How many levels are allocated in a psychological state. Psychological states of a person
The most typical conditions common to most people, both in daily life and in [[Professional activity/professional activity]], are as follows.
Optimum working condition, providing the greatest efficiency of activity at an average pace and intensity of labor (the state of an operator working on a conveyor line, a turner turning a part, a teacher leading a normal lesson). It is characterized by the presence of a conscious goal of activity, high concentration of attention, sharpening of memory, activation of thinking.
state of tension labor activity arising in the process of labor in extreme conditions (the condition of an athlete at a competition, a test pilot during a test of a new car, a circus performer when performing a complex trick, etc.). Mental stress is due to the presence of a super-significant goal or increased requirements for the employee. It can also be determined by a strong motivation to achieve a result or a high cost of a mistake. It is characterized by a very high activity of the entire nervous system.
State of professional interest is of great importance for work efficiency. This state is characterized by: awareness of the importance of professional activity. the desire to learn more about it and to be active in its field; concentration of attention on objects related to this area. The creative nature of professional activity can give rise to mental states in an employee that are close in nature to state of creative inspiration characteristic of scientists, writers, artists, actors, musicians. It is expressed in a creative upsurge, a sharpening of perception, an increase in the ability to reproduce previously captured; an increase in the power of the imagination.
The mental state of readiness for it as a whole and for its individual elements is important for effective professional activity.
monotony- a condition that develops during long-term repetitive loads of medium and low intensity (for example, the condition of a truck driver at the end of a long trip). It is caused by monotonous, repetitive information. The predominant emotions that accompany this state. - boredom, indifference, decrease in indicators of attention, deterioration in the perception of incoming information.
Fatigue- temporary decrease in working capacity under the influence of a long and high load. It is caused by the depletion of the body's resources during prolonged or excessive activity. It is characterized by a decrease in motivation to work, a violation of attention and memory. At the physiological level, there is an excessive increase in the processes of inhibition of the central nervous system.
Stress- a state of prolonged and increased stress associated with the impossibility of adapting to the requirements of the environment. This condition is caused by long-term exposure to environmental factors, exceeding the ability of the organism to adapt.
It is characterized by mental tension, a feeling of trouble, anxiety, restlessness, and in the last stage - indifference and apathy. At the physiological level, there is a depletion of adrenaline reserves necessary for the body.
The state of relaxation - this state of calm, relaxation and recuperation, occurs during classes autogenic training, during prayer. The reason for involuntary relaxation is the cessation of strenuous activity. The reason for arbitrary relaxation is the occupation of psychological self-regulation, as well as prayer, other religious rites, which are considered by believers as a way to communicate with higher powers.
The predominant sensations in this state are relaxation of the whole body, a feeling of peace, pleasant warmth.
sleep state- a special state of the human psyche, which is characterized by an almost complete disconnection of consciousness from the external environment.
During sleep, there is a two-phase mode of the brain - the alternation of slow and REM sleep, which can be considered as independent mental states. Sleep is associated with the need to streamline the information flows received during wakefulness, and the need to restore the body's resources. Mental reactions of a person during sleep are involuntary, from time to time he has emotionally colored dreams. At the physiological level, there is an alternating activation various departments nervous system.
state of wakefulness opposed to sleep. In its calmest form, wakefulness manifests itself in such forms of human activity as, for example, reading a book, watching an emotionally neutral TV show, etc. At the same time, there is a lack of expressed emotions, moderate activity of the nervous system.
This or that correlation between these states, the dynamics of their development play an important role both in the daily life of a person and in his production activities. Therefore, psychological states are one of the main objects of study both in general psychology and in such a branch of psychological science as labor psychology.
16. Under mental properties of personality understood stable mental phenomena that significantly affect a person’s activity and characterize him mainly from the socio-psychological side. In other words, these are mental phenomena that are realized in a certain society ( social group or in relationships with other people). Their structure includes orientation, temperament, character and abilities.
Orientation - this is a complex mental property, which is a relatively stable unity of the needs, motives and goals of the individual, determining the nature of her activity. Its content is formed on the basis of interrelated internal motivations of a person, which show what he aspires to in life, what goals he sets for himself and why he performs this or that action (performs an act). This is due to the fact that human activity is always subjectively determined and expresses everything that requires its satisfaction from it. They also manifest the relations inherent in a person that have developed in the course of his life and are considered as an attitude to society as a whole and to his behavior in a particular social environment in particular. Orientation just expresses these features in an integrated form and, as it were, focuses the main personal meaning of human activity.
As a complex mental property of a person, orientation has its own internal structure including needs, goals and motives.
Needs - the need of a person, as a socio-biological being, in a specific spiritual or material object (phenomenon). They demand their satisfaction and encourage the person to be active for this, to perform specific activities. In terms of direction, needs are divided into material (need for food, clothing, housing, etc.) and spiritual (need for information, knowledge, communication, etc.).
Unlike the needs of animals, which are predominantly at the instinctive level and are limited mainly by biological (material) needs, human needs are formed in ontogenesis, multiply and change throughout his life, which is largely predetermined by social relations and the level of social production. Moreover, the external environment itself can actualize the formation of ever new needs at a particular stage of human life.
Needs like structural element orientation of the individual, a number of specific features are always inherent. Firstly, they always have a specific meaningful character, associated either with the object that people strive to possess (housing, clothing, food, etc.), or with some activity (play, study, communication, etc.). Secondly, awareness of a need is always accompanied by a characteristic emotional state (for example, satisfaction or dissatisfaction). Thirdly, there is always a volitional component in the need, focused on finding possible ways to satisfy it.
The material and spiritual needs of a person have a decisive influence on the formation goals – a conscious ideal image of the result of an activity (action performed) aimed at achieving an existing need. In personality psychology, this concept is used in the study of intentional actions that represent a specific trait. human activity. At the same time, goal formation is considered as the main mechanism for the formation of any human actions.
The psychophysiological basis for the formation of the goals of human activity is the acceptor of the results of the action, which P.K. Anokhin considered as a regulatory program for the physiological implementation of the action through anticipatory and sanctioning (providing information about the compliance of the achieved result with the required) commands. Their psychological basis, along with needs, is the subject-material activity of a person aimed at transforming the surrounding world. In ontogenesis, their development goes in the direction from the formation of certain intentions in joint activities with other people to the setting by a person of goals for himself.
By the time of existence, the goals are operational (near future), promising (weeks, months), long-term (years) and life. The life goal acts as a general integrator of all other goals. As a rule, the implementation of each of the listed types of goals in adulthood is carried out in accordance with a life goal.
The image of the expected result of an action, acquiring a motivating force, becomes a goal, begins to direct the action and determine the choice of possible methods of implementation only by linking with a certain motive or system of motives.
motive (lat. moveo- I move), is considered as direct internal motivation to perform a specific action to achieve the goal of the activity. Its specific content is determined by the objective conditions of human life. As specific social conditions change, the prerequisites for the development of certain motives, acting in the form of situational or stable ones, also change.
The content and orientation (carrying out an activity or prohibiting it) of motives determine not only the very fact of the implementation of a particular activity, but also its effectiveness. Its influence on the structure and specifics of memorization processes, the construction of movements, the structure of the game, etc. has been experimentally demonstrated. In addition, the subject's motives set the direction of his cognitive activity and structure the content of perception, memory, and thinking. As a result, they can manifest themselves in the form of dreams, in the products of the imagination, in the patterns of involuntary memorization and forgetting of significant events. At the same time, the motives themselves may not be realized, but only take the form emotional coloring certain needs. At the same time, their awareness allows a person to control his activities and individual actions.
The process of formation of motives is characterized by the integration of spontaneously arising impulses into larger motivational units with a tendency to form an integral motivational system of the individual. For example, the amorphous structure of motives characteristic of early age is gradually transformed into a more complex structure with a centralized conscious-volitional system for controlling behavior. The motives formed as a result are a specific means of regulating activity, reflecting a peculiar energy level and structural features of activity accessible to a person. In this regard, they can perform in the most various forms and spheres of activity and represent both simple (wants, inclinations, desires) and complex (interests, attitudes, ideals) motives for actions, behavior and activities in general.
In general, the level of orientation is determined by its social significance, the manifestation of a person's life position, his moral character and the degree of social maturity. Consequently, knowledge of the orientation of the personality allows not only to understand the actions of another person, but also to predict his behavior in specific situations and conditions of activity.
However, with relatively similar directional characteristics, different people behave differently: some are sharp and impulsive, others react slowly, carefully thinking through their steps, and so on. This is due to another mental property of the individual - temperament.
Temperament (lat. temperamentum- proportionality, proper ratio of parts) - a regular correlation of stable features of the functioning of the psyche, which forms a certain dynamics of the flow mental processes and manifested in human behavior and activities.
In the history of the development of the doctrine of personality psychology, there are three main systems of views on the nature of temperament, the oldest of which are humoral approaches. So according to the Hippocratic theory, it depends on the ratio between the four fluids circulating in human body, - blood (lat. Sanquis), bile (gr. chole), black bile (gr. melaschole) and mucus (gr. phlegma). Assuming that one of them prevails in the human body, he singled out the corresponding temperaments: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic. Close to humoral theories is the idea formulated by P.F. Lesgaft that the properties of the circulatory system underlie the manifestations of temperament. Morphological theories (E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon, etc.) are based on the assumption that the type of temperament depends on the constitutional features of a person's physique. However, the weakest point in both approaches is the desire of their authors to identify as the root cause of behavioral manifestations of temperament such body systems that do not and cannot have the properties necessary for this.
In modern domestic psychology, the third system of views is used, based on the typology of temperaments developed by I.P. Pavlov. In her physiological basis he put the most common characteristics of the basic mental processes - excitation and inhibition: their strength, balance and mobility. As a result of their various combinations, four types of higher nervous activity(GNI): strong, unrestrained, inert and weak. Subsequent studies have made it possible to describe people with various types GNI, manifested in the dynamics of their behavior and called active, expansive, calm and depressed. Later, the scientist connected his discovery with the concept of temperament proposed by Hippocrates, and assigned them the appropriate names - sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic.
Sanguine temperament is formed on the basis of strong, balanced and mobile nervous processes that determine a strong type of GNI and an active way of behavior. Sanguine people are characterized by activity, vigor, a quick and thoughtful reaction to events, an interest in the significant and the unknown. In communication, they are correct, emotionally restrained. They are plastic in behavior, easily adapt to changing environment and conditions of activity.
choleric temperament is formed on the basis of strong, unbalanced and mobile nervous processes that determine the unrestrained type of GNI and expansive behavior. People of this temperament (cholerics) are characterized by high activity, speed of action and energy. In communication, they often change their mood, easily show harshness and outbursts of emotions. They usually talk quickly, decisions are made instantly, accompanied by active gestures and sudden movements.
Phlegmatic temperament It is formed in people with strong, balanced and sedentary nervous mental processes that determine the inert type of GNI and measured behavior. Outwardly, they are calm and somewhat slow people with inexpressive facial expressions and gestures. They easily endure monotonous conditions of activity, are thorough in developing and making decisions, and successfully perform complex monotonous work. The circle of their communication is limited, speech is monotonous and slow.
Melancholic temperament is formed as a result of weak, unbalanced and mobile nervous processes that determine the weak type of GNI and changeable behavior. Melancholics are easily vulnerable, acutely perceive injustice, are distinguished by the gradual maturation of feelings, a significant influence of mood on the quality of their activities. In communication, they prefer to listen to others, empathize, show careful attitude to the feelings of interlocutors, as a result of which they very often enjoy the respect of others.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that at the present stage of the development of psychology, it is not possible to make a final conclusion about the number of temperaments. Recent studies by scientists have shown that the very structure of the properties of the nervous system is much more complex than previously thought and, therefore, the number of their basic combinations can be much larger. However, for the practical study of the characteristics of the personality sphere of a person, the division into four main types of temperament proposed by I.P. Pavlov can serve as a fairly good basis.
Based on the manifestation of the personality's temperament in specific social conditions, the following mental property is formed - character.
Character considered in psychology as a set of the most stable mental traits, manifested in all types of interpersonal interaction of a person and expressing its individual originality. It is believed that the individual characteristics of a person, which form his character, primarily depend on the personal orientation, type of nervous system and are determined by his will, emotions and intellect (mind).
The formation of a person's character as a mental property of a person occurs in conditions of his inclusion in various social groups (family, friends, informal associations, etc.). Depending on the conditions under which the individualization of the personality is carried out and what is the level of development of interpersonal relations in them, the same subject in one case can form openness, independence and firmness, and in the other, directly opposite traits - secrecy, conformism, weak character. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that their formation and consolidation in many cases are determined by the orientation of the personality and the originality of the person's temperament.
Among the character traits, some act as the main ones, setting the general direction of its manifestation, others - as secondary ones, manifesting themselves only in certain situations. Their correspondence to each other is considered as the integrity of the character (integral character), and opposition as its inconsistency (contradictory character).
Character is a core mental property of a person, the content of which is assessed by its relationship to various events and phenomena of objective reality, which form the corresponding character traits. In turn, a character trait is a stable feature of a person's behavior that is repeated in various situations. The modern Russian language has more than five hundred words that reveal the content various parties certain character traits. This allows a fairly specific characterization of a person, but requires a rather capacious thesaurus.
To overcome this difficulty, domestic psychology has developed an appropriate systematization of mental personality traits (character traits), based on a dichotomous method of classifying phenomena (breaking down into polar pairs of subordinate elements). As a result, for example, among the most indicative character traits that serve as the basis for their classification, depending on the level of development of its main components, the following are distinguished:
in relation to: to social phenomena - convinced and unprincipled; to activity - active and inactive; to communication - sociable and closed; to himself - an altruist and an egoist;
by strength- strong and weak;
by emotional traits- balanced and unbalanced, etc..
No less important character traits that reveal his features are also indicators of his orientation, initiative, creativity, responsibility, ethics, and a number of others.
The variability of character traits is manifested not so much in their qualitative diversity as in quantitative expression. When it reaches the limit values, there is a so-called character accentuation, meaning the excessive severity of its individual features or their combination. It is believed that this last resort code of Conduct.
In modern psychology, to systematize accentuated character traits, in most cases, the approach developed by K. Leonhard is used, who identified the following thirteen types:
cycloid- alternation of phases of good and bad mood with a different period of flow;
hyperthymic- constantly high spirits mental activity with a thirst for activity and a tendency not to bring the work started to the end;
labile– abrupt change mood depending on the situation;
asthenic– fast fatiguability, irritability, tendency to depression;
sensitive- increased susceptibility, timidity, a heightened sense of one's own inferiority;
psychasthenic- high anxiety, suspiciousness, indecision, a tendency to introspection, constant doubts;
schizoid- isolation from the outside world, isolation, emotional coldness, manifested in the lack of empathy;
epileptoid- a tendency to an evil-dreary mood with accumulating aggression, manifested in the form of rage and anger;
stuck- increased suspicion and resentment, the desire for dominance, rejection of the opinions of others, conflict;
demonstrative- a pronounced tendency to repress unpleasant facts and events, deceit, pretense, "escape into illness" when the need for recognition is not satisfied;
distimic- the predominance of low mood, a tendency to depression, a focus on the gloomy and sad sides of life;
unstable- the tendency to easily succumb to the influence of others, the search for new experiences and companies, the superficial nature of communication;
conformal- excessive subordination and dependence on other people, lack of criticality and initiative.
As already noted, the character of a person is formed in a certain social environment on the basis of the physiological predetermination of his psyche, including abilities.
Capabilities - compliance of the mental characteristics of the individual with the requirements for it by a specific type of activity. That is, it is a mental property of a person, reflecting the manifestation of such features that allow him to successfully perform various types of activities. The development of most applied problems of personality psychology, including professional selection methods, is based on this understanding.
It must be taken into account that abilities are a holistic reflection of the individual psychological characteristics of a person and are manifested in the motivational, operational and functional mechanisms of his activity.
Motivational mechanism is a kind of "trigger device" for activating the psyche, setting it up and mobilizing it for the upcoming activity, creating conditions for the functioning of other mental mechanisms. Operating mechanism abilities includes a set of operations or methods by which the implementation of a conscious goal into the final result is carried out. Functional mechanism is provided by the previously considered mental processes, in connection with which people who have developed imagination, memory, thinking, etc. have higher abilities.
Among kinds of abilities they distinguish between private, implemented in one action, special, used in a specific activity and general, used in all spheres of human activity.
Ability levels predetermine the quality of the corresponding human activity. These include:
failure to- discrepancy between the mental characteristics of the individual and the psychological requirements of the activities performed by them;
simple ability- compliance of the mental characteristics of the individual with the psychological requirements of the activities performed by them;
giftedness- the ability of a person to achieve high results in a particular field of activity;
talent- the ability to achieve outstanding results in one of the areas of activity of the individual;
genius- the ability to achieve outstanding results in a particular area of human activity.
It should be borne in mind that abilities are an already formed mental property and should be distinguished from inclinations and inclinations. If a propensity is a desire of a person for a certain activity, then inclinations are innate features of the psyche that allow a person to effectively perform a specific activity. Both the first and the second, in contrast to abilities, represent only the potential of a person and may turn out to be completely unclaimed.
Such is the content of personality psychology. The previously given division of its elements into three groups (mental processes, formations and properties) is very conditional and is used only for educational purposes. All of them act simultaneously, complementing and mutually influencing each other. In support of this, the conclusion of S.L. Rubinshtein is very significant that the mental phenomena of a person are “practically inseparable from each other. On the one hand, all mental processes in their course depend on the properties and characteristics of the individual ..., on the other hand, each the type of mental processes, fulfilling its role in the life of the individual, in the course of activity passes into its properties.
Knowledge of the psychological structure of the personality, understanding of the mechanisms of its functioning and features of manifestation is one of important conditions effectiveness of management activities of all categories of managers. In this case, not only conditions are created for understanding and explaining the actions and deeds of subordinate personnel and colleagues, but also for the effective management of their joint professional activities.
23. mental states
According to Levitov's definition, a mental state is a holistic characteristic mental activity per certain period time, showing the originality of the course of mental processes, depending on the reflected objects and phenomena of reality, the previous state and mental properties of the individual.
Mental states, like other phenomena mental life, have their own reason, which most often consists in the influence of the external environment. In essence, any state is a product of the inclusion of the subject in some kind of activity, during which it is formed and actively transformed, while exerting a mutual influence on the success of this activity.
If we consider mental phenomena in the plane of such characteristics as "situational - long-term" and "variability - constancy", we can say that mental states occupy an intermediate position between mental processes and mental properties of a person. Between these three types of mental phenomena there is a close relationship and a mutual transition is possible. It has been established that mental processes (such as attention, emotions, etc.) certain conditions can be considered as states, and often repeated states (for example, anxiety, curiosity, etc.) contribute to the development of appropriate stable personality traits.
Based contemporary research it can be argued that the non-innate properties of a person are a static form of manifestation of certain mental states or their combinations. Mental properties are a long-term basis that determines the activity of the individual. However, the success and characteristics of activity are also greatly influenced by temporary, situational mental states of a person. Based on this, we can give the following definition of states: a mental state is a complex and diverse, relatively stable, but changing mental phenomenon that increases or decreases the activity and success of an individual's life in a particular situation.
On the basis of the above definitions, it is possible to single out the properties of mental states.
Integrity. This property It manifests itself in the fact that states express the relationship of all components of the psyche and characterize all mental activity as a whole over a given period of time.
Mobility. Mental states are changeable in time, have the dynamics of development, which is manifested in the change of stages of flow: beginning, development, completion.
Relative stability. The dynamics of mental states is expressed to a much lesser extent than the dynamics of mental processes (cognitive, volitional, emotional).
Polarity. Each state has its antipode. For example, interest - indifference, cheerfulness - lethargy, frustration - tolerance, etc.
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Mental condition
Mental condition- one of the possible modes of human life activity, which at the physiological level is distinguished by certain energy characteristics, and at the psychological level - by a system of psychological filters that provide a specific perception of the world around.
Along with mental processes and personality traits, states are the main classes of mental phenomena that are studied by the science of psychology. Mental states affect the course of mental processes, and, repeating often, having acquired stability, they can be included in the personality structure as its specific property. Since each mental state contains psychological, physiological and behavioral components, in the descriptions of the nature of states one can meet the concepts of different sciences (general psychology, physiology, medicine, labor psychology, etc.), which creates additional difficulties for researchers involved in this problem. Currently, there is no single point of view on the problem of states, since the states of the individual can be considered in two aspects. They are both slices of personality dynamics and integral reactions of the personality due to its relationships, behavioral needs, goals of activity and adaptability in environment and situations.
State structure
State Structure
Since mental states are systemic phenomena, before classifying them, it is necessary to identify the main components of this system. The structure of the state consists of the following items: (Fig. 1): A system-forming factor for states can be considered an actual need that initiates one or another psychological state. If the conditions of the external environment contribute to the quick and easy satisfaction of the need, then this contributes to the emergence of a positive state - joy, inspiration, delight, etc., and if the probability of satisfaction is low or absent at all, then the state will be negative in terms of emotional sign. A.O. Prokhorov believes that at first many psychological states are non-equilibrium, and only after receiving the missing information or obtaining the necessary resources, they become static. It is in the initial period of state formation that the strongest emotions arise - as subjective reactions of a person expressing his attitude to the process of realizing an urgent need. An important role in the nature of the new steady state is played by the “goal-setting block”, which determines both the probability of satisfying the need and the nature of future actions. Depending on the information stored in memory, psychological component states, including emotions, expectations, attitudes, feelings and "perception filters". The last component is very important for understanding the nature of the state, since it is through it that a person perceives the world and evaluates it. After installing the appropriate "filters", the objective characteristics of the outside world can already have a much weaker effect on consciousness, and leading role installations, beliefs and representations play. For example, in a state of love, the object of affection seems ideal and devoid of flaws, and in a state of anger, the other person is perceived in an exclusively black color, and logical arguments have very little effect on these states. If a social object is involved in the realization of a need, then emotions are usually called feelings. If in emotions the main role is played by the subject of perception, then in feeling both the subject and the object are closely intertwined, and with strong feelings the second person can occupy even greater place than the individual himself (a feeling of jealousy, revenge, love). After performing certain actions with external objects or social objects, a person comes to some kind of result. This result or allows you to realize the need that caused given state(and then it disappears), or the result is negative. In this case, a new state arises - frustration, aggression, irritation, etc., in which a person receives new resources, which means new chances to satisfy this need. If the result continues to be negative, then psychological defense mechanisms are activated that reduce the tension of mental states and reduce the likelihood of chronic stress.
State classification
Status classification (Fig. 2)
Classification of states (Fig. 3)
The difficulty in classifying mental states is that they often intersect or even coincide with each other so closely that it is rather difficult to “separate” them - for example, a state of some tension often appears against the background of states of fatigue, monotony, aggression and a number of other states. However, there are many variants of their classifications. Most often they are divided into emotional, cognitive, motivational, volitional. Summarizing the current characteristics of the functioning of the main integrators of the psyche (personality, intellect, consciousness), the terms state of personality, state of intellect, state of consciousness are used. Other classes of states have been described and continue to be studied: functional, psychophysiological, asthenic, borderline, crisis, hypnotic and other states. Yu.V. Shcherbatykh offers his own classification of mental states, consisting of seven permanent and one situational component (Fig. 2). More detailed explanation this classification is given in (Fig.3). Based on this classification, it is possible to derive a mental state formula consisting of eight components. This formula will have two options - in general view and for each specific state of this type. For example, general formula the state of fear will be as follows:
0.1/ 1.2 / 2.3 / 3.2 / 4.2 / 5.1 / 6.? / 7.2
This means that fear, as a rule, is caused by a specific situation (0.1), affects the human psyche quite deeply (1.2), and is a negative emotion by sign (2.3) medium duration(3.2) and is fully realized by a person (4.2). In this state, emotions prevail over reason (5.1), but the degree of activation of the body can be different: fear can have an activating value or deprive a person of strength (6.?). Thus, when describing a specific human condition, options 6.1 or 6.2 are possible. The last component of the formula - 7.2 means that this state is equally realized both at the psychological and physiological levels. Within the framework of this concept, the formulas of some other mental states can be described as follows:
Alarm : 0.2/ 1.? / 2.3 / 3.3 / 4.1 / 5.1 / 6.1 / 7.?
Love : 0.1/ 1.2 / 2.1 / 3.3 / 4.2 / 5.2 / 6.2 / 7.3
Fatigue : 0.1/ 1.? / 2.3 / 3.2 / 4.2 / 5.- / 6.1 / 7.2
Admiration : 0.1/ 1.2 / 2.1 / 3.2 / 4.2 / 5.2 / 6.2 / 7.3
The question mark (?) means that the state can take on both attributes, depending on the situation. A dash (-) means that this state does not contain any of the listed signs (for example, fatigue does not refer to either reason or emotions).
see also
Literature
- Psychology of states. Reader. Ed. A.O. Prokhorov. 2004.
- Workshop on the psychology of states: Textbook / ed. Prof. A.O. Prokhorov. 2004.
- Shcherbatykh Yu.V. General psychology. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009
- Shcherbatykh Yu.V., Mosina A.N. Differentiation of mental states and others psychological phenomena. Kazan, 2008. - S. 526-528
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See what "Mental state" is in other dictionaries:
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An integral characteristic of the system of an individual's activities, signaling the processes of their implementation and their consistency with each other. The main mental states are cheerfulness, euphoria, fatigue, apathy, depression, ... ... Psychological Dictionary
Exist., number of synonyms: 1 mindset (10) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Mental condition- - 1. a term denoting the state of the individual's mental functions at the time of his research; 2. in psychopathology is denoted by the term mental status, while meaning sufficiently differentiated and justified by certain facts ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Mental condition- mental status, assessment of a complex of mental indicators of a serviceman, characteristic of a given moment in time. The mental state is a static assessment and differs from the assessment of mental processes that characterizes the development ... ... Psychological and pedagogical dictionary of the officer of the educator of the ship unit
- (status psychicus) 1) a set of signs of mental activity that characterize its state in given time; 2) in psychiatry, a set of signs mental disorder discovered during this study … Big Medical Dictionary
Mental condition- 1. In psychology: a concept used, in contrast to the concept of a mental process, to study the psyche in statics. One and the same manifestation of the psyche can be considered as a process and a state, for example, affect characterizes P.s. in a certain ... ... Dictionary psychiatric terms
MENTAL CONDITION- a concept used for conditional allocation in the psyche of an individual with respect to a static moment; this is an integral characteristic of mental activity for a certain period of time, showing the originality of the course of mental processes in ... ... Dictionary of Career Guidance and Psychological Support
MENTAL CONDITION- temporary originality of the mental activity of the subject, due to the subject and conditions of his activity, his attitude to such activity ... Legal psychology: glossary of terms
Expert assessment of the ability of the accused to understand the mental state of the victim- Employees of the investigation and the court do not always correctly assess the actions of persons who commit violent attacks using the mentally helpless state of the victim. Sentences are sometimes handed down on the basis of accusatory testimony... Encyclopedia of Modern Legal Psychology
psychological emotional state mood
Introduction
1. Human condition
2. Mental states
2.1 State structure
2.2. State classification
2.2.1 Stress
2.2.2 Frustration
2.2.3 Affect
2.3. Positive and negative emotional states
2.4. Industrial mental states
2.5. Mood
3. Factors in the management of mental states
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The concept of "state" is currently a general methodological category. The study of states is stimulated by the needs of practice in the field of sports, astronautics, mental hygiene, educational and labor activities. In the most general terms, "state" denotes a characteristic of the existence of objects and phenomena, the realization of being at a given and all subsequent points in time.
The concept of "psychological state" as a specific psychological category was introduced by N.D. Levitov. He wrote: The psychological state is an integral characteristic of mental activity over a certain period of time, showing the originality of mental processes depending on the reflected objects and phenomena of reality, the previous state and mental properties of the individual.
Psychological conditions - essential component the human psyche. Relatively simple psychological states underlie the whole variety of mental states both in normal and pathological conditions. It is they - simple psychological and complex mental states - that are the subject of direct research in psychology and the object of pedagogical, medical and other control influences.
1. Human condition
Problem normal states man has become widely and thoroughly considered (especially in psychology) relatively recently - from the middle of the 20th century. Prior to this, the attention of researchers (mainly physiologists) was mainly directed to the study of the state of fatigue as a factor that reduces the efficiency of labor activity (Bugoslavsky, 1891; Konopasevich, 1892; Mosso, 1893; Binet, Henri, 1899; Lagrange, 1916; Levitsky, 1922 , 1926; Efimov, 1926; Ukhtomsky, 1927, 1936, etc.), and emotional states. Gradually, the range of distinguished states began to expand, which was largely facilitated by the demands of practice in the field of sports, astronautics, mental hygiene, educational and labor activities. .
The mental state as an independent category was first identified by VN Myasishchev (1932). But the first thorough attempt to substantiate the problem of mental states, as mentioned above, was made by N. D. Levitov, who published in 1964 the monograph “On the Mental States of Man”. However, many mental states, not to mention functional (physiological) ones, were not presented in this book; N. D. Levitov devoted a number of separate articles to some of them (1967, 1969, 1971, 1972).
In subsequent years, the study of the problem of normal human states was carried out in two directions: physiologists and psychophysiologists studied functional states, and psychologists studied emotional and mental states. In fact, the boundaries between these states are often so blurred that the difference is only in their name. .
The complexity of determining the essence of the concept of "human condition" lies in the fact that the authors rely on different levels functioning of a person: some consider the physiological level, others - the psychological, and still others - both at the same time.
AT in general terms the structure of the psychophysiological state of a person can be represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1.1).
The lowest level, physiological, includes neurophysiological characteristics, morphological and biochemical changes, shifts physiological functions; psychophysiological level - vegetative reactions, changes in psychomotor, sensory; psychological level - changes in mental functions and mood; socio-psychological level - characteristics of behavior, activities, attitudes of a person.
1 Mental level of response
Experiences, mental processes
II. Physiological level of response
Vegetation Somatics (psychomotor)
III. Behavioral level
Behavior Communication Activities
2. Mental states
In modern psychology, much attention is paid to the problem of mental states. The mental state is a specific structural organization of all mental components that a person has, due to a given situation and the prediction of the results of actions, their assessment from the standpoint of personal orientations and attitudes, goals and motives for all activities (Sosnovikova). Mental states are multidimensional, they act both as a system of organization of mental processes, all human activities at each particular moment of time, and as human relations. They always present an assessment of the situation and the needs of the person. There is an idea of states as a background against which a person's mental and practical activity takes place.
Mental states can be endogenous and reactive, or psychogenic (Myasishchev). In the occurrence of endogenous conditions, the main role is played by the factors of the body. Relationships don't matter. Psychogenic states arise due to circumstances that have importance associated with significant relationships: failure, loss of reputation, collapse, catastrophe, loss of a dear face. Mental states are complex. They include temporal parameters (duration), emotional, and other components.
2.1 State structure
Since mental states are systemic phenomena, before classifying them, it is necessary to identify the main components of this system.
A system-forming factor for states can be considered an actual need that initiates a particular psychological state. If the conditions of the external environment contribute to the quick and easy satisfaction of the need, then this contributes to the emergence of a positive state - joy, inspiration, delight, etc., and if the probability of satisfaction is low or absent at all, then the state will be negative in terms of emotional sign. A.O. Prokhorov believes that at first many psychological states are non-equilibrium, and only after receiving the missing information or obtaining the necessary resources, they become static. It is in the initial period of state formation that the strongest emotions arise - as subjective reactions of a person expressing his attitude to the process of realizing an urgent need. An important role in the nature of the new steady state is played by the “goal-setting block”, which determines both the probability of satisfying the need and the nature of future actions. Depending on the information stored in the memory, the psychological component of the state is formed, which includes emotions, expectations, attitudes, feelings and "perception filters". The last component is very important for understanding the nature of the state, since it is through it that a person perceives the world and evaluates it. After installing the appropriate "filters", the objective characteristics of the external world can already have a much weaker effect on consciousness, and the main role is played by attitudes, beliefs and ideas. For example, in a state of love, the object of affection seems ideal and devoid of flaws, and in a state of anger, the other person is perceived in an exclusively black color, and logical arguments have very little effect on these states. If a social object is involved in the realization of a need, then emotions are usually called feelings. If the subject of perception plays the main role in emotions, then both the subject and the object are closely intertwined in feelings, and with strong feelings, the second person can occupy even more space in the mind than the individual himself (feelings of jealousy, revenge, love). After performing certain actions with external objects or social objects, a person comes to some kind of result. This result either allows you to realize the need that caused this state (and then it comes to naught), or the result is negative. In this case, a new state arises - frustration, aggression, irritation, etc., in which a person receives new resources, which means new chances to satisfy this need. If the result continues to be negative, then psychological defense mechanisms are activated that reduce the tension of mental states and reduce the likelihood of chronic stress.
2.2. State classification
The difficulty in classifying mental states is that they often intersect or even coincide with each other so closely that it is quite difficult to “separate” them - for example, a state of some tension often appears against the background of states of fatigue, monotony, aggression and a number of other states. However, there are many variants of their classifications. Most often they are divided into emotional, cognitive, motivational, volitional.
Other classes of states have been described and continue to be studied: functional, psychophysiological, asthenic, borderline, crisis, hypnotic and other states. For example Yu.V. Shcherbatykh offers his own classification of mental states, consisting of seven permanent and one situational component.
From the point of view of temporary organization, fleeting (unstable), long-term and chronic conditions can be distinguished. The latter include, for example, the state of chronic fatigue, chronic stress, which is most often associated with the influence of everyday stress.
Mental states as a field scientific research poorly developed. However, the importance of mental states in human life and activity is exceptionally great.
They have a significant impact on activity, behavior, interpersonal communication, personality formation and self-regulation, etc. Mental states occupy an intermediate place between the processes and personality traits and characterize the activity of mental activity “here and now”.
Mental states are a holistic reaction of the individual to external and internal stimuli, aimed at achieving a useful result of an activity or an adaptation process.
Mental states are characterized by various functions.
One of the main functions is regulatory (adaptation to the environment and situation). Mental states act both as a form of self-regulation of the psyche, and as one of the most important mechanisms for integrating a person as a whole - as the unity of his spiritual, mental and bodily organization.
The adaptive function of the state is to establish a correspondence between the actualized needs of the individual and his capabilities and resources, taking into account the specific conditions of existence, characteristics of activity and behavior. This feature allows you to save as much as possible possible level health, the ability to adequate behavior and successful activities, the possibility of full-fledged personal development.
Mental states are at the same time a form of integration of current changes in the body, and the dynamics of mental processes, and actual features of both individual areas of the personality and the personality as a whole (its development).
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES
Mental states are richly varied. Quite a variety of classifications of mental states are presented in psychological science.
Thus, a variant of the classification is presented in the work (V.A. Ganzen, V.D. Yurchenko, 1976).
Table 4
Classification of human mental states (abbreviated version)
| mental states | ||||
| Volitional states (“resolution-tension”) | Affective states (“displeasure-pleasure”) | States of consciousness ("sleep-activation") | ||
| Practical States | Motivational states | Humanitarian states | emotional states | States of attention |
| Fatigue | Boredom | Sympathy | Stress | distraction |
| monotony | Panic | Synthonia | Emotional burnout | Concentration (Shinoya) |
| Satiation | Anxiety | Delight | Euphoria | Dream |
| and etc. | and etc. | and etc. | and etc. | and etc. |
Every 24 hours of his life, a person experiences certain repetitive states (functional): wakefulness, fatigue, relaxation, sleep. The change of states contributes to a better memorization of events and the acquisition of experience.
In addition to these conditions, a person can experience a huge number of different states and their shades. The most studied in science are volitional and affective states. We will consider some of them.
Wake- functional state associated with the tension of physiological and mental mechanisms of activity regulation. This is the optimal working state, and a person in this state operates efficiently. Wakefulness contributes to the self-realization of the individual, but then turns into fatigue.
Fatigue is a temporary decrease in working capacity under the influence of prolonged exposure to a load (physical or intellectual, etc.). Fatigue manifests itself in an increase in the inertness of nervous processes (at the physiological level), in a decrease in sensitivity, impaired memory, attention, shifts in the emotional sphere, etc. (at the psychological level), as well as in a decrease in labor productivity, skills, speed and accuracy of activity (at behavioral level).
Relaxation - a state of calm, relaxation, recovery. Relaxation can proceed involuntarily, that is, the body itself restores strength, but it can also be arbitrarily induced with the help of training, drugs, hypnosis, etc.
Som is a periodically occurring functional state, manifested in relaxation, immobility, close to relaxation.
Monotony is a mental state characterized by a decrease in the level of vital activity, which occurs as a result of exposure to monotonous stimuli. It manifests itself in dullness of attention, a decrease in its ability to switch, a decrease in quick wits, a weakening of the will, and drowsiness. At the same time, an unpleasant emotional experience develops, accompanied by a desire to get out of this oppressive environment, “shake it up”, become more active. Monotony can turn into a persistent state of boredom.
Boredom is a persistent motivational state that occurs even with varied but uninteresting work. Boredom affects the quality of work and interpersonal relationships.
Satiation is a person experiencing a feeling of disgust for the work performed, which consists in the fact that as a result of a long-term performance of any monotonous activity, a person simply becomes unwilling to perform it, and then, with its further performance, a sharply negative attitude towards it (up to affect) and persistent desire to end it. This condition is not associated with fatigue.
Panic is a motivational mental state associated with manifestations of mass fear of a real or imaginary threat, a state of periodic fright, horror, growing in the process of mutual infection by them.
Emotional burnout- the mental state of healthy people who are in intensive and close communication with clients, patients in an emotionally saturated atmosphere when providing professional assistance. May occur in closed work teams that perform long time(up to six months) joint activities. Emotional burnout is manifested in emotional and / or physical exhaustion: a feeling of emotional tension and a feeling of emptiness. In this case, an indifferent and even negative attitude towards people serving
by the nature of the work, the consequences of which are irritability and conflict.
Emotional burnout also leads to a decrease in labor productivity, self-esteem of one's competence, an increase in dissatisfaction with oneself and a negative attitude towards oneself as a person.
Alarm-state unconscious threat, a sense of apprehension and anxious expectation or a feeling of vague unease. Anxiety, entrenched, becomes a property of personality.
Anxiety is the tendency of an individual to experience anxiety, a state of conscious or unconscious expectation of the impact of a stressor, a frustrator. Anxiety is a fairly stable personality trait.
Stress (gsyat. stress - stress, pressure) - a state of stress that occurs under the influence of strong influences (see Stress in the topic "Emotions and feelings").
Frustration (English frustration - frustration, disruption of plans, collapse) is a specific emotional state that occurs when a person, on the way to achieving a goal, encounters obstacles and resistances that are either really insurmountable or perceived as such. Behavior in a state of frustration can be both constructive and non-constructive. Constructive behavior is characterized by increased motivation, revision of the situation, adaptive aspirations. Unconstructive - different types aggression, complacency, etc.
Sympathy (Greek sympatheia - attraction, internal disposition) is a stable positive (approving, good) attitude towards someone or something (other people, their groups, social phenomena), manifested in friendliness, benevolence, admiration, encouraging to communicate, provide attention, help. The opposite state is antipathy.
Synthonia (Greek syntonia - consistency).
Admiration is the highest satisfaction, delight.
Euphoria is a mental state (mood), which is characterized by carelessness, serenity, complacency, carelessness and at the same time an indifferent attitude to the serious aspects and phenomena of life. The euphoric state has narcotic properties - it activates the psyche, and a person gets used to it. To call it, a person needs alcohol, drugs, and an artist or athlete needs spectators.
Concentration - a mental state of concentration of consciousness on a particular object or group of objects for some time. External concentration is expressed in the weakening or complete cessation movements, tense facial expressions. Internal concentration is such a mental state in which thoughts and experiences (internal monologues) are in the focus of consciousness.
Absent-mindedness is a mental state that is characterized by a deviation of attention and thus disturbances in mental orientation. Dispersion is understood various weaknesses attention (general weakening of attention, in which a person cannot concentrate on anything; excessive mobility of attention; too much focus on something, which is combined with inattention to everything else (“professional”).
MANAGEMENT OF EMOTIONAL STATES
Emotions are not always desirable. Excessive emotions can disrupt activities or communication. On the other hand, emotional uplift good mood they are promoted. Therefore, it is desirable to learn how to manage emotions: control their external expression, evoke desired emotions and eliminate unwanted emotional states. The control of the expression of emotions manifests itself in three forms: "suppression", that is, the concealment of the expression of experienced emotional states; “disguise”, that is, the replacement of an experienced emotional state with an expression of an emotion that is not experienced at the moment; "simulation", that is, the expression of unexperienced emotions.
The ability to control the expression of one's emotions has significant individual differences: in form (suppression, disguise, simulation); by the sign of emotions; age; culture, etc. So in Western culture it is not customary, for example, to show not only positive, but also negative emotions.
Many types of human activity (scientific, acting, sports, etc.) require inspiration, spiritual uplift. To do this, you need to learn how to evoke the right emotions.
Among the techniques that a person uses to evoke desired emotions, there are two:
1. Actualization of emotional memory and imagination and laughter. A person recalls situations from his life that were accompanied by him strong feelings, emotions of joy or
grief, imagines some significant situations for him. Using this technique requires some training.
Positive influence on the emotional sphere personality renders laughter.
2. Use to evoke the emotions of music. The dependence of certain emotional states on the nature of a piece of music has been experimentally established.
To eliminate unwanted emotions, mental regulation is used, associated with external influences (another person, music, color, natural landscape), or with self-regulation. Self-regulation includes: 1) changing the direction of one's consciousness by turning off consciousness from emotional circumstances; switching consciousness to some interesting thing; reducing the importance of future activities; 2) use defense mechanisms; 3) the use of breathing exercises.
Psychological protection is a mechanism for resisting anxiety. A special regulatory system for stabilizing the personality, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feeling of anxiety associated with the awareness of any conflict. 3. Freud identified several such defenses.
Withdrawal is a physical or mental escape from a situation that is too difficult.
Identification is the process of appropriating the attitudes and views of other people. A person adopts the attitudes of people who are powerful in his eyes and, becoming like them, feels less helpless, which leads to a decrease in anxiety.
Projection is the attribution of one's own antisocial thoughts and actions to someone else.
Displacement - substitution of the real source of anger or fear by someone or something (displacement of evil on an object that is not related to the situation that caused the anger).
Denial is the refusal to acknowledge that a situation or events are taking place. For example, a mother refuses to believe that her son is dead.
Repression is an extreme form of denial, an unconscious act of erasing in memory a frightening or unpleasant event that causes anxiety, negative experiences.
Regression is a return to more ontogenetically early, primitive forms of response to an emotional situation.
Reaction formation - behavior opposite to existing thoughts and desires that cause anxiety, in order to disguise them. For example, to hide his love, a teenager will show aggression towards the object of adoration.
