girls are complex because of the "wrong" structure of their labia and even lie down under the surgeon's knife to correct their imaginary shortcomings.

Elite Daily spoke to a former waxer who has seen hundreds of vaginas in her career. It turned out that there are 5 main types of female labia, which in turn are divided into an infinite number of varieties, each of which is the norm.

1. "Barbie"

This is how most people think of a vagina, but ironically, this type is the rarest.
In Barbie, the inner labia are completely located in the outer labia. Both those and others are on the same level with the pelvic bone.

2. "Curtain"

In this type, the labia minora are located below the labia majora. Depending on the structure of the girl, they can stick out strongly or quite a bit.
This is probably the most common type of vagina, often found in a wide variety of combinations with the other types described below.

3. "Pie"

"Pie" may be very reminiscent of "Barbie", but the difference is that the "Pie" labia are located lower relative to pubic bone. They can be both elastic and full, and thin and a little flabby. Many people think that it depends on the age of the woman, but it is not.

4. "Horseshoe"

In the Horseshoe, the opening of the vagina is wider and higher, thereby exposing the labia minora, but just below the labia majora, as it were, narrow. In this type, the labia minora does not fall below the large ones.

5. "Tulip"

This type of vagina is shaped like a flower ready to open. In this case, the labia minora is slightly exposed along the entire length. Unlike the "Curtain", in which the inner labia hang down, in the "Tulne" they are on the same level with the outer ones.

Source: elitedaily.com

Many men are well aware of the length and thickness of their own penis. It would never even occur to a woman to measure her charms with a ruler in her hands.

Meanwhile, the question of how “it” looks from the outside equally worries both the strong and the weak half of humanity, says Polish sexologist Jerzy Kowalczyk. In his new book, Intimacy Full Face and Profile, he shares his observations on this issue.
main member of the proposal

In his erotic fantasies, a man imagines himself with a very large penis. It is customary to think that any woman dreams of copulating with such a superman. But life shows that it's not just about the scale...

One day a 23 year old man came to see me. Good-looking, a slanting sazhen in the shoulders and a dumb question in his eyes. He complained that his beloved girlfriend for a year, as soon as he took off his trousers, began to smile, saying that she had never seen such a thing. And to the counter question “What is it?” kept silent. I had to ask the guy to undress ... Examination of the genitals did not show anything special. But when an erection appeared, the unexpected happened - the organ almost tripled, reaching 27 centimeters in length and, which is really funny, acquired a curved, as if wavy shape. The guy looked at me like he was waiting for the verdict. I reassured him: “You only have a very large veins". And he himself thought: “What just doesn’t happen!”
There are no two absolutely identical penises in the world!

But any of them consists of a body, a head and a bridle connecting them. By the way, the bridle is equipped the largest number nerve endings and therefore has a particularly acute sexual sensitivity. If a man has not been circumcised, then his head is covered by the foreskin. Color, size, shape, hairiness give an infinite number of variations on the main theme. Despite this, I will try to classify manhood. Three main types predominate in form. The first is cylindrical, when the base and tip of the penis are approximately the same diameter. The second type is pointed, when the base is clearly wider than the head. If the opposite is true, then this is the third species - mushroom-shaped, with a wide head and a narrow base.

The length of the male organs also differ significantly from each other. All those that are longer than 24 centimeters during an erection are included in the giant group. The commonwealth standard includes penises from 16 to 22 centimeters. Fortified bodies are called organs with a length of 8 to 16 centimeters. There are, of course, unique ones - huge, more than 25 centimeters, and very small ones - shorter than 2.5 centimeters. I combined all of them into an extreme group, which is of interest to surgeons, endocrinologists and sexologists.

There is also a fairly large variation in the thickness of the male organ - from 10 to 2.5 centimeters in girth! Respectively classification It is conducted in three simple types: thick, medium and thin.

There are no restrictions in color either, I have seen almost the entire color range of penises - from blue-black to pale pink. The only exception is the yellow-green gamut.

But the testicles do not shine with a special variety. As a rule, the left hangs a little lower than the right. A normally developed testicle is 4-4.5 cm long and 2-2.8 cm wide. The weight of one is from 15 to 25 grams. And yet it happens that the testicles suddenly begin to increase sharply. This happens in some diseases - for example, in elephantiasis. Thus, the testicles have only two classifications - healthy and sick.

flower in bed

I noticed such a strange thing: women often know very well how the husband's genitals are arranged, but in themselves they cannot distinguish the clitoris from urethra. It is these patients who often complain about the lack of sexual satisfaction, irritability. It gives me great aesthetic pleasure to describe the female device, because, firstly, it is beautiful, and secondly, women should know themselves!

A 24-year-old woman came to the appointment with a whole bunch of complaints: her husband is not satisfied, she cannot get pregnant, she is worried about pain during coition and incessant itching in the vagina. Examination and analyzes showed that the woman is practically healthy. I recommended her douches and suppositories to relieve vaginal irritation. But nothing has changed in a week. When asked if all my recommendations were fulfilled, the woman admitted that no, she supposedly was disgusted to do this. I had to spend several sessions of psychotherapy. Because
the woman who does not love her
be and their genitals, can never become happy and healthy ...

The external genital organs of a woman (vulva) consist of the pubis, large and small genital lips, clitoris and vaginal opening. Pubis forms adipose tissue above the pubic bone. Due to the large number of nerve endings, it is often a source of acute sexual arousal. The labia majora are two folds of skin that also contain a lot of adipose tissue. In nulliparous women, they are closely pressed against each other, and in those who have given birth, they are slightly ajar. The labia majora is the main gate of the female womb, protecting it from damage and infections. Small labia, in which there are no fat cells, look like thin flower petals. They have a lot of blood vessels and nerve endings, so when excited, they change color and appear swollen. Small lips converge over the clitoris.

This is an absolutely unique organ, the only task of which is to bring sexual pleasure to a woman.

On average, its diameter is about 0.5 centimeters. When excited, filling with blood, he, like the penis of a man, can increase several times. And finally, an amazing organ - the vagina. Its walls are compressed, and the length is from 8 to 12 centimeters, but as needed, the vagina can double in size, and during childbirth - several times!

In general, we can say: the female genital organs are absolutely individual. Their size, color, location, shapes create unique combinations. But here, too, there is classification. For example, by the location of the vulva. The one closest to the navel is called the "English lady". If it is closer to the anus, then this is a “minx” group, and those who have taken a strictly middle position are called “queens”. Many nations have their names for different sizes of the vagina. So, in tantric sexology there are three main types. The first is a deer (no deeper than 12.5 centimeters). The doe woman has a tender, girlish body, elastic breasts and hips, she is well built, eats in moderation and loves to have sex. The second is a mare (no deeper than 17.5 centimeters). The female mare has a slender body, lush breasts and hips, and a noticeable belly. This is a very flexible, graceful and loving woman. The third type is the elephant (up to 25 centimeters deep). She has large breasts, a broad face, short arms and legs, and a deep, rough voice.

Known poetic comparisons of the vulva in appearance genital lips, which can also be considered a kind of classification: rosebud, lily, dahlia, aster and tea rose ...

Occasionally there is an underdeveloped vagina. Today this congenital pathology fixable: plastic surgery will allow a woman to lead a full sexual life.

What is needed for complete happiness?

Sex is so intimate topic that a person sometimes lacks the courage to speak frankly about his experiences. Many of my patients preferred to endure, tried to figure it out on their own or waited for it to “resolve itself”. And they came when they were already completely desperate or confused. And it happens that a couple of words are enough: “Everything is in order!” So, I am writing for those who are still afraid to come to me - let them read and calm down. The following questions were repeated so often that I remember them by heart ...

Does circumcision affect a woman's sexual experience?

There is no solid evidence that circumcised men are better or worse as lovers than uncircumcised men. The benefits of circumcision relate mainly to penile hygiene.

Is it possible to create the effect of penis enlargement with the help of a “hairstyle”?

Nature itself took care of some men, extending the hairline to the navel in the form of a thin path. If you do not have such a path, I will not recommend hair extensions in this place. A tattoo in the form of a snake or a dragon's tail can have the same optical effect as the notorious path. But I wouldn't recommend this either. I'll try to please you with the fact that your penis is bigger than you think!

It goes deep into the body almost to the anus. Under the prostate it bifurcates like a compass, forming two legs that are attached to the pubic bone. During the next erection, you can check this by pressing your finger on the place between the anus and the scrotum.

How to find your soul mate by external signs?

Folk art in the spirit of “chubby large lips speak of a large penis” or “by the shape of the fingers, nose and something else you can guess the shape of his“ friend ”did not find any serious confirmation. But the most important thing is not this. Need to look for a person
century, not a sexual apparatus! And
only the heart will help you here. All my experience as a sexologist testifies: where there is love, there is harmony, and where it ends, problems begin.

Medical Encyclopedia

Priapism is a prolonged (more than six hours) painful erection of the penis. The syndrome takes its name from ancient greek god fertility of Priapus, who had a huge penis. Ancient physicians treated priapism with leeches. By sucking on the naked head of the penis, they sucked out excess blood. In the history of medicine, there are cases of mass priapism on nervous ground. Yes, during devastating earthquake in Chile in 1960, over six hundred patients were reported with this problem. At the time of the cataclysm, all the affected men were making love, and their psyche simply could not stand the rough intervention of nature in intimate life. A similar picture was observed during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1944.

Strong remedy

If the husband's penis is too small, there are two possible solutions to the problem of sexual disharmony. First: the operation of lengthening and thickening of the penis. Second: try to shrink the vagina. Almost all women who have given birth have overstretched pelvic floor muscles. Helps reduce them. special gymnastics: need to compress pelvic muscles, as if pulling in the anus. It is even more effective to do this with dildos. And the popular device "Persist" allows not only to train the strength of the grip, but also to see the results of training on a special sensor. As a rule, within a few months it is possible to significantly improve orgasmic sensations. Finally, you can solve the problem radically by reducing the vagina with plastic surgery.

orange thickets

See the genitals of the pygmies of the Nua Nua tribe from Central Africa not a single traveler succeeded. Not because the loincloths masked the causal places of the natives. These chaste coverings were replaced by ... unnaturally dense and long vegetation. Some pygmies had hair hanging down to their knees, and had an orange tint. Against the background of the black body of the Africans, they looked more than immodest. It turned out that the Nuai people used a hair growth stimulant, which was extracted from the juice of the leaves of a rare variety tea tree. This juice is also a strong natural dye.

Idols without makeup

The list of "Hollywood's longest penises" walks through the pages of the yellow American press. It was compiled with the informational support of anonymous lucky women who, by the will of fate, ended up in the same bed with a star. For example, this list includes Warren Beatty, whose "penis hangs like a donkey", Sean Connery, who worked as a sitter before his film career and remained in the memory of one artist as "the owner of a surprisingly large organ", and Anthony Quinn, about whom the mistress wrote: "Tony's penis is at least 30 cm, terribly thick, but ugly." Charlie Chaplin, who was proud of his 30-centimeter penis as "the eighth wonder of the world", also got into the obscene list. Here they are, idols!

Casanovas are not born

A survey of men on the topic "Are you satisfied with the size of your own genitals? was recently conducted by the British National Academy of Health. 30 percent of the young men answered that they were satisfied, and 68 percent - that they were very satisfied, because "more than a friend's and generally huge." Men over forty were much more restrained: 70 percent reported that there are larger penises; 27 percent are completely dissatisfied; and only 3 percent did not complain about nature. Many added that compared to their experience, skill and ingenuity, the size of the penis itself means nothing. Scholars are divided. Some thought that the acceleration continues and the young men have become larger, others are sure that young people are simply wishful thinking. And still others stated: Casanovas are not born - they become them.

With this material, we open a series of articles on the anatomical structure of the female body. In this section, we will talk about the internal organs, the structure of the pelvic bones, about the mysterious muscles that help a woman feel like a Woman, about points of pleasure and other anatomical features of a Woman...

FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS

This article uses the following materials:
- Shneerson M.G. Doctor Advise (2005)
- Site materials - www.meduniver.com
- Materials of the site of the gynecologist O.I. Sikirina - www.sikirina.tsi.ru
- Site materials about Man - www.ot0.ru

Surprisingly, it turns out that not all women imagine how the innermost part of their body works. In the book of M.G. Schneeyson "Doctor Advise" (2005) tells funny cases, for example, when. An 18-year-old girl was recommended to inject a medicinal substance into the vagina, and in response to the appointment, she asked in surprise: “But how will I go to the toilet?” The girl was sure that the vagina also performs the function of the urethra. Some women ran to the doctor in a panic, “accidentally” finding the cervix in the vagina, which they took for a tumor.

The genital organs of a woman are divided into external and internal, interconnected by the vagina.

External genitalia accessible to visual inspection. The internal ones can be examined with the help of a gynecological mirror or by specifically engaging in “self-education” (this will be discussed in one of the following articles).

The external genitalia include:

Pubis- it is a triangular platform located in the lowest part of the anterior abdominal wall. With the onset of puberty, the skin of the pubis is covered with hair. The upper border of hair growth is at the same time the upper border of the pubis.
(NB!) By the nature of hair growth, it is possible to determine whether a woman has certain endocrine disorders, which is important for complaints of infertility or menstrual irregularities.

Large labia - two skin folds, covered with hair, connected at the top and bottom. In the region of the pubis, they form the anterior commissure. At the perineum, they converge into the posterior commissure. The skin of the labia majora is covered with hair and contains sweat and sebaceous glands.

Small labia - thin elastic mucosal folds located between the labia majora, covering the entrance to the vagina. The skin here contains numerous sebaceous glands, there is no hair growth on the labia minora. The folds of the labia minora partially or completely cover the clitoris.

Clitoris- small but very sensitive and important organ. The female clitoris is similar in structure to the male penis, but much smaller than it. It is formed by two cavernous bodies and is covered on top with delicate skin containing a large number of sebaceous glands. During sexual arousal, the cavernous bodies are filled with blood, causing an erection of the clitoris.

Vaginal vestibule - a space bounded in front and above by the clitoris, behind and below - by the posterior commissure of the labia majora, from the sides - by the labia minora. The bottom of the vestibule is the hymen or its remnants surrounding the entrance to the vagina. On the threshold are: the external opening of the urethra, located downward from the clitoris, excretory ducts large glands vestibule (bartholinian) and some other glands. The Bartholin glands are located in the thickness - the posterior third of the labia majora, one on each side, and secrete a liquid secret that moisturizes the vestibule of the vagina. The mucous membrane of the entrance to the vagina is called the vulva.

Hymen - is the thinnest ring-shaped or crescent-shaped membrane, 0.5 - 2 mm thick, which protects the internal genital organs from infection. This membrane is in the form of a connective tissue plate, which has one or more holes through which menstrual blood is released. During the first sexual intercourse, the hymen usually ruptures, sometimes accompanied by slight bleeding. The hymen forms the boundary between the external and internal genitalia.

If we consider the external genital organs in more detail, we can note several more of their components:

The hairy part is the pubis.
1 - anterior commissure of the lips;
2 - labia majora;
3 - clitoris;
4 - external opening of the urethra;
5 - labia minora;
6 - the vestibule of the vagina;
7 - opening of the vagina;
8 - frenulum of the labia;
9 - posterior commissure of the labia;
"10" - rear passage hole.

There are two openings under the labia majora and labia minora. One of them, with a diameter of 3 - 4 mm, located just below the clitoris, is called the opening of the urethra (urethra), through which urine is excreted from the bladder. Directly below it is a second hole with a diameter of 2 - 3 cm - this is the entrance to the vagina, which covers (or once covered) the hymen.

The area between the posterior commissure of the labia and the anus (anal) opening is called the perineum. In the middle between the entrance to the vagina and the anus (in the region of the posterior commissure of the labia) is the Hui-Yin point, widely known in Taoist treatises on sex and longevity.

The soft tissues that occupy the exit space of the pelvis are called the pelvic floor.

Now consider the internal genital organs.

The genital organs of a woman include the vagina, uterus and its appendages (fallopian tubes and ovaries, as well as their ligaments).
1 - uterus;
2 - own ligament of the ovary;
3 - fallopian tube;
4 - ovary;
5 - pipe fringe;
6 - round ligament of the uterus;
7 - vagina;
8 - muscular membrane of the pipe;
9 - mucous membrane of the pipe;
"10" - pipe folds

Vagina- this is an easily extensible muscular tube with a length of 7 - 8 cm to "10" -12 cm. This tube goes from bottom to top from the vestibule of the vagina to the uterus. The upper layer of the vagina is connected to the cervix, forming four vaults: anterior, posterior and two lateral.

The walls of the vagina, the cervical canal and the uterine cavity are lined with glands that secrete mucus, which not only moisturizes a normal healthy vagina, but also cleanses it of "biological debris" (bodies dead cells, bacteria, etc.). The vaginal wall is 0.3-0.4 cm thick and has great elasticity. The mucous membrane of the vagina does not contain glands, forms folds, the number of which decreases after childbirth, and has a pale pink color. The surface of the vaginal mucosa is represented by numerous layers flat cells called stratified squamous epithelium. The layers of the epithelium change during the menstrual cycle under the influence of female sex hormones - estrogens and progesterone.

Uterus- This is a hollow organ, consisting of smooth muscles and shaped like a pear. The weight of the uterus in a sexually mature woman is about 50 g, its length is 7-8 cm, the wall thickness is 1-2 cm.

The uterus is divided into three sections: the neck, isthmus, body. The cervix makes up approximately one third of the entire length of the organ. In a nulliparous woman, it has a conical shape; in a woman who has given birth, it has the shape of a cylinder. The wall of the uterus consists of three layers: the inner - the mucous membrane (endometrium), the middle - the muscular layer (myometrium) and the outer - serous (perimetry). The mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium) is divided into two layers: basal, deeper, and functional, superficial. During the menstrual cycle, under the action of female sex hormones, cells of the functional layer grow, a large amount of nutrients are deposited in them, and a pillow is formed, as it were, for accepting a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, the functional layer of the endometrium is rejected, which is accompanied by menstrual bleeding. At the end of menstruation, the formation of a functional layer begins again due to the cells of the basal layer.

The middle (muscular) layer of the uterus consists of smooth muscle fibers (smooth muscle fibers), while the outer one is represented by a sheet of peritoneum. The uterus is located in most women with an inclination forward, in some women the uterus is tilted back. Many patients are interested in whether such an arrangement of the uterus - the "bend" of the uterus - is a disease and whether this will lead to infertility. These fears are completely in vain, such an arrangement of the uterus is just a variant of the norm.

In cross section, the uterus is a triangle with its apex down. The lower opening is the exit through the cervix into the vagina, and the two upper openings, left and right, connect the uterus with the abdominal cavity using two fallopian tubes, about 13 cm long. The end of the tube, adjacent to the ovary, expands in the form of a funnel with fringed edges . The inner cavity of the tubes is covered with a special membrane, the fringes of which are in constant motion, helping the mature egg to move from the ovary to the uterus.

ovaries are shaped like a pigeon's egg. With the help of special ligaments they are suspended in the pelvic cavity in close proximity to the funnel-shaped end of the fallopian tube. Each menstrual cycle in the ovary (right or left) the egg matures, leaving it, it goes to perform its natural function.

Another component of the female genital organs is the BREAST GLANDS (or, in the common people, breasts).

1 - the body of the mammary gland;
2 - areola;
3 - nipple;
4 - milk ducts;
5 - pectoralis major muscle;
6 - sternum.

Milk glands First of all, they are “provided” to fulfill their main functional role - at the birth of a child, it is in the mammary glands that milk is produced for the newborn. In structure, the mammary glands resemble a convex disk of 15-20 lobes, which are arranged in a circle and each has its apex facing the nipple. In each lobe there are a large number of tiny sacs, alveoli, which are collected in winding tubules - milk ducts, through which milk flows when feeding a child. Then the ducts from all glands converge and go out at the top of the nipple in the form of 8-15 milk holes.

Between the lobes, above and below them, there is a rather loose connective and adipose tissue, the amount of which determines the size and shape. The shape and size of the breast also depend (and for the most part) on its support - the Cooper ligaments, as well as the underlying pectoral muscles. The mammary glands have a central nipple surrounded by an areola that can be light brown to dark brown. This area contains the sebaceous glands. Two-thirds of the breast tissue is made up of glandular tissue, which is directly responsible for milk production. These glands open into the nipple with 4-18 ducts, with each duct opening with its own opening. The network that is formed by the ducts of the mammary gland is complex in structure, similar to the root system of a tree.

In the following parts, we will talk about the bones of the pelvis and the intimate muscles.

In order to respond in time to changes that have occurred in the reproductive system, a woman must imagine what a healthy vagina looks like. let's consider this body reproductive system in more detail.

What should a healthy vagina look like?

This organ is an elastic, hollow muscular tube that originates in the cervical region of the uterus and smoothly passes into the genital slit. The average in a calm state reaches 7-9 cm. During intercourse, as well as during delivery, the length of the vagina increases, and it can reach 12-16 cm.

The walls of the vagina should normally have a uniform color. Most often they are pale pink in color. However, it is worth noting that when carrying a baby, they can acquire a bluish tint, which is not a violation.

The vaginal walls are densely dotted with glands that produce a certain kind of lubricant. It is she who stands out during intercourse and at the time of arousal of the girl, contributing to the normal course of the sexual process.

The amount of cervical mucus secreted from healthy vagina small. At the same time, it is always transparent, odorless.

Talking about what the vagina looks like healthy woman, it is worth noting that as they grow older, it changes somewhat. With the onset of puberty, this organ becomes longer and wider. Thus, the body prepares for the implementation of the main function assigned to the reproductive system - childbearing.

With the appearance of a baby in a woman, her healthy also changes somewhat. Its walls, as a rule, are strongly stretched. Restoration of the entire reproductive system happens in 4-6 months.

All living organisms reproduce; in humans, as in animals at a high stage of development, the function of reproduction is associated with a special apparatus - the system of genital organs.

Genital organs (organa genitalia) are usually divided into internal and outdoor.

In men, the internal genital organs include the sex glands - testicles with their appendages, vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral (Cooper) glands; to the external genitalia - the scrotum and penis (Fig. 79).

In women, the internal genital organs include the sex glands - the ovaries, the uterus with the fallopian tubes and the vagina; to the external genitalia - large and small shameful lips and clitoris.

The genital organs, like other internal organs, are richly supplied with vessels and nerves.

Male reproductive organs. Internal male reproductive organs

Testicle(in Latin - testis, in Greek - orchis) - gonad, or testis, a paired organ, is located in the scrotum (see Fig. 79). In the testicles, male germ cells - spermatozoa - multiply and male sex hormones are produced (see Chapter IX. Glands internal secretion). In its shape, the testicle is an oval body, slightly compressed from the sides. The testicle is covered with a dense connective tissue membrane, which, due to its similarity in color to boiled protein called protein. On the posterior edge of the testicle, it forms a thickening - the mediastinum of the testicle. The testicle is divided into lobules by connective tissue septa (Fig. 80). In the lobules there are thin tubes - convoluted seminiferous tubules, the walls of which consist of supporting and seed-forming cells. Semen-forming cells divide and, through complex changes, turn into male sex cells - spermatozoa. This process is called spermatogenesis; it continues continuously throughout the entire period of puberty of a man. The spermatozoa are in liquid secretion, together with which they make seminal fluid - sperm 1 . From the seminiferous tubules, sperm enters the mediastinum of the testis, and from there it passes through 10-12 efferent tubules into the duct of the epididymis. The ovary is laid in abdominal cavity and then descends through the inguinal canal. By the time of birth, both testicles are usually in the scrotum.

1 (The composition of the sperm released during sexual intercourse through the urethra also includes the secret of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.)

epididymis(see fig. 79) - small body adjacent to the posterior edge of the gonad. The epididymis has a duct that passes into the vas deferens.

vas deferens(see Fig. 79) has the shape of a tube. Length about 40 - 50 cm, serves to conduct sperm. Its wall consists of three membranes: mucous, muscular and connective tissue. It rises from the lower end of the epididymis upward, enters the inguinal canal through its external opening. In the inguinal canal, the vas deferens passes into the spermatic cord.

spermatic cord has the shape of a cord the thickness of the little finger; its composition, in addition to the vas deferens, includes nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels testicles surrounded by a common fascial membrane. At the internal opening of the inguinal canal, the vas deferens separates from the vessels and nerves and goes down into the pelvic cavity, to the bottom of the bladder, while the vessels and nerves go up to the lumbar region. Near the prostate gland, the vas deferens connects with the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle, resulting in the formation of the ejaculatory duct.

seminal vesicle(see Fig. 79) is a paired organ of an oblong shape, about 4-5 cm long, located between the bottom of the bladder and the rectum. The seminal vesicles play the role of a gland; they produce a secret that is part of the seminal fluid.

ejaculatory duct(see Fig. 79), as noted, is formed by the confluence of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. It passes through the substance of the prostate gland and opens into the prostatic part of the urethra. With each ejaculation, about 200 million spermatozoa are ejected.

Prostate(prostata) is located in the pelvic cavity under the bottom of the bladder (see Fig. 79). It has a base and an apex. The base of the gland is directed upwards and is fused with the bottom of the bladder, the top is turned down and is adjacent to the urogenital diaphragm. The prostate gland consists of glandular and smooth muscle tissue. The glandular tissue forms lobules of the gland, the ducts of which open into the prostate part of the urethra.

The secret of the gland is part of the seminal fluid. The muscle tissue of the prostate during its contraction contributes to the emptying of its ducts, at the same time performs the function of a sphincter of the urethra. As noted earlier, the urethra and two ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland. In old age, an increase in the prostate gland is sometimes observed as a result of the growth of the connective tissue present in it; in this case, the act of urination may be disturbed. The prostate gland and seminal vesicles can be felt through the rectum.

bulbourethral (Cooper) gland(see Fig. 79) - a paired organ the size of a pea. Located in the urogenital diaphragm. The gland duct opens into the bulbous urethra.

External tinning genitals

The scrotum (scrotum) is a skin bag that is a container for the testicles and their appendages (see Fig. 79).

Under the skin of the scrotum is the so-called fleshy membrane, which consists of connective tissue and a large number of smooth muscle fibers. Under the fleshy shell is a fascia that covers the muscle that lifts the testicle. The muscle is made up of striated muscle tissue. When this muscle contracts, as its name implies, the testicle rises. Under the muscle are the common and own vaginal membranes. The common vaginal membrane is a process of the intra-abdominal fascia that covers the testicle and spermatic cord. The proper vaginal membrane is a serous membrane. In the process of development, the peritoneum forms a protrusion into the scrotum (vaginal process), from which its own vaginal membrane is obtained. It consists of two sheets, between which there is a slit-like cavity containing a small amount of serous fluid. The proper vaginal membrane with one of its sheets is adjacent to the testicle, the other - to the common vaginal membrane.

Penis(penis) has a head, body and root (see Fig. 79). The glans is the thickened end of the penis. On it, the urethra opens with its external opening. Between the head and the body of the penis there is a narrowed part - the neck. The root of the penis is attached to the pubic bones.

The penis consists of three so-called cavernous (cavernous) bodies. Two of them are called the cavernous bodies of the penis, the third - the spongy body of the urethra (the urethra passes through it). The anterior end of the spongy body of the urethra is thickened and forms the head of the penis. Each cavernous body is covered on the outside with a dense connective tissue membrane, and inside it has a spongy structure: due to the presence of numerous connective tissue partitions, small cavities are formed - cells (caves). During sexual arousal, the cells of the cavernous bodies fill with blood, causing the penis to swell and become erect. The penis is covered with skin; on the head of the penis, it forms a fold - the foreskin.

male urethra

The urethra (urethra) in men serves not only to remove urine from the bladder to the outside, but is also a pathway for the excretion of seminal fluid (sperm). It is 16 - 18 cm long and passes through prostate, urogenital diaphragm and spongy body in the penis. In accordance with this, three parts are distinguished: prostatic, membranous and spongy (see Fig. 79).

Prostate- the widest. Its length is about 3 cm. On the back wall there is an elevation - the seminal tubercle. On the seed tubercle, two ejaculatory ducts open, through which seminal fluid from the sex glands. In addition, the ducts of the prostate gland open into the prostate.

membranous part- the narrowest and shortest (its length is about 1 cm); it is tightly fused with the urogenital diaphragm.

sponge part- the longest (12 - 14 cm); it ends with the external opening of the urethra on the glans penis. Back department the spongy part is expanded and is called the bulbous part of the urethra. The ducts of two so-called Cooper glands open here. The secret of these glands is part of the seminal fluid. The anterior part of the spongy part behind the external opening of the urethra is also expanded. This extension is called the navicular fossa. On the mucous membrane of the spongy part there are small depressions - lacunae.

The male urethra has two sphincter sphincter. One of them (internal) is involuntary (consists of smooth muscle tissue) covers the urethra at the point of its exit from the bladder and is therefore called bladder sphincter. Another sphincter (external) contracts voluntarily (consists of striated muscle tissue), is located in the urogenital diaphragm around the membranous part of the urethra and is called the sphincter of the urethra.

The male urethra has two curves: posterior and anterior (see Fig. 78). The back bend is constant; the anterior straightens when the penis is raised. The structure and position of the male urethra (expansion and narrowing, bends, etc.) must be taken into account in medical practice when inserting a catheter into the bladder.

Female reproductive organs

Internal female reproductive organs

Ovary(ovarium) (Fig. 81) - a paired organ. It is the sex gland in which female sex cells develop and mature and female sex hormones are produced. The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity on the sides of the uterus. Each ovary in its shape represents an oval, somewhat flattened body weighing about 5 - 6 g. In the ovary, the anterior and posterior edges and the upper and lower ends are distinguished. The anterior margin of the ovary is attached to the broad ligament of the uterus, the posterior margin is free. Top end faces the fallopian tube, the lower end is connected to the uterus with own bundle ovary. The ovary is covered with a membrane consisting of connective tissue and epithelium.

On a section in the ovary, the medulla and cortex are distinguished. The medulla is composed of loose connective tissue through which blood vessels and nerves run. The backbone of the cortical substance is also loose connective tissue. In the cortical layer of the ovary there is a large number of follicles (vesicles) that make up its parenchyma. Each follicle is shaped like a sac, inside of which there is a female sex cell. The walls of the sac are made up of epithelial cells. In a mature woman, the follicles are in varying degrees maturation (development) and have different sizes. In a newborn girl, the ovary contains from 40,000 to 200,000 so-called primary immature follicles. The maturation of follicles begins at the time of puberty (12-16 years). However, during the entire life of a woman, no more than 500 follicles mature, the rest of the follicles dissolve. In the process of maturation, the follicles of the cells that make up its wall multiply, and the follicle increases in size; a cavity filled with liquid is formed inside it. A mature follicle, about 2 mm in diameter, is called a Graaffian vesicle (Fig. 82). The maturation of the follicle lasts about 28 days, which is a lunar month. Simultaneously with the maturation of the follicle, the egg in it develops. However, it is undergoing complex changes. The development of the female germ cell in the ovary is called ovogenesis.

The wall of the mature follicle becomes thinner and breaks. The ovum located in the follicle is carried away by the fluid flow from it into the peritoneal cavity and enters the fallopian tube (oviduct). The rupture of a mature follicle and the release of the female germ cell from the ovary are called ovulation. In place of the bursting Graaffian vesicle, a corpus luteum. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum is preserved until its end and acts as an endocrine gland (see Chapter IX. Endocrine glands). If fertilization does not occur, then the corpus luteum atrophies and a scar remains in its place. Ovulation is closely related to another process that takes place in a woman's body - menstruation. Under the menstruation understand occurring periodically bleeding from the uterus (see below). Both ovulation and menstruation stop during pregnancy.

Ovulation and menstruation are observed between the ages of 12-16 and 45-50 years. After that, the woman begins the so-called menopause(menopause), during which the activity of the ovaries withering occurs - the process of ovulation stops. At the same time, menstruation also stops.

Oviduct(in Latin - tuba uterina, in Greek - salpinx) - a paired organ that serves to carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus (Fig. 83), is located on the side of the uterus in upper section her broad ligament. The wall of the fallopian tube consists of a mucous membrane, a muscular layer and a serous cover. The mucous membrane is lined with ciliated epithelium. The muscular layer of the fallopian tube consists of smooth muscle tissue. The serous cover is represented by the peritoneum. The fallopian tube has two openings: one of them opens into the uterine cavity, the other into the peritoneal cavity, near the ovary. The end of the fallopian tube, facing the ovary, is expanded in the form of a funnel and ends with outgrowths called fringes. Through these fringes, the egg, after leaving the ovary, enters the fallopian tube. AT fallopian tube if the connection of the egg with the male reproductive cell (sperm) occurs, fertilization. The fertilized egg begins to divide, the embryo develops. The developing fetus travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. This movement, apparently, is facilitated by vibrations of the cilia of the ciliated epithelium and contraction of the wall of the fallopian tube.

Uterus(in Latin - uterus, in Greek - metra) is a muscular organ that serves for the maturation and bearing of the fetus (see Fig. 83). It is located in the pelvic cavity. In front of the uterus lies the bladder, behind - the rectum. The shape of the uterus is pear-shaped. The upper wide part of the organ is called the bottom, the middle part is the body, the lower part is the neck. The place where the body of the uterus passes into the cervix is ​​narrowed and is called the isthmus of the uterus. The cervix (cervix) faces the vagina. The body of the uterus in relation to the cervix is ​​tilted anteriorly; this curve is called anteflexia(bend forward). Inside the body of the uterus there is a slit-like cavity that passes into the cervical canal; the transition site is often referred to as the internal uterine os. The cervical canal opens into the vagina with a hole called external uterine os. It is limited by two thickenings - the anterior and posterior lip of the uterus. Two fallopian tubes open into the uterine cavity.

The wall of the uterus consists of three layers: inner, middle and outer.

The inner layer called endometrium. It is a mucous membrane lined with a cylindrical epithelium. Its surface in the uterine cavity is smooth, in the cervical canal it has small folds. In the thickness of the mucous membrane, glands are laid that secrete a secret into the uterine cavity. With the onset of puberty, the uterine mucosa undergoes periodic changes that are closely related to the processes occurring in the ovary (ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum). By the time the developing embryo should enter the uterus from the fallopian tube, the mucous membrane grows and swells. The embryo is immersed in such a loosened mucous membrane. If fertilization of the egg does not occur, then most of the uterine mucosa is rejected. At the same time, they break blood vessels, bleeding from the uterus occurs - menstruation. Menstruation lasts 3-5 days, after which the uterine mucosa is restored and the whole cycle of its changes is repeated. Such changes are made every 28 days.

middle layer uterus - myometrium - the most powerful, consists of smooth muscle tissue. The muscle fibers of the myometrium are located in different directions. Due to contractions of the muscular layer of the uterus during childbirth, the fetus exits the uterine cavity into the vagina and out from there.

outer layer uterus is called perimetry and is represented by a serous membrane - the peritoneum. The peritoneum covers the entire uterus, except for that part of the cervix that faces the vagina. From the uterus, the peritoneum passes to other organs and to the walls of the small pelvis. At the same time, two recesses lined with peritoneum are formed in the cavity of the small pelvis: in front of the uterus - vesicouterine and behind it - rectal-uterine. The posterior recess is larger than the anterior one.

On the sides of the uterus between the sheets of the broad ligament is an accumulation of fatty tissue, called parametrium. The uterus is a mobile organ. So, when filling the bladder, it shifts back, and when filling the rectum forward. However, the mobility of the uterus is somewhat limited. Its ligaments are involved in fixing the uterus.

Ligaments of the uterus. There are wide, round and sacro-uterine ligaments. All ligaments of the uterus are paired. The broad ligaments are folds of two sheets of peritoneum that pass from the uterus to the side walls of the small pelvis. In the upper part of the broad ligaments are the fallopian tubes. Round bundles uterus have the form of cords, consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, go from the uterus to the internal opening of the inguinal canal, pass through the inguinal canal and end in the thickness of the large pudendal lips. The sacro-uterine ligaments are bundles of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers. In strengthening the uterus and all organs of the small pelvis great importance have pelvic floor muscles (see below).

The position of the uterus, its size and structure change during pregnancy. The pregnant uterus due to the growth of the fetus gradually increases. At the same time, its walls become somewhat thinner. By the end of pregnancy, the fundus of the uterus reaches the level of the middle of the distance between xiphoid process sternum and umbilicus. The uterine mucosa undergoes great changes in connection with the development of the fetal membranes and placenta (see Brief data on the development of the human embryo). The muscular membrane of the uterus increases due to the growth of muscle fibers in length and thickness. As a result, the weight of the uterus increases by almost 20 times. The gestation period lasts about 280 days (10 lunar months). After childbirth, the uterus quickly decreases in size and takes its previous position. The weight of the uterus in a nulliparous woman is about 50 g, in a woman giving birth 100 g. In medical practice, one has to manually examine the uterus and examine its cervix. Examination is made through the vagina. Manual examination of the uterus is performed through the vagina or through the rectum.

Vagina(vagina) is a tube about 8 - 10 cm long (see Fig. 81). During intercourse, seminal fluid containing spermatozoa is poured from the male penis through the urethra into the vagina. Spermatozoa are mobile and from the vagina enter the uterine cavity, and from there - into the fallopian tubes. During childbirth, the fetus comes out of the uterus through the vagina. The vaginal wall consists of three membranes: mucous, muscular and connective tissue. The mucous membrane has on the anterior and back walls sheath folds. At the top, the vagina is fused with the cervix, and between the wall of the vagina and the cervix, depressions are formed - the vaults of the vagina. Distinguish between anterior and posterior fornix. In front of the vagina is the bottom of the bladder and urethra, behind - the rectum. Through the uterus and fallopian tubes, the vagina communicates with the peritoneal cavity.

External female genital organs

1 (Externally visible female genital organs in gynecology are often denoted by the Latin word vulva.)

Big shameful lips are a paired fold of skin containing a large amount of adipose tissue. They limit the space called the pudendal gap. The posterior and anterior ends of the large lips are connected by small folds of skin - the posterior and anterior commissures. Above the large lips, above the pubic fusion, there is a pubic eminence. In this place, the skin is abundantly covered with hair and contains a large amount of adipose tissue.

Small shameful lips also represent a paired fold of skin. The gap between the small lips is called the vestibule of the vagina. It opens the external opening of the urethra and the opening of the vagina. The opening of the vagina in girls is bordered by a special plate - the hymen (hymen). At the first copulation, the hymen is torn; a small amount of blood is released due to damage to the blood vessels. At the base of the small lips are two large glands of the vestibule (Bartholin's glands), the ducts of which open to the surface of the small lips in the vestibule of the vagina.

Clitoris located in the vestibule of the vagina, in front of the external opening of the urethra. It has the shape of a small elevation. The clitoris consists of two cavernous bodies, similar in structure to the cavernous bodies of the male penis, and contains a large number of sensitive nerve endings, the irritation of which causes a feeling of sexual arousal.

female urethra

The female urethra has an almost rectilinear course (see Fig. 81). Its length is 3 - 3.5 cm, it is wider than the male and is easily stretchable. The channel is lined from the inside with a mucous membrane, which contains a large number of glands that secrete mucus. It begins at the bottom of the bladder with its inner hole, passes through the urogenital diaphragm in front of the vagina and opens on the eve of the vagina with an external opening. The female urethra, like the male, has two sphincters (pulp) - an involuntary internal one, called the bladder sphincter, and an arbitrary external one - the urethral sphincter.

Crotch

perineum(perineum) is called the area of ​​exit from the small pelvis, located between the pubic fusion and the coccyx. In this area are the external genitalia and the anus. Under the skin of the perineum lies fatty tissue, and then the muscles and fascia that form the bottom of the pelvis. In the bottom of the pelvis, two sections are distinguished: the pelvic diaphragm and the urogenital diaphragm.

pelvic diaphragm consists of two paired muscles: the muscle that lifts the anus and the coccygeal muscle (Fig. 84). Above and below they are covered with fasciae. The terminal section of the rectum passes through the diaphragm of the pelvis, ending here with the anus. The anus is surrounded by a muscle that forms its outer sphincter. Between the lower part of the rectum and the ischial tuberosity on each side there is a recess - the ischiorectal fossa filled with fatty tissue, blood vessels and nerves.

urogenital diaphragm makes up the anterior part of the pelvic floor, located between the pubic bones. It is formed by a paired muscle (transverse deep muscle of the perineum), covered on both sides by fascia. The urogenital diaphragm is pierced by the urethra in men, and the urethra and vagina in women. In the thickness of the urogenital diaphragm there is a muscle that forms the external sphincter of the urethra.

All muscles of the perineum are striated.

In obstetrics, the perineum is commonly understood as that part of the pelvic floor, which is located between the external genital organs and the anus.

Mammary (breast) gland

Breast(mamma) in its development is an altered, greatly enlarged sweat gland of the skin, but functionally it is closely related to the female reproductive system. This is a paired organ, resembling a hemisphere in shape (Fig. 85), located at the level of III - VI ribs. There is a small protrusion on the mammary gland - nipple, around which there is an area of ​​sharply pigmented skin - areola. The shape and size of the gland individually vary and change with age and during pregnancy. The increased growth of the mammary gland in girls occurs during puberty. The developed gland consists of 15 - 20 glandular lobules located along the radius, connected by a layer of connective tissue containing fat. Each lobule in turn consists of many smaller lobules with their excretory ducts, bearing the name milky passages. Small ducts merge into larger ones, which open with 8 - 15 holes per breast nipple, and before that they form extensions called the lactiferous sinuses. Periodic changes occur in the mammary gland (growth of the glandular epithelium) in connection with ovulation in the ovaries. greatest development mammary gland reaches during pregnancy and lactation. From the IV - V month of pregnancy, she begins to separate the secret - colostrum. After childbirth, the secretory activity of the gland increases greatly, and by the end of the first week, the secret takes on the character of breast milk.

Composition of human milk. Milk consists of water, organic and inorganic substances. The main substances that make up breast milk: fat (in the form of tiny fat droplets), casein protein, milk sugar lactose, mineral salts(sodium, calcium, potassium, etc.) and vitamins. Breast milk contains antibodies produced by the mother's body; they protect the child from certain diseases. Breast milk for its qualities - indispensable product nutrition of the newborn. The process of milk separation is regulated by the nervous system. The proof of this is the fact of the influence of the mother's mental state on the activity of the mammary glands and the increased secretion of milk, caused reflexively in response to the suckling of the breast by the child.

The process of milk formation is also influenced by the hormones of the pituitary gland, ovaries and other endocrine glands. In a nursing woman, up to 1 - 2 liters of milk is excreted per day.

Brief data on the development of the human embryo

The emergence of tissues and organs human body occurs during the embryonic period. The embryonic period begins with the moment of fertilization and ends with the birth of a child. Fertilization is the mutual fusion (assimilation) of male and female germ cells. Male sex cells - human spermatozoa - resemble flagella in shape, in which a head with a perforatorium, a neck and a tail are distinguished (Fig. 86). They are able to move independently due to the movement of the tail. The female sex cell - the human egg - is spherical in shape, many times larger than the sperm. Unlike other cells (cells of the body), which in humans contain a double set of chromosomes (23 pairs) in the nucleus, each mature germ cell has an unpaired set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes), of which one is a sex chromosome. Sex chromosomes are conventionally referred to as X-chromosomes and Y-chromosomes. Each egg contains one X chromosome, half of the spermatozoa contain an X chromosome, the other half a Y chromosome. A mature egg, as noted above, enters the fallopian tube from the ovary. If in the initial section of the tube the ovum meets the sperm, fertilization occurs. From the moment of fertilization, pregnancy begins. A fertilized egg contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs): 23 from the nucleus of the male reproductive cell and 23 from the female. At the same time, fertilization of the female germ cell with a sperm cell with an X chromosome determines the development of a girl, fertilization with a sperm cell with a Y chromosome determines the development of a boy.

A fertilized egg (zygote) divides into daughter cells, blastomeres, while moving through the fallopian tube to the uterus. This division is called fragmentation. As a result of crushing, a lump of cells is formed, resembling a mulberry in appearance - sterroblastula. During the period of crushing, the nutrition of the embryo is carried out due to the nutrients that are in the egg itself. The crushing process ends approximately on the 5th - 6th day of pregnancy. By this time, the embryo enters the uterine cavity. At the same time, fluid accumulates inside the sterroblastula, as a result of which it turns into a vesicle - a blastocyst (Fig. 87). The wall of the human blastocyst consists of a single layer of cells, which is called the trophoblast and is the rudiment of the germinal membranes. Under the trophoblast, in the form of a small lump, there are cells from which the embryo itself will develop in the future. This accumulation of cells is called the germinal nodule.

Starting from the 6th - 7th day of pregnancy, the implantation of the embryo occurs - its introduction into the uterine mucosa. Over the next two weeks (that is, until the end of the 3rd week), after fertilization, gastrulation occurs - the formation of germ layers and the subsequent laying of the rudiments of various organs. At the same time, the so-called extra-embryonic parts develop: the yolk sac, urinary sac (allantois), embryonic membranes and other formations. Gastrulation consists in the fact that the germinal knot is divided (splits) into two plates, or germ layers, the ectoderm, or outer germ layer, and the endoderm, or inner germ layer (see Fig. 87). From the inner germ layer, in turn, the mesoderm, or middle germ layer, is released.

In the process of gastrulation, individual cells are released from the germ layers, mainly from the mesoderm, filling the space between the germ layers. The totality of these cells is called mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue).

From the germ layers, through complex transformations (differentiation) and growth, all tissues and organs are formed (Fig. 88). From the outer germ layer (ectoderm) develops the epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, the nervous system and partly the sense organs.

From the inner germ layer (endoderm), the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the digestive canal (except for the oral cavity), the digestive glands, the epithelium of the respiratory organs (except for the nasal cavity), as well as the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands develop.

From the middle germ layer (mesoderm) develop skeletal muscle, partially urinary organs, gonads, epithelium (mesothelium) serous membranes. Develop from mesenchyme connective tissues, vascular system and hematopoietic organs.

Extra-embryonic parts play important role in the development of the embryo. Yolk sac(Fig. 89) operates on early stages embryonic life. He takes part in the nutrition of the embryo during its implantation in the uterine wall. During this period, the nutrition of the embryo is carried out due to the products of the destruction of the mucous membrane of the uterus. Nutrients are absorbed by trophoblast cells, from which they enter the yolk sac and from there to the embryo. For a short time, the yolk sac performs a hematopoietic function (blood cells and blood vessels are formed in it) and then undergoes reverse development.

Urinary bag, or allantois(see Fig. 89), plays an important role in the development of the embryo of birds and reptiles, in particular, ensures its respiration and acts as excretory organs. The role of allantois in humans is limited to conducting blood vessels from the embryo to its fleecy membrane - the chorion. Umbilical blood vessels develop in the wall of the allantois. On the one hand, they communicate with the vessels of the embryo, and on the other hand, they grow into that part of the chorion that is involved in the formation of the placenta.

germinal membranes. Three membranes form around the embryo: aqueous, fleecy, and decidual (Fig. 90).

water shell, or amnion, is the shell closest to the fruit. It forms a closed bag. The amnion cavity contains the fetus with amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid, or amniotic fluid, is produced by the amnion. The volume of fluid by the end of pregnancy reaches 1 - 1.5 liters. It protects the fetus from harmful influences and creates favorable conditions for its development and movement.

fleecy shell, or chorion, located outside the water shell. It develops from the trophoblast of the embryo and the part of the mesenchyme that has joined it. Initially, the entire chorion is covered with outgrowths, the so-called primary villi. Later, the primary villi on almost the entire surface of the chorion disappear and only on a small part of it are replaced by secondary villi. This part of the chorion is involved in the formation of the placenta. Amnion and chorion are fetal membranes, they are derivatives of a fertilized egg.

Decidual, or falling away, shell located outside the chorion. It is the maternal membrane, as it is formed from the mucous membrane of the uterus. For the most part, the decidua is a thin plate. A small part of this membrane, called the basal plate, is thickened; it takes part in the formation of the placenta. The falling off membrane, like other embryonic membranes and the placenta, falls off during childbirth and, following the fetus, is expelled from the uterus.

The placenta (it is also called a child's place) is a disk-shaped organ, up to 20 cm in diameter and 2 - 3 cm in thickness. It consists of two parts - children's and maternal (Fig. 91). Between them are gaps or chambers in which maternal blood circulates. The baby and maternal parts of the placenta are connected to each other by connective tissue septa.

The children's part of the placenta is represented by a portion of the chorion, equipped with villi. Each villus of the chorion branches many times and resembles a tree; vessels pass inside it, which are branches of the umbilical arteries and veins. In the process of development, the villi grow into that part of the decidua, which is called the basal lamina. In this case, the basal plate is partially destroyed. The maternal part of the placenta is represented by a small connective tissue layer, preserved after the destruction of the basal plate of the uterine mucosa. From the end of the 3rd week until the end of pregnancy, the fetus receives from the mother's body through the placenta nutrients and oxygen and releases metabolic products. Between the blood of the mother, circulating in the lacunae, and the blood of the fetus, flowing in the vessels of the villi, there is a constant exchange of substances. In this case, the blood of the mother and the fetus does not mix. Transition to placental, most perfect look intrauterine nutrition is associated with the onset rapid development organs. It is during this period that the weight and length of the embryo intensively increases.

The placenta is connected to the fetus through the umbilical cord, or umbilical cord. The umbilical cord has the shape of a cord about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm thick. Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein pass through the cord (see Circulation in the fetus).

The formation of the body of the embryo after the establishment of placental nutrition occurs as follows.

During the 4th week, the embryo is separated from the non-embryonic parts and, due to a very strong growth in length, spirals. In such an embryo, the rudiments of limbs - the kidneys of the arms and legs - already appear in the form of small tubercles.

By the end of the 6th week, the length of the embryo reaches 2 cm 1. By this time, the kidneys of the limbs are enlarged, the appearance of fingers is noticeable on the hands. The head reaches significant development; the tail grows. A face begins to form, in which it is possible to distinguish the upper and lower jaw; development of the outer ear. At this age, a protrusion in the cervical region is clearly visible; it contains the rudiments of the heart and kidneys.

1 (The length is measured from the tailbone to the crown of the head.)

At the age of 8 weeks, the fetus takes on a human form. Its length is 4 cm, weight 4 - 5 g. In connection with the development of the cerebral hemispheres, the head of the embryo takes the form characteristic of a person. The main features of the face are outlined: nose, ear, orbital cavities. You can see the cervical region, on the limbs (especially on the upper ones) developing fingers are clearly visible. In essence, by the end of the 8th week, the laying of all organs of the human embryo ends. From that moment on, it is customary to call it a fetus.

A three-month-old fetus has a characteristic appearance for a person, only a relatively large head is striking. Well formed face. The head and neck are straightened. Lip movements appear, characteristic of the sucking reflex. The limbs are well developed, they respond to various irritations with contractions. Other organs are beginning to operate. The length of a three-month-old fetus is about 8 cm, weight is 45 g. In the future, the weight and length of the fetus increase rapidly. The period of pregnancy for a woman lasts about 10 lunar months (280 days). By the end of pregnancy, the total length of the fetus is about 50 cm, weight - about 3.5 kg.

The perineum is the region of the body that is located in the anterior part between the pubic bones, the ischial tuberosities on the sides, and the coccyx at the back. Soft formations, which include muscles, fascia and skin, take part in the formation of the perineum. The perineum is covered with pigmented thin skin, with sebaceous and sweat glands and a small amount hair. Fascia and subcutaneous fat in this area are underdeveloped. In the perineum are the external genitalia and the anal part of the rectum. The shape of the perineum is diamond-shaped. The corners of the rhombus this case limit the leading edge anus and the posterior margin of the external genitalia. The perineum in women is slightly larger than in men. This feature due to the fact that the pelvis in women is larger than in men. With the hips apart, the female perineum is visible quite well. The perineum in men is much deeper, and in size, already female.

The perineum is conventionally divided into two sections: the pelvic diaphragm and the urogenital diaphragm. The border between them is the line that connects the ischial tuberosities. These diaphragms are involved in the formation of the pelvic floor, while closing the exit from it. The pelvic muscles, skin, fat layer and fascia, which lie in various parts of the perineum, close the exit from the pelvic cavity. The pelvic and urogenital diaphragms are able to bear the weight internal organs, as well as the existing intra-abdominal pressure, thereby preventing the internal organs from descending into the perineum. In men, only the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm, while in women, the urethra and vagina.

The deep transverse perineal muscle is the base of the urogenital diaphragm. Being between the bones of the pubic bone, from all sides it is covered with fascia. The transverse direction is inherent in the fibers of the transverse muscle. Part of the fibers in the place where the urethra lies, differ in a circular direction and are called the external sphincter of the urethra. The vagina is surrounded by fibers of the sphincter of the urethra. These fibers end in the tendon center of the perineum. In the region of the urogenital diaphragm there are muscles that are connected to the cavernous and spongy body.

The terminal portion of the rectum passes through the pelvic diaphragm. In addition, in this place is the external sphincter of the anus. The levator sphincter muscle is the most large muscle pelvic diaphragm. Starting from the walls of the small pelvis, it passes back and goes down, after which it covers the rectum, and then enters the external sphincter of the anus. In its shape, this muscle resembles a funnel, the tapering part of which is directed downwards. FROM outside, as well as with the outside, this muscle is covered with fascia. The main task that this muscle performs is to support the internal organs located in the small pelvis.

According to statistics, almost every second woman does not have enough knowledge about her intimate area. This is a rather sad fact, because, according to all the same statistics, it is the lack of awareness that often prevents a woman from enjoying intimacy.

Meanwhile, this body is able to give a woman an unforgettable experience, if you know how to use it correctly. Therefore, below are the most Interesting Facts relating to erotic female anatomy.

Fact 1. The vagina is far from the whole intimate area

The intimate zone is commonly referred to as the female external genitalia. This term is much broader. The intimate zone is a channel that runs along the entire body, starting from the external genitalia and ending with the cervix. The intimate zone, in addition to the vagina, includes the clitoris, urethra, labia majora and labia minora, perineum, cervix, bladder, anus, uterus, and ovaries.

Fact 2. The vagina is very elastic and has folded walls

Yes, the vagina is so elastic that it can wrap around a giant-sized penis, and after sex narrow down again to its previous size. female body has a wonderful feature - it adapts to the size and shape of the current lover.

Most of the time, the walls of the intimate zone are quite close to each other. But when necessary, it opens like an umbrella. And during childbirth, the vagina is generally able to open to a width of 10 cm or even more.

However, after giving birth, some women complain that their vagina has lost some of its elasticity. Regular Kegel exercises help to cope with this problem.

Fact 3. Vaginas of different women are very similar

True, this applies only to the inside of the vagina, but the vulva of every woman is unique. Large labia may not be noticeable at all, but may reach several centimeters in size. Small lips, shaped like butterfly wings, may be hidden, or may hang down even below the large lips. In most women, the labia is asymmetrical. It's perfect normal phenomenon and in no case should not embarrass a woman. The size of the clitoris for each woman is also different. On average, it is usually 2-3 cm.

By the way, the sensitivity of the clitoris and labia of each woman is also different. It may be higher on the left or on the right. You can find out which side is more sensitive by experimentation.

Fact 4. The inside of the vagina is filled with bacteria

Do not be afraid, since most of these bacteria are vital for a woman. They support women Health because the bacteria protect the vagina from infections.

Fact 5. The vagina is capable of self-cleaning

Truly amazing self-cleaning ability. A woman does not need to try to rinse hard-to-reach intimate areas under the shower or in another way. Thanks to daily secretions, the body cleanses itself from the inside itself. The secretions wash away all unnecessary bacteria, water and dirt from the walls of the vagina, and naturally remove them from the body.

So the only thing a woman needs to take care of is the hygiene of the surrounding areas. For this purpose, it is better to use special gels for intimate hygiene, since regular soap can damage the natural balance and cause irritation.

Fact 6. The vagina has a peculiar smell

Before menstruation, the vagina has a sour smell, and after they are over, it is pungent. The smell can become more pronounced during sex (due to the release of natural lubrication), or during sports (due to sweat).

Fact 7. For every woman, the intimate area is different in color from other parts of the body

Many fair-skinned women intimate area has a lilac or brownish tint. But in dark-skinned people, the intimate zone is often lighter than their body. Besides, in different places the intimate area can be colored in different ways. For example, the perineum may have pale pink color, and the labia may be dark.

Fact 8. The structure of secretions changes throughout the cycle

For example, during ovulation, the discharge is more abundant, has a liquid and transparent structure. And before menstruation, they thicken and become creamy. If a woman noticed curd-like discharge and itching in the perineum, an urgent need to contact a gynecologist.

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