Convenient because they completely repeat. What is the name of a psychological disorder (disease) when a person repeats the same thing over and over again

Good afternoon! My son is 2.9. He was always very active, cheerful, smiling. Since March 2017, he began to answer “no” to everything, even if he wanted to, it’s still not, but somehow it weakened and now in July it became easier. ..Since August, tantrums began with and without cause, did a lot of evil - pull the flower out of the pot and watched how we react, tried to scold and put in a corner to think, he calmed down and started again. Then they ignored it, everything seemed to get better. Stopped. Then there were constant tantrums, I began to repeat the same thing many times, for example, I say that we are looking to play ball, and he answered the ball with me, I say yes with myself, and he again "ball with me" and so many many times and then he sobs ... and so every day and about different things many times the same thing even if we don’t forbid it, but just decided to do it together. He had it every day, he sobbed almost all the time, it only becomes easier on his face, therefore we walk for 3 hours in the morning and after a daytime sleep for another 3 hours. But then it’s already unbearable on the street - a shoulder blade lies in front of him and he screams so help me and pulls his hands and in front of him is a 40 cm shoulder blade and then sobbing and hysteria. I say let's raise it together, I'll help then raise it together, but then he again looks for a reason to cry and still finds ... But there are literally 4 days a month when he is normal a child, normal, without tantrums. I will write briefly the symptoms these days when furious: 1. Sleeps badly, spins, screams, sometimes sits down and barely manages to lay down and rock again to sleep. Gets up early. 2. Wakes up angry, can hit me (sleep with him), or starts to sob if I don’t immediately get tired and don’t go to the gym with him. 3. Poor appetite (he is already very selective in food, but in normal days maybe try something new, but not in these). 4. Can ask for Nutrilon milk in a bottle with a nipple. He stopped riding a balance bike or asks for handles or in a stroller. When he doesn’t like to read, he likes to tell him from pictures. 7. Before that, he already wrote in the toilet or on the street, and now he doesn’t want to go to write, he endures to the last, as a result, he either writes in his pants a little or completely described. 8. Sometimes I want to say for the most part , we put on a diaper (so far it’s the only way) and he sits and there’s nothing, although that day he’s already gone so that he’s not constipated. 9. He doesn’t smile. 10. Naughty, he can hit me or his father. hours than his usual time, then there he suffers from sleep, cannot sleep for an hour and a half ace, I tell invented fairy tales and shake myself until I fall asleep. That's probably all .... Tell me, please, can these be problems from the field of psychiatry?! It’s simply impossible to live like that, my husband and I don’t know where to run. and the day he was normal, but it’s just torture, these sobs and the repetition of the same thing .... The neurologist had, like everything is normal. The psychologist also can’t say what it is yet. I will be very grateful for the answers!

Anxiety, to one degree or another, is common to all people, and many of us sometimes perform rituals varying degrees irrationality designed to insure us from trouble - banging on the table with their fist or putting a lucky T-shirt on significant event. But sometimes this mechanism gets out of control, causing a serious mental disorder. Theories and Practices explains what tormented Howard Hughes, how an obsession differs from schizophrenic delusions, and what magical thinking has to do with it.

Endless Ritual

The hero of Jack Nicholson in the famous film "It doesn't get better" was distinguished not only by a complex character, but also by a whole set of oddities: he constantly washed his hands (and each time with new soap), ate only with his cutlery, avoided other people's touches and tried not to step on cracks on asphalt. All these "eccentricities" - typical signs obsessive-compulsive disorder, mental illness, in which a person is obsessed with obsessive thoughts, forcing him to regularly repeat the same actions. OCD is a real godsend for a screenwriter: this disease is more common in people with high intelligence, it gives the character originality, noticeably interferes with his communication with others, but at the same time is not associated with a threat to society, unlike many others. mental disorders. But in reality, the life of a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder cannot be called easy: constant tension and fear are hidden behind innocent and even funny, at first glance, actions.

In the head of such a person, it’s as if a record is stuck: the same unpleasant thoughts regularly come to his mind, which have little rational basis. For example, he imagines that dangerous microbes are everywhere, he is constantly afraid of hurting someone, losing some thing, or leaving the gas on when leaving home. A leaky faucet or an asymmetrical arrangement of objects on a table can drive him crazy.

The flip side of this obsession, that is, obsession, is compulsion, the regular repetition of the same rituals, which should prevent impending danger. A person begins to believe that the day will go well only if, before leaving the house, he reads a children's rhyme three times, that he will protect himself from terrible diseases if he wash his hands several times in a row and use his own cutlery. After the patient performs the ritual, he experiences relief for a while. 75% of patients suffer from both obsessions and compulsions at the same time, but there are cases when people experience only obsessions without performing rituals.

At the same time, obsessive thoughts differ from schizophrenic delusions in that the patient himself perceives them as absurd and illogical. He is not at all happy to wash his hands every half an hour and zip up his fly five times in the morning - but get rid of obsession otherwise he simply cannot. The level of anxiety is too high, and rituals allow the patient to achieve temporary relief from the condition. But at the same time, in itself, the love of rituals, lists or putting things on the shelves, if it does not bring discomfort to a person, does not belong to the disorder. From this point of view, the aesthetes who diligently arrange carrot peels lengthwise in Things Organized Neatly are absolutely healthy.

Most of the problems in OCD patients are caused by obsessions of aggressive or sexual in nature. Some become afraid that they will do something bad to other people, up to and including sexual violence and murder. Obsessional thoughts can take the form of single words, phrases, or even lines of poetry - a scene from the movie The Shining can serve as a good illustration, where main character, going crazy, begins to type on the typewriter the same phrase "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." A person with OCD experiences tremendous stress - he is both horrified by his thoughts and tormented by guilt for them, tries to resist them, and at the same time tries to make the rituals he performs go unnoticed by others. In all other respects, however, his consciousness functions perfectly normally.

It is believed that obsessions and compulsions are closely related to "magical thinking", which arose at the dawn of mankind - the belief in the ability to take control of the world with the help of right attitude and rituals. magical thinking draws a direct parallel between a mental desire and a real consequence: if you draw a buffalo on the wall of a cave, tuning in to a successful hunt, you will certainly be lucky. Apparently, this way of perceiving the world is born in the deep mechanisms of human thinking: neither scientific and technological progress, nor logical arguments, nor the sad personal experience, proving the futility of magical passes, do not save us from the need to look for a relationship between random things. Some scientists believe that it is embedded in our neuropsychology - the automatic search for patterns that simplify the picture of the world helped our ancestors survive, and the most ancient parts of the brain still work according to this principle, especially in stressful situation. Therefore, when elevated level anxiety, many people begin to be afraid of their own thoughts, fearing that they can become reality, and at the same time, they believe that a set of some irrational actions will help prevent an undesirable event.

Story

In ancient times, this disorder was often associated with mystical reasons: in the Middle Ages, people obsessed with obsessive ideas were immediately sent to exorcists, and in the 17th century the concept changed to the opposite - it was believed that such states arise due to excessive religious zeal.

In 1877 one of the founders scientific psychiatry Wilhelm Griesinger and his student Karl-Friedrich-Otto Westphal found that the basis of "neurosis obsessive states”is a thought disorder, but it does not affect other aspects of behavior. They used the German term Zwangsvorstellung, which, being variously translated in Britain and the United States (as obsession and compulsion respectively), became modern name illness. And in 1905, the French psychiatrist and neurologist Pierre Maria Felix Janet singled out this neurosis from neurasthenia as individual disease and called it psychasthenia.

Opinions differed about the cause of the disorder - for example, Freud believed that obsessive-compulsive behavior refers to unconscious conflicts that manifest themselves in the form of symptoms, and his German colleague Emil Kraepelin attributed it to "constitutional mental illness" caused by physical causes.

suffer from obsessional disorder, including famous people- for example, the inventor Nikola Tesla counted steps while walking and the volume of servings of food - if he failed to do this, the dinner was considered spoiled. And the entrepreneur and American aviation pioneer Howard Hughes was terrified of the dust and ordered his employees to “wash four times, each time using a large number of foam from a new bar of soap.

Defense mechanism

The exact causes of OCD are not clear even now, but all hypotheses can be divided into three categories: physiological, psychological and genetic. Supporters of the first concept associate the disease either with the functional and anatomical features of the brain, or with metabolic disorders (biologically active substances that transmit electrical impulses between neurons, or from neurons to muscle tissue) - primarily serotonin and dopamine, as well as norepinephrine and GABA. Some researchers have noted that many patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had birth trauma upon birth, which also confirms physiological causes OKR.

Supporters psychological theories believe that the disease is associated with personal characteristics, temperament, psychological trauma and improper response negative impact environment. Sigmund Freud suggested that the occurrence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms is associated with the protective mechanisms of the psyche: isolation, elimination and reactive formation. Isolation protects a person from anxiety-causing affects and impulses, forcing them into the subconscious, liquidation is aimed at combating repressed impulses that pop up - the compulsive act is, in fact, based on it. And, finally, reactive formation is a manifestation of patterns of behavior and consciously experienced attitudes that are opposite to emerging impulses.

There is also scientific evidence that genetic mutations contribute to OCD. They were found in unrelated families whose members suffered from OCD - in the serotonin transporter gene, hSERT. Studies of identical twins also confirm the existence of a hereditary factor. In addition, in patients with OCD more likely have close relatives with the same disorder than healthy people.

Maksim, 21 years old, suffering from OCD since childhood

It started for me around 7 or 8 years old. The neurologist was the first to report the likelihood of OCD, even then there was a suspicion of obsessive neurosis. I was constantly silent, scrolling through various theories in my head like "mental chewing gum." When I saw something that caused me anxiety, obsessive thoughts about it began, although the reasons were very insignificant in appearance and, perhaps, would never have touched me.

At one time there was obsessive thought that my mother might die. I turned over the same moment in my head, and it captured me so much that I could not sleep at night. And when I ride in a minibus or in a car, I constantly think about the fact that now we will have an accident, that someone will crash into us or we will fly away from the bridge. A couple of times the thought arose that the balcony under me would fall apart, or someone would throw me out of there, or I myself would slip in the winter and fall.

We never really talked with the doctor, I just took different medicines. Now I am moving from one obsession to another and I am following some rituals. I constantly touch something, no matter where I am. I go from corner to corner throughout the room, adjusting the curtains, wallpaper. Maybe I am different from other people with this disorder, everyone has their own rituals. But it seems to me that those people who accept themselves as they are are more lucky. They are much better than those who want to get rid of it and are very worried about it.

You've already told me about it four times!

So what? Do not interrupt! You must listen to me to the end!

From the conversation of the spouses

“When he starts saying the same thing over and over, I do my homework and keep quiet as if I’m listening.

And I think about myself. He, the cunning one, felt my “reception” and now often says: “Repeat what I said!”

From the client's story at the consultation

Communication with a person who speaks a lot and for a long time in monologue mode is a real test. But an even greater test is to communicate with someone whose monologue content consists of the same thought or information that he pronounces several times over a period of time.

In order to find inner peace, not to be irritated and to calmly talk with an interlocutor who repeats the same thing, it is necessary to understand why in communication he behaves in this way?

Usually the reasons may be the following:

Repetitions in the speaker's speech are often associated with the fact that he is worried and excited. In this case, you need to give him some time to speak out. Approximately 15-20 minutes for such a "reprimand" is enough. Your partner will calm down and internally be ready for a calm dialogue.

Frequent repetitions in the speech of your partner are also connected with the fact that he attaches great importance to what he is talking about. Express to him your understanding of the importance and significance of the information he speaks (“I understand: what you are talking about is very important”) - and your interlocutor will start a “normal” conversation with you.

"Stuck" on the same person, extremely tired and super-anxious. Reassure such a person and let him rest. After a while, he returns to "normal" dialogue.

The same thing is also repeated by a person who himself has not fully comprehended the information he repeats. In the course of frequent pronunciation, he seeks to understand himself what he is talking about.

Finally, a person is repeated, super-responsible, carrying a load of duty. It's enough to say, “Look, it's not that important. If it works out - well, if it doesn't work out - it's okay, ”and your interlocutor will stop saying the same thing.

You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

Types of speech stereotypes

Several types of speech stereotypes are known: persistent repetition of one conclusion or word (perseveration), repetition of the same expression, turn of speech (standing turns), repetition of words or syllables in a certain rhythm, or in a rhyming form (verbigeration).

Perseveration - perseverance stubborn we sing odes

The term perseveration comes from Latin word perseveratio, which means "perseverance", "perseverance". In speech, perseveration manifests itself as the repeated reproduction of the same syllables, words, or sentences.

It is as if a word or thought “gets stuck” in the patient’s mind, and he repeats it repeatedly and monotonously when communicating with an interlocutor. In this case, the repeated word or phrase is not related to the topic of the conversation. The patient's speech is monotonous. Perseveration can be expressed both orally and in writing.

Perseveration is the result of associative activity, a part of consciousness and does not happen by chance. It should not be confused with obsessive phenomena, since the latter have an element of obsession, and the patient is aware of the absurdity of his actions.

Verbigeration is a frequent lot of schizophrenics

A mental disorder in which the patient repeats, shouts out the same interjections, words, phrases in a monotonous voice. These repetitions are automatic and meaningless, and can last for hours or even days.

The patient rhythmically, often in rhyme, repeats words and combinations of sounds that do not make sense. Verbigeration should be distinguished from perseveration, since in the latter the repetitions depend on neuropsychic states and disappear with the elimination of these states.

Standing turns

Standing turns are called fragments of phrases, expressions, words, ideas of the same type that the patient repeatedly reproduces during conversations.

Initially, the patient pronounces them with the same intonation, and subsequently simplifies, reduces, and the process is reduced to a stereotypical repetition of words.

Often pronounced standing turns are greatly distorted and it becomes impossible to understand their original meaning and sound.

Palilalia

Palilalia refers to the patient repeating a phrase, or part of it, a single word or syllable, from a fragment of speech he himself uttered, two or more times in a row.

Repetition occurs at the usual volume of the voice, gradually the volume may decrease, and the pace of speech becomes faster. For example, after giving an answer to a question, the patient repeatedly and continuously repeats the answer.

Manifestations of palilalia refer not only to intellectual forms of speech, but also to emotional ones (exclamations, shouts). However, it usually does not refer to mechanically uttered, automated speech turns. The number of repetitions can reach two dozen or more.

echolalia

When the patient repeats phrases and words that were said by people around him. Often, echolalia is inherent in young children, and in them this is not a pathology.

This is considered a pathology when echolalia causes mental retardation, or its development is observed in an adult.

Speech stereotypes and neuropsychiatric diseases

The causes of speech stereotypes often lie in the development of neurological and psychological diseases.

Reasons for perseverations

The cause of perseveration, experts believe defeat lower divisions premotor nuclei of the cortex of the left hemisphere in right-handers, and of the right hemisphere in left-handers.

The most common cause of perseveration is neurological diseases resulting from physical damage to the brain. In this case, it becomes impossible to switch between different activities, changing the train of thought and the order of actions when performing various tasks.

With the neurological nature of the disease, the causes of perseveration are:

in which the lateral orbitofrontal areas of the cortex and its prefrontal bulges are affected.
- the appearance of violations in speech formed at a previous life stage. These disorders occur due to physical damage to the speech centers, as a result of a traumatic brain injury,.
Pathologies related to the area frontal lobes cerebral cortex.

Psychiatry and psychology refer perseveration to the signs various phobias and anxiety syndromes. The course of this speech stereotypy in the psychological and psychiatric direction can be caused by:

obsession and selectivity of individual interests, which is most often found in people with autistic disabilities;
lack of attention in hyperactivity, while stereotypy occurs as defense mechanism to attract attention;
a steady desire for learning and learning new things can lead to obsession with one conclusion or activity;
perseveration is often one of the symptoms.

Do not confuse perseveration with obsessive-compulsive disorder, human habits, sclerotic memory changes.

Perseverations are more often observed in patients with dementia (), which is caused, as well as in age-related atrophic processes in the brain. The patient's intellect is impaired, and he cannot understand the question being asked, and instead of a logical answer, he repeats previously used phrases.

What provokes the development of verbigeration

With verbigeration, there is no connection with certain neuropsychiatric conditions. One of the features of verbigeration is that the patient pronounces words without manifestations of affect. As a rule, verbal repetitions are accompanied by active facial expressions and movement disorders.

Most often, these verbal iterations occur in patients with and catatonic schizophrenia.

Causes of standing revolutions, palilalia and echolalia

The appearance of standing turns in speech signals a decrease in intelligence, the devastation of thinking. They often appear with disease such as epileptic dementia. Also one of the diseases in which standing turns are characteristic, as well as other atrophic diseases of the brain.

Palilalia is typical manifestation with Pick's disease. It also often accompanies such diseases as striatal pathology, striopallidar pathology (atrophic, inflammatory, vascular), postencephalic, schizophrenia.

The occurrence of echolalia is often associated with damage to the frontal lobes of the brain. If the patient has symptoms such as hallucinations, lack of coordination, forgetfulness, it is necessary to seek the advice of a specialist. If brain damage is not diagnosed, then the causes of the development of echolalia may be schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome.

Establishing diagnosis

Diagnosis of speech stereotypes involves complex testing. The patient is asked to undergo specific testing or respond to simple questions(implying the answers "yes" or "no"), perform a repetition of sounds or sound combinations similar in sound.

Also, the patient is invited to name the objects that are in the room, name the days of the week, explain the meaning of the words, retell the text.

When examining a patient, it is very important to determine whether he understands the speech addressed to him. If there are suspicions of the presence of mild forms of speech disorders, the speech pathologist uses other more complex diagnostic methods.

To diagnose speech stereotypes, a technique is used that includes a series of individual tests. The patient is asked to write the words in normal and reverse order, write words and phrases in capitals and lower case, read the text in forward and reverse order, write the numbers in normal and inverted form, multiply. When conducting toasts, the doctor estimates the number of correct and incorrect answers per minute.

Therapy and correction

Treatment of patients with speech stereotypes includes the following methods:

pharmacotherapy;
physiotherapy;
psychotherapy;
psychological correction;
physiotherapy;
logotherapy;
work with defectologists.

It is necessary to begin therapy with the treatment of the underlying provoking disease. The ability to restore speech function will be depend on the underlying diagnosis.

If the patient has aphasia, the main emphasis is on automated speech, then the patient is gradually taught to comprehend and separate the main from the secondary. If the main disease is dementia, during therapy they focus on the semantic meaning of words. Patients with mild form schizophrenia is taught the correct construction of sentences that retain semantic content.

AT Western countries in the treatment of these disorders, the main focus is on drug method therapy. The most widely used. They promote change in pathological processes brain work.