Grooming blood poisoning in dogs. Sepsis in animals. Sepsis. General purulent infection

There is a huge variety of different bacteria in the world. Many of them live in environment, others on the skin, in the respiratory tract, in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system. Only a few of these bacteria are pathogenic.

Bacteria often enter the systemic circulation, but only in a small amount. They are quickly removed protective cells blood and do not cause any clinical manifestations. So, bacteria can get into the blood during the sanitation of the oral cavity from the surface of the gums, from the gastrointestinal tract.

If many pathogens enter the blood, the immune system does not cope with the infection, the bacteria spread throughout the bloodstream.

Sepsis is a consequence of the impact on the body of pathogenic bacteria and their toxins. Sepsis is often referred to as blood poisoning.

Sepsis develops in the presence of a primary focus of inflammation in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary system. After the surgical intervention at an infected site (eg, during bowel surgery, pyometra). The placement of an intravenous catheter for a long time increases the risk of developing sepsis, as well as the insufficiency of the immune system.

Sepsis is severe life threatening state. Has a high chance of developing septic shock and death of the animal.

Causes of sepsis

Causes that can cause sepsis in dogs:

• pyothorax (purulent inflammation of the chest);
• septic peritonitis;
• bacteremia in gastrointestinal diseases;
• pneumonia;
• pyelonephritis;
• endocarditis;
• pyometra;
• biting wounds;
• osteomyelitis;
• purulent surgery.

As the pathology progresses, bacteria can be deposited in distant organs and tissues. So there is meningitis, pericarditis, infectious arthritis. When spread staph infection multiple abscesses appear.

signs

Sepsis is characterized by:

• a sharp increase in temperature, as the disease progresses, the body temperature decreases;
• lethargy, oppression;
• weak pulse;
• pallor of mucous membranes;
• tachycardia, as the condition worsens - bradycardia;
• jaundice;
• septic shock.

Diagnostics

Based on the clinical picture, data obtained during the physical examination.

When examining blood samples, it is usually not possible to detect bacteria under a microscope. Bacterial culture blood can take several days.

Laboratory diagnostics (general clinical and biochemical blood test) reveals anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, a drop in albumin levels, an increase in bilirubin, low level alkaline phosphatase.

Abdominal ultrasonography and chest x-rays can reveal the primary site of infection (eg, pyometra).

Treatment

Therapy is possible only in a hospital setting. Intravenous infusion, oxygen therapy, antibiotics (usually 2-3 drugs) are indicated.

Sepsis in dogs is characterized by blood poisoning, in the common people there is another name for it - "rotten blood". It is accompanied by a drop in pressure, an increase in body temperature.

Learn more about the occurrence of sepsis. Symptoms and signs characteristic of the disease. What treatment is prescribed by the veterinarian.

general information

conditioned dangerous state. There are quite serious consequences, including fatal outcome. Severe intoxication, immunity decreases, the dog is constantly nervous.

In the blood, decay products from purulent inflammations are found. If the pet is not provided on time veterinary care, then death is inevitable.

Staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli are considered frequent pathogens.

The reasons

The formation of an ordinary abscess can lead to sepsis. If an abscess occurs in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe dog's head, then it becomes extremely dangerous. Periodontal disease is also included here.

There are a lot of different vessels in this area. When purulent formations, pus easily enters the bloodstream, then to other organs.

Most of all, it is dangerous for pets with reduced immunity, young, old females after childbirth. In these cases, the occurrence of necrotic endometritis is observed.

The uterus contains a large amount of epithelium, which decomposes. That favors the development of pathogenic microflora. Moreover, there are also many vessels in the uterus.

Microbes break through the barrier of protection and death is not far off. Sepsis after the period of childbirth is quite common, widespread. Especially when the owner does not care about the condition of the pet.

For example, a bitch whelps on a dirty surface in unsanitary conditions. Sometimes, simply ignorance of the owners, how to properly take birth, leads to sad consequences.

Hands are not washed and sterile gloves are not worn. If you do not know how to properly take birth, just call veterinarian who organizes everything well.

Symptoms

The pet can be observed depressed, stressed state. The temperature rises, weakness, appetite disappears completely, and often can refuse to take some water.

The look is extinct, the breath becomes superficial, tense. At this point, you should immediately call the veterinarian at home. Because, if you do not have time in time, the condition of the dog is rapidly deteriorating.

The temperature rises sharply, coma sets in, breathing is uneven, the pulse is palpable from time to time. The limbs are reduced involuntarily, the head is thrown back.

The jaws of the pet are reduced so that a crunch is heard. This indicates that a brain injury has occurred. Shortness of breath is not ruled out. The mucous membranes take on a bluish tint.

Involuntary excretion of urine, diarrhea are possible. If the doctor does not arrive on time, or do not go to the clinic yourself, then no one can help the dog.

Treatment

As you already understood, it is necessary emergency help. The clinic will immediately put a drip to support correct work heart muscle, get rid of intoxication.

Introduce antibiotics, drugs against microbes. In parallel, they must establish the reason for the sepsis in the dog. When pus forms in the uterus, the latter is removed, otherwise the life of the pet cannot be saved.

The prognosis for sepsis is made with caution by veterinarians, since there are no guarantees. Therefore, at the first symptoms, immediately invite the veterinarian. What do you know? Share your experience.

Sepsis- an intractable infectious-toxic process, accompanied by deep neurodystrophic shifts and a sharp deterioration in all body functions resulting from intoxication and generalization of the pathogen from the primary infectious focus.

So far, sepsis cannot be considered a fully studied disease, especially in productive animals. In this regard, there are no common views on the etiology, pathogenesis of sepsis and treatment in farm animals. It has been established that sepsis is a very severe acute, subacute and even fulminant infectious-toxic disease of animals. With appropriate and timely treatment of local surgical infection, sepsis is relatively rare form its generalization.

Etiology. The specific causative agent of sepsis has not been identified. With sepsis, hemolytic, anaerobic, non-hemolytic streptococci, aureus and other staphylococci are found, coli, bacilli of gas gangrene and some other microbes. Until recently important symptom sepsis was considered bacteremia. However, it has been established that it can also be observed in local purulent processes, but does not cause sepsis, while at the same time, with severe sepsis, bacteremia is often absent. This gave grounds to a number of modern authors to consider sepsis as a toxic general infectious disease. The fact is that the microbes that have entered the blood partly die under the influence of its bactericidal action, the remaining ones are introduced into various organs. With pronounced general immunity, phagocytic activity physiological system connective tissue these microbes are destroyed, and with a reduced protective reaction and sensitization of the body, they "settle" in the organs and cause the development of metastatic abscesses. From these abscesses, microbes periodically enter the bloodstream. The detection of the same microbe in the blood in a number of studies confirms the presence of sepsis, while negative results do not give grounds for its exclusion.

The development of sepsis is facilitated by conditions that worsen the reactivity of the macroorganism, reduce resistance and cause its sensitization. Basic external cause sepsis is an extremely virulent microbial factor that causes sepsis in the body. The latter is most often preceded by a local septic focus in the form of an abscess, carbuncle, phlegmon, random and gunshot wounds soft tissues, osteomyelitis, purulent arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, peritonitis, purulent and putrefactive metritis, etc. Cases of sepsis after abdominal and other surgical operations without strict observance of asepsis and antisepsis, due to ineptly performed obstetric care, as well as as a result of a violation of postoperative medical procedures conditions for the care and maintenance of animals.

Sometimes sepsis can occur unexpectedly, without clinical detection local infectious focus. Such sepsis is called cryptogenic. It, as a rule, is the result of an outbreak of a dormant infection (a carious tooth, healed wounds, an accustomed wounding object, etc.). Thus, for the occurrence of sepsis, the presence of an acute primary septic focus is not necessary, but penetration into the animal's body through the skin or mucous membranes is absolutely necessary. pathogenic microbes. However, the state of the animal's organism turns out to be decisive in its occurrence or non-emergence. Overheating, hypothermia, exhaustion of the body, a decrease in its immunobiological reactions, the activity of the physiological system of the connective tissue, the antitoxic function of the liver, pain and other overstimulation of the vegetative centers and cortical structure serve as a favorable background for the onset of sepsis.

The development of sepsis is not directly dependent on the degree of tissue damage and the severity of the primary septic process. The primary septic focus and the virulence of microbes play mainly the role of a trigger. Along with the primary focus in the body, then several secondary foci are formed in the form of metastases, or the entire body turns into a common septic focus. That is why, if in purulent-resorptive fever, careful surgical treatment of the primary septic focus leads to improvement and subsequent recovery, in sepsis, even complete surgical removal of the primary septic focus from the body does not improve its course. It should be taken into account that the severity of the local septic focus aggravates the septic process and, conversely, the septic process enhances the course of the local septic focus, therefore, in case of sepsis, it is advisable to use not only general, but also local treatment that suppresses the activity of the microbial factor in the septic focus and improves blood and lymph circulation. , drainage.

Pathogenesis. According to A. D. Speransky and A. V. Vishnevsky, sepsis is a complex neuro-dystrophic complex, primarily arising as a result of the strongest bacterial toxic irritations. nervous system from the primary and subsequent septic foci. The primary neurodystrophic process under the influence of bacterial toxic factors of the septic focus is supported and enhanced by them, as a result of which the septic process deepens more and more. On the other hand, the neurodystrophic process contributes to the intensification of bacterial toxic phenomena and the further development of sepsis. Occurs in the body vicious circle pathological influence of the nervous system on the functions of the body and the reverse influence on it from the side of functional and morphological disorders that have arisen in organs and tissues. As a result, dystrophic, purulent-necrotic and other destructive processes progress.

Against the background of neuro-dystrophic disorders and intoxication of the body, there are sharp shifts in the interstitial metabolism; acid-base balance is disturbed, decompensated acidosis develops. Significant changes occur in protein metabolism, hypoproteinemia occurs, characterized by an increase in coarse protein fractions with a simultaneous decrease in gamma globulins. Shift in carbohydrate metabolism causes depletion of liver glycogen. The vitamin balance is disturbed, the amount of all vitamins decreases sharply, especially thiamine and ascorbic acid. Their deficiency causes toxic beriberi, a violation of carbohydrate and water-mineral metabolism. This is manifested by dehydration processes in the body. Under the influence of the loss of glycogen and ascorbic acid, the antitoxic function of the liver is sharply reduced. Morphological changes occur in it, leading to atrophy and degeneration of its parenchyma. A decrease in the antitoxic function of the liver adversely affects the condition of the kidneys. The latter have to excrete microbes and their toxins in the urine in much larger quantities, which adversely affect the kidneys. In this regard, allergic and degenerative changes, their concentration function sharply decreases, the density of urine becomes below normal. As a result of toxic disorders of the hematopoietic apparatus, progressive hypochromic or hyporegenerative anemia is observed.

The toxic effect on the heart muscle and peripheral vessels significantly worsens hemodynamics. Due to increased vascular permeability, peripheral blood circulation is greatly upset. This results in a drop in blood pressure. At the same time, the secretory and motor function gastrointestinal tract, excretory function of the pancreas and salivary glands. Digestion worsens, putrefactive processes develop in the intestines.

Under the influence of protein degradation products and especially foreign protein resulting from mass death microbes in the blood and the reticuloendothelial system, sensitization of the body occurs. In the organs of the animal, capillary permeability increases, edema and foci develop serous inflammation and necrosis; there is a fibrinoid swelling of the walls of blood vessels, arteries and veins are obturated by blood clots. Along with this, septic, more often capillary, bleeding occurs sporadically. There are trophic disorders in the skin, muscles and internal organs. Clinically, this manifests itself in the form of bedsores, muscle atrophy and functional disorders of parenchymal organs.

By the nature of the pathogen, streptococcal, staphylococcal, anaerobic and mixed sepsis are distinguished. According to the etiological basis, sepsis is divided into wound; inflammatory, or purulent-necrotic; postoperative; gynecological and cryptogenic. According to the localization of the primary septic focus, it can be odontogenic (with dental disease), myogenic, arthrogenic, ungular (hoofed), postpartum, etc. Most authors distinguish surgical sepsis. It includes the listed types of sepsis, as it develops as a result of generalization of a local surgical infection with injuries, burns, frostbite, etc. At the same time, the complex of its treatment necessarily includes surgical treatment of septic foci. Even N. I. Pirogov subdivided surgical sepsis into pemia, or bacterial form sepsis, in which there are microbes in the blood, and metastatic ulcers in organs and tissues; septicemia, or putrefaction, i.e. infectious-toxic a form of sepsis, where intoxication of microbial and tissue origin plays a leading role, iseptic-pyemia (purulent-putrefactive blood), i.e., a mixed form of sepsis, in which, along with the formation of metastases, intoxication of the body is sharply expressed.

For convenience and greater terminological clarity, most modern clinicians refer to pyemia as a general purulent infection with metastases, and septicemia as a general purulent (anaerobic) infection without metastases. Both forms of sepsis can be fulminant, acute and subacute.

Some authors distinguish between chronic sepsis. In essence, this is a purulent-resorptive fever with more or less pronounced signs of wound or traumatic exhaustion. Fulminant sepsis lasts from several hours to 2-3 days with symptoms of pronounced intoxication and usually ends in death; acute sepsis lasts 2-4 weeks, and subacute - 6-12 weeks. The outcomes of the last two forms depend on the severity of the process and the timely application of complex treatment.

Treatment for sepsis. To date, completely effective methods of treatment for sepsis have not been developed. However, therapy should be early, complex, aimed at suppressing the microbial factor, neutralizing and removing toxins from the body, and normalizing all functional disorders. A sick animal is isolated, kept in a spacious, well-ventilated, warm, draft-free room, often replaced with a soft, warm, well-draining bedding.

The complex of antiseptic therapy includes the following general and local measures.

1. Mobilization defensive forces body, improving nutrition and reducing acidosis. For this purpose, the animal is provided with easily digestible fortified, alkalizing food: germinated oats, bran mash with the addition of drinking soda(large animals up to 30-40 g), carrots and other vegetables containing vitamins.

With severe purulent-resorptive fever, and especially with sepsis, toxic, and often alimentary beriberi, develops. As a result, immunogenesis and antitoxic function of the liver are weakened, phagocytic activity worsens. Resistance to infection decreases especially sharply with retinol deficiency, since the epithelium loses its barrier properties, and the microbial factor penetrates through it into the internal environment of the body.

Vitamin therapy allows you to eliminate the noted violations and increase regenerative processes, improve the function of organs and systems. Therefore, in addition to vitamins supplied with feed, it is necessary to parenterally administer vitamins in a triple dose: retinol, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, cyanocobalamin.

The effectiveness of ascorbic and folic acid, as well as cyanocobalamin increases when combined with pentoxyl, methyluracil or prodigiosan. At the same time, leukopoiesis, phagocytosis, restorative and regenerative processes are stimulated, the synthesis of antibodies is accelerated and the overall resistance is rather increased.

Metabolic and alimentary acidosis is eliminated by exclusion from the diet of silage and other acidic feed, infusion of bicarbonate or trisamine (THAM).

To relieve cellular hypokalemia, pronounced in purulent-resorptive fever, purulent process, and especially in sepsis, a 1-5% solution of potassium chloride is administered intravenously at a dose of 20-30 meq / l per 500 ml of infusion fluid.

The lack of sodium is compensated by the introduction of 10% sodium chloride at a dose of 1.5-2 meq / l per 1 kg of animal weight per day (A. P. Kolosov, V. I. Nemchenko).

2. Increasing the reactivity of the organism; activation of protective reactions, immunological processes, hematopoietic organs, detoxification and improvement of the function of parenchymal organs. This can be achieved by the following curative measures. At the beginning of the septic process, it is advisable to transfuse intravenously compatible blood preserved with a 10% solution of calcium chloride 1:10 or a 10% solution of sodium salicylate 2:10 (large animals 1000-2000 ml, small animals 50-100 ml). To avoid re-irritation of sensitized angioreceptors nerve centers and the development of colloidoclasic shock, transfusion is best done by drip or slow jet method with the obligatory addition to 1000-2000 ml of canned blood, respectively, 1.25-2.5 ml of novocaine or administration 15-20 minutes before blood transfusion into a vein 0.25% - novocaine solution at the rate of 0.25 ml / kg. Blood transfusion should be done every other day.

Under the influence of systematic blood transfusion, the reactivity of the organism increases, immunobiological processes and the function of hematopoietic organs are activated, and intoxication decreases. In the phase of severe decompensation of cardio-vascular system blood transfusion, especially jet, can enhance the phenomena of decompensation of parenchymal organs and blockade of reticuloendothelial tissue. In such cases, only drip transfusion of compatible citrate-novocaineated blood is possible in half the doses indicated above.

In case of nitrogen deficiency, to replenish the body with proteins, stimulate immunogenesis, erythropoiesis and reduce intoxication, protein hydrolysates or amino acid solutions are included in infusion fluids. They are quickly removed from the bloodstream into the tissues and utilized by them to a greater extent than whole proteins. Deserve the use of hydrolysin (L-103) and an aminopeptide made from bovine blood proteins, as well as casein hydrolyzate COLIPC, prepared from milk protein. Protein hydrolysates are poured dropwise at a rate of not more than 60-70 drops per 1 minute. With an increase in the rate of administration, there may be adverse reactions worsening the patient's condition. The selected hydrolyzate is transfused daily for several days to small animals in the amount of 150-200 ml, to large animals - 2000-3000 ml and more.

Products of partial hydrolysis (polyglucin and rheopolyglucin) are recommended as plasma-replacing detoxification solutions; they are administered intravenously at a rate of 80-90 drops per 1 min: 3000-4000 ml for large animals, 100-400 ml for small animals daily or every other day.

It is advisable to intravenously inject 33% ethyl alcohol in an isotonic sodium chloride solution every other day. Therapeutic effect from intravenous injections alcohol is due to bactericidal action and stimulating effect on the reactive processes of the body. However, prolonged use of alcohol can cause re-irritation of the reticuloendothelial tissue and adversely affect the functional state of the liver.

3. Measures to eliminate dehydration are reduced to the introduction of infusion fluids, including blood, plasma substitutes, as well as providing the animal with fresh water ad libitum. The amount of fluid administered during the day should be adjusted with the amount of excreted urine, pus, sweat and liquid feces. If the excretory function of the kidneys is not impaired, the calculation of the total volume of infusion fluid is 30-40 ml per 1 kg of animal weight per day. For large animals weighing 400 kg, the daily fluid infusion will be approximately 15-16 liters.

4. The removal of the parabiotic state of the nervous system and the normalization of trophism are carried out using the means and methods of protective therapy. To do this, novocaine blocks of sympathetic ganglia and nerve plexuses (cranial, middle cervical, stellate, sympathetic ganglia), an epipleural block according to V.V. antibiotics. In order to influence the septic foci of the head, abdominal and pelvic cavities, urinary organs and pelvic limbs, intracarotid injections of the mentioned solutions are used. To remove the overexcitation of the nerve centers, it is advisable to intravenously inject a 10% solution of sodium bromide (large animals 100-150 ml) daily for three days, and then, depending on clinical condition and taking into account the possibility of the appearance of bromism.

5. Suppression of infection in the body is advisable to carry out according to the following method. An animal suffering from sepsis is administered intravenously at the beginning of treatment. higher doses benzylpenicillin sodium salt 2500-3000 U / kg in a 0.25-0.5% solution of novocaine or morphocycline at a dose of 0.002 g / kg in 10-20 ml of a 5% glucose solution. Before administration, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of isolated microorganisms to antibiotics.

An hour after intravenous administration of the antibiotic, semi-synthetic penicillins (oxacillin, methicillin, etc.) or monomycin and others are injected intramuscularly, taking into account the sensitivity of microbes.

For a more successful suppression of microbes, it is advisable to combine antibiotic therapy with intravenous slow administration of soluble sulfonamides (5-10% norsulfazole solution, 10-20% etazol solution). It is advisable to give inside sulfadimethoxine and especially sulfalene, which are easily absorbed and provide a long-term high therapeutic concentration in the blood and tissues.

Sufficiently pronounced antimicrobial and antitoxic effect, improving cardiovascular function, has "camphor serum" according to I. I. Kadykov (Camphorae tritae 4.0; Glucosi 60.0; Spiritus aethylici 300.0; Sol. Natrii chloridi 0.8% - 700.0). Enter intravenously large animals 200-300 ml 2-3 times a day, small animals - 20-30 ml. We recommend another version of the "camphor serum", which has more universal action on the body of a sick animal, large animals intravenously 500-1000 ml, small animals - 20-50 ml 1 time per day. It is advisable to combine the use of this "camphor serum" with a triple dose of ascorbic acid (large animals 6-8 g per day).

3. Replenishment of energy deficiency, protection of the liver barrier and restoration of the antitoxic function of the liver can be achieved by intravenous infusion of 20% glucose (large animals 1000-2000 ml, small animals 50-100 ml) better mixed with ascorbic acid(large animals 2-4, small animals - 0.06-0.15 g). Infusions should be carried out systematically, at first daily, and then every other day, until the general condition improves. However, it must be borne in mind that the acid reaction hypertonic solutions glucose increases with their concentration, as well as the duration and temperature during sterilization.

Under equal conditions injection solutions 20% glucose have a pH of about 6.0, and 40% - 5.4. Intravenous administration large quantities its hypertonic solutions enhances the acidotic state and increases the risk of phlebitis, helps to reduce the albumin-globulin coefficient, inhibition of albumin synthesis and the occurrence of dysproteinemia (an indicator of deterioration functional state liver). Given the above, it is more appropriate to use a 20% glucose solution, and when large doses and repeated use, insulin should be additionally injected into a vein or under the skin (A. P. Kolesov and V. I. Nemchenko, 1976): horses 100-200 IU, cattle 150-300, small animals 5-20 IU.

4. Neutralization and removal of toxins from the body. The above-mentioned vitamin therapy, blood transfusion, intravenous administration hydrolysates, polyglucin, rheopolyglucin and "camphor serum" to a certain extent reduce intoxication. In addition to them, you can intravenously inject a 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine) in combination with caffeine (large animals of the first 15-20 g, the second 2-3 g, small animals, respectively, 0.3-2 ml and 0.2-0.3 G). Caffeine, while improving cortical and cardiac functions, is a gentle diuretic.

Hemodez deserves great attention. Being an active adsorbent, it easily enters into complex compounds with toxins of endo- and exogenous origin. Its detoxification effect appears 10-15 minutes after intravenous drip (20-80 drops per 1 minute). The drug has diuretic action. Hemodez is used once a day for 2-3 days (large animals are injected with 1000-2000 ml, small animals - 50-150 ml); then, if necessary, treatment is continued.

3. Decreased sensitization, vascular permeability, cell membranes and normalizing the ratio of K and Ca. For this purpose, it is recommended to administer a 30% solution of sodium thiosulfate intravenously (50 ml for large animals, 3-5 ml for small animals). It is advisable to combine with the use of vitamin C. To normalize the ratio of K and Ca, a 10% solution of calcium chloride is administered intravenously (large animals 100-150 ml, small animals - 10-15 ml). In order to reduce the adverse effects of histamine, diphenhydramine is injected under the skin (0.2-0.5 g for large animals, 0.02-0.04 g for small animals); inside - respectively 0.2-1.0 and 0.04-0.08 g. Other antihistamines are also used.

4. Symptomatic treatment is reduced to the application of appropriate medications aimed at improving the functional state of the organ involved in the process.

5. Local treatment of a septic focus should pursue the creation of favorable conditions for the free removal and prevention of resorption of tissue decay products (drainage, counter-opening, the use of osmotherapy, proteolytic enzymes); excised dead tissue; locally apply antimicrobial agents; make short novocaine-antibiotic blockades.

Prevention of sepsis. Early, fully performed surgical treatment of wounds and timely treatment closed purulent, putrefactive and anaerobic foci.

Briefly:

In surgery, a purulent surgical infection, anaerobic, putrefactive, as well as some specific infectious diseases. In this article, we will talk about purulent surgical infection in cats and dogs.

There are monoinfection (one pathogen), polyinfection (several pathogens), re-infection with the original pathogens (reinfection), sequential infection with microbes different types(second infection). Microorganisms affect the animal with specific products of their vital activity (exo- and endotoxins), as well as non-specific substances (indole, skatole, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide), enzymes (proteolytic, glycotic).

The causative agents of purulent surgical infection:

Staphylococcus aureus (white and golden) - forms endotoxin, as well as specific toxic products - staphylohemolysin and staphyloleukocidin, which cause septic processes with metastases. The pus is thick, creamy.

Streptococcus - forms chemolysin, melts leukocytes, histase and hyaluronidase, lyses connective tissue, contributing to the spread of infection; it is hemolytic and anaerobic. General suppuration proceeds without metastases. Joints, mammary gland (mastitis), endocardium (rheumatic streptococcus) are often affected.

Escherichia coli is a saprophyte of the intestines. Causes suppuration in the abdominal cavity and its organs, as well as the skin. Often acts in association with other microorganisms, causes suppuration with an unpleasant odor and gases. Causes tissue breakdown, mainly fascia and aponeuroses. In the wound, it disrupts the processes of granulation, since it destroys capillaries.

Pneumococcus (saprophyte) is a factor of suppuration in the pleural and abdominal cavities, joints, uterus. The exudate contains fibrin.

These and other pathogens cause a purulent complication wound process, affect the joints and other organs, and also lead to abscesses, phlegmon, sepsis.

Abscess (abscess)

This is an inflammatory process, accompanied by the accumulation of pus in the cavity, limited by the pyogenic capsule. It is formed in response to the penetration of pyogenic microorganisms into the tissues, often occurring around a foreign body. Abscesses can form in wounds, especially stab wounds, biting wounds, and others, when the paths of exudate release are closed, and also due to the spread of purulent pathogens with blood or lymph (metastasis).

AT early period abscess formation is observed, signs acute inflammation(swelling, fever, pain). When large abscesses occur, there is fever, the pulse quickens, the animal is depressed, and leukocytosis occurs.

Over time, a clear contouring occurs due to the accumulation of pus, spontaneous opening of the abscess is possible due to enzymatic breakdown of tissues.

Treatment. In some cases, with small abscesses, a puncture is performed, removing pus and injecting antibiotic and sulfanilamide solutions into the abscess cavity. However, an incision is more often used in the area of ​​​​fluctuation (the emerging focus of a breakthrough), pus is removed and subsequently treated as a purulent wound.

Phlegmon

This is an acute purulent diffuse inflammation of loose fiber. There are superficial (subcutaneous) and deep (subfascial, intermuscular) phlegmon. In addition, mediastinal, retroperitoneal, paraarticular and other types of phlegmon are distinguished.

With phlegmon, as with an abscess, the protective reaction of the body consists in neutralizing the causative agent of infection with enzymes of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (leukocyte fermentolysis) with the removal of decay products through the foci of the breakthrough, followed by healing of the formed tissue defect. The neutralizing effect of other cellular protective factors, primarily such as phagocytosis and immunity, plays a secondary role.

It should be borne in mind that phlegmon is formed in areas of the body supplied with loose fiber, while an abscess can occur in any tissues and organs (brain, lungs, cornea).

Phlegmon develops in foci with reduced resistance, often against the background of damage. It can complicate purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes, blood vessels, joints, bursae. Deep phlegmon of the neck occurs with perforation of the esophagus foreign bodies. If phlegmon is caused by anaerobic pathogens, it is called anaerobic.

The phlegm process is accompanied by a more rapid emigration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (emigration hyperergy) than during an abscess, which can be considered, on the one hand, as a manifestation of the virulence of an infectious agent, and on the other, as a consequence of a certain weakening of general and local resistance. Abundant leukocyte infiltration extends over a relatively large area of ​​loose fiber. With phlegmon, suppuration is often preceded by serous exudation, which is a fertile ground for subsequent leukocyte infiltration, tissue breakdown, abscess formation and suppuration. Therefore, phlegmon is characterized by a certain staging of its development.

The serous stage is characterized by diffuse, relatively soft swelling without clear boundaries. There is a certain oppression of the animal, body temperature, pulse and respiration rates are often within normal limits.

The stage of cellular infiltration is accompanied by a noticeable thickening of the swelling and its significant pain. There is a pronounced depression of the animal, body temperature, pulse rate and respiration are beyond the upper limits of the norm.

At the stage of tissue melting, due to the formation of a purulent cavity, intoxication occurs with the products of the vital activity of microbes and tissue decay, accompanied by significant depression of the animal, fever, increased heart rate and respiration, hyperleukocytosis. At favorable course phlegmonous process at this stage, a mobile demarcation shaft of round-cell elements (leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages) is first formed around the purulent cavity, and then a stable protective connective tissue barrier, as is the case with an abscess, however, with phlegmon it is less pronounced .

At the stage of phlegmon abscess formation, softening foci appear, in which fluctuation is determined by palpation. Enzymes of pus melt tissues in the direction of their least stability, forming future foci of a breakthrough here. As a result, the swelling of the tissues decreases, the boundaries of the swelling narrow, the latter becomes more contoured. With a breakthrough of purulent exudate, the body temperature decreases and the general condition of the animal improves.

The purulent cavity with phlegmon often has pockets with wide and narrow entrances. Often it is separated by fascial sheets or muscular layers, relatively resistant to pus enzymes.

Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms and results of a puncture.

Treatment. At the initial stages of phlegmon, alcohol compresses with dimexide (1: 1) and at the same time general antibiotic or sulfanilamide therapy are used to prevent tissue melting. If there are pronounced symptoms of progressive suppuration, an immediate dissection is performed, which is made sufficiently wide or several smaller incisions of the focus of infiltration and tissue fusion, loose bundles of gauze (bandage) soaked in antiseptic solutions or impregnated with appropriate mi powders, and also drain. At the same time, until the general condition of the animal improves and granulation begins, antibiotic and sulfanilamide therapy is used, calcium preparations, hexamethylenetetramine solutions, and cardiac agents are administered.

With deep phlegmon, when it is difficult to determine the localization of the main lesion and outline a rational access to it, general antiseptic therapy is carried out for several days of forced waiting for abscess formation. The appearance of fluctuation foci predetermines the location of the incision.

The lack of improvement in the general condition of the animal after the operation indicates a complication of phlegmon, often a significant stratification of tissues with the formation of pockets filled with pus and tissue flaps that melt, purulent inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, veins, bursae, tendon sheaths, bones , adjacent joints, as well as the occurrence of sepsis.

Deterioration of the animal's condition (increase in body temperature, pain, increase in leukocytosis, changes in urine) after a short-term improvement as a result surgical intervention may also be due to blockage of the wound channel with a swab and retention of exudate in depth. In this case, it is necessary to conduct an audit of the lesion and replace or remove a bundle of gauze, swab, drainage.

Sepsis (general purulent infection)

It is considered as the most primitive and ancient form of the reaction of a macroorganism to the introduction of a microorganism, when the former, due to the peculiarities of its reactivity, cannot localize the process in the form of a local focus of inflammation, followed by its rejection and release from microbial bodies; in this regard, its organs and tissues become an arena of struggle between multiplying microbes and opposing protective forces of the macroorganism.

In the occurrence of sepsis, the state of the animal organism is of decisive importance, namely, the decrease or loss of its ability to limit the purulent-inflammatory focus, in addition, the number of infiltrating microorganisms, their ability to reproduce, the degree of toxicity of the endotoxin they release, anti-gene properties, etc. However, great importance in the occurrence of sepsis, it still belongs to the macroorganism.

The primary focus in sepsis is an infected wound, phlegmon, osteomyelitis, purulent arthritis, endometritis, etc. Operation in the presence of a pronounced focus of purulent or dormant infection can lead to sepsis.

Depending on the nature of the pathogen, streptococcal, staphylococcal, colibacillary and other types of sepsis are distinguished. Depending on the location of the primary focus of infection, it can be umbilical, wounded, arthrogenic, postpartum, and others; if this is not established, they speak of cryptogenic sepsis. The long course of a septic process with an approximate equality of the forces of microbial aggression and protection of the macroorganism, accompanied by cachexia, is referred to as chroniosepsis.

There are two main forms of sepsis: general purulent infection with metastases - septicopyemia; general purulent infection without metastases - septicemia.

In the pathogenesis of sepsis, an increase in the permeability of the body's barriers is important ( granulation tissue, leukocyte infiltrate, lymph nodes), thrombophlebitis in the main focus of infection with the decay and spread of thrombotic emboli and microbes, decreased immunity, increased virulence of microorganisms, metabolic disorders (dysproteinosis, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, dehydration, hypolipidemia), cachexia , hormonal imbalance, phagocytic dysfunction (incomplete phagocytosis of microbes, decay of phagocytes), sensitization, blockade of RES. Quite often sepsis is complicated by putrefactive infection.

Streptococcal sepsis often occurs without metastases (septicemia), which is due to the pronounced fibrinolytic properties of the microorganism, which hinder the formation of local restrictive barriers. Staphylococcal sepsis, on the contrary, often occurs with metastases (septicopyemia), since staphylococci intensively fold fibrin, which contributes to the localization of individual septic foci.

In septicemia, there is tissue breakdown in primary focus, infiltrates in its circumference, thrombophlebitis, lymphangitis, edema, hemorrhages in the lymph nodes, hemorrhages on the mucous and serous integuments, endocarditis, degeneration of the liver, kidneys. With septicopyemia, purulent polyarthritis, osteitis, osteomyelitis, caries, necrosis of parenchymal organs are established, the connective tissue will open around abscessing metastatic foci, abscesses in parenchymal organs(sometimes microabscesses), milliary necrosis.

Given the duration of the septic reaction, there are acute, chronic (chroniosepsis) and relapsing course of sepsis. Usually there is depression of the general condition of the animal, high body temperature, remitting fever, tachycardia, thready pulse, often bloody diarrhea. Protein, cylinders are found in the urine, oliguria is detected. In the blood, the content of hemoglobin decreases, leukocytosis, shift of the nucleus to the left; leukocytosis can be replaced by leukopenia.

With septicopyemia in various organs and tissues, foci of suppuration are found, accompanied by pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, arthritis. In the primary focus of infection, granulation tissue degeneration is observed, which, according to appearance resembles boiled meat. At the stage of decompensation of the septic process, amyloidosis is detected internal organs and intestines.

Treatment of sepsis also includes iodine development of microbes through the use of antibiotic therapy, sulfanilamide therapy or a combination of them, sanitation of the entrance gate of infection (dissection of purulent pockets, drainage). To increase the protective forces of the macroorganism, blood transfusion is carried out, calcium preparations (calcium chloride, calcium gluconate), hexamethylenetetramine, glucose, and caffeine are administered.

The purposeful use of antibiotics is important. With staphylococcal infections, broad-spectrum antistaphylococcal antibiotics are used - lincomycin, ampiox, carbetillin and others related to beta-lactam antibiotics. In the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antipseudomonase antibiotics are used - azlocillin, amoxicillin. In severe purulent-septic inflammation caused by multiresistant strains of staphylococci, vancomycin, ristomycin in combination with rifampicin are administered.

With a purulent-septic process due to gram- negative bacteria, inject aminoglycosides - kanamycin, gentamicin and others, or the latter are combined with beta-lactams.

If suppuration is caused by gram-negative gentamine-resistant bacteria, use azteonam, ciprofloxacin; if the causative agent of the infection is not known, cephalosporin antibiotics (claforan, kefzol, terivid, kefdim, ceftazidine), which have a wider spectrum of action than tetracycline antibiotics (rifampicin, doxycycline), or macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, farmazin). In addition, in septic processes, a suspension of amoxicillin (clamoxyl) is used at a dose of 0.1 ml / kg (injections are repeated after 48 hours), as well as a synthetic antiseptic baytril.

(Based on the materials of "Diseases of cats and dogs" edited by Mazurkevich A.I., 1996)

General purulent infection (sepsis)- heavy infectious process arising from any septic focus in the animal's body (infected wound, phlegmon, abscesses, boils, purulent inflammation of the pleura, peritoneum, etc.). The low resistance of the body and the violation of protective barriers favor absorption from such foci into circulatory system bacteria, their metabolic products and tissue decay. Sepsis is one of the most dangerous stages of a purulent infection, which often leads the animal to death.

Signs. There are sepsis with metastases (pyemia), without metastases (septicemia), mixed form (septicopyemia). For animals of all kinds, signs of sepsis are quite characteristic.

Sepsis is preceded by a preseptic state. The animal is oppressed, the appetite is disturbed, Body temperature increased, often there is a shiver, followed by sweating. Blood pressure is slightly elevated, there is a slight leukocyte shift to the left. The preseptic state can be short-term or long-term. If the primary septic focus is eliminated (open abscess, boil, eliminate streaks, remove pus and drain the pleural cavity, etc.), the preseptic state disappears and the sick animal recovers.

The main symptoms of sepsis: progressive - worsening of the general condition, sometimes regardless of the favorable state of the wound or other purulent focus; a constantly growing disorder of the nervous system, which is manifested by oppression and is often replaced by excitation, a violation of the rhythm of the heart; drop in blood pressure; petechial hemorrhages on mucous membranes; diarrhea, rarely constipation; liver enlargement, jaundice; usually fever, chills, trembling, sweating and weight loss.

If a sick animal with the above signs is found, immediately inform veterinary specialists.

Help measures. Conduct local and general complex treatment. At local treatment eliminate the primary septic focus. They open abscesses, phlegmons (see sections by name), treat wounds using novocaine in combination with antibiotics and other antiseptics. General treatment is used after isolation of the patient. Antibiotics are urgently prescribed (streptomycin, tetracycline, bicillin-3 or -5), sulfanilamide therapy in combination with pathogenetic, vitamin, symptomatic and diet therapy.

In livestock complexes, purulent processes are found in cattle in different parts of the body. Calves are especially susceptible to purulent inflammation.

Prevention. Timely and correct surgical treatment of fresh and infected wounds, purulent-necrotic processes; treatment of various inflammatory processes in compliance with asepsis and antisepsis. The use of antibacterial (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.), pathogenetic ( novocaine blockades, Vishnevsky ointment, etc.), symptomatic and other therapy. Balanced nutrition rich in vitamins.