Parathyroid gland secretion type hormones function of the disease. Treatment of disorders of the parathyroid gland. Regulation of the function of the parathyroid glands

Parathyroid glands (synonym: epithelial bodies, parathyroid glands, parathyroid glands) are glands internal secretion producing parathyroid hormone - parathormone (see Hormones). The parathyroid glands are located behind the lateral lobes thyroid gland in the form of brown-red flattened grains, usually two on each side (Fig.). Perhaps an atypical location of the parathyroid glands in the neck. The size of the parathyroid glands is approximately 6 X 4X 2 mm.

The parathyroid glands consist of a mass of epithelial glandular cells grouped into strands or lobules, which are separated by thin connective tissue septa. secretory process happens continuously. Connective tissue layers start from the capsule and are the site of passage of blood vessels and nerves. Blood to the gland enters through the branches of the lower thyroid artery. A rich network of capillaries braids the pillars of cells and alveoli. The outflowing blood is collected in subcapsular veins, which emerge on the surface of the parathyroid glands and empty into nearby veins. The parathyroid glands are innervated cervical region sympathetic trunk and the vagus nerve.

The parathyroid glands are involved in the regulation of metabolism and. The removal of the glands is accompanied by a drop in the concentration of calcium in the blood serum. Violation of the functions of the parathyroid glands and the associated change in the level of parathyroid hormone causes a change in the concentration of calcium ions in the blood and leads to the development of a number of diseases - hyperparathyroidism, leading to an increase in calcium levels and a decrease in phosphorus in the blood, and hypoparathyroidism (see).

Rice. 1. Human parathyroid glands, appearance ( Right side) and topography:
1 - lingua (language);
2-gl. submandibularis;
3-a. lingualis;
4-a. thyreoidea sup.;
5-v. thyreoideae sup. (BNA);
6-a. carotis int.;
7-rr. glandulares;
8-v. jugularis int.;
9-a. carotis comm.;
10-gl. thyreoidea();
11-v. thyreoidea inf.;
12-a. thyreoidea inf.;
13 - trachea;
14 - n. laryngeus recurrents;
15 - esophagus ();
16-r. oesopliagei;
17-gl. parathyroidea inf. (lower parathyroid gland);
18 - n. laryngeus inf.;
19-gl. parathyroidea sup. (upper parathyroid gland);
20-r. pharyngeus:
21 - plexus pharyngeus;
22 - pharynx;
23-v. pharyngeal;
24-a. carotis ext.;
25 - palatum molle.

Parathyroid glands (glandulae parathyreoideae; synonym: epithelial bodies, parathyroid glands, parathyroid glands) - endocrine glands belonging to the branchiogenic group (Greek branchia - gills, genos - origin), i.e. glands developing from the gill pockets of the pharyngeal intestine .

Embryology. The upper pair of parathyroid glands originates from outgrowths of the dorsal-cranial margin of the IV pair of gill pockets; the lower one is from the III pair of gill pockets, the outgrowths of which are displaced in the caudal direction.

Anatomy and histology. Formed parathyroid glands are localized on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland (Fig. 1). Their upper pair lies behind the ascending branch of the inferior thyroid artery and the recurrent laryngeal nerve at the medial edge of the thyroid gland at the level of the lower edge. cricoid cartilage. The inferior pair of parathyroid glands is usually located at the lower end of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland or at upper end thymus anterior to the inferior thyroid artery. Various individual variations of the topography of the parathyroid glands are possible. The weight of each parathyroid gland averages 35-40 mg.

The parathyroid glands are abundantly supplied with blood mainly from special branches of the inferior thyroid artery. Entering the gate of the parathyroid gland, the artery forms a network of capillaries, which is collected in the venous network located under the capsule. The parathyroid veins drain into the veins of the thyroid, trachea, and esophagus.

Sympathetic innervation of the parathyroid glands is obtained from the upper and lower cervical and stellate ganglia of the corresponding side; parasympathetic - from the vagus nerves. In addition to terminal branches nerve fibers, forming loops and buttons between glandular cells, in the parathyroid gland, the end apparatuses of sympathetic fibers are described in the form of baskets around oxyphilic cells. Sensitive innervation of the parathyroid gland is carried out by the fibers of the neurons of the system vagus nerve; body nerve cells lie in the ganglion nodosum of the corresponding side.

Each parathyroid gland is covered on the outside with a connective tissue capsule. Internal structure parathyroid glands varies mainly depending on age: in children, the compact arrangement of the glandular cells of the parathyroid gland predominates; in young men, strands of parathyroid cells are arranged in the form of pillars or networks separated connective tissue; in adulthood and old age, due to the thickening of the connective tissue layers of the parathyroid gland, they are divided into lobules different size. Among the glandular elements of the parathyroid gland, the most numerous are the so-called chief cells, which are small in size, have a light homogeneous cytoplasm and large bubble-shaped nuclei. The cytoplasm of chief cells contains inclusions of glycogen and fat.

On the periphery of the parathyroid gland there are strands or small clusters of oxyphilic cells, which differ from the main ones in their larger size and the content of numerous small oxyphilic granules in the cytoplasm. The nuclei of oxyphilic cells are compact; in the cytoplasm, as a rule, there are no inclusions of glycogen and fat. Oxyphilic cells appear in the human parathyroid gland after 4.5-7 years of age; in the future, their number increases somewhat. Between these two main types of cells of the parathyroid gland there are transitional forms (“dark chief cells”). The chief cells are the most likely producers of parathyroid hormone; oxyphilic cells are usually considered as senescent elements. The "dark chief cells" appear to be a transitional stage between the two, but when stimulated by the parathyroid glands, they can become activated and become normal light chief cells. Often, follicle-like structures are formed in the parathyroid glands, filled with a colloid-like mass and resembling thyroid follicles. However, the contents of these structures lack iodine, and most likely they are cyst-like formations resulting from a delay in the release of parathyroid hormone. See also endocrine glands.

The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands located on the posterior wall of the thyroid capsule. A more correct name is the term "parathyroid glands".

Location and number of parathyroid glands

The size of the parathyroid glands is about 4x5x5 mm. Normally, a person can have from 2 to 8 glands (a typical number is 4, two on each side - one at the upper pole of the thyroid lobe, the second at the lower pole). characteristic and very important feature parathyroid glands is the variability of their location and number. There are a significant number of possible locations for the glands - they can be located in the thymus gland, and next to the main neurovascular bundle of the neck, and behind the esophagus, on the anterior surface of the spine. The exceptional variability in location is an important feature that surgeons must take into account when performing operations.

Function of the parathyroid glands

The main function of the parathyroid glands is the production of parathyroid hormone - the main hormone that regulates the level of calcium in the human blood. Parathyroid hormone is a polypeptide (i.e., consisting of amino acids, in the amount of 84 amino acid residues) hormone. On the surface of the cells of the parathyroid gland there are receptors that are able to determine the concentration of calcium in the blood serum. With a decrease in calcium concentration, the parathyroid glands begin to produce increased amounts of parathyroid hormone, which has three main effects in the body. The first effect is a decrease in calcium excretion in the urine. The second effect is an increase in the hydroxylation of vitamin D in the kidneys and, as a result, an increase in the concentration active form vitamin D (calcitriol) in the blood, which increases the production of calmodulin in the intestinal wall, a transport protein that ensures the absorption of calcium into the blood. The third effect is the activation of bone-destroying cells, osteoclasts, with destruction bone tissue and the release of calcium contained in it into the blood. All three effects (decrease in calcium excretion, increased absorption of calcium, transfer of bone calcium into blood plasma) are aimed at increasing the concentration of calcium in the blood. Parathyroid hormone is the main substance that ensures the normal concentration of calcium in the blood. Its antagonist, calcitonin, produced by C-cells of the thyroid gland and some intestinal cells, is rather weak, so it does not take a significant part in the regulation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

Importance of the parathyroid glands

Such small organ, like the parathyroid gland, is extremely important for the human body. Removal of the parathyroid glands leads to a sharp decrease in the concentration ionized calcium in the blood, followed by the development of seizures, leading to death. In the 19th century, the French Medical Academy even banned operations on the thyroid gland, since they all ended in the death of patients - the fact is that at that time the significance of the parathyroid glands had not yet been established, and surgeons always removed them during surgery, which ended fatally. Only after the discovery of these glands, the description of the features of their anatomical location and the clarification of their function, it became clear how important they are. Currently, one of the most important tasks of thyroid surgery is the obligatory preservation of the parathyroid glands and their blood supply - this task is one of the most difficult for an endocrinologist surgeon.

Both insufficient (hypoparathyroidism) and excessive parathyroid function (hyperparathyroidism) are harmful to the patient. In hyperparathyroidism, which most often develops as a result of the formation of a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland (adenoma), parathyroid hormone enters the blood uncontrollably, in large quantities. Due to an excess of parathyroid hormone, there is an increase in the work of osteoclasts in the bones, which leads to the destruction of bones with a decrease in their strength (osteoporosis). Due to the destruction of bone tissue and the entry of large amounts of calcium into the blood, a number of complications arise - fractures even with a slight load, the formation of kidney stones, calcification of blood vessels and heart valves, the formation of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum, etc. IN severe cases calcium level reaches high values, which leads to a deterioration in intelligence up to the development of coma.

History of the discovery of the parathyroid glands

The parathyroid gland was first discovered during the autopsy of an Indian rhinoceros, which died in the London Zoo in 1850. The rhinoceros was anatomized by a young researcher, Richard Owen, who, after many months of research, managed to find a parathyroid gland weighing 8 g in the carcass of an animal. This was the first case of parathyroid disease. glands. Since then, the rhinoceros has been the symbol of parathyroid surgery. In humans, this organ was identified later, in 1880, by a student medical university Uppsala by Ivar Sandström. However, only in 1925 in Vienna, the surgeon Felix Meindl was able to successfully remove a parathyroid adenoma from a patient with bone lesions and thereby cure the patient.

Diseases of the parathyroid glands

Most frequent illnesses are:

Primary hyperparathyroidism (associated with the development of adenoma - a benign tumor that can be single or multiple);

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (develops with vitamin D deficiency - this form is treated by eliminating the deficiency by taking appropriate drugs; another form of secondary hyperparathyroidism develops with chronic kidney failure and treated conservatively or surgically);

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (develops with long-term chronic renal failure and is corrected only surgically).

Operations on the parathyroid glands

Endocrinologists are involved in the treatment of diseases of the parathyroid glands, and operations on this organ are carried out by endocrinologists, and only those with sufficient experience in this field of surgery. Operations performed by surgeons who do not have sufficient experience in the field of surgery of the parathyroid glands, in a significant percentage of cases, lead to the preservation of the disease, as well as to a number of dangerous complications.

Currently Russian leader in the field of such operations is the North-West Endocrinology Center, whose specialists annually perform more than 300 interventions of this type. In the vast majority of cases, operations are performed with low-traumatic access using video technology, which allows to reduce the length of the skin suture to 1.5-2.5 cm, and the operation time to 10-20 minutes. Of course, such results are achieved only with the use of modern diagnostic principles and the same modern equipment.

Unfortunately, patients who are often referred to an endocrinologist for surgery are surgery not required at all. The most common mistake is the appointment of surgery for patients with vitamin D deficiency, which leads to an increase in the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. In such cases, an experienced endocrinologist surgeon recommends that the patient start taking calcium or vitamin D supplements instead of surgery and thereby completely eliminate the existing problem.

Parathormone

Everything about parathyroid hormone - what it is, the structure of parathyroid hormone and its action, the mechanism of production, interaction with other substances (calcium, calcitonin, vitamin D), the reasons for the increase and decrease in parathyroid hormone, information on where to pass the parahormone
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I (MEN-1 syndrome)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1, otherwise called Wermer's syndrome, is a combination of tumors or hyperplasia in two or more organs endocrine system(as a rule, the parathyroid glands are involved in the tumor process, along with which islet-cell neoplasms of the pancreas and pituitary adenoma are found)
Parathyroid adenoma (primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism)

Parathyroid adenoma - information about the causes, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment
If the calcium in the blood is high...

What to do if blood calcium is elevated? What diseases can you talk about increased calcium blood? Which additional examinations need to be done to patients with high calcium? Where can I go for advice on high blood calcium levels? All these questions are answered in this article.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Pseudohypoparathyroidism or Albright's disease - rare hereditary disease characterized by damage skeletal system due to a violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, arising from the resistance of tissues to parathyroid hormone produced by the parathyroid glands

Analyzes in St. Petersburg

One of milestones diagnostic process is to execute laboratory tests. Most often, patients have to perform a blood test and urinalysis, but often the object laboratory research are other biological materials.
Operations on the parathyroid glands

The Northwestern Center of Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery performs operations to remove parathyroid gland adenomas for all types of hyperparathyroidism. More than 800 patients with this disease become our patients annually
Endocrinologist's consultation

Specialists of the North-Western Center of Endocrinology diagnose and treat diseases of the endocrine system. Endocrinologists of the center in their work are based on the recommendations European Association endocrinologists and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Modern diagnostic and medical technologies provide optimal treatment results.
Expert ultrasound of the thyroid gland

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland is the main method to assess the structure of this organ. Due to its superficial location, the thyroid gland is easily accessible for ultrasound. Modern ultrasound devices allow you to examine all parts of the thyroid gland, with the exception of those located behind the sternum or trachea.
Consultation with an endocrinologist

An endocrinologist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the endocrine system that require the use of surgical techniques (surgical treatment, minimally invasive interventions)
Intraoperative neuromonitoring

Intraoperative neuromonitoring - control technique electrical activity laryngeal nerves that provide mobility vocal cords, during the operation. During monitoring, the surgeon has the opportunity to assess the condition of the laryngeal nerves every second and change the operation plan accordingly. Neuromonitorng can drastically reduce the likelihood of developing a voice disorder after surgery on the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands.
Densitometry

Densitometry is a method for determining the density of human bone tissue. The term "densitometry" (from the Latin densitas - density, metria - measurement) is applied to methods for the quantitative determination of bone density or its mineral mass. Bone density can be determined using X-ray or ultrasound densitometry. Data obtained during densitometry are processed using computer program, which compares the results with indicators accepted as the norm for people of the corresponding sex and age. Bone density is the main indicator that determines the strength of the bone, its resistance to mechanical stress.

The parathyroid glands, usually in the amount of four, are small formations of a brownish-yellow color, the size of a lentil grain or a small pea. They are located between the fibrous and proper capsule of the thyroid gland and are closely related to the latter. The caleda parathyroid gland has its own blood vessels originating from the branches of the lower thyroid vessels. The number of glands is not constant. The upper ones, located at the level of the cricoid cartilage, are more constant. The location of the lower glands is less constant. Innervation - from the perivascular sympathetic system (Fig. 53 and 46).

The physiological function of the parathyroid glands is that through them the central nervous system, regulated by the cerebral cortex, regulates the calcium-phosphorus metabolism of the body.

The phenomena of a decrease in the hormonal function of the parathyroid glands - hypoparathyroidism - are observed during experimental removal of all parathyroid glands in animals and during involuntary removal in humans, when, during a goiter operation, along with a part of the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands are also removed or severely damaged. This is followed by a decrease in the content of calcium (hypocalcemia) and an increase in the content of phosphorus in the blood. In this regard, there is an increase in the excitability of the motor nerves and muscles. Increased calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria).

Clinically, hypoparathyroidism is manifested by tetany, i.e., painful tonic convulsions mainly the muscles of the face and upper limbs. Convulsions occur periodically, in the form of more or less prolonged attacks. Latent tetany can often be detected by tapping on the trunk facial nerve at the place of its exit to the face.

Increased excitability of the nerve is expressed by twitching facial muscles(Chvostek symptom).

Treatment. big preventive value has respect for the parathyroid glands during surgery for goiter. WITH therapeutic purpose with tetany, an intravenous infusion of a 10% solution is done calcium chloride 20 ml each, blood transfusion, preparations of parathyroid glands (parathyroidism), vitamin B.

The phenomena of a pathological increase in the hormonal function of the parathyroid glands - hyperparathyroidism - are experimentally caused by the introduction of the hormone of the parathyroid glands into the body of an animal. With hyperparathyroidism, the calcium content in the blood, as well as in the urine, is increased. The content of phosphorus in the blood is lowered, in the urine it is increased (phosphaturia). Hypercalcemia occurs due to the resorption of lime from the bones of the skeleton. An excess of lime salts in the blood leads to the formation of metastatic lime deposits in different places organism, in particular, to the formation kidney stones, phleboliths, etc.

In the clinic, hyperparathyroidism is represented by a disease called widespread fibrocystic osteodystrophy ( osteodystrophy fibrocystica generalisata). For a disease that is common, the formation in the bones of multiple, usually small foci, devoid of bone substance and filled with fibrous tissue, often cystically altered, is clinically characteristic. Pathological foci are of dystrophic origin: they have no signs of inflammation. The disease begins at childhood, clinically it is found between the 20th and 30th year of life, sometimes even later. The most commonly affected bones are the pelvis, thigh, tibia. In the period full development diseases affected bones are thickened, tuberous, twisted. They usually feel pain. Often observed pathological fractures. In the final stage of the disease, the process extends to most bones of the skeleton, muscle weakness develops and in severe cases, patients lose the ability to walk. The content of calcium in the blood and urine is increased, the content of phosphorus in the blood is reduced.

With widespread fibrous osteodystrophy, a small painless tumor is very often found in or on the parathyroid gland. If the tumor is not found during palpation, then it can often be found after surgical exposure of the thyroid gland. Sometimes it is located outside the gland, and then the search becomes difficult. The tumor is encapsulated and histologically represents an adenoma. It is assumed that the adenoma produces excess amount parathyroid hormone.

X-rays of the skeleton show depletion of the bones in lime, deformities, and a number of light spots from cavities that do not contain bone substance, located either centrally or near the thinned crust.

Diagnosis is based on data x-ray examination skeleton. Differentiates common osteodystrophy from multiple myeloma, Ewing's disease, bone metastases malignant tumors, lymphogranulomatosis of bones.

Abundant precipitation of lime salts in the kidneys often leads to secondary nephrosis, which sometimes ends in death.

Widespread osteodystrophy sometimes affects one side of the skeleton and is accompanied by wide brown spots on the skin of the affected side of the body. This combination is usually distinguished into a special symptom complex.

Treatment consists of removing the adenoma. After the operation, in especially successful cases, the bone tissue thickens, fibrous tissue in the bone cavities is replaced by bone and the calcium content in the blood returns to normal. In other cases, the operation stops the development of the disease. Rarely observed after surgery light transient tetany. The sometimes undertaken removal of part of the unchanged parathyroid glands is usually unsuccessful. In the absence of adenoma, vitamins A, C and D are prescribed.

Among hyperparathyroidism, many also include local fibrocystic osteodystrophy, deforming osteodystrophy (Paget's), ankylosing spondylarthrosis, nephrosis due to overload of the body with lime, scleroderma. V. A. Oppel also considered ankylosing polyarthrosis to be hyperparathyroidism and, as evidence, pointed to the favorable results obtained by him after parathyroidectomy.

The development of human anatomy and physiology is due to the need to treat diseases. Learn about the structure and functions of an important part of the body, the gland, which is responsible for many metabolic processes. This will help to recognize deviations, find out the causes of violations and eliminate them in time.

parathyroid glands

The endocrine system plays an important role in human life. It produces hormones and with their help regulate metabolism and activity. internal organs. The parathyroid glands belong to the glandular (glandula parathyroidea) endocrine system. There is mutual influence of the glandular and nervous systems. In the body, the production of hormones of the first of them is affected by the central nervous system. Its activity depends on the activity of the parathyroid gland.

The structure of the parathyroid gland

The parathyroid gland got its other name because of its location. It is located behind the thyroid, on the back surface of its lateral lobes. Consists of several pairs of asymmetrical small bodies. The dimensions of the lower bodies are larger than the upper ones. The number ranges from two to six pairs. The structure of the parathyroid gland is trabecular (spongy). From the epithelial capsule diverge trabeculae, which consist of parathyrocyte cells. The surface of the bodies is loose, the color is pale pink in a child and yellowish-brown in adults.

Parathyroid gland - functions

The function of the parathyroid gland is the ability to be responsible for controlling the concentration of calcium in the blood. This is necessary for the normal functioning of the body. An increase in the concentration of calcium in the blood occurs by the action of the parathyroid gland on the kidneys and on the bones. Overall result is achieved like this:

Vitamin D is activated in the kidneys. In the intestinal walls, the vitamin stimulates the production of a transport protein, which promotes the absorption of calcium into the blood.
Decreased urinary excretion of calcium.
The activity of cells that destroy bone tissue is activated, and calcium enters the blood from it.

Parathyroid hormones

The parathyroid gland produces valuable parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormones affect metabolic processes. The mechanism of action on the concentration of calcium in the blood is to measure it with the help of receptors located on the surface of the parathyroid gland and regulate the production of parathyroid hormone. A decrease in calcium levels in the blood serves as a signal for an increase in the release of the hormone.

Parathyroid diseases

Violation of the function of the endocrine system leads to serious disorders in the body as a whole. Diseases of the parathyroid gland occur against the background of its increased or reduced activity. An increase in secretion above the norm leads to the accumulation of an excessive amount of calcium in the blood - hypercalcemia, dysfunction gives rise to calcium deficiency. Violation of blood counts causes diseases of internal organs and bone tissue.

hyperparathyroidism

The disease develops due to hyperactivity of one or more sections of the parathyroid gland. Hyperparathyroidism is distinguished:

Primary. The cause is an adenoma, hyperplasia, or cancer. Their presence leads to uncontrolled secretion of the hormone. Caused by stress medical preparations, reduced pressure.
Secondary. It develops as a reaction to a lack of calcium in food, vitamin D deficiency, chronic renal failure.
Tertiary. Occurs with prolonged renal failure, when kidney function is restored, and parathyroid hormone continues to be produced excessively.

Hyperparathyroidism - symptoms

Clinical manifestations depend on the stage of the disease and may occur in various forms. Early manifestations diseases are accompanied by symptoms:

fatigue;
headache;
pain in the bones;
muscle weakness;
memory deterioration.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism depend on the form of the disease. Distinguish:

bone;
renal;
gastrointestinal;
neuropsychic.

The bone form of parathyroidism is accompanied by symptoms:

pain in the bones;
frequent fractures;
curvature of bones, rickets and scoliosis in children.

Primary hyperparathyroidism can result in parathyroid osteodystrophy, or Recklinghausen's disease. The disease is accompanied by loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, thirst, curvature and softening of the bones. Thickenings appear on the skull and bones of the face, there is a curvature and shortening of the limbs. Symptoms may be associated urolithiasis.

The renal form is characterized by:

frequent urination;
impurities of blood in the urine;
pain in the region of the kidneys.

Symptoms of the disease in gastrointestinal form the following:

heartburn;
nausea;
weight loss;
belching;
vomit;
pain in the upper abdomen.

Hyperparathyroidism - diagnosis

The presence of these complaints is a signal for a thorough examination of the patient's body. Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism includes:

blood biochemistry;
hormonal analysis;
Analysis of urine;
fibrogastroduodenoscopy gastric juice and intestinal walls;
X-ray of the bones, skull and spine;
Ultrasound of the parathyroid glands.

Biochemical analysis determines the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. A qualitative hormonal analysis is carried out in the Helix clinic and the level of parathyroid hormones is determined. Experts provide advice on proper preparation to research. The x-ray shows changes in the bone tissue. Additionally, a study of the kidneys and intestines is prescribed.

Hyperparathyroidism - treatment

The prognosis of the course of the disease depends on the causes of its occurrence. Treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism is only surgical. It is aimed at removing the adenoma. In case of untimely treatment, in cases of bone form, consequences may remain - limitation of mobility, disability. heal secondary form Can conservative methods by removing the cause. The use of calcium-containing drugs is indicated for the binding of phosphates in the renal form, after which vitamin D is prescribed. This reduces the secretion of hormones.

Folk methods for the prevention of the disease recommend:

walk on fresh air;
exclude bad habits;
balanced diet with high content phosphorus, iron, magnesium (fish, red meat, fresh fruits and vegetables).

Benign enlargement of the parathyroid gland (PTG) indicates the development of the disease. Parathyroid adenoma is a neoplasm with a smooth yellow-brown surface. It has clear boundaries. The receptors on its surface have mutated and constantly signal a lack of calcium. There is an increased secretion of the hormone. Hypercalcemia is noted in the blood. The problem is more common in women.

Parathyroid adenoma - treatment

Surgery is indicated for patients with an enlarged parathyroid gland. They also prescribe a diet, diuretics, intravenously injected sodium chloride, bisphosphonates. Treatment of parathyroid adenoma begins with the use of drugs to normalize the concentration of calcium. After removal of the diseased area, blood counts return to normal after a few hours.

Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland

Hyperfunction is another form of the disease. Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland is characterized by its increase without changing the structure. Often the causes are hereditary. The development of hyperplasia can lead to hyperparathyroidism. At the onset of the disease drug treatment leads to a decrease in calcium concentration. As the disease progresses, it is inevitable surgical intervention.

Parathyroid Cancer

Malignant formations happen rarely. Parathyroid cancer is a grayish tumor that tends to grow into other tissues. It develops slowly. The onset of the disease is accompanied by symptoms characteristic of hyperparathyroidism. Causes include radiation exposure, poor nutrition, salt poisoning heavy metals. Surgical removal of the tumor is indicated. Affected lymph nodes and tissues can be removed. Appoint hormone therapy.

Video: Pathology of the parathyroid glands

Function of the parathyroid glands

The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the body within narrow limits so that the nervous and motor systems function normally. When the level of calcium in the blood falls below a certain level, calcium-sensing parathyroid receptors are activated and secrete the hormone into the blood. Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone tissue into the blood.

parathyroid hormone

It is necessary to maintain the concentration of calcium ions in the blood at an appropriate level.
A drop in the level of ionized calcium in the blood activates the secretion of parathyroid hormone, which increases the release of calcium from the bone due to the activation of osteoclasts.
The level of calcium in the blood rises, but the bones become brittle and easily deformed.
The parathyroid hormone leads to effects opposite to those of thyroid thyrocalcitonin.

Disorders associated with the parathyroid glands

One of the most serious diseases parathyroid glands hyperactivity of one or more areas of the parathyroid glands is considered, causing the secretion of too much a large number parathyroid hormone into the blood, which can lead to a serious imbalance of calcium in the body. Such a disorder is called hyperparathyroidism (first described in), hypercalcemia and parathyroid osteodystrophy (Recklinghausen's disease) can become its consequences. Can be used as a treatment for hyperparathyroidism surgery to remove the defective part of the parathyroid gland.

However, there are cases where surgical removal thyroid gland, all parathyroid glands were accidentally removed. This led to an imminent death that followed a period muscle cramps, which is associated with the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium metabolism.

Parathyroid gland secretion type hormones function of the disease. Treatment of disorders of the parathyroid gland. Regulation of the function of the parathyroid glands

Location and number of parathyroid glands

Function of the parathyroid glands

Importance of the parathyroid glands

History of the discovery of the parathyroid glands

Diseases of the parathyroid glands

Operations on the parathyroid glands

Parathormone

Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I (MEN-1 syndrome)

Parathyroid adenoma (primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism)

If the calcium in the blood is high...

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Analyzes in St. Petersburg

Operations on the parathyroid glands

Endocrinologist's consultation

Expert ultrasound of the thyroid gland

Consultation with an endocrinologist

Intraoperative neuromonitoring

Densitometry

parathyroid glands

The structure of the parathyroid gland

Parathyroid gland - functions

Parathyroid hormones

Parathyroid diseases

hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism - symptoms

Hyperparathyroidism - treatment

Parathyroid adenoma - treatment

Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland

Parathyroid Cancer

Video: Pathology of the parathyroid glands

Function of the parathyroid glands

parathyroid hormone

Disorders associated with the parathyroid glands

see also

See what the "Parathyroid gland" is in other dictionaries: