The largest gland is not iron. Iron in the human body: what is it for and why iron deficiency is dangerous The largest gland in humans

How to help the liver to easily carry the burden of our carelessness?

Here is what a well-known herbalist, doctor of medical sciences, professor, head of the course of phytotherapy at the Department of Family Medicine at the MMA named after M.V. Sechenov Sergey Nikolaevich Turishchev:
- There are many fruits and medicinal plants that contain active plant components that help a person protect the liver from diseases. Rose hips, mint, oregano, St. John's wort, chamomile, immortelle, corn stigmas, celandine, calendula, birch buds, milk thistle, oats, many vitamin preparations have such properties ...
Celandine. In folk medicine, a decoction of celandine herbs with flowers and roots in small doses is used for cholelithiasis, jaundice and other liver diseases.
It is known to increase bile secretion.
Calendula promotes the secretion of bile. In folk medicine, it is often used as a choleretic agent for liver diseases.
- In pharmacies today there are many “targeted” herbal preparations that contribute to the release of bile, cleanse the bile ducts, and remove small pebbles. Medicinal plants are good because they are close in structure to the components of the human body. They act gently and are absolutely harmless, since the person himself, albeit unique, is a biosystem. Today, official medicine no longer denies the therapeutic effect of natural biologically active compounds. Moreover, it emphasizes not only their advantages, but often their advantages. The active substances of plants are not only able to cleanse the liver of toxins, and therefore protect its cells from destruction, but also help restore already damaged liver cells.
Based on practical experience, I can say that natural remedies are good in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. As you know, the percentage of viral pathologies of the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice) is now growing. And in case of a high load on this organ, the herbs will act as hepatoprotectors (literally, protectors of the liver).
Without much difficulty, you can help your liver through sparing nutrition.
In this sense, according to experts, boiled meat and fish, dairy products, oatmeal are good. And even more so - decoctions of natural oats. The same as horses are fed. Well remove toxins, save the liver from medicinal "violence" cranberries, lemon drinks. After all, all the nutrients absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract pass through the liver and are processed in it. At the same time, part of the fats is converted into carbohydrates, so the liver, figuratively speaking, is the largest depot of glycogen in the body. It also synthesizes blood plasma proteins.
Diet will help normalize the impaired function of the liver and biliary tract
Recommended products and dishes.
Egg - protein omelette (without yolk) no more than 2 times a week.
Bread and bakery products - gray, coarse bread. The cookies are not good.
Milk and dairy products: fat-free cottage cheese, one-day yogurt, low-fat kefir.
Fats: butter, sunflower oil in ready meals.
Meat and fish dishes: lean meats, boiled chicken. Low-fat fish (cod, navaga, pike) - boiled.
Soups - on vegetable broth or milk (with water). Cereals - buckwheat, oatmeal, pasta. Fruit soups.
Fruits, berries, sweets - ripe varieties of fruits and berries in raw and boiled form, lemon with sugar, watermelons, soy chocolate, sugar.
Drinks, juices - rosehip decoction, various juices (with water), tea with milk, tea with lemon, dried fruit compotes.
Vegetables and greens - cabbage, potatoes, carrots, raw and boiled beets, onions are added after boiling.
Undesirable: mushrooms, beans, peas, peppers, sorrel, spinach, fried foods, egg yolks, canned food, alcohol, beer, carbonated water.
The content of proteins in this diet is 100-200 g, fats - 120-130 g, carbohydrates - 350-400 g. Calorie content - 3500 kcal, free liquid up to 1.5 l, salt - up to 12 g.
This diet is good because it is balanced: contains a normal amount of protein and limits fats (especially lamb, goose, internal fat). Reduced set of products that promote fermentation. Increased the amount of vegetables, fruits.
It is better to eat 4-5 times a day.
Don't climb the wall
Paradoxically, even the behavior and character of a person depend on the state of the liver. Unconscious anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbances can also be signs of an overload of the liver system. Losing your temper is a typical manifestation of an irritated liver. Even the ancients noticed this: harmful and vindictive choleric people were called bilious; closed, sad and sickly melancholic - people with black bile. And in our time, a lot of well-aimed expressions are walking among the people, tracing the connection between the liver, health and character of a person: a bilious person sits in the liver.
So if you help your protector - the liver, it will help you enjoy life more often.

BY THE WAY
In folk medicine, celandine is used as a remedy that retards the growth of certain malignant tumors. But we must remember that celandine is a poisonous plant, so it must be used inside with extreme caution. When poisoned, it can cause nausea, vomiting, and even death.

Rosehip is an ancient medicinal plant, the medicinal properties of which were known already in the 17th century. At that time, rose hips were highly valued and were given out for treatment by special permission only to noble and wealthy people. There are so many vitamins in its fruits that their diversity in quantity exceeds all other plants known to medicine. That is why rosehip infusion is good for the prevention of liver diseases. It increases the body's resistance to infectious diseases, in particular, hepatitis. Promotes better bile secretion. Rose hips are known to be used to make many medicinal preparations for the treatment of hepatitis and cholecystitis.

LIVER
the largest gland in the body of vertebrates. In humans, it is about 2.5% of body weight, an average of 1.5 kg in adult men and 1.2 kg in women. The liver is located in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity; it is attached by ligaments to the diaphragm, abdominal wall, stomach and intestines and is covered with a thin fibrous membrane - the glisson capsule. The liver is a soft but dense organ of red-brown color and usually consists of four lobes: a large right lobe, a smaller left one, and much smaller caudate and square lobes that form the posterior lower surface of the liver.

The LIVER is the largest gland in the human body and performs many functions. Ligaments fix its position in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity. The structure of the liver includes several lobes, each of which consists of functional units - lobules. The liver cells secrete the bile needed for digestion into the intralobular bile canaliculi. Bile is transported through the common bile duct to the intestines or gallbladder, where it is stored for later use. Nutrition of the liver tissue is provided by blood flowing through the hepatic artery. The portal vein brings blood containing absorbed digestion products, which are further processed in the liver. All incoming blood enters the lobular capillaries - sinusoids. Flowing through them, it washes the liver cells and exits through the central, then the interlobular, and then the hepatic vein into the inferior vena cava.

Collier Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what "LIVER" is in other dictionaries:

Liver- (hepar) (Fig. 151, 158, 159, 165, 166) is the largest gland of the human body, its mass reaches 1.5 2 kg, and the size is 25 30 cm. It is located in the upper abdomen under the dome of the diaphragm, predominantly occupying... Atlas of human anatomy

LIVER- LIVER. Contents: I. Liver ashtomia .............. 526 II. Histology of the liver.............. 542 III. Normal physiology of the liver ...... 548 IV. Pathological physiology of the liver ..... 554 V. Pathological anatomy of the liver ..... 565 VI. ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

- (hepar), the digestive gland of some invertebrates and all vertebrates. Among invertebrates, there are horseshoe crabs, arachnids, crustaceans, mollusks, and a number of echinoderms (starfish and lilies). Represents a hollow outgrowth of the middle ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

liver- - the most voluminous of the glands of the appendages of the digestive tract: indeed, its weight is 1500 grams. It is located on the highest tier of the right side of the abdominal cavity and goes into the epigastric region. Through the underside of the liver ... ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

Liver- a person. LIVER, a large gland in the abdominal cavity. Participates in the metabolism of proteins (synthesizes many blood proteins), lipids, carbohydrates (regulates blood sugar levels), in water and salt metabolism, in the synthesis of vitamins A and B12, in detoxification ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

PECHENKIN BAKE PECHENITSYN PECHENIN PECHENIKOV PECHINKIN LIVER PECHENKIN BURNED PECHENITSYN PECHENIN PECHENIKOV PECHINKIN From the name of the organ of the human body liver (E) More correctly from the nickname Liver, possibly a person similar to the liver of an animal ... Russian surnames

Large gland in animals and humans; participates in the processes of digestion, metabolism, blood circulation; ensures the constancy of the internal environment of the body. In vertebrates and humans, liver cells synthesize bile. Occurs in the liver... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

largest digestive gland

Internal organ of a human, animal

Large gland in animals and humans

When blood sugar levels rise, this organ of the human body converts excess glucose into glycogen.

In which human organ is vitamin A synthesized?

Which human organ synthesizes bile necessary for digestion?

Which human organ is responsible for neutralizing substances dangerous to us: poisons, toxins?

The cells of this particular organ are affected by jaundice

Organ suffering from cirrhosis

What organ is pâté made from?

What organ of Prometheus was constantly pecked out by an eagle?

largest human organ

What did the eagle peck at Prometheus?

Organ that produces bile

"colleague" of the spleen for blood purification

An organ diligently destroyed by a drunkard

Organ that purifies the blood

Alcohol destroys it

Paying for drinks

Intrauterine neighbor of the spleen

Large gland that produces bile

An internal organ of humans and animals, a large gland that produces bile

The largest gland

The skin, which averages about 20 percent of a person's weight, performs a variety of functions: it is involved in breathing, heat regulation, metabolism, the production of enzymes and mediators, cleansing the body of harmful toxins and excess water.

So, under normal conditions, 650 grams of water and about 10 grams of carbon dioxide are excreted through the skin per day; with increased sweating (for example, in febrile conditions), the amount of carbon dioxide and moisture released increases several times. Sometimes from 1 to 3.5 liters of sweat can be released per hour, which is equivalent to the release of 0 kilojoules of heat.

The skin also serves as a kind of blood depot. Under certain conditions, dilated skin vessels can hold more than a liter of blood. And if you consider that the volume of all circulating blood is 5 liters, this is a rather significant figure.

The skin is closely connected with all internal organs, connective tissue, pituitary gland, adrenal glands and other endocrine glands. It releases heat and various ions. Skin extracts can act as stimulants, vasoconstrictors, and antiseptics. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the statement of the German scientist S. Schmitz, who called the skin "the largest endocrine gland."

The skin is the most complex human sensory system. It faces the outside world with a huge surface.

The skin resembles a military facility equipped with various types of locators!

Through special cellular formations called receptors, a person feels pain, cold, heat, touch, pressure and vibration. Researchers have found that there are 2 heat receptors, 12 cold receptors, 25 tactile receptors and 150 pain receptors per 1 square centimeter of skin.

To date, 10 functions of the skin have been discovered and studied, the combined action of which resembles a gigantic, continuously working factory, in countless workshops and laboratories of which chemical, electrical and metabolic processes take place, signal lamps go out and light up, informing the body of the slightest changes in the external and internal environment.

The largest gland in the human body

The liver is the largest gland in the body (its weight usually reaches g). The liver is located in the right hypochondrium and is divided by furrows (fossae) into four lobes: the right (right) - the largest, left (left), square (quadrate) and caudate (caudate lobes). The liver is connected to the diaphragm and the walls of the abdominal cavity with the help of five ligaments: a duplication of the peritoneum falciform ligament (falciform) - separates the right and left lobes of the liver, a fibrous round ligament (round ligament), which develops from the embryonic umbilical vein, right (right) and left ( left) triangular ligaments (triangular ligaments are the divergent edges of the coronary ligament, which is a duplication of the peritoneum that runs from the walls of the abdominal cavity to the posterior edge of the liver - ed.

The meaning of the word Liver according to Ephraim:

The liver is the largest gland in animals and humans that produces bile.

The meaning of the word Liver according to Ozhegov:

Liver - A large gland in animals and humans that produces bile, which is involved in the processes of digestion, blood circulation, and metabolism

Liver according to the Encyclopedic Dictionary:

The liver is a large gland in animals and humans, it is involved in the processes of digestion, metabolism, blood circulation, and ensures the constancy of the internal environment of the body. In vertebrates and humans, liver cells synthesize bile. The liver synthesizes and breaks down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates (regulates blood sugar levels), vitamins (forms and accumulates vitamin A) and other substances. From the "exchange fund" of the liver, the body receives many necessary substances, 1/7 of all its energy is released in it. It flows through the liver in 1 minute. 1.5 liters of blood, up to 20% of the volume of the entire circulating blood can be in the vessels of the liver.

Add medical term/article Liver to favorites

The largest human gland

The human body is amazing. In it there is such a considerable number of various complex processes that, in their totality, allow the individual to exist - to have what they used to call "full life".

The main task of providing it lies with the large organs in the body, including the glands. They produce hormones that are responsible for many processes, without which the most significant - in physiological and psychological terms - for any individual, events (for example, digestion or childbirth) will simply become impossible.

At the same time, for non-physicians, their own body remains for the most part a mystery. So, not everyone will be able to say with accuracy what the largest human gland is. Meanwhile, without the compounds produced by it, the assimilation of many elements from food would not occur, the blood would not be purified, the disposal of toxic substances would not occur to the proper degree, etc.

The above statements refer to the liver. It is she who is considered not only the largest of the glands present in humans, but also the most “hot” organ. The constant temperature in it is about forty-two degrees. This is not surprising, because it is known as a real "industrial enterprise" of the body. It constantly boils the production of lipids, bile, bilirubin, replenishment of a number of vitamins and other nutrients, as well as hormones and enzymes, with the participation of which food is broken down in the duodenum into its constituent parts.

In general, the list of those chemical compounds, in the production of which the above-mentioned largest human gland is somehow involved, would be very extensive. However, this organ of considerable size is involved (in an adult it weighs about one and a half to two kilograms) and in many other processes that constantly occur in the body of every inhabitant of the planet.

Thus, foreign and unsafe substances for humans (including poisons, allergens, etc.) are neutralized in the liver. Here they are transformed into more harmless compounds, which are then removed naturally. Also, with the help of this organ, an excess of various hormones, vitamins, mediators and intermediate harmful metabolic products (for example, ethanol, ammonia, acetone, and others) is removed.

However, a lot of people have an idea about these functions of the liver. However, not everyone realizes that it also serves as a kind of "blood depository". A rather large volume of this life-giving fluid is stored here. It is thrown into the vascular bed in case of injuries and other situations in which there is a decent blood loss.

With all those countless tasks (and not all of them are listed just above) that the liver has to cope with, it is certainly very vulnerable to additional obstacles in their implementation, erected by the person himself. Is it worth mentioning in this connection the repeated “libations” that many people on the planet are fond of, as well as other unsafe habits (for example, smoking) that supply the body with such decent volumes of toxins that the body’s main filter is not always able to cope with.

In addition, many people are very illegible in terms of diet, and in this regard, the liver encounters an excessive amount of fats and other difficult-to-digest compounds. This greatly affects the functionality of the liver in a negative way. However, she has the ability to regenerate, but sometimes this does not help much.

Those who seek to join the ranks of centenarians who live out their century in perfect health should also take care of the liver. The recipe for this is simple - follow the diet and not overload the largest gland with harmful compounds.

The largest iron is not iron

How to help the liver to easily carry the burden of our carelessness?

We must help the liver to easily bear the burden of our carelessness. How?

There are many fruits and medicinal plants that contain active plant components that help a person protect the liver from diseases. Rose hips, mint, oregano, St. John's wort, chamomile, immortelle, corn stigmas, celandine, calendula, birch buds, milk thistle, oats, many vitamin preparations have such properties ...

Celandine. In folk medicine, a decoction of celandine herbs with flowers and roots in small doses is used for cholelithiasis, jaundice and other liver diseases.

It is known to increase bile secretion.

Calendula promotes the secretion of bile. In folk medicine, it is often used as a choleretic agent for liver diseases.

In pharmacies today there are many “targeted” herbal preparations that promote the release of bile, cleanse the bile ducts, and remove small pebbles. Medicinal plants are good because they are close in structure to the components of the human body. They act gently and are absolutely harmless, since the person himself, albeit unique, is a biosystem. Today, official medicine no longer denies the therapeutic effect of natural biologically active compounds. Moreover, it emphasizes not only their advantages, but often their advantages. The active substances of plants are not only able to cleanse the liver of toxins, and therefore protect its cells from destruction, but also help restore already damaged liver cells.

Based on practical experience, I can say that natural remedies are good in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. As you know, the percentage of viral pathologies of the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice) is now growing. And in case of a high load on this organ, the herbs will act as hepatoprotectors (literally, protectors of the liver).

Without much difficulty, you can help your liver through sparing nutrition.

In this sense, according to experts, boiled meat and fish, dairy products, oatmeal are good. And even more so - decoctions of natural oats. The same as horses are fed. Well remove toxins, save the liver from medicinal "violence" cranberries, lemon drinks. After all, all the nutrients absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract pass through the liver and are processed in it. At the same time, part of the fats is converted into carbohydrates, so the liver, figuratively speaking, is the largest depot of glycogen in the body. It also synthesizes blood plasma proteins.

Diet will help normalize the impaired function of the liver and biliary tract

Egg - protein omelette (without yolk) no more than 2 times a week.

Bread and bakery products - gray, coarse bread. The cookies are not good.

Milk and dairy products: fat-free cottage cheese, one-day yogurt, low-fat kefir.

Fats: butter, sunflower oil in ready meals.

Meat and fish dishes: lean meats, boiled chicken. Low-fat fish (cod, navaga, pike) - boiled.

Soups - on vegetable broth or milk (with water). Cereals - buckwheat, oatmeal, pasta. Fruit soups.

Fruits, berries, sweets - ripe varieties of fruits and berries in raw and boiled form, lemon with sugar, watermelons, soy chocolate, sugar.

Drinks, juices - rosehip decoction, various juices (with water), tea with milk, tea with lemon, dried fruit compotes.

Vegetables and greens - cabbage, potatoes, carrots, raw and boiled beets, onions are added after boiling.

Undesirable: mushrooms, beans, peas, peppers, sorrel, spinach, fried foods, egg yolks, canned food, alcohol, beer, carbonated water.

This diet is good because it is balanced: contains a normal amount of protein and limits fats (especially lamb, goose, internal fat). Reduced set of products that promote fermentation. Increased the amount of vegetables, fruits.

It is better to eat 4-5 times a day.

Don't climb the wall

Paradoxically, even the behavior and character of a person depend on the state of the liver. Unconscious anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbances can also be signs of an overload of the liver system. Losing your temper is a typical manifestation of an irritated liver. Even the ancients noticed this: harmful and vindictive choleric people were called bilious; closed, sad and sickly melancholic - people with black bile. And in our time, a lot of well-aimed expressions are walking among the people, tracing the connection between the liver, health and character of a person: a bilious person sits in the liver.

So if you help your protector - the liver, it will help you enjoy life more often.

In folk medicine, celandine is used as a remedy that retards the growth of certain malignant tumors. But we must remember that celandine is a poisonous plant, so it must be used inside with extreme caution. When poisoned, it can cause nausea, vomiting, and even death.

The largest human gland

The liver, hepar, is the largest gland in the human body, which has a complex structure and multifaceted functions (secretion of digestive juice, barrier, protective, participation in hematopoiesis, metabolism and water metabolism). The liver is an organ of irregular shape, refers to the parenchymal. Its weight is on average 1.5-2 kg in an adult, and in a newborn. By the end of the 2nd year of life, the weight doubles, by the age of 9 it becomes 6 times more, and by the age it is much more than the original. There are two surfaces: the upper - diaphragmatic, fades diaphragmatica, and the lower - visceral, fades visceralis, which are separated from each other by the lower edge, mar go inferior. The diaphragmatic convex surface is divided lig. falciforme hepatis into two unequal sections: left and right. Since the diaphragmatic surface forms an angle approaching a right angle from the bottom, 4 parts are distinguished on it: the upper, pars superior, the anterior, pars anterior, the posterior, pars posterior, and the right, pars dextra. These parts are facing up, anteriorly, backwards and to the right, respectively. On the left, due to the convergence of the upper and lower surfaces at an acute angle, a special surface is not distinguished.

The internal surface of the liver is more or less even, but contains several flat pits - impressions from adjacent organs (from right to left): renal - impressio renalis, adrenal, impressio suprarenalis, colon, impressio colica, duodenum, impressio duodenalis, pyloric, impressio pylorica, gastric, impressio gastrica. In addition, on the lower internal surface of the liver there are three deep grooves that divide the liver into 4 lobes, two grooves are oriented longitudinally - sulci longitudinales dexter et sinister, and one - the liver gate, porta hepatis - transversely (Fig. 118).

Rice. 118. Gate of the liver. 1 - venous ligament; 2 - left hepatic vein; 3, 5 - inferior vena cava; 4 - caudate lobe; 6 - portal vein; 7 - own hepatic artery; 8 - common hepatic duct; 9 - common bile duct; 10 - cystic duct; 11 - cystic artery; 12 - gallbladder; 13 - the bottom of the gallbladder; 14 - square share; 15 - round ligament of the liver; 16 - crescent ligament; 17 - left lobe of the liver; 18 - left branch of own hepatic artery

The anterior section of the right longitudinal sulcus, which is called the fossa of the gallbladder, fossa vesicae felleae, contains the gallbladder, the posterior section of the same sulcus is the groove of the vena cava, sulcus venae cavae, the inferior vena cava. In the left longitudinal groove are: in front - a round ligament of the liver, lig. teres hepatis containing obliterated v. umbilicalis, as a result of which the anterior part of the groove is called the fissure of the round ligament, fissura lig. teretis; behind - fibrous cord - the remainder of the overgrown venous duct, lig. venosum, why this part is called the gap of the venous ligament, fissura lig. venosi. The transverse recess - the gate of the liver, porta hepatis, connects the ends of the fossae vesicae felleae and fissurae lig. teretis and contains vessels, nerves of the liver and bile ducts.

To the left of the left longitudinal groove is the left lobe of the liver, lobus hepatis sinister, to the right of the right longitudinal groove is the right lobe, lobus hepatis dexter, between the fossa of the bile duct, the fissure of the round ligament and the gate of the liver is the square lobe, lobus quadratus hepatis, and between the groove " vena cava, a slit of the venous ligament and the gates of the liver - the caudate lobe, lobus caudatus hepatis, which anteriorly gives off two processes: the right - the caudate, processus caudatus (separates the groove of the vena cava from the fossa of the gallbladder and the gates of the liver), and the left - the papillary process, processus papillaris.

In children of the first year of life, the liver is relatively large and has a significant development of the left lobe, reaching 1/3 of the entire mass of the liver. As a result, its visceral surface has a different arrangement of depressions than in adults.

Topography of the liver. The liver is located in the upper abdomen on the right, directly below the diaphragm. The upper border of the liver in front runs arcuately along the right middle axillary line - at the level of the right X intercostal space, along the right mid-clavicular and parasternal - at the level of the cartilage of the XI rib, along the anterior median - at the base of the xiphoid process, along the left parasternal - at the site of attachment of VI costal cartilage. The lower border of the liver in front normally goes along the intercostal arch to the junction of the IX and VIII ribs and then along the transverse line through the epigastrium to the junction of the cartilages of the VIII and VII of the left ribs. The anterior midline of the body is crossed by the border of the liver in the middle of the distance from the top of the xiphoid process to the umbilicus. Behind the upper border of the liver corresponds to the lower edge of the body of the IX thoracic vertebra, along the linea paravertebralis - the X intercostal space, along the linea axillaris posterior - the VII intercostal space. The lower border at the back is determined along the posterior midline at the level of the middle of the body of the XI thoracic vertebra, along the linea paravertebralis - at the level of the XII rib, along the linea axillaris posterior - at the level of the proximal edge of the XI rib.

In newborns and children of the first year of life, the lower edge of the liver lies lower than in adults. In old people, the liver is determined one rib lower than in young people. In women, the liver is located slightly lower than in men.

From above, the liver is adjacent to the diaphragm, which separates its upper surface from the heart and pericardium. From below, the liver is in contact with the right flexure of the colon, the right kidney and adrenal gland, the inferior vena cava, the upper part of the duodenum, the stomach, gallbladder, and the transverse colon.

The structure of the liver. The basis of the liver is made up of hepatic lobules, 1o-buli hepatis, having the form of high prisms, which are composed of liver cells. Between the rows of liver cells are circulatory capillary networks and networks of bile ducts, ductuli biliferi. The capillaries of the peripheral layer of the lobule are branches of the v branches. portae and a. hepatica; capillaries of the central layer form the central vein, v. centralis, carrying blood to vv. hepaticae. The lobules are 1-1.5 mm in diameter and 1.5-2 mm high. In the human liver, a lobule. They are separated from one another by a connective tissue layer - the interlobular connective tissue, which is poorly developed in humans.

Interlobular veins pass between the lobules, vv. interlobulares (branches of the portal vein), interlobular arteries, aa. interlobular es (branches of the hepatic artery), as well as interlobular bile ducts, into which the bile ducts flow. From the confluence of the interlobular bile ducts, larger ones are formed that flow into the left and right hepatic ducts, ductus hepatici sinister et dexter, as well as into the ducts of the caudate lobe. Due to the connection of the listed ducts, the common hepatic duct, ductus hepaticus communis, is formed. Outside, the entire mass of the liver is covered with a thin fibrous membrane, tunica fibrosa, which connects to the interlobular connective tissue and forms the connective tissue frame of the liver, in which the hepatic lobules lie. In addition, almost the entire surface of the liver (with the exception of the posterior part of the diaphragmatic surface) is covered with peritoneum, which, passing to neighboring organs, forms a number of ligaments: 1) sickle-shaped, lig. falciforme hepatis, running from the upper surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall; 2) coronal, lig. coronarium hepatis, transversely located on the upper surface of the liver as a result of the transition of the peritoneum from the liver to the diaphragm; 3) right and left triangular - ligg. triangulares dextrum et sinistrum, - the final sections of the coronary ligament, having two leaves each; 4) hepatoduodenal, lig. hepatoduodenal, between the hilum of the liver and the upper part of the duodenum; 5) hepato-renal, lig. hepatorenale, - the transition of the peritoneum from the liver to the kidney; 6) hepatogastric (see the Stomach section of this publication). Ligaments of the liver make up its fixing apparatus.

Gallbladder and bile ducts. The gallbladder, vesica felleae, is a pear-shaped receptacle for bile, lies in its own groove on the lower surface of the liver. In some cases, this furrow is very deep, so that the bladder occupies an almost intrahepatic position. Its anterior end, slightly protruding beyond the lower edge of the liver, is called the bottom, fundus, the posterior, narrowed end forms the neck, collum vesicae felleae, and the area between the bottom and the neck is the bladder body, corpus vesicae felleae. From the neck of the bladder begins the cystic duct, ductus cysticus, 3-4 cm long, which connects to the common hepatic duct, ductus hepaticus communis, resulting in the formation of the common bile duct, ductus choledochus. The latter goes to lig. hepatoduodenal and opens in the descending part of the duodenum on papilla duodeni major with a hepato-pancreatic ampulla, ampulla hepatopancreatica. At the place where it flows into the intestine, the wall of the common bile duct contains a muscle - a constrictor of the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla, m. sphincter ampullae.

X-ray anatomy of the liver and biliary tract. An x-ray examination of the liver is determined in the form of a shadow formation according to its position. In modern conditions, it is possible to inject a contrast agent into the liver and obtain an X-ray picture of the biliary tract (cholangiography) or remove intrahepatic branches of the portal vein (portogram).

Vessels of the liver. Blood is brought to the liver through the portal vein and the hepatic artery, branching in the parenchyma into a capillary bed (the "wonderful network"), from which veins are formed that form the hepatic veins. In this case, the branches of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the liver are accompanied by hepatic ducts. Based on the features of the branching of the vessels of the portal vein, the hepatic artery and the course of the hepatic ducts in the liver, from 7 to 12 segments can be distinguished. More often there are 8 segments. In the right half of the liver, 5 segments are distinguished (anterior-inferior, anterior-upper, posterior-inferior, posterior-upper and right), and in the left - 3 segments (posterior, anterior and left).

The outflow of lymph occurs through the deep and superficial lymphatic vessels to the hepatic and celiac lymph nodes.

The liver is innervated by the hepatic nerve plexus.

Pancreas

The pancreas, pancreas, is an elongated parenchymal organ lying transversely behind the stomach. The total length of the gland is cm in adults, cm in newborns, cm in children 3 years old. In the gland, the right thickened end is distinguished - the head, caput pancreatis, the middle section - the body, corpus pancreatis, and the left tapering end - the tail, cauda pancreatis (see Fig. 115).

The head is thickened in the anterior-posterior direction, has an uncinate process, processus uncinatus, located in front and below, and a notch, incisura pancreatis, on the border with the body. The body has the shape of a trihedral prism. Three surfaces are distinguished in it: anterior, fades anterior, posterior, fades posterior, lower, fades inferior, and three edges: upper, margo superior, anterior, margo anterior, and lower, margo inferior. On the anterior surface of the body, near the head, there is an omental tubercle, tuber omentale, protruding into the omental sac. In children, the head is relatively large, the omental tubercle and notch are weakly expressed.

The excretory duct, ductus pancreaticus, is formed from small ducts, approaches the left wall of the descending part of the duodenum and flows into it, usually together with the common bile duct. Very often there is an additional pancreatic duct.

Topography of the gland. The pancreas is located retroperitoneally in the upper abdomen. Projected in the umbilical region and left hypochondrium. The head is at the level of the right surface of the I-III lumbar vertebrae, the body is at the level of the I lumbar, the tail is at the level of the XI-XII thoracic vertebrae. Behind the gland are the portal vein and the diaphragm, below in the incisura pancreatis lie the upper mesenteric vessels, which enter here into the mesentery of the small intestine. Along the upper edge are the splenic vessels and pancreatic-splenic lymph nodes. The head is surrounded by the duodenum.

The structure of the gland. The pancreas is a complex alveolar-tubular gland. It secretes the exocrine part, which takes part in the production of intestinal juice, and the endocrine part, which secretes the hormone insulin, which regulates carbohydrate metabolism. The exocrine part, which is large, consists of acini and ducts, and the intrasecretory part consists of special islet cells collected in very small islets.

The blood supply to the pancreas is carried out by the branches of aa. pancreaticoduodenales superiores (from a. gastroduodenalis) et inferiores (from a. mesenterica superior), as well as branches of a. lienalis. Veins of the same name carry blood in v. portae.

The outflow of lymph occurs in the pancreas-splenic lymph nodes.

Innervation is carried out by plexus lienalis and plexus mesentericus superior.

Abdomen and peritoneum

Many internal organs are located in the abdominal cavity, cavum abdominis, - an internal space bounded in front and from the sides by the anterior abdominal wall, behind - by the posterior abdominal wall (spine and surrounding muscles), from above - by the diaphragm and from below - by a conditional plane drawn through the boundary line pelvis. The abdominal cavity is lined from the inside with intra-abdominal fascia, fascia endoabdominalis. The peritoneum also covers with its parietal sheet the inner surfaces of the abdominal cavity: anterior, lateral, posterior and upper. As a result, the parietal sheet of the peritoneum forms a peritoneal sac, which in men is closed, and in women it communicates with the external environment through the abdominal opening of the fallopian tube (Fig. 119).

Rice. 119. The ratio of the peritoneum to the organs of the abdominal cavity (diagram). 1 - trachea; 2 - esophagus; 3 - right pulmonary artery; 4 - pericardial cavity; 5 - pericardium; 6 - posterior mediastinum; 7 - diaphragm; 8 - upper pocket of stuffing bag; 9 - caudate lobe of the liver; 10 - pancreas; 11 - retroperitoneal space; 12 - a large omentum (rear sheets); 23 - duodenum; 14 - peritoneal cavity; 15 - root of the mesentery of the small intestine; 16 - retroperitoneal space; 17 - cape; 18 - sigmoid colon; 19 - rectum; 20 - rectovesical deepening; 21 - anus; 22 - testicle; 23 - vaginal membrane of the testicle; 24 - penis; 25 - prostate gland and seminal vesicle; 26 - symphysis; 27 - prevesical space; 28 - bladder; 29 - small intestine; 30 - a large omentum (rear sheets); 31 - a large omentum (front sheets); 32 - parietal sheet of the peritoneum; 33 - transverse colon; 34, 36 - stuffing bag; 35 - stomach; 37 - small gland; 38 - liver; 39 - pericardium; 40 - pericardial cavity; 41 - sternum; 42 - anterior mediastinum; 43 - thymus gland; 44 - left brachiocephalic vein

Between the peritoneum parietale and the fascia endoabdominalis there is a layer of fiber, which is differently expressed in different departments. In front - in the preperitoneal space, spatium praeperitoneale, the cellular layer is small. It is especially strongly developed behind, where the organs lying retroperitoneally are located, and where the retroperitoneal space, spatium retroperitoneale, is formed (see the Retroperitoneal space section of this edition).

In the retroperitoneal space are: most of the duodenum, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys and ureters, posterior surfaces of the ascending and descending colon, large vessels (aorta and its branches, inferior vena cava with its tributaries, portal vein), lymph nodes, thoracic lymphatic duct, large nerve plexuses, sympathetic nerves. In the peritoneal sac lie: stomach, liver, spleen, jejunum and ileum, transverse and sigmoid colon, anterior and lateral surfaces of the ascending and descending colon.

The parietal peritoneum, peritoneum parietale, passes into the visceral, peritoneum, viscerate, which covers many internal organs located in the cavum peritonei. Between the parietal and visceral sheets of the peritoneum there is a slit-like space - the peritoneal cavity, cavum peritonei. When the splanchnic peritoneum passes from one organ to another or from the splanchnic to the parietal (or vice versa), mesentery, omentums, ligaments and folds are formed, as well as a number of more or less isolated spaces: bags, depressions, furrows, pits and sinuses.

As follows from the private anatomy of the organs located in the abdominal cavity, they can have a different relationship to the peritoneal sac: 1) be covered with peritoneum from all sides and lie intraperitoneally - intraperitoneally; 2) protrude with its three walls into the peritoneal cavity - mesoperitoneally; 3), be covered with peritoneum on one side only and lie behind the peritoneal sac - extraperitoneally.

As noted above (p. 201), in the early stages of development, the alimentary canal had two mesentery throughout its entire length: dorsal and ventral. The latter almost everywhere, with the exception of a small terminal section of the foregut, has undergone reverse development. The dorsal mesentery, as a formation that fixes a number of organs to the posterior abdominal wall, has been preserved for a greater extent. A person after birth has the following mesentery: 1) jejunum and ileum, mesenterium; 2) transverse colon, mesocolon transversum; 3) sigmoid colon, mesocolon sigmoideum; 4) appendix, mesoappendix. The places of attachment of the mesentery on the posterior abdominal wall are indicated in the description of the mentioned organs.

The transverse colon and its mesentery divide the peritoneal cavity into two floors: upper and lower. The upper floor houses the liver, stomach, spleen, and the lower floor houses the jejunum and ileum, ascending and descending colon and caecum. Within the upper floor, the peritoneal sac and the organs lying in it form three more or less isolated spaces - bags, bursae: 1) hepatic, bursa hepatica, 2) pregastric, bursa praegastrica and 3) omental, bursa omentalis.

The hepatic bursa lies below the diaphragm in front of the liver and is separated from the adjacent pregastric bursa by the falciform ligament of the liver.

The pancreatic sac lies below the diaphragm in front of the stomach and spleen. The deepest part of the bag is the perisplenic space.

The stuffing bag is located behind the stomach. Its anterior wall is the lesser omentum, the posterior wall of the stomach, and the lig. gastrocolicum, posterior - parietal peritoneum, upper - caudate lobe of the liver, lower - mesocolon transversum and colon transversum. On the right, the stuffing bag communicates with the common cavity of the peritoneal sac through the stuffing hole, foramen epiploicum, limited by lig. hepatoduodenale in front, lig. hepatorenale behind, lig. duodenorenale from below and the caudate lobe of the liver from above. In the omental bag, the vestibule, upper, lower and splenic recesses are distinguished.

In the upper floor of the peritoneal cavity, the ventral mesentery of the stomach is transformed into ligaments: lig. hepatogastricum and lig. hepatoduodenale, which go between the liver and stomach, liver and duodenum and together make up the lesser omentum, omentum minus, and also lig. coronarium hepatis, lig. triangulares hepatis and lig. falciforme hepatis. The dorsal mesentery of the stomach in the process of its rotation is transformed into a greater omentum, omentum majus, and its cavity.

The visceral peritoneum descends from the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach along its greater curvature, forming the anterior wall of the cavity of the greater omentum. Below the transverse colon, the indicated anterior wall passes into the posterior wall of the cavity of the greater omentum and ascends to the posterior abdominal wall, where it passes into the parietal peritoneum. The cavity of the greater omentum is slit-like and communicates with the cavity of the stuffing bag. Often, all four leaves of the greater omentum grow together and the cavity disappears.

The visceral peritoneum from the spleen passes to the diaphragm and in this place the diaphragmatic-splenic ligament, lig. phrenicolienale, as well as on the stomach - lig. gastrolienal. In addition, the peritoneum connects the left flexure of the colon with the diaphragm, forming the diaphragmatic-colonic ligament, lig. phrenicocolicum.

In the lower floor of the peritoneal cavity, the left and right mesenteric sinuses, sinus mesentericus dexter et sinister, as well as the left and right, paracolonic sulci, sulci paracolici sinister et dexter, are distinguished. Both mesenteric sinuses lie between the ascending and descending colon on the sides and the mesocolon transversum on top. The left and right sinuses are separated from one another by the root of the mesentery of the small intestine. From below, the mesenteric sinuses communicate with the small pelvis.

The paracolonic sulci are located between the parietal peritoneum of the anterior-lateral abdominal wall and the ascending (right) or descending (left) colon. The right paracolic sulcus communicates superiorly with the hepatic sac.

Within the lower floor of the peritoneal cavity, the peritoneum forms folds and pits. On the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall from the navel downwards (to the bladder), 5 umbilical folds extend: median, plica umbilicalis mediana; medial, plicae umbilicales mediates, and lateral, plicae umbilicales laterales. In the median umbilical fold there is an overgrown urinary duct, urachus, in the medial - overgrown umbilical arteries, and in the lateral - aa. epigastricae inferiores. On both sides of the median umbilical fold there are small supravesical fossae, fossae supravesicales, between the medial and lateral folds on each side are the medial inguinal fossae, fossae inguinales mediates, and outside of the lateral folds are the lateral inguinal fossae, fossae inguinales laterales. The medial inguinal fossa corresponds to the position of the superficial inguinal ring, and the lateral to the deep inguinal ring.

From the flexura duodenojejunalis, a small duodeno-ileo-intestinal fold extends downward, plica duodenojejunalis is an important landmark in abdominal surgery. Small indentations of the posterior abdominal wall are present in the caecum - retrocaecal, recessus retrocaecalis, upper and lower ileocecal indentations, recessus ileocaecales superior et inferior.

The golden mean is what is important when it comes to the iron content in the body of a healthy person. Normally, this trace element is given only 4-5 grams, but its role is colossal.

Surely you know that iron is simply necessary for a person and cannot be replaced by anything. It is involved in the process of hematopoiesis and transport of oxygen to all cells of the body as part of hemoglobin. In addition, iron is involved in the synthesis of cellular enzymes, generates a magnetic field and electromagnetic impulses in nerve cells, and promotes the formation of tissues. The normal level of this metal gives the body the strength to withstand stress, fatigue, drowsiness, supports immunity, brain and thyroid function. And what is important, and for you and me it is even very important to maintain the tone of the skin and muscles.

If the hemoglobin level is normal, then there is no painful craving for sweets

The role of iron in the body

Daily intake of iron

The daily rate of iron for each individual and depends on the state of health and lifestyle of a person. With intense physical activity, the need increases. The table below shows the average figures for different categories of people.

Ideally, any healthy body should have a supply of iron (300-1000 mg for women and 500-1500 mg for men). In reality, most people have a supply of this trace element at the lower limit of the norm, or not at all.

P products containing iron in large quantities table

The table shows only those foods that have the highest amount of iron. The proportion of iron is given in grams per 100 grams of the product.

If we are talking about the lack of something, then it is already clear that this does not bode well. There are two stages of iron deficiency: latent stage and stage of anemia.

With latent iron deficiency the level of hemoglobin in the blood is normal and there are no clinical symptoms of iron deficiency, however, tissue iron reserves are inexorably falling, the activity of iron-containing enzymes is gradually decreasing. In addition, adults are characterized by a compensatory increase in iron absorption in the intestine.

With iron deficiency anemia the following clinical symptoms are observed:

1. depletion of iron stores in the body;
2. a decrease in the saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin is significantly reduced, which leads to their hypochromia, in other words, erythrocytes lose color;
3. dystrophic changes occur in organs and tissues;
4. in erythrocytes, an increased amount of protoporphyrin is observed;
5. decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood and its production.

Symptoms of anemia

When should you pay attention to your condition and what hints from the body to think about a possible lack of iron? If you are worried about systematic fatigue for no apparent reason and with the same rhythm of life as always ... There is a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath with a slight load. Muscle weakness, tinnitus, headaches. Visually, others may note the pallor of the face. Also, hair loss, brittle nails, and dry skin often increase. More pronounced symptoms are also possible, such as cracks in the mucous membranes in the corners of the mouth, reddening of the tongue. It all depends on the severity and duration of the deficiency. It should be noted that self-medication and taking medications on their own without examination is not worth it. This is because an excess of iron, as well as its lack, is quite capable of seriously harming, namely, disrupting the functioning of internal organs. Only a doctor can make a diagnosis based on the tests and prescribe the right dosage specifically in your case.

The human body is able to absorb about a tenth of the incoming iron. Some factors that reduce iron absorption in the intestinal lumen should be considered, which can be influenced. This is precipitation by phosphates, phytates and antacids. Soy proteins, albumin, and ethanol (taken orally or by injection) reduce iron absorption. As for milk, its proteins also have a detrimental effect on Fe absorption. Tea and coffee significantly reduce iron absorption due to their caffeine content. Phytic acid, found in seeds of cereals, legumes and oilseeds, reduces the absorption of iron. In order to neutralize the effect of phytate on iron absorption, ascorbic acid or meat should be included in the diet. Plant fibers other than cellulose are also able to reduce iron absorption.

Large oral doses of ascorbic acid, as well as citric, succinic acids, and sugar have a positive effect. Absorption is increased in the presence of poultry or beef.

Note that the most easily digestible iron for the human body is found in plants!

Video: Iron and body energy

Conclusion

Proper and balanced nutrition is a daily work on your health. But this is the only way to best provide your body with all the necessary vitamins, minerals and trace elements. There is no better way than getting iron from foods. And, of course, do not forget about regular physical activity.

Be sure to read about it

2) spleen

3) pancreas

4) adrenal gland

Answer: 1

43. What role does bile play in digestion?

1) breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids

2) activates enzymes, emulsifies fats

3) breaks down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water

4) Accelerates the process of water absorption

Answer: 2

44. In which part of the human intestine does the breakdown of plant matter take place?

Noah fiber

1) duodenum

2) large intestine

3) small intestine

4) caecum

Answer: 2

45. In the human digestive system, the main chemical transformations

Niya food culminate in

1) caecum

2) stomach

3) small intestine

Answer: 3

The enzymatic breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the human digestive system begins at

Answer: 1

47. Poisonous substances that have entered the human body with food, neutralizing

huddle in

3) large intestine

4) pancreas

Answer: 2

48. Digestion of starch and other complex carbohydrates begins in:

1) large intestine;

2) small intestine;

3) oral cavity;

4) in the stomach.

Answer: 3

49. What vitamin should be included in the diet of a person with scurvy?

Answer: 3

The conversion of glucose to glycogen occurs in

1) stomach

4) intestines

Answer: 3

51. Enzymatic breakdown of proteins to amino acids in the digestive

Noah human system begins in

1) stomach, and ends in the small intestine

2) the oral cavity, and ends in the small intestine

3) the oral cavity, and ends in the esophagus

4) the caecum, and ends in the rectum

Answer: 1

52. Bile and pancreatic juice through the ducts enter:

1) stomach

2) duodenum

3) sections of the large intestine

4) rectum

Answer: 2

Absorbed into the blood in the human small intestine

1) starch

2) amino acids

3) glycogen

Answer: 2

The function of absorption of nutrients in the human digestive system is performed by

1) muscle cells

2) epithelial cells

3) stomach glands

4) blood vessels

Answer: 2

Lack of vitamin A in the human body leads to disease

1) night blindness

2) diabetes

4) rickets

Answer: 1

56. In the human digestive system, the main chemical transformations

Niya food culminate in

1) caecum

2) stomach

3) small intestine

Answer: 3

57. The conversion of glucose into a reserve carbohydrate - glycogen is the most intensive