Heart collapse symptoms. Vascular collapse

Cordially- vascular collapse- this is one of the forms of heart failure, occurring due to a sharp drop in tone blood vessels. At this time, there is a rapid decrease in the mass of circulating fluid, therefore, blood flow to the heart decreases. Arterial-venous pressure falls, which in turn leads to inhibition of the vital functions of the body.

Collapse in Latin means "fallen", "weakened". Its development is sharp and rapid. Sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness. This manifestation quite dangerous, as it can lead to sudden death person. It happens that it takes only a few minutes after an attack to irreversible ischemic changes, sometimes - hours. However modern methods Treatments for some forms of collapse help prolong the life of patients with this disorder.

Causes of the collapse

Among the main reasons for an unexpected drop in vascular tone are:

large blood loss;
acute infections;
intoxication;
an overdose of certain drugs;
consequence of anesthesia;
damage to the blood organs;
severe dehydration;
impaired regulation of vascular tone;
injury.

Symptoms

The clinical picture is pronounced. Together, the symptoms can immediately identify the pathology, without confusing it with other diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

sudden and rapid deterioration of health;
severe and sharp headache;
noise in ears;
darkening in the eyes;
general weakness against the background of low blood pressure;
pallor;

the skin quickly becomes cold, becomes moist, acquires a bluish tint;
violation of respiratory function;
weak palpation of the pulse;
body temperature drops;
sometimes there is a loss of consciousness.

Note that a distinction is made between vascular and cardiac collapses. The first is less dangerous for the patient's life, but it also requires an adequate response.

Therapeutic measures

At the slightest sign collapse should be immediately contacted for qualified help. Compulsory hospitalization is required with further therapy for the underlying disease that causes atony.

First medical measures will be aimed at restoring vascular tone, blood volume, pressure, circulation. A conservative method is used - drug therapy.

And yet, in order to avoid relapse, it is necessary to undergo a course of treatment for the underlying disease that causes collapse.

Staying at home and hoping that everything will pass by itself will not work. Also, do not independently increase the pressure by taking over-the-counter medications. The appointment should be made by a cardiologist based on the results of a qualitative diagnosis. Quick response and timeliness of the provided therapeutic assistance is the key to saving human life!

Almost every one of us has experienced such a painful condition as vascular collapse in our own experience or in the experience of loved ones. If the collapse is accompanied by loss of consciousness, then this condition is called fainting. But quite often the collaptoid state develops against the background of intact consciousness.

Collapse is, by definition, acutely developing vascular insufficiency. The name "collapse" comes from Latin word collapsus, meaning "weakened" or "fallen".

At the first signs of the development of cardiovascular collapse, it is necessary to provide the first medical care. This condition often leads to the death of the patient. To prevent negative consequences, one should know the causes that cause collapse and be able to
properly prevent them.

How does acute vascular insufficiency develop?

The collapse is characterized by a decrease in vascular tone, which is accompanied by a relative decrease in the volume of blood circulating in the body. In simple words, the vessels dilate in a short period of time, and the blood available in the bloodstream becomes insufficient for the blood supply to the vital organs. The body does not have time to quickly respond to a change in vascular tone and release blood from the blood depots. acute vascular insufficiency, collapse develops acutely and rapidly.

If the collapse is accompanied by a critical violation of the blood supply to the brain, then there is a faint, or loss of consciousness. But this does not happen in all cases.
collaptoid state.

With the development of collapse, the state of health worsens, dizziness appears, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, cold sweat may appear. Breathing becomes frequent and superficial, heartbeat quickens, decreases arterial pressure.

Cardiovascular collapse: first aid

As a rule, collapse develops against the background of a weakening of the body after serious illnesses, infections, intoxications, pneumonia, with physical and mental overstrain, with a decrease or increase in blood sugar levels. If the collaptoid state or fainting lasts more than 1-2 minutes, then any serious illness should be suspected here and an ambulance doctor should be called.

First aid for cardiovascular collapse and fainting should be as follows: eliminate potential hazards(electric current, fire, gas), make sure that the patient has free breathing or provide it (unfasten the collar, belt, open the window), pat on the cheeks and spray the face with cold water.

If such conditions occur repeatedly, their duration and frequency increase, then a full clinical examination is necessary to determine the cause of their occurrence.

Vascular collapse occurs in a large number people and often leads to lethal outcome. Death occurs within 5-10 minutes after loss of consciousness, if at this time no one is around, then the victim dies. It is very important for everyone to remember the main clinical symptoms and "harbingers" of the disease - this will help save human lives. Rendering first aid does not require special skills and abilities, but is very effective.

Collapse

This is an emergency condition that requires urgent medical attention. Actually, collapse is an acute vascular insufficiency, characterized by a drop in vascular tone and a decrease in the volume of circulating blood.

The main pathogenetic effect is associated with a violation of the vegetative activity of the body, as a result of damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems:

The central nervous system, that is, the brain, includes several important centers for regulating the activity of the vascular system. These include: cores cranial nerves, accumulation of neurons in the substance of the brain, hypothalamus, orbital cortex, insula, hypocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala. Recent studies show that any part of the brain affects the activity of the cardiovascular system. That is, if any part of the head is damaged, violations are possible, manifested in the form of bradycardia, tachycardia, hyper- or hypotension, and the like. The different orientation of the manifested signs is associated with the absence of a strict specific response to a certain type of lesion.
Orthostatic hypotension is associated with impaired activity of the peripheral nervous system. This is a condition where blood pressure drops sharply when moving from a lying position to a standing position. It is noted in children and in the elderly. The latter is characterized by the appearance of symptoms of circulatory disorders of the brain. The key factor in the pathogenesis in this case is the pathology of the release of norepinephrine, adrenaline and renin at the right time. At the same time, the necessary vasoconstriction and increase in intravascular resistance, increase in stroke volume and heart rate do not occur. The reasons for the violation of the release of neurotransmitters are different: damage to peripheral sympathetic fibers and blocking the release of neurotransmitters. Hypotension also occurs with the pathology of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, while the amount of norepinephrine in the blood is reduced even in the supine position. When a person moves into a standing position, the level of the neurotransmitter continues to decrease.

Vascular collapse is noted in the following diseases: tumors in the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain, brain stem, ventricles. Also found in Shy-Drager syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Symptoms

There are three periods in the development of collapse:

1. Pre-syncope. It lasts from a few seconds to minutes, is characterized by the appearance of short-term symptoms of collapse, the so-called "harbinger period". At this time, a person complains of a severe headache, blurred vision, nausea, pressure in the temples, congestion in the ears, slight dizziness, weakness and discomfort in the limbs.
2. Actually fainting. The main symptom is the absence of consciousness, lasting about five minutes on average. During this period, a person has cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, a slowing of the pulse, and a lack of response to pain and tactile stimuli. AT severe cases convulsions occur.
3. Recovery period. At this time, a gradual restoration of consciousness is carried out. Within a few seconds, the patient begins to fully navigate in time and space.

Adverse symptoms that occur during an attack vascular insufficiency, are: shortness of breath, paroxysmal tachycardia with a frequency of more than 160 beats per minute, a decrease in heart rate less than 60 per minute, prolonged severe headache, hypotension in lying position.

Emergency help

The victim needs first aid, so you need to urgently call medical team.Prior to her arrival, a number of mandatory instructions must be followed:

Urgently put the patient in a horizontal position with raised legs. Provide airflow by unbuttoning buttons or a tie.
Carefully bring to the temple cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia. In the absence of any reaction, gently bring the cotton to the nasal passages. Ammonia has a stimulating effect on the respiratory and vascular centers.
At prolonged absence consciousness (more than 2 minutes) turn the victim to the side. This is necessary to prevent aspiration of the emetic contents or tongue during convulsions that have begun.
Until the arrival of an ambulance, the patient should not be left alone.
After the arrival of the doctors, report the time of the unconscious state and the complications that have arisen (vomiting, convulsions, speech disorders, etc.). Need to describe in detail possible cause occurrence of vascular collapse, precursors (headache, nausea, temperature). If a person came to his senses before the doctors arrived, you need to pay attention to the time after which the victim began to navigate, and the general condition of the body.

Be sure to pay attention to complaints after an attack: pain in chest, shortness of breath, double vision, speech disorders, gait and so on. The ambulance team fully examines the victim in order to identify complications: biting the tongue, injury during a fall, hidden bleeding. Be sure to pay attention to the anamnesis: similar cases in childhood, episodes of loss of consciousness among relatives, the name of the drugs used, concomitant diseases.

If a victim is found to have injuries resulting from a fall, if there are signs of damage to somatic organs, deviations in the anamnesis, repeated cases vascular shock, pathological manifestations on an ECG and so on, the patient is hospitalized in a hospital.

Treatment at the hospital stage

The medical team delivers the victim to a specialized department, where a qualitative examination and diagnosis of the disease is carried out. During transportation, the patient is given the introduction of drugs. The nurse's workflow is as follows:

With a significant decrease in blood pressure (systolic less than 50 mm Hg. Art.), Midodrine is administered. Begins to act within 10 minutes, maintaining a positive effect up to three hours. The mechanism of action is to act on vascular receptors, which leads to their reflex constriction. Similar action possesses Phenylephrine, which is administered intravenously. Unlike Midodrine, it begins to act immediately and retains its effect on blood vessels for up to 20 minutes. Medicines are contraindicated in the pathology of the kidneys, adrenal glands, urination disorders, thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy.
The drug Atropine copes well with bradycardia. It is administered intravenously by stream. A small concentration of the drug in the body can, on the contrary, reduce the heart rate, so the dose of Atropine should be selected carefully. In urgent cases, there are no contraindications for the use of the drug. Use with caution in people with glaucoma intracranial pressure, ischemic disease heart disease, intestinal damage, hyperthyroidism and arterial hypertension.

If necessary, pacing the patient is sent to the cardiology department. Registration of focal cerebral symptoms requires specialized treatment, so the victim is transported to the neurological department. After the treatment, up to 2-4 months of rehabilitation is necessary, after which there is a complete restoration of functions.

In medicine collapse om (from the Latin collapse - fallen) characterizes the patient's condition with a sharp drop in blood pressure, vascular tone, as a result of which the blood supply to vital organs worsens. In astronomy, there is a term "gravitational collapse”, which implies the hydrodynamic compression of a massive body under the influence of its own gravity, which leads to a strong decrease in its size. Under "transport collapse om" means a traffic jam, in which any violation of the movement of vehicles leads to a complete blocking of vehicles. On the public transport- with a full load of one vehicle, the number of waiting passengers is close to the critical point. Economic collapse- this is a violation of the balance between supply and demand for services and goods, i.e. a sharp decline in the economic condition of the state, which appears in the recession of the economy of production, bankruptcy and disruption of established industrial relations. There is a concept " collapse wave function”, which means an instantaneous change in the description of the quantum state of an object. In other words, the wave function characterizes the probability of finding a particle at some point or time interval, but when you try to find this particle, it ends up at one specific point, which is called collapse ohm.Geometric collapse ohm is a change in the orientation of an object in space, fundamentally changing its geometric property. For example, under collapse ohm rectangularity refers to the instantaneous loss of this property. The popular word " collapse” did not leave indifferent the developers of computer games. So, in the game Deus Ex collapse ohm is an event that takes place in the 21st century, when a crisis of power has matured in society with a very rapid development of science, the creation of revolutionary nanotechnologies and intelligent cybersystems. The film is based on a TV interview with Michael Rupert, author of notorious books and articles, and accused of conspiracy theories.

Collapse

Collapse is an acute vascular insufficiency characterized by sharp decline vascular tone and a drop in blood pressure.

Collapse is usually accompanied by impaired blood supply, hypoxia of all organs and tissues, decreased metabolism, and inhibition of vital body functions.

Causes

Collapse can develop due to many diseases. Most often, collapse occurs in the pathology of the cardiovascular system (myocarditis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, etc.), as a result of acute loss of blood or plasma (for example, with extensive burns), dysregulation of vascular tone during shock, severe intoxication, infectious diseases, with diseases of the nervous, endocrine systems, as well as with an overdose of ganglionic blockers, neuroleptics, sympatholytics.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of collapse depends on its cause, but the main manifestations are similar in collapse of different origins. There is a sudden progressive weakness, chilliness, dizziness, tinnitus, tachycardia (rapid pulse), weakening of vision, and sometimes a feeling of fear. The skin is pale, the face becomes earthy, covered with sticky cold sweat, with cardiogenic collapse, cyanosis (bluish color of the skin) is often noted. The body temperature drops, breathing becomes superficial, speeded up. Arterial pressure decreases: systolic - up to 80-60, diastolic - up to 40 mm Hg. Art. and below. With the deepening of the collapse, consciousness is disturbed, heart rhythm disorders often join, reflexes disappear, pupils dilate.

Cardiogenic collapse, as a rule, is combined with cardiac arrhythmia, signs of pulmonary edema (respiratory failure, cough with copious froth, sometimes with a pink tinge, sputum).

Orthostatic collapse occurs with a sharp change in body position from horizontal to vertical and quickly stops after the patient is transferred to the prone position.

Infectious collapse, as a rule, develops as a result of a critical decrease in body temperature. Moisture of the skin, pronounced weakness of the muscles is noted.

Toxic collapse is often combined with vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and signs of acute renal failure (edema, impaired urination).

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture. The study of hematocrit, blood pressure in dynamics give an idea of the severity and nature of the collapse.

Types of disease

Cardiogenic collapse - as a result of a decrease cardiac output;
Hypovolemic collapse - as a result of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood;
Vasodilation collapse - as a result of vasodilation.

Patient's actions

In the event of a collapse, you should immediately contact the ambulance service.

Collapse treatment

Therapeutic measures are carried out intensively and urgently. In all cases, the patient with collapse is placed in a horizontal position with raised legs, covered with a blanket. A 10% solution of caffeine-sodium benzoate is administered subcutaneously. It is necessary to eliminate the possible cause of the collapse: removal of toxic substances from the body and the introduction of an antidote for poisoning, stopping bleeding, thrombolytic therapy. With thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries, acute myocardial infarction, paroxysm is stopped with medication atrial fibrillation and other cardiac arrhythmias.

Pathogenetic therapy is also carried out, which includes intravenous administration of saline solutions and blood substitutes for blood loss or blood clotting in patients with hypovolemic collapse, the introduction hypertonic saline sodium chloride during collapse against the background of indomitable vomiting, diarrhea. If necessary, an urgent increase in blood pressure is administered norepinephrine, angiotensin, mezaton. In all cases, oxygen therapy is indicated.

Complications of collapse

The main complication of collapse is loss of consciousness. varying degrees. Light fainting is accompanied by nausea, weakness, pallor of the skin. Deep fainting may be accompanied by convulsions, increased sweating, involuntary urination. Also, due to fainting, injuries are possible when falling. Sometimes the collapse leads to the development of a stroke (violation cerebral circulation). Various types of brain damage are possible.

Repetitive episodes of collapse lead to severe brain hypoxia, aggravation of concomitant neurological pathology, and the development of dementia.

Prevention

Prevention consists in the treatment of the underlying pathology, constant monitoring of patients in serious condition. It is important to take into account the peculiarities of the pharmacodynamics of drugs (neuroleptics, ganglionic blockers, barbiturates, antihypertensives, diuretics), individual sensitivity to drugs and nutritional factors.

Collapse: what is it

Collapse is an acute vascular insufficiency, which is characterized by a sharp drop in arterial and venous pressure caused by a decrease in the mass of blood circulating in the circulatory system, a drop in vascular tone, or a decrease in cardiac output.

As a result, the metabolic process slows down, hypoxia of organs and tissues begins, and the most important functions of the body are inhibited.

Collapse is a complication in pathological conditions or serious diseases.

The reasons

There are two main causes:

Sudden massive blood loss leads to a decrease in the volume of circulation, to its inconsistency with the capacity of the vascular bed;
Due to exposure to toxic and pathogenic substances the walls of blood vessels and veins lose their elasticity, the overall tone of the entire circulatory system decreases.

A steadily growing manifestation acute insufficiency vascular system leads to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood, acute hypoxia occurs, caused by a decrease in the mass of oxygen transported to organs and tissues.

This, in turn, leads to a further drop in vascular tone, which provokes a decrease in blood pressure. Thus, the state progresses like an avalanche.

Reasons for launch pathogenetic mechanisms different types of collapse are different. The main ones are:

internal and external bleeding;
general toxicity of the body;
a sharp change in body position;
decrease mass fraction oxygen in the inhaled air;
acute pancreatitis.

Symptoms

The word collapse comes from the Latin "colabor", which means "I fall." The meaning of the word accurately reflects the essence of the phenomenon - falling blood pressure and the fall of man himself in the collapse.

Main Clinical signs collapse of various origins are basically similar:

Protracted forms can lead to loss of consciousness, dilated pupils, loss of basic reflexes. Failure to provide timely medical care can lead to serious consequences or death.

Kinds

Despite the fact that in medicine there is a classification of types of collapse according to the pathogenetic principle, the most common classification according to etiology, which distinguishes the following types:

infectious, toxic caused by the presence of bacteria in infectious diseases, which leads to disruption of the heart and blood vessels;
toxic- the result of general intoxication of the body;
hypoxemic that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen or in conditions of high atmospheric pressure;
pancreatic caused by trauma to the pancreas;
burn that occurs after deep burns skin;
hyperthermic coming after severe overheating, sunstroke;
dehydration, due to the loss of fluid in large volumes;
hemorrhagic caused by massive bleeding recent times considered as a deep shock;
cardiogenic associated with the pathology of the heart muscle;
plasmorrhagic, arising from the loss of plasma at severe forms diarrhea, multiple burns;
orthostatic, which occurs when the body is brought to a vertical position;
enterogenic(fainting) that occurs after eating in patients with resection of the stomach.

Separately, it should be noted that hemorrhagic collapse can occur both from external bleeding and from invisible internal ones: ulcerative colitis, stomach ulcer, damage to the spleen.

In cardiogenic collapse, stroke volume decreases due to myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. The risk of developing arterial thromboembolism is high.

Orthostatic collapse also occurs with prolonged standing in a vertical state, when the blood is redistributed, the venous part increases and the flow to the heart decreases.

It is also possible a collapsing state due to drug poisoning: sympatholytics, neuroleuptics, adrenergic blockers.

Orthostatic collapse often occurs in healthy people, in particular in children and adolescents.

Toxic collapse can be caused professional activity associated with toxic substances: cyanides, amino compounds, carbohydrate oxide.

Collapse in children is observed more often than in adults and proceeds in a more complex form. may develop in the background intestinal infections, influenza, pneumonia, anaphylactic shock, adrenal dysfunction. The immediate cause may be fright, trauma and blood loss.

First aid

At the first sign of collapse, an ambulance should be called immediately. A qualified doctor will determine the severity of the patient, if possible, establish the cause of the collapsing condition and prescribe the primary treatment.

The provision of first aid will help to alleviate the patient's condition, and possibly save his life.

Necessary actions:

lay the patient on a hard surface;
raise your legs with a pillow;
tilt your head back, ensure free breathing;
unbutton the collar of the shirt, free from everything that binds (belt, belt);
open windows, provide fresh air;
bring ammonia to the nose, or massage the earlobes, dimple upper lip, whiskey;
stop bleeding if possible.

Prohibited actions:

give drugs with a pronounced vasodilating action(nosh-pa, valocordin, glycerin);
hit on the cheeks, trying to bring to life.

Treatment

Non-stationary treatment is indicated for orthostatic, infectious and other types of collapse, which are caused by acute vascular insufficiency. With hemorrhagic collapse caused by bleeding, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

The treatment of collapse has several directions:

Etiological therapy designed to eliminate the causes that caused the collapsing state. Stopping bleeding, general detoxification of the body, elimination of hypoxia, administration of adrenaline, antidote therapy, stabilization of the heart will help stop further deterioration of the patient's condition.
tricks pathogenetic therapy will allow the body to return to its usual working rhythm as quickly as possible. Among the main methods, it is necessary to highlight the following: an increase in arterial and venous pressure, stimulation of respiration, activation of blood circulation, the introduction of blood-substituting drugs and plasma, blood transfusion, activation of the central nervous system.
oxygen therapy used for carbon monoxide poisoning, accompanied by acute respiratory failure. Prompt implementation therapeutic measures allows you to restore the most important functions of the body, return the patient to normal life.

Collapse is a pathology caused by acute vascular insufficiency. Different types of collapse have a similar clinical picture and require urgent and qualified treatment, sometimes surgical intervention.

Collapse(lat. collapsus weakened, fallen) - acute vascular insufficiency, characterized primarily by a drop in vascular tone, as well as the volume of circulating blood. This reduces the flow venous blood to the heart, cardiac output decreases, arterial and venous pressure falls, tissue perfusion and metabolism are disturbed, cerebral hypoxia occurs, vital important features. The collapse develops as a complication mainly of serious diseases and pathological conditions. However, it can also occur in cases where there are no significant pathological abnormalities (for example, orthostatic collapse in children).

Depending on the etiological factors, K. is isolated during intoxication and acute infectious diseases, acute massive blood loss (hemorrhagic collapse), when working in conditions of low oxygen content in the inhaled air (hypoxic K., etc.). Toxic collapse develops in acute poisoning, including professional nature, substances of general toxic action (carbon monoxide, cyanides, organophosphorus substances, nitro- and amido compounds, etc.). A number of physical factors can cause collapse - electric current, large doses ionizing radiation, heat environment (overheating, thermal shock). Collapse observed in some acute diseases internal organs such as acute pancreatitis. Some allergic reactions immediate type, for example anaphylactic shock, flow from vascular disorders, typical for collapse. Infectious To. develops as a complication of meningoencephalitis, typhoid and typhus, acute dysentery, acute pneumonia, botulism, anthrax, viral hepatitis, toxic influenza, etc. due to intoxication with endo- and exotoxins of microorganisms.

orthostatic collapse. arising from a rapid transition from a horizontal to a vertical position, as well as during prolonged standing, is due to the redistribution of blood with an increase in the total volume of the venous bed and a decrease in inflow to the heart; the basis of this condition is the insufficiency of venous tone. Orthostatic K. can be observed in convalescents after serious illnesses and prolonged bed rest, with some diseases of the endocrine and nervous systems (syringomyelia, encephalitis, tumors of the glands internal secretion, nervous system, etc.), postoperative period, at rapid evacuation ascitic fluid or as a complication of spinal or epidural anesthesia. Orthostatic collapse sometimes occurs when neuroleptics, ganglion blockers, adrenoblockers, sympatholytics, etc. are used incorrectly. In pilots and astronauts, it may be due to redistribution of blood associated with the action of acceleration forces; at the same time, blood from the vessels of the upper body and head moves into the vessels of the organs abdominal cavity and lower extremities causing cerebral hypoxia. Orthostatic To. is quite often observed at practically healthy children, teenagers and young men. Collapse may be accompanied by a severe form decompression sickness.

Hemorrhagic collapse develops with acute massive blood loss (vascular damage, internal bleeding), due to a rapid decrease in circulating blood volume. Similar state may occur due to abundant plasma loss during burns, water and electrolyte disorders due to severe diarrhea, indomitable vomiting, inappropriate use of diuretics.

Collapse possible with heart diseases accompanied by a sharp and rapid decrease in stroke volume (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, acute myocarditis, hemopericardium or pericarditis with rapid accumulation of effusion in the pericardial cavity), as well as with pulmonary embolism. Acute cardiovascular failure, which develops under these conditions, is considered by some authors not as K. but as the so-called small emission syndrome, the manifestations of which are especially characteristic for cardiogenic shock. Sometimes referred to as reflex collapse. developing in patients with angina pectoris or myocardial infarction.

Pathogenesis. Conventionally, two main mechanisms of collapse development can be distinguished, which are often combined. One mechanism is a decrease in the tone of arterioles and veins as a result of the impact of infectious, toxic, physical, allergic and other factors directly on the vascular wall, vasomotor center and vascular receptors (sinocarotid zone, aortic arch, etc.). With insufficient compensatory mechanisms, a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance (vascular paresis) leads to a pathological increase in the capacity of the vascular bed, a decrease in the volume of circulating blood with its deposition in some vascular areas, a decrease in venous flow to the heart, an increase in heart rate, and a decrease in blood pressure.

Another mechanism is directly related to a rapid decrease in the mass of circulating blood (for example, with massive blood and plasma loss that exceeds the compensatory capabilities of the body). The resulting reflex spasm of small vessels and increased heart rate under the influence of increased release into the blood catecholamines may not be sufficient to maintain a normal level of blood pressure. A decrease in circulating blood volume is accompanied by a decrease in the return of blood to the heart through the veins great circle blood circulation and, accordingly, a decrease in cardiac output, a violation of the system microcirculation, accumulation of blood in the capillaries, a drop in blood pressure. Develop hypoxia circulatory type, metabolic acidosis. Hypoxia and acidosis lead to damage to the vascular wall, an increase in its permeability . The loss of tone of precapillary sphincters and the weakening of their sensitivity to vasopressor substances develop against the background of maintaining the tone of postcapillary sphincters, which are more resistant to acidosis. In conditions of increased capillary permeability, this contributes to the transfer of water and electrolytes from the blood into the intercellular spaces. The rheological properties are disturbed, blood hypercoagulation and pathological aggregation of erythrocytes and platelets occur, conditions are created for the formation of microthrombi.

In the pathogenesis of infectious collapse, an especially important role is played by an increase in the permeability of the walls of blood vessels with the release of fluid and electrolytes from them, a decrease in the volume of circulating blood, as well as significant dehydration as a result of profuse sweating. A sharp rise in body temperature causes excitation and then inhibition of the respiratory and vasomotor centers. With generalized meningococcal, pneumococcal and other infections and the development of myocarditis or allergic myopericarditis on the 2-8th day, the pumping function of the heart decreases, the filling of the arteries and blood flow to the tissues decrease. Reflex mechanisms always take part in K.'s development also.

With a prolonged course of collapse as a result of hypoxia and metabolic disorders, vasoactive substances are released, while vasodilators predominate (acetylcholine, histamine, kinins, prostaglandins) and tissue metabolites (lactic acid, adenosine and its derivatives) are formed, which have hypotensive action. Histamine and histamine-like substances, lactic acid increase vascular permeability.

Clinical picture at To. of a various origin it is basically similar. The collapse develops more often acutely, suddenly. The patient's consciousness is preserved, but he is indifferent to the environment, often complains of a feeling of melancholy and depression, dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, thirst. The skin turns pale, the mucous membrane of the lips, the tip of the nose, fingers and toes become cyanotic. Tissue turgor decreases, the skin can become marbled, the face is earthy in color, covered with cold sticky sweat, the tongue is dry. Body temperature is often lowered, patients complain of cold and chilliness. Breathing is superficial, rapid, less often slow. Despite shortness of breath, patients do not experience suffocation. The pulse is soft, rapid, less often slow, weak filling, often incorrect, on the radial arteries is sometimes determined with difficulty or absent. BP is low, sometimes systolic BP drops to 70-60 mmHg st. and even lower, but initial period To. at persons with the previous arterial hypertension the ABP can remain at the level close to normal. Diastolic pressure also decreases. Superficial veins subside, blood flow velocity, peripheral and central venous pressure decrease. In the presence of right ventricular heart failure, central venous pressure may persist for normal level or decrease slightly the volume of circulating blood decreases. Deafness of heart sounds, often arrhythmia (extrasystole, atrial fibrillation), embryocardia are noted.

The ECG shows signs of insufficiency of coronary blood flow and other changes that are secondary in nature and are most often caused by a decrease in venous inflow and the violation of central hemodynamics associated with this, and sometimes by infectious-toxic damage to the myocardium (see. Myocardial dystrophy). Violation contractile activity heart failure can lead to a further decrease in cardiac output and progressive hemodynamic impairment. Oliguria is noted, sometimes nausea and vomiting (after drinking), which, with prolonged collapse, contributes to thickening of the blood, the appearance of azotemia; the oxygen content in the venous blood increases due to shunting of the blood flow, metabolic acidosis is possible.

The severity of manifestations To. depends on the underlying disease and the degree of vascular disorders. The degree of adaptation (for example, to hypoxia), age (in the elderly and children early age collapse is more severe) and the emotional characteristics of the patient. A relatively mild degree To. is sometimes called a collaptoid state.

Depending on the underlying disease that caused the collapse. clinical picture may acquire some specific features. So, with K. coming as a result of blood loss, excitation is often observed at first, sweating often sharply decreases. Collapse phenomena at toxic lesions, peritonitis, acute pancreatitis are most often combined with signs of general severe intoxication. For orthostatic K., suddenness is characteristic (often against the background of wellness) and relatively easy flow; and for cupping orthostatic collapse. especially in adolescents and young adults, it is usually enough to provide peace in horizontal position the patient's body.

Infectious To. develops more often during a critical decrease in body temperature; it happens in different dates, for example, with typhus, usually on the 12-14th day of illness, especially during an abrupt decrease in body temperature (by 2-4 °), more often in the morning. The patient lies motionless, apathetic, answers questions slowly, quietly; complains of chills, thirst. The face takes on a pale earthy hue, the lips are bluish; facial features are sharpened, eyes sink, pupils are dilated, limbs are cold, muscles are relaxed. After a sharp decrease in temperature, the forehead, temples, sometimes the whole body are covered with cold sticky sweat. The temperature when measured in the axillary fossa sometimes drops to 35 °. The pulse is frequent, weak: blood pressure and diuresis are reduced.

The course of infectious collapse is aggravated dehydration, hypoxia, which is complicated by pulmonary hypertension, decompensated metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis and hypokalemia. With the loss of a large amount of water with vomit and feces during food poisoning, salmonellosis, rotavirus infection, acute dysentery, cholera, the volume of extracellular fluid decreases, incl. interstitial and intravascular. The blood thickens, its viscosity, density, hematocrit index, content total protein plasma. The volume of circulating blood decreases sharply. Decreased venous inflow and cardiac output. In infectious diseases, K. can last from several minutes to 6-8 h .

With the deepening of the collapse, the pulse becomes threadlike, it is almost impossible to determine blood pressure, breathing quickens. The patient's consciousness gradually darkens, the reaction of the pupils is sluggish, there is a tremor of the hands, convulsions of the muscles of the face and hands are possible. Sometimes K.'s phenomena grow very quickly; facial features sharply sharpen, consciousness darkens, pupils dilate, reflexes disappear, with increasing weakening of cardiac activity, agony.

Diagnosis in the presence of a characteristic clinical picture and relevant history data, it is usually not difficult. Studies of circulating blood volume, cardiac output, central venous pressure, hematocrit and other indicators can complement the idea of the nature and severity of the collapse. what is necessary for the choice of etiological and pathogenetic therapy. The differential diagnosis mainly concerns the causes that caused K., which determines the nature of care, as well as indications for hospitalization and the choice of hospital profile.

Treatment. At the prehospital stage, only collapse treatment can be effective. due to acute vascular insufficiency (orthostatic K. infectious collapse); at hemorrhagic To. emergency hospitalization of the patient in the nearest hospital, it is desirable of a surgical profile is necessary. An important section of the course of any collapse is etiological therapy; stop bleeding, removal of toxic substances from the body (see Detoxification Therapy) , specific antidote therapy, elimination of hypoxia, giving the patient a strictly horizontal position in orthostatic K. immediate administration of adrenaline, desensitizing agents in anaphylactic collapse. elimination of cardiac arrhythmia, etc.

The main task of pathogenetic therapy is to stimulate blood circulation and respiration, increase blood pressure. An increase in venous flow to the heart is achieved by transfusion of blood-substituting fluids, blood plasma and other fluids, as well as by means that affect the peripheral circulation. Therapy for dehydration and intoxication is carried out by the introduction of polyionic pyrogen-free solutions of crystalloids (acesols, disols, chlosols, lactasol). The volume of infusion in emergency therapy is 60 ml crystalloid solution per 1 kg body weight. Infusion rate - 1 ml/kg in 1 min. Infusion of colloidal blood substitutes in severely dehydrated patients is contraindicated. At hemorrhagic To. transfusion of blood is of paramount importance. In order to restore the volume of circulating blood, massive intravenous administration of blood substitutes (polyglucin, rheopolyglucin, hemodez, etc.) or blood is carried out by jet or drip; transfusions of native and dry plasma are also used, concentrated solution albumin and protein. Infusions of isotonic saline solutions or glucose solution are less effective. The amount of infusion solution depends on clinical parameters, blood pressure level, diuresis; if possible, it is controlled by determining hematocrit, circulating blood volume and central venous pressure. The introduction of agents that stimulate the vasomotor center (cordiamin, caffeine, etc.) is also aimed at eliminating hypotension.

Vasopressor drugs (norepinephrine, mezaton, angiotensin, adrenaline) are indicated for severe toxic, orthostatic collapse. With hemorrhagic K., it is advisable to use them only after the restoration of blood volume, and not with the so-called empty bed. If blood pressure does not increase in response to the administration of sympathomimetic amines, one should think about the presence of severe peripheral vasoconstriction and high peripheral resistance; in these cases, further use of sympathomimetic amines can only worsen the patient's condition. Therefore, vasopressor therapy should be used with caution. The effectiveness of a-blockers in peripheral vasoconstruction has not yet been sufficiently studied.

in the treatment of collapse. not associated with ulcerative bleeding, glucocorticoids are used, briefly in sufficient doses (hydrocortisone is sometimes up to 1000 mg and more, prednisone from 90 to 150 mg, sometimes up to 600 mg intravenously or intramuscularly).

To eliminate metabolic acidosis, along with agents that improve hemodynamics, 5-8% sodium bicarbonate solutions are used in the amount of 100-300 ml drip intravenously or lactasol. When K. is combined with heart failure, the use of cardiac glycosides, the active treatment of acute disorders of the heart rhythm and conduction, become essential.

Oxygen therapy is especially indicated for collapse. resulting from carbon monoxide poisoning or against the background of anaerobic infection; in these forms it is preferable to use oxygen under increased pressure (see. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy). With a protracted course of K., when the development of multiple intravascular coagulation (consumption coagulopathy) is possible, heparin is used as a therapeutic agent intravenously, up to 5000 IU every 4 h(Exclude the possibility of internal bleeding!). With all types of collapse, careful monitoring of respiratory function is necessary, if possible with a study of gas exchange indicators. With the development of respiratory failure, an auxiliary artificial ventilation lungs.

Resuscitation care for K. is provided by general rules. To maintain an adequate minute volume of blood during external cardiac massage in conditions of hypovolemia, it is necessary to increase the frequency of cardiac compressions to 100 in 1 min.

Forecast. Rapid elimination of the cause that caused the collapse. often leads to full recovery hemodynamics. For severe illnesses and acute poisoning the prognosis often depends on the severity of the underlying disease, the degree of vascular insufficiency, and the age of the patient. With insufficiently effective therapy, K. may recur. Patients endure repeated collapses more difficult.

Prevention consists in intensive treatment of the underlying disease, constant monitoring of patients who are in severe and moderate state; in this respect plays a special role monitoring observation. It is important to take into account the peculiarities of the pharmacodynamics of drugs (ganglioblockers, neuroleptics, antihypertensive and diuretics, barbiturates, etc.), allergic history and individual sensitivity to certain medicines and nutritional factors.

Features of collapse in children. In pathological conditions (dehydration, starvation, hidden or obvious blood loss, "sequestration" of fluid in the intestines, pleural or abdominal cavities), K. in children is more severe than in adults. More often than in adults, collapse develops with toxicosis and infectious diseases, accompanied by high body temperature, vomiting, and diarrhea. A decrease in blood pressure and impaired blood flow in the brain occur with deeper tissue hypoxia, accompanied by loss of consciousness and convulsions. Since the alkaline reserve in tissues is limited in young children, a violation of oxidative processes during collapse easily leads to decompensated acidosis. Insufficient concentration and filtration capacity of the kidneys and the rapid accumulation of metabolic products complicate K.'s therapy and delay the restoration of normal vascular reactions.

Diagnosis of collapses in young children is difficult due to the fact that it is impossible to find out the patient's sensations, and systolic blood pressure in children, even under normal conditions, may not exceed 80 mmHg st. The most characteristic for K. in a child can be considered a set of symptoms: a weakening of the sonority of heart sounds, a decrease in pulse waves when measuring blood pressure, general adynamia, weakness, pallor or spotting of the skin, increasing tachycardia.

Therapy for orthostatic collapse. as a rule, does not require medication; it is enough to lay the patient horizontally without a pillow, raise the legs above the level of the heart, unbutton the clothes. Have a beneficial effect Fresh air, inhalation of ammonia vapors. Only with deep and persistent K. with a decrease in systolic blood pressure below 70 mmHg st. shows intramuscular or intravenous administration of vascular analeptics (caffeine, ephedrine, mezaton) in doses appropriate for age. In order to prevent orthostatic collapse, it is necessary to explain to teachers and coaches that it is unacceptable for children and adolescents to stand still for a long time on lines, training camps, and sports formations. With collapse due to blood loss and with infectious diseases, the same measures are shown as in adults.

Abbreviations: K. - Collapse

Attention! Article ' Collapse‘ is given for informational purposes only and should not be used for self-medication

Collapse

Collapse is an acutely developing vascular insufficiency, characterized by a drop in vascular tone and an acute decrease in the volume of circulating blood.

Term etymology collapse: (Latin) collapsus - weakened, fallen.

When collapse happens:

decreased venous blood flow to the heart
decrease in cardiac output,
drop in blood and venous pressure,
tissue perfusion and metabolism are disturbed,
brain hypoxia occurs,
vital functions of the body are inhibited.

Collapse usually develops as a complication of the underlying disease, more often in severe illnesses and pathological conditions.

Forms of acute vascular insufficiency are also syncope and shock.

History of study

The doctrine of collapse arose in connection with the development of ideas about circulatory failure. The clinical picture of collapse was described long before the introduction of the term. So, S. P. Botkin in 1883 at a lecture, in connection with the death of a patient from typhoid fever, presented complete picture infectious collapse, calling this state intoxication of the body.

IP Pavlov in 1894 drew attention to the special origin of the collapse, noting that it is not associated with weakness of the heart, but depends on a decrease in the volume of circulating blood.

The theory of collapse was greatly developed in the works of G. F. Lang, N. D. Strazhesko, I. R. Petrov, V. A. Negovsky, and other Russian scientists.

There is no generally accepted definition of collapse. The greatest disagreement exists on the question of whether collapse and shock should be considered independent states or considered only as different periods one and the same pathological process, that is, whether to consider "shock" and "collapse" as synonyms. The latter point of view is accepted by Anglo-American authors, who believe that both terms denote identical pathological conditions, prefer to use the term "shock". French researchers sometimes oppose collapse in an infectious disease to shock of traumatic origin.

G. F. Lang, I. R. Petrov, V. I. Popov, E. I. Chazov and other domestic authors usually distinguish between the concepts of “shock” and “collapse”. Often, however, these terms are confused.

Etiology and classification

Due to differences in understanding pathophysiological mechanisms collapse, the possible dominance of one or another pathophysiological mechanism, as well as a variety of nosological forms of diseases in which collapse can develop - an unambiguous generally accepted classification of collapse forms has not been developed.

In clinical interests, it is advisable to distinguish between forms of collapse depending on etiological factors. Most often, collapse develops when:

body intoxication,
acute infectious diseases.
acute massive blood loss,
stay in conditions of low oxygen content in the inhaled air.

Sometimes a collapse can occur without significant pathological abnormalities(eg, orthostatic collapse in children).

Allocate toxic collapse. which occurs in acute poisoning. including those of a professional nature, substances of a general toxic effect (carbon monoxide, cyanides, organophosphorus substances, nitro compounds, etc.).

A series of physical factors– impact electric current, large doses of radiation, high ambient temperature (during overheating, heat stroke), in which the regulation of vascular function is disturbed.

The collapse is observed at some acute diseases of the internal organs- with peritonitis, acute pancreatitis, which may be associated with endogenous intoxication, as well as in acute duodenitis, erosive gastritis, etc.

Some allergic reactions immediate type, such as anaphylactic shock. occur with vascular disorders typical of collapse.

infectious collapse develops as a complication of acute severe infectious diseases: meningoencephalitis, typhoid and typhus, acute dysentery, botulism, pneumonia, anthrax, viral hepatitis, influenza, etc. The reason for this complication is intoxication with endotoxins and exotoxins of microorganisms, mainly affecting the central nervous system or precapillary and postcapillary receptors.

hypoxic collapse may occur under conditions reduced concentration oxygen in the inhaled air, especially in combination with low barometric pressure. The immediate cause of circulatory disorders in this case is the lack of adaptive reactions of the body to hypoxia. acting directly or indirectly through the receptor apparatus of the cardiovascular system on the vasomotor centers.

The development of collapse under these conditions can also be facilitated by hypocapnia due to hyperventilation, leading to the expansion of capillaries and blood vessels and, consequently, to the deposition and decrease in the volume of circulating blood.

orthostatic collapse. arising from a rapid transition from a horizontal to a vertical position, as well as during prolonged standing, due to the redistribution of blood with an increase in the total volume of the venous bed and a decrease in inflow to the heart; the basis of this condition is the insufficiency of venous tone. Orthostatic collapse can be observed:

in convalescents after serious illnesses and prolonged bed rest
with some diseases of the endocrine and nervous system (syringomyelia, encephalitis, tumors of the endocrine glands, nervous system, etc.),
in the postoperative period, with rapid evacuation of ascitic fluid or as a result of spinal or epidural anesthesia.
Iatrogenic orthostatic collapse sometimes occurs when neuroleptics, adrenoblockers, ganglioblockers, sympatholytics, etc. are used incorrectly.

In pilots and cosmonauts, orthostatic collapse may be due to the redistribution of blood associated with the action of acceleration forces. At the same time, blood from the vessels of the upper body and head moves into the vessels of the abdominal organs and lower extremities, causing hypoxia of the brain. Orthostatic collapse is quite often observed in apparently healthy children, adolescents and young men.

severe form decompression sickness may be accompanied by collapse, which is associated with the accumulation of gas in the right ventricle of the heart.

One of the most common forms is hemorrhagic collapse. developing with acute massive blood loss (trauma, injury to blood vessels, internal bleeding due to rupture of an aneurysm of a vessel, arthrosis of a vessel in the area of a stomach ulcer, etc.). Collapse with blood loss develops as a result of a rapid decrease in the volume of circulating blood. The same condition can occur due to profuse plasma loss during a burn, water and electrolyte disorders in severe diarrhea, uncontrollable vomiting, and inappropriate use of diuretics.

The collapse can be observed heart disease. accompanied by a sharp and rapid decrease in stroke volume (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, acute myocarditis, hemopericardium or pericarditis with rapid accumulation of effusion in the pericardial cavity), as well as in thromboembolism pulmonary arteries. Acute cardiovascular failure that develops in these conditions is described by some authors not as a collapse, but as a low output syndrome, the manifestations of which are especially characteristic of cardiogenic shock.

Some authors call reflex collapse. observed in patients during angina pectoris or anginal attack with myocardial infarction. I. R. Petrov (1966) and a number of authors distinguish collapse syndrome in shock, believing that the terminal phase severe shock characterized by collapse.

Clinical manifestations

The clinical picture in collapses of various origins is basically similar. More often the collapse develops sharply, suddenly.

With all forms of collapse, the patient's consciousness is preserved, but he is indifferent to the environment, often complains of a feeling of melancholy and depression, dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, thirst.

The skin turns pale, the mucous membrane of the lips, the tip of the nose, fingers and toes become cyanotic.

Tissue turgor decreases, the skin can become marble, the face is earthy in color, covered with cold sticky sweat. Dry tongue. Body temperature is often lowered, patients complain of cold and chilliness.

Breathing is superficial, rapid, less often - slow. Despite shortness of breath, patients do not experience suffocation.

The pulse is small, soft, quickened, less often - slow, weak filling, often incorrect, sometimes difficult or absent on the radial arteries. Arterial pressure is lowered, sometimes systolic blood pressure drops to 70-60 mm Hg. Art. and even lower, however, in the initial period of collapse in individuals with previous hypertension, blood pressure may remain at a level close to normal. Diastolic pressure also decreases.

Superficial veins collapse, blood flow velocity, peripheral and central venous pressure decrease. In the presence of right ventricular heart failure, central venous pressure may remain at a normal level or decrease slightly. The volume of circulating blood decreases. On the part of the heart, deafness of tones, arrhythmia (extrasystole, atrial fibrillation, etc.), embryocardia are noted.

On the ECG - signs of insufficiency of coronary blood flow and other changes that are secondary in nature and are most often caused by a decrease in venous inflow and the violation of central hemodynamics associated with this, and sometimes by infectious-toxic damage to the myocardium. Violation of the contractile activity of the heart can lead to a further decrease in cardiac output and progressive impairment of hemodynamics.

Oliguria, nausea and vomiting (after drinking), azotemia, thickening of the blood, an increase in the oxygen content in the venous blood due to shunting of the blood flow, and metabolic acidosis are almost constantly noted.

The severity of manifestations of collapse depends on the severity of the underlying disease and the degree of vascular disorders. The degree of adaptation (for example, to hypoxia), age (collapse is more severe in the elderly and young children) and the emotional characteristics of the patient, etc., also matter. A relatively mild degree of collapse is sometimes called a collaptoid state.

Depending on the underlying disease that caused the collapse, the clinical picture may acquire some specific features.

So, for example, in the event of a collapse as a result of blood loss. instead of oppression of the neuropsychic sphere, excitation is often observed at first, sweating is often sharply reduced.

Collapse phenomena at toxic lesions. peritonitis, acute pancreatitis are most often combined with signs of general severe intoxication.

For orthostatic collapse characterized by suddenness (often against the background of good health) and a relatively mild course. Moreover, to stop orthostatic collapse, especially in adolescents and young men, it is usually enough to ensure peace (in a strictly horizontal position of the patient), warming and inhalation of ammonia.

infectious collapse develops more often during a critical decrease in body temperature; this happens at different times, for example, with typhus, usually on the 12-14th day of illness, especially during an abrupt decrease in temperature (by 2-4 ° C), more often in the morning. The patient is very weak, lies motionless, apathetic, answers questions slowly, quietly; complains of chills, thirst. The face becomes pale earthy, the lips bluish; facial features are sharpened, eyes sink, pupils are dilated, limbs are cold, muscles are relaxed.

After a sharp decrease in body temperature, the forehead, temples, sometimes the whole body is covered with cold sticky sweat. Body temperature when measured in the armpit sometimes drops to 35°C; the gradient of rectal and skin temperature increases. The pulse is frequent, weak, blood pressure and diuresis are reduced.

The course of infectious collapse is aggravated by dehydration of the body. hypoxia. which is complicated by pulmonary hypertension, decompensated metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis and hypokalemia.

With the loss of a large amount of water with vomit and feces during food poisoning, salmonellosis, acute dysentery, cholera, the volume of extracellular, including interstitial and intravascular, fluid decreases. The blood thickens, its viscosity, density, hematocrit index, total plasma protein content increase, the volume of circulating blood decreases sharply. Decreased venous inflow and cardiac output.

According to biomicroscopy of the conjunctiva of the eye, the number of functioning capillaries decreases, arteriovenular anastomoses, pendulum-like blood flow and stasis in venules and capillaries with a diameter of less than 25 microns occur. with signs of aggregation shaped elements blood. The ratio of the diameters of arterioles and venules is 1:5. In infectious diseases, the collapse lasts from several minutes to 6-8 hours (usually 2-3 hours).

As the collapse deepens, the pulse becomes threadlike. It is almost impossible to determine blood pressure, breathing quickens. The patient's consciousness gradually darkens, the reaction of the pupils is sluggish, there is a tremor of the hands, convulsions of the muscles of the face and hands are possible. Sometimes the phenomena of collapse increase very rapidly; facial features are sharply sharpened, consciousness is darkened, pupils dilate, reflexes disappear, and with increasing weakening of cardiac activity, agony occurs.

Death by collapse occurs due to:

exhaustion energy resources brain as a result of tissue hypoxia,
intoxication,
metabolic disorders.

Big medical encyclopedia 1979

What is mitral valve collapse? The collapse is..

Collapse is a specific clinical manifestation of acute low blood pressure, a life-threatening condition characterized by a drop in blood pressure and a low blood supply to the most important human organs. Such a condition in a person can usually be manifested by pallor of the face, severe weakness, and cold extremities. In addition, this disease can still be interpreted a little differently. Collapse is also one of the forms of acute vascular insufficiency, which is characterized by a sharp decrease in blood pressure and vascular tone, an immediate decrease in cardiac output and a decrease in the amount of circulating blood.

All this can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the heart, to a drop in arterial and venous pressure, hypoxia of the brain, human tissues and organs, and a decrease in metabolism. As for the reasons that contribute to the development of collapse, there are plenty of them. Among the most common causes the occurrence of such a pathological condition can be called acute illnesses heart and blood vessels, for example, such as myocarditis, myocardial infarction and many others. You can also add to the list of reasons acute blood loss and plasma loss, severe intoxication (with acute infectious diseases, poisoning). Often, this disease can occur due to diseases of the endocrine and central nervous systems, spinal and epidural anesthesia.

Its occurrence can also be caused by an overdose of ganglionic blockers, sympatholytics, neuroleptics. Speaking about the symptoms of collapse, it should be noted that they mainly depend on the cause of the disease. But in many cases this pathological condition similar in collapses of various types and origins. It is often accompanied in patients with weakness, chilliness, dizziness, and a decrease in body temperature. The patient may complain of blurred vision and tinnitus. In addition, the patient's skin becomes sharply pale, the face becomes earthy, the limbs cool, sometimes the whole body can be covered with cold sweat.

The collapse is no joke. In this condition, a person breathes rapidly and shallowly. In almost all cases of various types of collapse, the patient has a decrease in blood pressure. Usually the patient is always conscious, but he may react poorly to his surroundings. The pupils of the patient react weakly and sluggishly to light.

The collapse is unpleasant feeling in the heart region severe symptoms. If the patient complains of an uneven and frequent heartbeat, fever, dizziness, frequent pain in the head and profuse sweating, then in this case it may be mitral valve collapse. Depending on the causes of this disease, there are three types of acute decrease in blood pressure: cardiogenic hypotension, hemorrhagic collapse and vascular collapse.

The latter is accompanied by an extension peripheral vessels. The cause of this form of collapse are various acute infectious diseases. Vascular collapse can occur with pneumonia, sepsis, typhoid fever and other infectious diseases. It can cause low blood pressure during barbiturate intoxication using antihypertensive drugs (as side effect at hypersensitivity to the drug) and severe allergic reactions. In any case, you need to immediately consult a doctor and mandatory examination and treatment.