List of especially dangerous animal diseases. To a medical worker during primary activities in the outbreak of OOI

Regional state state-financed organization health care

"Center for Medical Prevention of the City of Stary Oskol"

Restriction of entry and exit, export of property, etc.,

Export of property only after disinfection and permission of the epidemiologist,

Strengthening control over food and water supply,

Rationing of communication between individual groups of people,

Disinfection, deratization and disinfestation.

Prevention of especially dangerous infections

1. Specific prevention of especially dangerous infections is carried out by a vaccine. The purpose of vaccination is to induce immunity to the disease. Vaccination can prevent infection or significantly reduce its negative consequences. Vaccination is divided into scheduled and epidemic indications. It is carried out with anthrax, plague, cholera and tularemia.

2. Emergency prophylaxis for persons who are at risk of contracting a particularly dangerous infection is carried out with antibacterial drugs (anthrax).

3. For prevention and in cases of illness, immunoglobulins (anthrax) are used.

Anthrax Prevention

Vaccine use

Used to prevent anthrax live vaccine. Vaccinations are subject to workers associated with animal husbandry, workers of meat processing plants and tanneries. Revaccination is carried out in a year.

The use of anthrax immunoglobulin

Anthrax immunoglobulin is used to prevent and treat anthrax. It is administered only after an intradermal test. When using the drug with therapeutic purpose anthrax immunoglobulin is given as soon as the diagnosis is made. In emergency prophylaxis, anthrax immunoglobulin is administered once. The drug contains antibodies against the pathogen and has an antitoxic effect. In seriously ill patients, immunoglobulin is administered for therapeutic purposes. vital indications under the guise of prednisone.

Use of antibiotics

If necessary, for emergency indications as preventive measure antibiotics are used. All persons who have contact with sick and infected material are subject to antibiotic therapy.

Anti-epidemic measures

Identification and strict accounting of disadvantaged settlements, livestock farms and pastures.

Establishing the time of the incident and confirming the diagnosis.

Identification of a contingent with a high degree of risk of disease and the establishment of control over the conduct of emergency prevention.

Medical and sanitary measures for plague

Plague patients and patients with suspected disease are immediately transported to a specially organized hospital. Patients with pneumonic plague are placed one at a time in separate wards, with bubonic plague - several in one ward.

After discharge, patients are subject to a 3-month follow-up.

Contact persons are observed for 6 days. In case of contact with patients with pneumonic plague, prophylaxis with antibiotics is carried out for contact persons.

Plague Prevention(vaccination)

Preventive immunization of the population is carried out when a mass spread of plague among animals is detected and a particularly dangerous infection is imported by a sick person.

Scheduled vaccinations are carried out in regions where there are natural endemic foci of the disease. A dry vaccine is used, which is administered once intradermally. maybe reintroduction vaccines in a year. After vaccination with the anti-plague vaccine, immunity persists for a year.

Vaccination is universal and selective - only to the threatened contingent: livestock breeders, agronomists, hunters, purveyors, geologists, etc.

Re-vaccinated after 6 months. persons threatened reinfection: shepherds, hunters, workers Agriculture and employees of anti-plague institutions.

Maintenance personnel are given prophylactic antibacterial treatment.

Anti-epidemic measures for plague

The identification of a plague patient is a signal for the immediate implementation of anti-epidemic measures, which include:

Carrying out quarantine measures. The introduction of quarantine and the determination of the quarantine territory is carried out by order of the Extraordinary Anti-Epidemic Commission;

Contact persons from the focus of the plague are subject to observation (isolation) for six days;

Implementation of a set of measures aimed at the destruction of the pathogen (disinfection) and the destruction of carriers of the pathogen (deratization and disinsection).

When a natural focus of plague is detected, measures are taken to exterminate rodents (deratization).

If the number of rodents living near people exceeds the 15% limit of their falling into traps, measures are taken to exterminate them.

Deratization is of 2 types: preventive and destructive. General sanitary measures, as the basis for the fight against rodents, should be carried out by the entire population.

Epidemic threats and economic damage caused by rodents will be minimized if derat control is carried out in a timely manner.

Anti-plague suit

Work in the focus of the plague is carried out in an anti-plague suit. The anti-plague suit is a set of clothing that is used by medical personnel when working in conditions of possible infection with a particularly dangerous infection - plague and smallpox. It protects the respiratory organs, skin and mucous membranes of personnel involved in medical and diagnostic processes. It is used by the sanitary and veterinary services.

Medical-sanitary and anti-epidemic measures for tularemia

epidemic surveillance

Tularemia surveillance is the continuous collection and analysis of episode and vector data.

Prevention of tularemia

A live vaccine is used to prevent tularemia. It is designed to protect humans in tularemia foci. The vaccine is administered once, starting from the age of 7 years.

Anti-epidemic measures for tularemia

Anti-epidemic measures for tularemia are aimed at the implementation of a set of measures, the purpose of which is the destruction of the pathogen (disinfection) and the destruction of the carriers of the pathogen (deratization and disinfestation).

Preventive actions

Anti-epidemic measures carried out on time and in full can lead to a rapid cessation of the spread of especially dangerous infections, localize and eliminate the epidemic focus in as soon as possible. Prevention of especially dangerous infections - plague, cholera, anthrax and tularemia is aimed at protecting the territory of our state from the spread of especially dangerous infections.

Main literature

1. Bogomolov B.P. Differential Diagnosis infectious diseases. 2000

2. Lobzina Yu.V. Selected issues of therapy of infectious patients. 2005

3. Vladimirova A.G. infectious diseases. 1997

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ORDER

On approval of the list of contagious, including especially dangerous, animal diseases, for which restrictive measures (quarantine) can be established

Document as amended by:
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 08/10/2016, N 0001201608100010);
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, February 28, 2017, N 0001201702280025);
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 03/14/2017, N 0001201703140008).
____________________________________________________________________

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1993 N 4979-1 "On Veterinary Medicine" (Bulletin of the Congress of People's Deputies Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, N 24, art. 857; Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, N 1, article 2; 2004, N 27, article 2711; N 35, art. 3607; 2005, N 19, article 1752; 2006, N 1, article 10; N 52, art. 5498; 2007, N 1, article 29; N 30, art. 3805; 2008, N 24, article 2801; 2009, N 1, article 17, article 21; 2010, N 50, article 6614; 2011, N 1, article 6; N 30, art. 4590)

I order:

1. Approve the list of contagious, including especially dangerous, animal diseases, for which restrictive measures (quarantine) can be established, in accordance with the appendix.

2. Recognize as invalid the orders of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated June 22, 2006 N 184 "On approval of the List of diseases in which the alienation of animals and the withdrawal of livestock products is allowed" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 14, 2006, registration N 8064) and dated February 13, 2009 N 60 "On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia of June 22, 2006 N 184" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 18, 2009, registration N 13527).

3. To impose control over the execution of the order on the Deputy Minister ON Aldoshin.

Minister
E. Skrynnik

Registered
at the Ministry of Justice
Russian Federation
February 13, 2012
registration N 23206

Application. List of contagious, including especially dangerous, animal diseases for which restrictive measures (quarantine) can be established

1. Acarapidosis of bees

2. Aleutian mink disease

3. American foulbrood

4. African swine fever*
_______________

4.1. African horse sickness
Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated February 15, 2017 N 67)

5. Aeromonoses of salmon and cyprinids

6. Rabies*
_______________
* Especially dangerous diseases animals

7. Bluetongue*
_______________
* Particularly dangerous animal diseases

8. Aujeszky's disease

9. Marek's disease

10. Newcastle disease

11. Botriocephalosis of cyprinids

12. Bradzot

13. Branchiomycosis of carp salmon, whitefish

14. Brucellosis (including infectious epididymitis of sheep)

15. Varroatosis

16. Spring viremia of carps

17. Viral hemorrhagic disease rabbits

18. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia of salmon fish

18.1. Equine viral arteritis
(The paragraph is additionally included from March 25, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated February 15, 2017 N 67)

19. Viral hepatitis of ducks

20. Viral paralysis of bees

21. Viral enteritis geese

22. Viral enteritis of minks

23. Inflammation of the swim bladder of cyprinids

24. Highly pathogenic avian influenza*
_______________
* Particularly dangerous animal diseases

25. Hypodermatosis of cattle

26. Equine Flu

27. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

28. European foulbrood of bees

29. Malignant catarrh of cattle

29.1. Infectious nodular dermatitis cattle
(The item is additionally included from August 21, 2016 by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated July 20, 2016 N 317)

30. Infectious agalactia

31. infectious anemia horses (INAN)

32. Infectious bronchitis of chickens

33. Infectious bursitis (Gumboro disease)

34. Infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens

35. Infectious necrosis of hematopoietic tissue of salmon fish

36. Infectious necrosis of the pancreas of salmon fish

36.1. salmon infectious anemia
(The paragraph is additionally included from March 11, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated January 30, 2017 N 40)

37. Infectious rhinotracheitis (IRT)

38. Campylobacteriosis

39. Classic swine fever

40. Bovine leukemia

41. Leptospirosis

42. Listeriosis

43. Q fever

44. Saccular brood

45. Myxobacteriosis of salmon and sturgeon

46. Myxomatosis

47. Necrobacteriosis

48. Nosema

49. Sheep and goat pox*
_______________
* Particularly dangerous animal diseases

50. Parainfluenza-3

51. Paratuberculosis

52. Pasteurellosis of different types

53. Pseudomonosis

54. Reproductive- respiratory syndrome swine (PRRS)

55. Equine rhinopneumonia

56. Pig erysipelas

57. Salmonellosis (including typhoid fever)

59. Anthrax*
_______________
* Particularly dangerous animal diseases

60. Egg drop syndrome (ESD-76)

61. Scrape sheep and goats

62. Casual disease of horses (trypanosomiasis)

63. Transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs

64. Trichinosis

65. Tuberculosis

66. Phylometroidosis of cyprinids

67. Chlamydia

68. Chlamydia (enzootic abortion of sheep)

69. Rinderpest*
_______________
* Particularly dangerous animal diseases

69.1. Plague of small ruminants
(The paragraph is additionally included from March 25, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated February 15, 2017 N 67)

70. Plague of carnivores

71. Emphysematous carbuncle (emkar)

72. Enteroviral encephalomyelitis of pigs (Teschen's disease)

73. Enterotoxemia

74. Equine encephalomyelitis

75. FMD*
_______________
* Particularly dangerous animal diseases

Revision of the document, taking into account
changes and additions prepared
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Especially dangerous infections characterized by high virulence and pathogenicity.

Plague -- acute infection belonging to the group of zoonoses. source infections are rodents (rats, ground squirrels, gerbils, etc.) and sick human. Disease leaks in forms bubonic, septic (rare) and pulmonary. The most dangerous form of pneumonic plague. Pathogen infections -- plague wand, stable in the external environment, well tolerated by low temperatures.

Distinguish two types of natural foci plague: foci of "wild", or steppe, plagues and foci of rat, urban or port, plague.

Transmission routes plague is associated with the presence insects(fleas, etc.) - transmissible. In pneumonic plague, the infection is transmitted airborne by (by inhalation of droplets of sputum of a sick person containing the plague pathogen).

Symptoms diseases appear suddenly three days after infection, while there is a strong intoxication of the whole organism. Against the background of severe chills, the temperature quickly rises to 38--39 "C, there is a severe headache, flushing of the face, the tongue is covered with a white coating. In more severe cases delusions of a hallucinatory order develop, cyanosis and sharpness of facial features with the appearance of an expression of suffering, sometimes horror. Quite often, in any form of plague, various skin phenomena are observed: hemorrhagic rash, pustular rash, etc.

At bubonic form of the plague, usually caused by the bite of infected fleas, the cardinal symptom is bubo, which is an inflammation of the lymph nodes.

Development of secondary septic forms of plague in a patient with a bubonic form can also be accompanied by numerous complications non-specific character.

Primary pulmonary form represents the most dangerous epidemically and very severe clinical form of the disease. Its onset is sudden: body temperature rises rapidly, cough and copious sputum appear, which then becomes bloody. In the midst of illness characteristic symptoms are general depression, and then an excited-delusional state, high fever, the presence of signs of pneumonia, vomiting with blood, cyanosis, shortness of breath. The pulse quickens and becomes thready. General state worsens sharply, the patient's strength fades away. The disease lasts 3-5 days and ends without treatment. death.

Treatment. All forms of plague are treated with antibiotics. Streptomycin, terramycin and other antibiotics are prescribed alone or in combination with sulfonamides.

Prevention . In natural foci, observations are made on the number of rodents and vectors, their examination, deratization in the most threatened areas, screening and vaccination healthy population. characteristic plague infection prevention

A special role in the fight against plague is given to the timely detection of the first cases of the disease, the immediate isolation and hospitalization of patients. All persons who came into contact with the sick, infected things and the corpse of a person who died from the plague are also isolated for six days. Held emergency prophylaxis antibiotics for all those who came into contact with the patient. The locality in which the patient was identified is quarantined. The exit of the population is prohibited.

Vaccination is carried out with a dry live vaccine subcutaneously or cutaneously. Development immunity begins from the 5th-7th day after a single injection of the vaccine.

Cholera -- acute intestinal infection, characterized by severity clinical course, high lethality and the ability to bring a large number of victims in a short time. The causative agent of cholera cholera vibrio, which has a curved comma-shaped shape and has great mobility. The latest cases of cholera outbreaks are associated with a new type of pathogen - vibrio El Tor.

by the most dangerous way the spread of cholera is waterway. This is due to the fact that Vibrio cholerae can persist in water for several months. Cholera is also characteristic fecal-oral mechanism transmission.

Incubation period cholera is from several hours to five days. It may be asymptomatic. There are cases when, as a result of the most severe forms of cholera, people die in the first days and even hours of illness. The diagnosis is made using laboratory methods.

Main symptoms cholera: sudden watery profuse diarrhea with floating flakes, resembling rice water, turning over time into a mushy, and then into liquid stool, profuse vomiting, decreased urination due to fluid loss, leading to a condition in which blood pressure drops, the pulse becomes weak, severe shortness of breath appears, cyanosis of the skin, tonic convulsions limb muscles. The patient's facial features are sharpened, the eyes and cheeks are sunken, the tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth are dry, the voice is hoarse, the body temperature is lowered, the skin is cold to the touch.

Treatment: massive intravenous administration of special saline solutions to replenish the loss of salts and fluids in patients. Prescribe antibiotics (tetracycline).

Control measures and prevention. For liquidation foci diseases, a complex of anti-epidemic measures is carried out: through the so-called "household rounds", patients are identified, and persons who have been in contact with them are isolated; provisional hospitalization of all patients with intestinal infections, disinfection of foci, control over the good quality of water are carried out, food products and their neutralization, etc. If there is a real danger of the spread of cholera as last resort apply quarantine.

When there is a threat of the disease, as well as in territories where cases of cholera are noted, they carry out immunization population killed by cholera vaccine subcutaneously. Immunity to cholera is short-lived and not high enough tension, in connection with this, after six months, revaccination is carried out by a single injection of the vaccine at a dose of 1 ml.

anthrax is a typical zoonotic infection. The causative agent of the disease is a thick immobile coli (bacillus)-- has a capsule and a spore. Anthrax spores remain in the soil for up to 50 years.

Source infections -- homemade animals, cattle, sheep, horses. Sick animals excrete the pathogen with urine and feces.

Ways The spread of anthrax is varied: contact, food, transmission(through bites blood-sucking insects- horsefly and flies-zhigalki).

The incubation period of the disease is short (2-3 days). By clinical forms distinguish skin, gastrointestinal and pulmonary anthrax.

At skin In the form of anthrax, a spot develops first, then a papule, a vesicle, a pustule, and an ulcer. The disease is severe and in some cases ends in death.

At gastrointestinal form, the predominant symptoms are a sudden onset, a rapid rise in body temperature to 39--40 ° C, acute, cutting pains in the abdomen, bloody vomiting with bile, bloody diarrhea Usually the disease lasts 3-4 days and most often ends in death.

Pulmonary the form is even more severe. It is characterized by high body temperature, impaired activity of cardio-vascular system, severe cough with bloody sputum. After 2-3 days, patients die.

Treatment. The most successful is early the use of specific anti-anthrax serum in combination with antibiotics. At patient care personal precautions must be observed - work with rubber gloves.

Prevention disease includes the identification of sick animals with the appointment quarantine, disinfection of fur clothing in case of suspected infection, immunization according to epidemic indicators.

Smallpox. This is an infectious disease airborne transmission mechanism of the infectious agent. The causative agent of smallpox virus "Pashen's body - Morozov", which has a relatively high resistance in the external environment. Source of infection sick person during the entire period of illness. The patient is contagious for 30-40 days, until the complete disappearance of smallpox crusts. Infection is possible through clothing and household items that the patient has come into contact with.

The clinical course of smallpox begins with an incubation period lasting 12-15 days.

There are three forms smallpox: light form - varioloid or smallpox without rash; smallpoxconventional type and confluent smallpox, severe hemorrhagic a form that occurs with phenomena of hemorrhages in the elements of the rash, as a result of which the latter become purple-blue ("black pox").

Light the form of smallpox is characterized by the absence of a rash. Common lesions are weakly expressed.

Smallpox conventional type begins suddenly with a sharp chill, a rise in body temperature to 39--40 ° C, headache and sharp pain in the sacrum and lower back. Sometimes this is accompanied by the appearance of a rash on the skin in the form of red or red-purple spots, nodules. The rash is localized in the area inner surface thighs and lower abdomen, as well as in the area pectoral muscles and upper inner shoulder. The rash disappears in 2-3 days. In the same period, the temperature decreases, the patient's well-being improves. After that, a smallpox rash appears, which covers the entire body and the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. At the first moment, the rash has the character of pale pink dense spots, on top of which a bubble forms ( pustule). The contents of the bubble gradually become cloudy and suppurate. During the period of suppuration, the patient feels a rise in temperature and acute pain.

Hemorrhagic the form of smallpox (purpura) is severe and often ends in death 3-4 days after the onset of the disease.

Treatment based on the use of specific gamma globulin. Treatment of all forms of smallpox begins with the immediate isolation of the patient in a box or a separate room.

Prevention smallpox consists in the general vaccination of children from the second year of life and subsequent revaccinations. As a result, cases of smallpox are virtually non-existent.

In the event of smallpox diseases, the population is revaccinated. Persons who have been in contact with the patient are isolated for 14 days in a hospital or in a temporary hospital deployed for this purpose.

Yellow fever

Yellow fever- an acute viral natural focal disease with transmissible transmission of the pathogen through a mosquito bite, characterized by a sudden onset, high biphasic fever, hemorrhagic syndrome, jaundice and hepatorenal insufficiency. The disease is common in tropical regions of America and Africa.

Etiology. The causative agent is a virus yellow fever(flavivirus febricis) - belongs to the genus flavivirus, family Togaviridae.

Epidemiology. There are two epidemiological types of foci yellow fever- natural, or jungle, and anthropourgical, or urban.

The reservoir of viruses in the case of the jungle form are marmoset monkeys, possibly rodents, marsupials, hedgehogs and other animals.

Carrier of viruses in natural foci yellow fever are the mosquitoes Aedes simpsoni, A. africanus in Africa and Haemagogus sperazzini and others in South America. Human infection in natural foci occurs through the bite of an infected A. simpsoni or Haemagogus mosquito, capable of transmitting the virus 9-12 days after infecting bloodsucking.

Source of infection in urban foci yellow fever is a sick person in the period of viremia. Virus carriers in urban outbreaks are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Currently, sporadic incidence and local group outbreaks are recorded in the tropical forest zone in Africa (Zaire, Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, etc.), South and Central America.

Pathogenesis. The inoculated yellow fever virus hematogenously reaches the cells of the macrophage system, replicates in them for 3-6, less often 9-10 days, then re-enters the blood, causing viremia and clinical manifestation of the infectious process. Hematogenous dissemination of the virus ensures its introduction into the cells of the liver, kidneys, spleen, bone marrow and other organs where pronounced dystrophic, necrobiotic and inflammatory changes. The most characteristic are the occurrence of foci of colliquation and coagulation necrosis in the mesolobular regions. hepatic lobule, the formation of Councilman bodies, the development of fatty and protein degeneration of hepatocytes. As a result of these injuries, cytolysis syndromes develop with an increase in ALT activity and a predominance of AST activity, cholestasis with severe hyperbilirubinemia.

Along with liver damage, yellow fever is characterized by the development of cloudy swelling and fatty degeneration in the epithelium of the tubules of the kidneys, the appearance of areas of necrosis, which cause the progression of acute renal failure.

With a favorable course of the disease, stable immunity is formed.

clinical picture. During the course of the disease, 5 periods are distinguished. The incubation period lasts 3-6 days, rarely extended to 9-10 days.

The initial period (phase of hyperemia) lasts for 3-4 days and is characterized by a sudden increase in body temperature to 39-41 ° C, severe chills, intense headache and diffuse myalgia. Typically, patients complain of severe pain in lumbar region They have nausea and repeated vomiting. From the first days of the disease, most patients experience pronounced hyperemia and puffiness of the face, neck and upper divisions chest. The vessels of the sclera and conjunctiva are brightly hyperemic (“rabbit eyes”), photophobia, lacrimation are noted. Often you can observe prostration, delirium, psychomotor agitation. The pulse is usually rapid, and bradycardia and hypotension develop in the following days. Preservation of tachycardia may indicate an unfavorable course of the disease. In many, the liver is enlarged and painful, and at the end of the initial phase one can notice icterus of the sclera and skin, the presence of petechiae or ecchymosis.

The phase of hyperemia is replaced by a short-term (from several hours to 1-1.5 days) remission with some subjective improvement. In some cases, recovery occurs later, but more often a period of venous stasis follows.

The patient's condition during this period noticeably worsens. Back up over high level the temperature rises, jaundice increases. Skin pale, in severe cases cyanotic. A widespread hemorrhagic rash appears on the skin of the trunk and extremities in the form of petechiae, purpura, and ecchymosis. There is significant bleeding of the gums, repeated vomiting with blood, melena, nasal and uterine bleeding. In severe cases, shock develops. The pulse is usually slow weak content, blood pressure is steadily declining; develop oliguria or anuria, accompanied by azotemia. Often there is toxic encephalitis.

The death of patients occurs as a result of shock, liver and kidney failure on the 7-9th day of illness.

The duration of the described periods of infection averages 8-9 days, after which the disease enters the convalescence phase with a slow regression of pathological changes.

Among local residents In endemic areas, yellow fever may be mild or abortive without jaundice or hemorrhagic syndrome, making it difficult timely detection sick.

Forecast. Currently, the mortality rate from yellow fever is approaching 5%.

Diagnostics. Recognition of the disease is based on the identification of a characteristic clinical symptom complex in persons belonging to the category high risk infection (unvaccinated people who visited the jungle foci of yellow fever for 1 week before the onset of the disease).

The diagnosis of yellow fever is confirmed by the isolation of a virus from the patient's blood (in initial period disease) or antibodies to it (RSK, NRIF, RTPGA) in more late periods illness.

Treatment. Yellow fever patients are hospitalized in mosquito-proof hospitals; prevent parenteral infection.

Therapeutic measures include a complex of anti-shock and detoxification agents, correction of hemostasis. In cases of progression of hepatic-renal failure with severe azotemia, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is performed.

Prevention. Specific prophylaxis in the foci of infection is carried out with a live attenuated vaccine 17 D and less often with the Dakar vaccine. Vaccine 17 D is administered subcutaneously at a dilution of 1:10, 0.5 ml. Immunity develops in 7-10 days and lasts for 6 years. Vaccination is registered in international certificates. Unvaccinated individuals from endemic areas are quarantined for 9 days.

Lassa fever

Lassa fever is a highly contagious viral zooanthroponic disease, characterized by a severe course with intoxication, fever, universal capillary toxicosis, hemorrhagic syndrome and high mortality; there is a high incidence of medical workers and frequent nosocomial outbreaks.

Etiology

The causative agent is an RNA genomic virus belonging to the Arenavirus genus of the Arenaviridae family. There are 4 subtypes of the virus. The causative agent is resistant to the action of environmental factors, it remains in the blood and secretions of the patient for a long time.

The incubation period is 4-21 days, usually 7-10 days.

The source of infection is in natural foci West Africa multi-mother rats, in which the infection can proceed in a latent form with the release of the virus in the urine for up to 14 weeks, sometimes for life. The virus is found in rats and in saliva. infected person dangerous to others throughout the illness.

Transfer mechanism

Humans become infected with Lassa fever by drinking water, eating contaminated rat urine, skinning, or eating uncooked rodent meat. The virus penetrates through damaged skin, conjunctiva, respiratory organs, per os into the gastrointestinal tract. The causative agent is found in the blood, secretions containing blood, discharge of the nasopharynx.

The multiplicity of ways of isolation and methods of infection determines the speed of involvement of patients and medical personnel in the epidemic process, the occurrence of nosocomial outbreaks. There are known cases of infection of medical personnel during invasive manipulations, surgical interventions, autopsy. The infection has repeatedly spread to long distances from the primary focus: to New York, London, Hamburg, Japan.

Prevention measures

The vaccine has not been developed.

Timely identification of patients, hospitalization in specialized boxed departments with a strict isolation regime, if possible, in plastic isolation rooms with reduced pressure, which make it possible to provide the necessary assistance without entering the isolation ward. The staff works in special protective clothing. Medical workers who dealt with patients are under observation for 3 weeks. Persons who had contact with the patient before the diagnosis were sent to isolation wards.

According to the decision of the WHO Expert Committee, the diagnosis of Lassa fever is established in the presence of acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome and one of the following signs: detection of a virus, a 4-fold or more increase in antibody titer upon re-examination after 1-2 weeks of illness, detection of IgM or IgG in the titer is not less than 1:512 in RIF.

Ebola

Ebola fever is a highly contagious viral zooanthroponic disease that occurs with severe intoxication, fever, hemorrhagic syndrome, and diffuse lesions of visceral organs. It is characterized by high mortality (3588%), the occurrence of nosocomial outbreaks with a high incidence of medical personnel.

Etiology

Ebola virus is an RNA genomic virus of the genus Filovirus of the family Filoviridae. There are 3 biotypes that differ in antigenic structure: Zaire, Sudan and Renston. The Ebola virus is classified as a particularly dangerous infectious agent.

The incubation period ranges from 2 days to 3 weeks.

The source of infection in nature has not been established. The role of rodents and monkeys as sources of infection in the natural foci of Africa is not ruled out. An infected person does not pose an epidemiological danger during the incubation period, but when the first signs of the disease appear, it becomes extremely dangerous for others. Nosocomial outbreaks are known to infect patients and healthcare workers, cases of laboratory infection have been observed. In 2003, she contracted Ebola while working on a vaccine, and a laboratory assistant died in Russia; infection occurred as a result of a finger puncture when putting on a cap on a used needle.

Pantropism of the virus, its detection in various organs and tissues, as well as in the blood up to 7-10 days, predetermine excretion with various secrets and excretions: with nasopharyngeal mucus, urine, semen, and with hemorrhagic diarrhea - with feces. The epidemiological danger of the patient persists up to 3 weeks.

Risk contingents -- medical workers, personnel of virological laboratories.

Mechanism, ways and factors of transmission

Infection occurs when blood gets on damaged skin (with microtraumas) and mucous membranes, even in an intact state. One of the outbreaks was associated with the consumption of the brain of virus-carrying monkeys. There is a known case of infection through sexual contact in the period of convalescence (up to 3 weeks after recovery). The airborne mechanism of transmission is considered unlikely Medical personnel become infected while caring for patients, the risk of infection is especially high during invasive procedures.

Prevention measures

There are no vaccines.

Anti-epidemic measures

With severe febrile illness a patient arriving from an epidemiologically disadvantaged area in Africa should be considered as suspected of having Ebola. Medical personnel must work in a special protective suit.

Until the establishment (exclusion) of the diagnosis of Ebola fever, the patient is in absolute isolation in a box with an antechamber, isolated from the rest of the department. The staff works in the box in special suits of biological protection against infections of the 1st level of safety. Negative pressure is provided in the box, ventilation is equipped with bacterial filters.

Ebola diagnosis confirmed laboratory research(RIF, ELISA, PCR). Serological diagnosis is carried out by ELISA, RIF by detection of IgM (1:8 and above) and IgG (1:64 and above in RIF). Persons who interacted with the patient are subject to registration and medical supervision within 3 weeks.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

What it is?

Hemorrhagic fever of the Congo-Crimea ( Crimean-Congo fever, Central Asian fever) is a viral natural focal human disease, the causative agent of which is transmitted by ticks. It is characterized by an acute onset, a two-wave rise in body temperature, severe intoxication and hemorrhagic syndrome (increased bleeding).

The disease was first discovered Russian doctors in 1944 in the Crimea, later a similar disease was described in the Congo, Nigeria, Senegal, Kenya.

A sick person can serve as a source of infection for others, and cases of hospital infection through contact with the blood of patients are also described.

What's happening?

The virus enters the human body through the skin (with tick bites), accumulates in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, and circulates in the blood. The incubation period is from 1 to 14 days (usually 2-7). The disease begins acutely, with sharp increase body temperature up to 39-40 ° C, accompanied by chills.

There is a pronounced headache, weakness, drowsiness, muscle and joint pain, pain in the abdomen, sometimes accompanied by vomiting. When examining patients in the initial period, there is a pronounced reddening of the skin of the face, neck and upper chest (“hood symptom”).

The virus infects the vascular endothelium, as well as the adrenal cortex and hypothalamus, which ultimately leads to increased permeability vascular wall, violation of blood coagulation processes. By 2-6 days of illness, hemorrhagic syndrome develops. Simultaneously with a slight decrease in temperature on the lateral surfaces of the chest, in the region of the shoulder girdle, on the upper and lower extremities, an abundant hemorrhagic rash appears.

There are extensive hemorrhages at the injection sites, nosebleeds, bleeding gums. The severity of the disease during this period increases, episodes of loss of consciousness are possible. Gastric and intestinal bleeding worsens the prognosis.

On average, the temperature remains elevated for 12 days, recovery is slow, increased weakness and fatigue (asthenia) persists for 1-2 months. To lethal outcome may lead to complications such as pulmonary edema, sepsis, acute kidney failure, pneumonia.

Diagnostics andtreatment

Recognition of the disease is based on characteristic clinical data (acute onset, severe course, severe hemorrhagic syndrome, seasonality, history of tick bites). Methods of virological and serological diagnosis rarely used in practice.

Treatment is carried out in the conditions of the infectious diseases department. Anti-inflammatory treatment is prescribed, urine output is normalized. Do not use drugs that increase kidney damage.

Prevention

It comes down to caution in nature during the period of activity of ticks in areas endemic for this disease(Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Rostov, Astrakhan, Volgograd Regions, Republic of Dagestan). When bitten by a tick, you must urgently contact a medical institution.

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Groups and list of especially dangerous infections

quarantine infections

Quarantine infections (conventional) are subject to international sanitary agreements (conventions - from lat. conventio - contract, agreement). The agreements are a document that includes a list of measures to organize strict state quarantine. The agreement limits the movement of patients. Often, the state attracts military forces for quarantine measures.

List of quarantine infections

polio,
plague (pulmonary form),
cholera,
smallpox,
ebola And Marburg,
influenza (new subtype),
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Sars.

Rice. 1. Announcement of quarantine in the focus of the disease.

Although smallpox is considered defeated disease on Earth, it is included in the list of especially dangerous infections, since the causative agent of this disease can be stored in some countries in the arsenal of biological weapons.

List of especially dangerous infections subject to international surveillance

typhus and relapsing fever,
influenza (new subtypes),
polio,
malaria,
cholera,
plague (pulmonary form),
yellow and hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa, Marburg, Ebola, West Nile).

List of especially dangerous infections subject to regional (national) surveillance

AIDS,
anthrax, glanders,
melioidosis,
brucellosis,
rickettsiosis,
ornithosis,
arbovirus infections,
botulism,
histoplasmosis,
blastomycosis,
dengue fever and the Rift Valley.

List of especially dangerous infections in Russia

plague,
cholera,
smallpox,

Microbiological confirmation of an infectious disease is the most important factor in the fight against especially dangerous diseases, since the quality and adequacy of treatment depends on it.

Especially dangerous infections and biological weapons

Particularly dangerous infections form the basis of biological weapons. They are capable of hitting a huge mass of people in a short time. Bacteriological weapons are based on bacteria and their toxins.

The bacteria that cause plague, cholera, anthrax and botulism and their toxins are used as the basis of biological weapons.

Recognized to ensure the protection of the population of the Russian Federation from biological weapons is the Research Institute of Microbiology of the Ministry of Defense.

Rice. 2. The photo shows the sign of biological weapons - nuclear, biological and chemical.

Especially dangerous infections in Russia

Plague

Plague is a particularly dangerous infection. It belongs to the group of acute infectious zoonotic vector-borne diseases. About 2,000 people are infected with plague every year. Of them most of dies. Most cases of infection are observed in the northern regions of China and the countries of Central Asia.

The causative agent of the disease (Yersinia pestis) is a bipolar immobile coccobacillus. It has a delicate capsule and never forms a spore. The ability to form a capsule and antiphagocytic mucus does not allow macrophages and leukocytes to actively fight the pathogen, as a result of which it rapidly multiplies in the organs and tissues of humans and animals, spreading through the bloodstream and through the lymphatic tract and further throughout the body.

Rice. 3. In the photo, the causative agents of the plague. Fluorescence microscopy (left) and computer visualization exciter (right).

Rodents are easily susceptible to the plague bacillus: tarbagans, marmots, gerbils, ground squirrels, rats and house mice. Of the animals - camels, cats, foxes, hares, hedgehogs, etc.

The main route of transmission of pathogens is through flea bites (transmissible route).

Infection occurs through the bite of an insect and rubbing its feces and intestinal contents during regurgitation during feeding.

Rice. 4. In the photo, a small jerboa is a carrier of plague in Central Asia(left) and a black rat - a carrier of not only the plague, but also leptospirosis, leishmaniasis, salmonellosis, trichinosis, etc. (right).

Rice. 5. The photo shows signs of plague in rodents: enlarged lymph nodes and multiple hemorrhages under the skin.

Rice. 6. In the photo, the moment of a flea bite.

The infection can enter the human body when working with sick animals: slaughter, skinning and cutting (contact route). Pathogens can enter the human body with contaminated food, as a result of their insufficient heat treatment. Patients with pneumonic plague are especially dangerous. They spread the infection by airborne droplets.

Cholera

Cholera is a particularly dangerous infection. The disease belongs to the acute group. Pathogen ( Vibrio cholerae 01). There are 2 biotypes of vibrios of serogroup 01, differing from each other in biochemical characteristics: classic ( Vibrio cholerae biovar cholerae) and El Tor ( Vibrio cholerae biovar eltor).

Rice. 9. In the photo, the causative agent of cholera is Vibrio cholerae (computer visualization).

Vibrio cholerae carriers and cholera patients are a reservoir and source of infection. The most dangerous for infection are the first days of the disease.

Water is the main route of infection transmission. The infection also spreads with dirty hands through the patient's household items and food products. Flies can become carriers of infection.

Rice. 2. Water is the main route of infection transmission.

The causative agents of cholera enter the gastrointestinal tract, where, unable to withstand its acidic contents, they die en masse. If gastric secretion is reduced and pH> 5.5, vibrios quickly penetrate into small intestine and attach to mucosal cells without causing inflammation. With the death of bacteria, an exotoxin is released, leading to hypersecretion of salts and water by the cells of the intestinal mucosa.

The main symptoms of cholera are associated with dehydration. This results in copious (diarrhea). Chair watery character, odorless, with traces of desquamated intestinal epithelium in the form of "rice water".

Rice. 10. In the photo, cholera is an extreme degree of dehydration.

The result of a simple stool microscopy helps to establish provisional diagnosis already in the first hours of the disease. Seeding technique biological material on nutrient media is a classic method for determining the causative agent of the disease. Accelerated methods for diagnosing cholera only confirm the results of the main diagnostic method.

Treatment of cholera is aimed at replenishing the fluid and minerals lost as a result of the disease and fighting the pathogen.

The basis of disease prevention is measures to prevent the spread of infection and the ingress of pathogens into drinking water.

Rice. 11. One of the first medical measures– organization intravenous administration solutions to replenish fluid and minerals lost as a result of the disease.

For more information about the disease and its prevention, read the articles:

anthrax

The causative agent of anthrax is the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (genus Bacillaeceae), which has the ability to sporulate. This feature allows her to survive for decades in the soil and in tanned skin from sick animals.

Smallpox

Smallpox is a particularly dangerous infection from the group of anthroponoses. One of the most contagious viral infections on the planet. Its second name is black pox (Variola vera). Only people get sick. Smallpox is caused by two types of viruses, but only one of them - Variola major - is especially dangerous, as it causes a disease whose lethality (mortality) reaches 40 - 90%.

Viruses are transmitted from the patient by airborne droplets. Upon contact with the patient or his things, the viruses penetrate the skin. The fetus is affected from a sick mother (transplacental route).

Rice. 15. In the photo, the variola virus (computer visualization).

Smallpox survivors partially or completely lose their sight, and scars remain on the skin at the sites of numerous ulcers.

The year 1977 is significant in that on planet Earth, and more precisely in the Somali city of Marka, the last patient with smallpox was registered. And in December of the same year, this fact was confirmed by the World Health Organization.

Despite the fact that smallpox is considered a defeated disease on Earth, it is included in the list of especially dangerous infections, since the causative agent of this disease can be stored in some countries in the arsenal of biological weapons. Today, smallpox virus is stored only in bacteriological laboratories Russia and USA.

Rice. 16. The photo shows black pox. Ulcers on the skin appear as a result of damage and death of the germ layer of the epidermis. Destruction and subsequent suppuration leads to the formation of numerous pus-filled vesicles that heal with scars.

Rice. 17. The photo shows black pox. Numerous sores on the skin are visible, covered with crusts.

Yellow fever

Yellow fever is included in the list of especially dangerous infections in Russia because of the danger of importing the infection from abroad. The disease belongs to the group of acute hemorrhagic vector-borne diseases. viral nature. Widespread in Africa (up to 90% of cases) and South America. Mosquitoes are carriers of viruses. Yellow fever belongs to the group of quarantine infections. After the disease remains stable lifelong immunity. Vaccination of the population is an essential component of disease prevention.

Rice. 18. In the photo, the yellow fever virus (computer visualization).

Rice. 19. In the photo, the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is a carrier of urban fever, which is the cause of the most numerous outbreaks and epidemics.

Rice. 1. The photo shows yellow fever. In patients on the third day of the disease, the sclera, oral mucosa and skin become yellow.

Rice. 22. The photo shows yellow fever. The course of the disease is varied - from moderate febrile to severe, occurring with severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever.

Rice. 23. Before leaving for countries where the disease is common, it is necessary to be vaccinated.

Tularemia

Tularemia is a particularly dangerous infection. The disease is included in the group of acute zoonotic infections that have a natural foci.

The disease is caused by a small bacterium Francisella tularensis, gram negative stick. resistant to low temperature and high humidity.

Rice. 24. In the photo, tularemia pathogens - Francisella tularensis under a microscope (left) and computer visualization of pathogens (right).

In nature, tularemia sticks infect hares, rabbits, water rats, mice, voles. In contact with a sick animal, the infection is transmitted to humans. Contaminated food and water can become a source of infection. Pathogens can get by inhalation of infected dust, which is formed during the milling of grain products. The infection is carried by horseflies, ticks and mosquitoes.

Tularemia is a highly contagious disease.

Rice. 25. The photo shows carriers of tularemia pathogens.

The disease occurs in the form of bubonic, intestinal, pulmonary and septic forms. Most often, the lymph nodes of the axillary, inguinal and femoral regions are affected.

Tularemia sticks are highly sensitive to antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group and tetracycline. Suppurated lymph nodes are opened surgically.

Rice. 26. The photo shows tularemia. Skin lesions at the site of a rodent bite (left) and bubonic form tularemia (right).

Measures for epidemic surveillance of the disease are aimed at preventing the introduction and spread of infection. Timely detection of natural foci of disease among animals and the implementation of deratization and pest control measures will prevent diseases among people.

Especially dangerous infections represent an exceptional epidemic danger. Measures for the prevention and spread of these diseases are enshrined in the International Health Regulations, which were adopted at the 22nd World Health Assembly of WHO on July 26, 1969.

OOI is a group of acute contagious diseases of h-ka, which are characterized by:

1) high contagiousness and rapid spread

2) the development of epidemics and pandemics

3) severe clinical course

4) high mortality (sometimes in the first hours of the disease)

OOI classification:

1. Conventional - these infections are subject to international sanitary rules: a) bacterial: plague (infectious dose 6-10 MB), cholera, b) viral: monkeypox, hemorrhagic viral fevers

2. Infections subject to international surveillance, but not requiring joint measures: a) bacterial: typhus and relapsing fever, botulism, tetanus b) viral: HIV, poliomyelitis, influenza, rabies, foot and mouth disease c) protozoan (malaria)

3. Not subject to WHO supervision, regional control: a) bacterial: anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis

Tactics of the doctor in OOI:

1. Strict isolation at the site of the pathogen.

2. Current disinfection.

3. Report: to the sanitary and epidemiological station, hospital, ambulance.

4. Transported by special transport, everything is subjected to final disinfection. Material collection and transportation under more severe conditions (glass-metal-metal system). It is carried out only by medical workers, no more than 3.5 hours.

5. The location of the patient is declared in quarantine. The flow of patients is prohibited (they do not accept or discharge), observation posts are installed everywhere, material is taken for research from all persons in the focus of infection, all contact persons are identified, contact persons are isolated for the duration of the maximum incubation period, and prophylaxis is carried out.

6. Treatment of MB habitats, decontamination of corpses and their burial.

If plague is suspected (first group): specially trained personnel work, strict isolation regime, safety precautions, a special spacesuit, personnel are vaccinated if possible, etc. It is necessary to exclude the removal of infection outside the laboratory and the source of infection.

Methods for diagnosing OOI.

113.. The causative agent of cholera.

Classification: facultative anaerobic bacilli, c. Vibrionaceae, p. Vibrio, V. cholerae.

Morphology: Gr-, slightly curved rod, monotrichous, does not form spores and capsules, mobile

Power type: chemoorganotroph.

Biological properties:

a) grow well on simple media with an alkaline reaction

b) ferment hl, sucrose, maltose with the formation of acid

5. AG structure: H-AG (species-specific) and O-AG (type-specific). According to O-AG - three serotypes (components A, B and C).

6. pathogenicity factors:

1) penetration factors (flagellum, mucinase)

2) adhesion factor (filament-like substance)

3) protein toxins:

a) cholerogen (exotoxin) - a functional blocker (disrupts water-salt metabolism, intracellular transport, intercellular contacts)

b) neuraminidase - enhances the action of cholerogen

c) endotoxin (LPS) - protection against phagocytosis.

Penetration into the mucosa small intestine adhesion on enterocytes  colonization of the intestinal mucosa  secretion of protein toxins. Cholerogen binds to a specific enterocyte receptor - ganglioside. Neuraminidase enhances the action of cholerogen. The cholerogen-specific receptor complex activates adenylate cyclase. cAMP regulates by means of an ion pump the secretion of water and electrolytes from the cell into the intestinal lumen. As a result, the mucosa of the small intestine begins to secrete a huge amount of isotonic fluid, which the large intestine does not have time to absorb. Profuse diarrhea begins with isotonic fluid.

7. Clinical manifestations: incubation period 2-3 days. The disease usually begins acutely. The first clinical sign is profuse diarrhea. The stools are like rice water. Vomiting usually appears suddenly after diarrhea without preceding nausea, and the vomit also looks like rice water. There are no pains in the abdomen. Patients feel increasing weakness, dry mouth, pain and convulsive twitching in the muscles. The severity of the course of the disease is determined by the degree of dehydration of the body.

8. Immunity: short, GMO (antitoxic and antibacterial antibodies).

9. Epidemiology. The source is a sick person or a carrier, NPV - alimentary, sometimes contact. Sensitive to disinfectants and AB.

10. Prevention: a) non-specific: identification of patients, carriers, people in contact with them, sanitary and hygienic control of food and water supply b) specific: cholera vaccine (killed) and cholerogen toxoid.

11. Treatment: tetracyclines.

12. Diagnostics:

Not only patients are subject to examination, but all people in the outbreak are required to identify hidden forms and bacteria carriers. The sampling of the material is carried out in conditions that ensure the complete safety of personnel and the external environment, always by a medical worker. Material from the patient is taken individually, from suspected persons - several samples can be combined.

Research material: feces, pieces of intestine from corpses, food, water, environmental objects. The material is sent by a medical worker within no more than 3.5 hours in the glass-absorbent material-metal system with a cover letter containing the patient's passport data, the proposed diagnosis, the time of taking the material, and the note "bacteriological contamination".

1. Bacteriological diagnostics: classical and accelerated.

Classical study: carried out in stages, every 6 hours.

a) sowing material for enrichment in 1% peptone water;

b) microscopy of the material (Gram stain and fuchsin);

c) inoculation of the material on alkaline agar and TCBS medium (thiosulfate citrate-

bromthymol blue, sucrose). Crops are placed in a thermostat;

2nd stage (after 6 hours):

a) a film grows on peptone water, reseeding is done on the second peptone water for further enrichment;

b) transfer from the first peptone water to alkaline agar and TCBS medium;

3rd stage (after 12 hours):

a) study of growth on the second peptone water (similar to the first);

b) study of primary culture plates: - description of colonies (yellow on TCBS, transparent bluish on alkaline agar; - microscopy; - determination of mobility; - RA setting on glass with 0-1, Inaba and Ogawa sera; - viewing of colonies in a stereoscopic microscope ( bluish color) - transfer to a two-sugar lactose-sucrose medium At this stage, a preliminary answer can be given;

4th stage (after 18 hours) - study of the grown culture:

a) taking into account changes in the lactose-sucrose environment (decomposition of sucrose in a column without gas);

b) Gram smear;

c) identification by a number of features.

The accelerated research is subdivided into the accelerated method of indication of a microbe, antigen and the accelerated identification.

1. Accelerated indication - the search for a microbe directly in the material or after growing in peptone water by the following methods:

a) microscopy (according to Gram and magenta and for mobility);

b) direct RIF;

c) r. immobilization under the action of serum 0-1;

d) RA of growing cultures (the material is inoculated into 2 test tubes with peptone water, diagnostic serum is added to one of them, growth and at the same time adhesion of microbes in the test tube with serum is noted);

e) test with bacteriophages.

2. Search for antigen in the material by serological methods:

3. Accelerated identification is carried out at the 3rd stage of bacteriological research by studying the properties of grown colonies.

2. Serological diagnosis: often retrospective, helps in unclear cases, to identify recoveries and vibrio carriers. RA, RPHA, as well as the determination of vibriocidal antibodies are used. It is recommended to use paired serums. A positive response is obtained in the presence of a high titer (in RA-1:180-1:3200) or with its increase in paired sera.

114. . Plague causative agent.

Classification: FAN sticks, p. Enterobacteriaceae, p. Yersinia, c. Y. pestis

Morphology: Gr-, short rods, barrel-shaped, do not form spores, do not have flagella, have a capsule, are motionless, the ends of the rods are stained much more intensely than the middle part (bipolarity).

Power type: chemoorganotrophs.

Biological properties:

a) grow well on simple nutrient media

b) ferment hl, sucrose with the formation of acid

AG structure: FI (K-AG), V-AG (protein), W-AG (lipoprotein). There are cross-hypertension (with E. Coli, Salmonella, O-group human erythrocytes)

Pathogenicity factors and pathogenesis:

a) phagocytosis resistance factors (V-, W- and F1-AG, enzymes and toxins)

b) adhesion factors (capsules and surface structures of the CS)

c) "mouse" toxin - blocks the function of the mitochondria of the liver and heart, causes the formation of a blood clot

d) plasmacoagulase and fibrinolysin - violates complement activation, causes necrosis in the l.u.

Penetration of the pathogen  migration regional l. y.  captured by mononuclear cells  suppression of intracellular phagocytosis and multiplication in macrophages l.u.  L.U. hemorrhagic necrosis  Bacteremia and release of endotoxins causing intoxication  The pathogen spreads throughout the body (generalization of infection)  Defeat internal organs and the formation of secondary buboes.

Clinical manifestations: Incubation period 3-6 days. Clinical forms: skin, bubonic, pulmonary, etc. Usually starts suddenly. A rapid increase in temperature and an increase in intoxication. In some cases, an admixture of blood appears in the vomit in the form of bloody or coffee grounds. The skin is hot and dry, the face and conjunctiva are hyperemic, often cyanotic. The mucosa of the oropharynx and soft palate are hyperemic. The tonsils are often enlarged and edematous. The tongue is covered with a white coating (“chalked”), thickened. In some patients with a severe form, diarrhea with an admixture of blood and mucus joins.

Immunity: resistant, high stress, GIO and KIO.

Epidemiology. Zoonotic infection, reservoir - rodents, carriers - blocks. OPP - transmissible, sometimes aerosol from h-ka to h-ku with a pulmonary form. MB is resistant to drying and cold wet conditions.

Prevention: specific: live or chemical vaccine

Treatment: streptomycin, etc. AB.

List of especially dangerous animal diseases. To a medical worker during primary activities in the outbreak of OOI

Application. List of contagious, including especially dangerous, animal diseases for which restrictive measures (quarantine) can be established

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Similar Documents

Groups and list of especially dangerous infections

quarantine infections

List of quarantine infections

List of especially dangerous infections subject to international surveillance

List of especially dangerous infections subject to regional (national) surveillance

List of especially dangerous infections in Russia

Especially dangerous infections and biological weapons

Especially dangerous infections in Russia

Plague

Cholera

anthrax

Smallpox

Yellow fever

Tularemia