Occupational Illness

In any enterprise of the manufacturing industry, there are harmful, dangerous factors that affect the health of workers. All of them are subject to rationing, as well as regulation. But, unfortunately, no one is immune from an accident or occupational disease. For prevention this disease it is important to comply with labor protection standards, instructions, etc.

Occupational injuries and occupational diseases at work

It is important to distinguish between the concepts of occupational diseases, accidents, industrial injuries. An occupational disease is a chronic or acute deterioration in the health of a worker associated with long-term exposure to harmful factors, which as a result led to temporary or permanent disability. An accident is an instantaneous event that occurred during the performance of production tasks, which led to temporary or permanent disability, or to the death of an employee. An occupational injury is considered the result of an unfortunate incident. Lots of industrial injuries called occupational injury.

What does the concept of an accident at work and occupational diseases include?

An accident includes the following situations:

When performing production work.
On the way to the enterprise or back home when traveling by vehicle of an external organization.
During the Saturday.
In the event of an accident directly on the equipment.
Injury to another employee.

Occupational deterioration in health can be acute or chronic. Cases of exposure to an employee of a harmful factor are classified as acute. Chronic illness occurs after prolonged or constant exposure to harmful factors. Chronic means a long-term or permanent loss of ability to work.

The main causes of occupational diseases at work

The causes of occupational diseases are similar to the causes of industrial injuries. They are divided into 5 groups:

Technical. This group includes problems of the production plan with machines, aggregates, and instruments. For example, a malfunction, leakage of toxic liquids, ventilation problems.
Organizational. Lack of management control, no means of protection, violation of rest time, lack of instruction, prevention.
Economic. Insufficient financing of labor protection, unacceptable reduction in staff, and reduction in time standards are added to this group.
Sanitary and hygienic. Non-compliance with sanitary standards, vibration, low light, gas contamination, hazardous radiation.
Psychophysiological. Here they note the fatigue of the worker, the monotony of the actions performed, the negative atmosphere of the team.

Some experts point out additional group reasons, which contains factors emanating from the worker. For example, intentional violation of labor protection standards, appearance at work drunk.

Classification of occupational diseases at work

The classification of such ailments involves five groups, among which the following are distinguished:

Ailments under the influence of chemical factors. Such diseases include different kind intoxication along with their consequences.
Diseases due to dust, dirt, etc.
Diseases due to physical factors. They include hypothermia, thermal shock, laser radiation.
The ailments caused stressful situations, overvoltage.
Deterioration of health due to biological factors. These include infectious diseases.

Prevention of industrial injuries and occupational diseases

Prevention of work injuries is strict observance personal safety, as well as labor protection standards. Initially, all this should be provided by the management of the organization. Seminars and briefings on safety and labor protection should be held regularly. Directly at workplaces for the purpose of prevention, it is necessary to repair malfunctions, as well as equip them with protective equipment.

For the prevention of injuries, occupational diseases, it is enough to observe the following measures:

Prevention of technical equipment of production.
Organizational prevention, which consists in the observance and implementation of norms and rules of labor protection.
Prevention of diseases according to sanitary and hygienic standards. It provides for the creation of excellent meteorological conditions for workplaces.
Economic prevention measures are capturing funding for protective equipment contributions.
Legal measures for the prevention of diseases and injuries. Contained in the regulation of duties, as well as responsibility for strict observance norms.

Occupational Diseases - Accident Investigation

The main document regulating the investigation of occupational diseases is the Regulations on the investigation and registration of occupational diseases of the Russian Federation. The algorithm of actions is as follows:

Preliminary diagnosis.
Informing the authorities of Rospotrebnadzor together with the employer. Occurs within 1 day.
After receiving the notification, Rospotrebnadzor proceeds to investigate the circumstances of the illness.
A characteristic of sanitary and hygienic working conditions is created and sent to a medical institution.
Reported to authorities labor inspectorate about this case.

The investigation is carried out by a special commission consisting of 5 people, among which there are: a representative of the management of the enterprise, a labor protection specialist, an authorized health organization, a person from a trade union, a member of Rospotrebnadzor. The duties of the commission are to analyze the situation, the root causes of the ailment, to identify the perpetrators of the event, as well as to determine ways to prevent and eliminate harmful factors. After the end of the investigation, after 3 days, an act on the case of an occupational disease is issued in 5 copies to each member of the commission. A month after the issuance of the act, the employer is obliged to provide the issued order, as well as means of preventing diseases and inform Rospotrebnadzor about the course of fulfilling the commission's instructions. After the final diagnosis is made, the information is transferred to the bodies of Rospotrebnadzor, the employer, the company, the insured.

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS

a disease caused by the action of unfavorable industrial and professional factors (pneumoconiosis, vibration disease, intoxication, etc.), as well as a number of such diseases, in the development of which causality with the influence of a certain production and professional factor (bronchitis, allergic diseases, cataract, etc.). The list of occupational diseases and the Instructions for its use were approved by the USSR Ministry of Health ("On improving the system medical examinations workers and drivers of individual Vehicle". Appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR of September 29, 1989 No. 555, as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 280. Goskomsanepidnadzor of the Russian Federation No. 88 of October 5, 1995).

List P.z. is the main document that is used in establishing the diagnosis of P.z. connection with work or profession, conducting an examination of working capacity, medical and labor rehabilitation, as well as when considering issues related to compensation by enterprises, organizations for material damage caused to workers and employees by damage to health . When deciding whether this disease is occupational, take into account the features clinical form diseases, features of the work performed, length of service, specific sanitary and hygienic working conditions in a particular area of production. supported by relevant documentation. The absence of chemical contamination in workplaces must be proven adequate methods research and a sufficient number of samples. If studies of the working environment and the level of adverse production and professional factors were not carried out at all, then this is not an obstacle to establishing a diagnosis.

With a clinical expert opinion, the professional ones also include the nearest and long-term effects P.z. (for example, persistent organic changes in the central nervous system due to exposure to carbon monoxide), the possibility of developing P.z. long time after cessation of contact with harmful factor(silicosis, papilloma Bladder and etc.). To P.z. diseases that developed against the background of P.z. can also be attributed. (for example, lung cancer that developed against the background of pneumoconiosis and dust bronchitis should be considered as Occupational Illness). To chronic P.z. include diseases resulting from prolonged exposure harmful industrial and professional factors. If the PZ specified in the list worsens the course of a non-occupational disease that led to disability, then the cause of the disability should be considered an occupational one.

Diagnosis of acute P.z. (intoxication) can be established by a doctor of any medical institution after a mandatory consultation with a specialist in occupational pathology and an occupational health doctor of the relevant SES. Acute P.z. occurs suddenly. after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure relative to high concentrations chemical substances contained in the air of the working area, as well as the levels and doses of other adverse factors. In diseases of an infectious nature ( viral hepatitis, brucellosis, anthrax. food encephalitis, etc.) connection with professional activity the patient is established by the epidemiologist of the territorial SES, who conducts a special investigation in the focus of infection. Primary Diagnosis chronic P.z. (or intoxication) have the right to establish only specialized medical and preventive institutions - Occupational Pathology Centers.

The right to establish a disability group according to P.z. and determining the percentage of disability is provided to the Medico-Social Expert Commission (MSEC).

Nikitina I.V.

Law Encyclopedia. 2005 .

See what "PROFESSIONAL DISEASE" is in other dictionaries:

A disease that is exclusively the result of work associated with certain occupational hazards, and also occurs many times more often when working with these hazards than under other conditions. Dictionary of financial terms ... Financial vocabulary

See occupational disease Glossary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

A disease associated with systematic and prolonged exposure to a harmful factor characteristic of this profession, or special conditions labor characteristic of a particular industry or profession. In the Russian Federation, the list of P.z. approved in order, ... ... Law Dictionary

Emergencies Dictionary

Occupational Illness- chronic or acute illness the insured, which is the result of the impact on him of a harmful (harmful) production (production) factor (factors) and entailed a temporary or permanent loss of his professional ... ... Official terminology

Occupational Illness- Chronic or acute illness of a worker, which is the result of exposure to a harmful production factor [GOST 12.0.002 80] Topics safety of machines and labor in general EN professional diseases DE Berufskrankheit FR maladie… … Technical Translator's Handbook

Occupational Illness- (English professional disease) according to the legislation of the Russian Federation on mandatory social insurance chronic or acute illness of the insured, which is the result of exposure to ... Encyclopedia of Law

It is associated with the systematic and prolonged exposure to a harmful factor inherent in a given profession, or special working conditions characteristic of a particular industry or profession. AT Russian Federation list of occupational diseases ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Occupational Illness- 16a Occupational disease D. Berufskrankheit E. Professional diseases F. Maladie professionnelle Chronic or acute disease of a worker resulting from exposure to a harmful production factor

Occupational diseases (diseases). Definition of basic concepts

Occupational disease is a disease caused by exposure to harmful conditions labor.

Acute occupational disease - a disease that has arisen after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors. Occupational morbidity is understood as the number of persons with a newly diagnosed disease in the current calendar year, referred to the number of employees (at a particular enterprise, industry, ministry, etc.).

Chronic occupational disease - a disease that has arisen after repeated and prolonged exposure to harmful production factors.

Occupational poisoning - acute or chronic intoxication caused by a harmful chemical factor in production conditions.

Acute occupational poisoning is a disease that occurs after a single exposure harmful substance for a worker. Acute poisoning can occur in case of accidents, significant violations of the technological regime, safety regulations and industrial sanitation, when the content of a harmful substance significantly, tens and hundreds of times, exceeds the maximum permissible concentration. The resulting poisoning may end quick recovery, be fatal, or cause subsequent permanent damage to health.

Chronic poisoning is a disease that develops after systematic long-term exposure to low concentrations or doses of a harmful substance. This refers to doses that, when taken into the body once, do not cause symptoms of poisoning.

A group occupational disease is a disease in which two or more people fell ill (injured) at the same time.

The term "occupational diseases" has a legislative and insurance value. The list of occupational diseases is approved by law.

As a rule, the term "occupational diseases" refers to the impact of harmful production factors that lead to diseases of workers or participants in production processes. Occupational diseases can be divided into two main types: acute and chronic, their main difference is the time factor. That is, an acute occupational disease means a person’s condition that was caused by a harmful factor during a working day or shift, while allowable norms exposures are greatly exceeded, such as poisoning with chloride compounds or carbon monoxide. And with a chronic occupational disease, the state of the worker is exposed to certain production factors for a longer time than in the first case. This may be a vibration disease that occurs in the process of exposure to harmful factors of production for three to five years.

Among the varieties of chronic occupational diseases, two options should be noted. These are diseases associated with occupational risk (for example, the possibility of developing lung cancer or tuberculosis with silicosis) and the consequences caused by occupational diseases, such as hearing loss due to constant noise exposure.

A distinctive feature of occupational diseases can be considered the ability to develop or progress several years after the cessation of work in harmful or hazardous conditions labor. The most important document can be considered a list of occupational diseases, which can be used to determine the diagnosis of a disease, conduct an examination of working capacity, develop medical advice in connection with the rehabilitation of the employee, determining the material damage to the employee.

Convention international organization Labor (ILO) 1964 No. 121 for the first time established the List of occupational diseases, which included the most traditional generally recognized occupational diseases that develop under the influence of fairly well-known risk factors. In 1980, the 66th International Labor Conference updated this List. At present, about 25 member countries of the ILO have ratified this Convention. The list includes generally recognized occupational diseases in accordance with ILO Convention No. 121 and a list of diseases, the occupational nature of which is suspected. However, there is still no generally accepted and unified classification of occupational diseases. Each country - a member of the ILO establishes its own list of occupational diseases and determines measures for their prevention and social protection affected. The main criteria for determining the occupational origin of the disease are the following:

the presence of a causal relationship with a specific type of impact;

presence of connection with a specific production environment and profession;

Exceeding the average incidence rate (of a given disease) in a certain professional group of people compared to the entire population.

The classification of occupational diseases can be based on a systemic or etiological principle. The systemic principle is based on the predominant action occupational hazards on a particular body system (for example, occupational diseases with predominant lesion respiratory organs, nervous, hepatobiliary and urinary systems, skin, blood, etc.). The etiological principle is based on the impact various groups damaging factors - chemical, industrial aerosols, physical, associated with overvoltage and physical overload individual bodies and systems, biological. Allergic diseases and neoplasms are distinguished.

The disease is recognized as occupational in the presence of harmful or dangerous factors production (noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation) and depends on the profession (miners, electric train drivers), the clinical picture of the disease, working conditions, duration of work in adverse production conditions. The Government of the Russian Federation, by Decree No. 789 of October 16, 2000 “On Approval of the Rules for Establishing the Degree of Loss of Professional Ability as a Result of Occupational Accidents and Occupational Diseases”, decided to recognize the loss of an employee’s professional ability on the basis of these Rules due to an accident at work and ( or) occupational diseases. AT various occasions the degree of disability caused by an occupational disease or accidents at work is set as a percentage. With help medical expertise it is possible to determine the degree of need for an employee in rehabilitation, the need to establish disability.

The victim should be examined in the examination room related to the place of residence of the employee. If the patient is not able to get to the place of expert actions on his own or with the help of relatives, then the event is carried out at home or in medical institution. An examination can be carried out on the basis of requests from the management of an enterprise, an insurance company, by a court decision or on the basis of an application from an employee or employee representatives. In all these cases, the loss of professional ability can be determined on the basis of the documentation provided, the clinical picture, the assessment by specialists of professional capabilities, psychological qualities, and professional skills. When examining a sick employee for health after an occupational disease or accident, experts need to answer whether the employee can continue his previous activities, whether his qualifications need to be reduced, whether the volume and severity of work should be reduced, whether it is necessary to create special favorable conditions for this worker.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

State educational institution

higher professional education

"State University of Management"

Institute of Management in the chemical and metallurgical industry

Department of Environmental Safety Management

Abstract on the Safety of Production Activities

Occupational diseases and their consequences

Completed by a student of IISU MME 2-1:

Bondarenko A.N.

Checked:______________________

Moscow 2010

Introduction.

1. Occupational diseases. Definition and characteristics.

2. Classification of occupational diseases.

3.Diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

A great many professions exist on earth. There are obviously dangerous ones - a miner, a fireman, a sapper and many others. But it turns out that even such peaceful professions as a secretary, teacher, painter or salesman can inflict serious harm our health.

Occupational diseases arise as a result of exposure to the body of adverse factors of the production environment. Clinical manifestations often do not have specific symptoms, and only information about the working conditions of the sick person allows us to establish that the identified pathology belongs to the category of occupational diseases. Only some of them are characterized by a special symptom complex due to peculiar radiological, functional, hematological and biochemical changes.

In this essay, I will consider the types of diseases and the possible consequences of such diseases.

1. Occupational diseases. Definition and characteristics.

Occupational diseases - a special category of diseases that occur exclusively or mainly when the body is exposed to occupational hazards. The causal relationship of the disease with the impact of adverse factors of the working environment highlights the need for analysis of industrial and occupational hazards and determines the exceptional importance of close contact with a related discipline - occupational health. Quite often, the clinical manifestations of occupational diseases do not have anything "specific" and only information about the specific conditions of the working environment makes it possible to establish the etiological role of the occupational factor in the development of the disease.

Occupational diseases are:
1. Proper occupational diseases, in the etiology of which the main role belongs to a certain professional factor (with silicosis - dust of silicon dioxide, with professional intoxication - industrial poisons, etc.). From a clinical point of view, the specificity of these diseases is always relative. Only some of them are characterized by a peculiar "specific" symptom complex of clinical, physiological, X-ray morphological, hematological and biochemical changes, on the basis of which it is possible to recognize with more or less significant certainty the etiological factor that caused the disease (for example, with lead intoxication, pneumoconiosis, vibration disease, radiation sickness and etc.). The professional character in each case of the disease is determined not so much clinical picture how much the obligatory presence of a specific etiological factor.

2. Classification of occupational diseases.

There is no generally accepted classification of occupational diseases. The classification according to the etiological principle has received the greatest recognition. Based on this, five groups of occupational diseases have been identified:

caused by exposure to chemical factors(sharp and chronic intoxication, as well as their consequences occurring with isolated or combined damage to various organs and systems);

caused by exposure to dust(pneumoconiosis, silicosis, metalconiosis, pneumoconiosis of electric welders and gas cutters, grinders, sanders, etc.);

caused by physical factors: vibration disease; diseases associated with exposure to contact ultrasound, vegetative polyneuritis, noise disease; diseases associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation and scattered laser radiation; radiation sickness; diseases associated with changes in atmospheric pressure - decompression sickness, acute hypoxia; diseases that occur under adverse weather conditions, convulsive illness, obliterating endarteritis, vegetative-sensitive polyneuritis;

caused by overvoltage: diseases peripheral nerves and muscles - neuritis, radiculopolyneuritis, vegetative-sensitive polyneuritis, cervical-brachial plexitis, vegetomyofasciitis, diseases of the musculoskeletal system - chronic tendovaginitis, stenosing ligamentitis, bursitis, ericondylitis of the shoulder, deforming arthrosis; coordinating neurosis - writing spasm, other forms of functional dyskinesia; diseases of the vocal apparatus - phonasthenia and the organ of vision - asthenopia and myopia;

Outside this etiological systematics are occupational allergic diseases(conjunctivitis, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, bronchial asthma, dermatitis, eczema) and oncological diseases(tumors of the skin, bladder, liver, cancer of the upper respiratory tract).

Distinguish between acute and chronic occupational diseases. Acute occupational disease (intoxication) occurs suddenly, after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to relatively high concentrations of chemicals contained in the air of the working area, as well as levels and doses of other adverse factors. Chronic occupational the disease occurs as a result of prolonged systematic exposure to adverse factors on the body.

2.1. Occupational diseases caused by exposure to chemical factors.

In the national economy of the country, various chemical substances are used in structure and physico-chemical properties. Under production conditions, toxic substances enter the human body through Airways, skin, gastrointestinal tract. After resorption into the blood and distribution throughout the organs, poisons undergo transformations, as well as deposition in various organs and tissues (lungs, brain, bones, parenchymal organs, etc.). The excretion of toxic substances that have entered the body occurs through the lungs, kidneys, through the gastrointestinal tract, and skin.

Depending on the totality of manifestations of the action of a chemical substance and on the organs and systems predominantly affected by it, industrial poisons can be grouped into the following groups:

irritating action;

neurotropic action;

hepatotropic action;

blood poisons;

kidney poisons;

industrial allergens;

industrial carcinogens.

Such a division is very conditional, it characterizes only the main direction of action of poisons and does not exclude the diverse nature of their influence.

The main groups of toxic irritating substances are:

chlorine and its compounds ( hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid,

bleach, chloropicrin, phosgene, phosphorus chlorine oxide, trichloride

phosphorus, silicon tetrachloride);

sulfur compounds (sulfur dioxide, sulfuric gas, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfate,

sulphuric acid);

nitrogen compounds (nitrogases, Nitric acid, ammonia, hydrazine);

fluorine compounds (hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluoric acid and its salts,

perfluoroisobutylene);

chromium compounds (chromic anhydride, chromium oxide, potassium bi-chromates and

sodium, chrome alum);

metal carbonyl compounds (nickel carbonyl, iron pentacarbonyl);

soluble beryllium compounds (beryllium fluoride, fluoroxide

beryllium, beryllium chloride, beryllium sulfate).

All of these compounds, penetrating into the body by inhalation, cause mainly damage to the respiratory system; some of them can irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes. In acute intoxication, the severity of the respiratory tract is determined not only by the concentration of the chemical in the air and the duration of its action, but also by the degree of solubility of the poison in water. Toxic Substances, easily soluble in water (chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ammonia), act mainly on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, trachea and large bronchi. The action of these substances occurs immediately after contact with them. Substances that are difficult or almost insoluble in water (nitrogen oxides, phosgene, dimethyl sulfate) affect mainly the deep sections of the respiratory system. Clinical signs when exposed to these substances, as a rule, develop after a latent period of varying duration. Upon contact with tissues, toxic substances cause inflammatory response, and in more pronounced cases - the destruction of tissues and their necrosis.

Treatment.

First aid consists, first of all, in the immediate cessation of contact with a toxic substance. The victim is taken out of the gassed atmosphere, freed from clothing, and if poison gets on the skin, it is washed abundantly with soap and water; are urgently hospitalized. Knowing about the presence of a latent period in case of poisoning with irritating substances, even in the absence of signs of intoxication, the victim should be observed for at least 24 hours, creating complete rest for him. Only after that, in the absence of any manifestations of intoxication, the rest mode is canceled. If the mucous membranes of the eyes are irritated, they are thoroughly washed with water or 2% sodium bicarbonate solution, with sharp pains in the eyes, 0.1-0.2% dicain solution is instilled, and to prevent infection, eye ointment (0.5% synthomycin, 10 % sulfacyl) or instill a 30% solution of sulfacyl sodium. In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, rinsing with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate or warm-moist inhalation of this solution is effective. If nasal breathing is difficult, a 2% solution of ephedrine with the addition of adrenaline (1: 1000) is instilled into the nose. If the larynx is affected, a silence mode is necessary; warm milk with sodium bicarbonate, borzh is recommended. At strong cough prescribe codeine and dionine, distractions - mustard plasters, banks. In order to prevent infection, sulfonamides and antibiotics are prescribed. With the accumulation of a secret, it is necessary to remove it (suction) through a catheter. With the phenomena of reflex spasm, antispasmodics are indicated (subcutaneous administration of atropine or ephedrine). In cases of severe laryngospasm, tracheotomy and intubation have to be performed.

2.2. Occupational diseases caused by exposure to physical factors.

As mentioned above, diseases of this type include:

vibration disease;

diseases associated with exposure to contact ultrasound,

vegetative polyneuritis,

noise disease;

diseases associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation and scattered laser radiation;

Let's consider some of them in more detail.

1) Vibration disease is caused by long-term (at least 3-5 years) exposure to vibration in production conditions. Vibrations are divided into local (from hand tools) and general (from machine tools, equipment, moving machines.) This disease is usually found in drillers, cutters, riveters, moulders, sharpeners, grinders and workers in other specialties associated with the use of rotating pneumatic and electric tools. (vibrators), jackhammers, etc.

Most of these instruments have to be held with the hands or feet, and the fingers and arches of the feet are among the most sensitive to vibration. At a vibration frequency of more than 35 oscillations in 1 s, a local vibration disease.

When exposed to the body of general vibration, as happens in transport, in weaving and sewing workshops, when a person moves along with an object, general vibration disease.

Terms of development of vibration disease depend on individual sensitivity to vibration - from 6-9 months to several years from the beginning of contact with vibration.

2) Beam sickness - disease, arising as a result of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation and characterized by a symptom complex that depends on the type of damaging radiation, its dose, the localization of the source of radioactive substances, the distribution of the dose over time and the human body.

In humans, radiation sickness can be caused by external radiation and internal - when radioactive substances enter the body with inhaled air, through the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin and mucous membranes, and also as a result of injection.

The general clinical manifestations of radiation sickness depend mainly on the total dose of radiation received. Doses up to 1 Gy (100 rad) cause relatively mild changes that can be considered as a pre-illness condition. Doses above 1 Gy cause bone marrow or intestinal forms of radiation sickness of varying severity, which depend mainly on damage to the hematopoietic organs. Single exposure doses above 10 Gy are considered absolutely lethal.

2.3. Occupational diseases caused by overstrain of individual organs or systems.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are often encountered when working in industries such as construction, mining, engineering, etc., as well as in agriculture. found in ironers, polishers, grinders, carpenters, blacksmiths, etc. They are caused by chronic functional overstrain, micro-traumatization, and the performance of fast movements of the same type. The most common diseases of the muscles, ligaments and joints of the upper extremities: myositis, crepitating tendovaginitis of the forearm, stenosing ligamentitis (stenosing tendovaginitis), epicondylitis of the shoulder, bursitis, deforming osteoarthritis, periarthrosis shoulder joint, osteochondrosis of the spine (discogenic lumbosacral radiculitis). Diseases develop subacutely, have a relapsing or chronic course.

Stenosing ligamentitis (styloiditis, carpal tunnel syndrome, snapping finger) are often found in polishers, painters, plasterers, masons, tailors, etc. In these professions, chronic microtraumatization of the hand leads to cicatricial wrinkling of the ligaments, compression of the neurovascular bundle, and - dysfunction of the hand.

3.Diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases.

For the correct diagnosis of an occupational disease, it is especially important to carefully study the sanitary and hygienic working conditions, the patient's history, his "professional route", including all types of work performed by him from the beginning of his career. Some occupational diseases, such as silicosis, berylliosis, asbestosis, papilloma of the bladder, can be detected many years after the end of contact with industrial hazards. The reliability of the diagnosis is ensured by careful differentiation of the observed disease with diseases of non-occupational etiology similar in clinical symptoms. A certain help in confirming the diagnosis is the detection in biological media of the chemical that caused the disease, or its derivatives. In some cases, only dynamic monitoring of the patient for a long period of time makes it possible to finally resolve the issue of the relationship of the disease with the profession. The main document that is used in determining whether a given disease belongs to the number of occupational diseases is the "List of Occupational Diseases" with instructions for its use, approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

Among the most important preventive measures for labor protection and the prevention of occupational diseases are preliminary (upon admission to work) and periodic examinations of workers exposed to harmful and unfavorable working conditions.

Conclusion.

In the initial forms of P. b., the course of which is not prone to progression, the sick person can be temporarily transferred to work that is not related to occupational hazards. Such a transfer (for no more than 2 months) is formalized by the issuance of an additional paid certificate of temporary disability to the patient. In cases of recurrence of the disease or detection of its tendency to progression, as well as in case of persistent health disorders, the sick person is suspended from work related to occupational hazards. If the transition to another job entails a significant decrease in qualifications or hinders rational employment, the patient is sent to the VTEK to determine the disability group due to an occupational disease or to determine the degree of loss of professional ability to work. Persons young age with easy forms P. b. disability can be given for a limited period for retraining or retraining (vocational rehabilitation)

Thus, we can conclude that in almost all specialties and in every job a person has a chance to harm his health. To avoid this, the employee must strictly follow the work instructions and undergo periodic medical examinations in a timely manner.

Bibliography.

a disease associated with the systematic and prolonged exposure to a harmful factor inherent in a given profession, or special working conditions characteristic of a particular industry or profession. In the Russian Federation, the list of P. z. approved in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS

a disease caused by the action of unfavorable occupational factors (pneumoconiosis, vibration disease, intoxication, etc.), as well as a number of such diseases, in the development of which a causal relationship has been established with the impact of a certain occupational factor (bronchitis, allergic diseases, cataracts, etc.). ). The list of occupational diseases and the Instructions for its use were approved by the USSR Ministry of Health ("On improving the system of medical examinations of workers and drivers of individual vehicles." Appendix to the Order of the USSR Ministry of Health of September 29, 1989 No. 555, as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 280, Goskomsanepidnadzor RF No. 88 of October 5, 1995).

List P.z. is the main document that is used in establishing the diagnosis of P.z., connection with work or profession, conducting an examination of working capacity, medical and Occupational rehabilitation, as well as when considering issues related to compensation by enterprises, organizations for material damage caused to workers and employees by damage to health . When deciding whether this disease is occupational, they take into account the characteristics of the clinical form of the disease, the characteristics of the work performed, experience, specific sanitary and hygienic working conditions in a particular area of production, confirmed by relevant documentation. The absence of chemical contamination in the workplace must be proven by adequate research methods and a sufficient number of samples. If studies of the working environment and the level of adverse production and professional factors were not carried out at all, then this is not an obstacle to establishing a diagnosis.

With a clinical expert opinion, the immediate and long-term consequences of P.z. also belong to the professional ones. (for example, persistent organic changes in the central nervous system due to exposure to carbon monoxide), the possibility of developing P.z. is taken into account. through a long period after the termination of contact with a harmful factor (silicosis, papilloma of the bladder, etc.). To P.z. diseases that developed against the background of P.z. can also be attributed. (for example, lung cancer that has developed against the background of pneumoconiosis and dust bronchitis should be considered as an occupational disease). To chronic P.z. include diseases that have arisen as a result of prolonged exposure to harmful production and occupational factors. If the PZ specified in the list worsens the course of a non-occupational disease that led to disability, then the cause of the disability should be considered an occupational one.

Diagnosis of acute P.z. (intoxication) can be established by a doctor of any medical institution after a mandatory consultation with a specialist in occupational pathology and an occupational health doctor of the relevant SES. Acute P.z. occurs suddenly after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to relatively high concentrations of chemicals contained in the air of the working area, as well as levels and doses of other adverse factors. In case of diseases of an infectious nature (viral hepatitis, brucellosis, anthrax, food encephalitis, etc.), the connection with the professional activity of the patient is established by the epidemiologist of the territorial SES, who conducts a special investigation in the focus of infection. Primary diagnosis of chronic P.z. (or intoxication) have the right to establish only specialized medical and preventive institutions - Occupational Pathology Centers.

The right to establish a disability group according to P.z. and determining the percentage of disability is provided to the Medico-Social Expert Commission (MSEC).

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓