How to distinguish a benign mole from a malignant one. Video: "Do I need to remove moles?". Causes of a benign mole

Checking a mole for oncology is one of the ways to prevent development. Therefore, when the first symptoms appear pathological process you must immediately consult a doctor.

Photo 1. If the moles have changed shape or color, itching has appeared, you should immediately consult a doctor. Source: Flickr (danielle shovlin).

Signs of degeneration of nevi

Outwardly, melanoma and pigmented nevus are very similar, but there are certain signs that allow them to be distinguished visually.

Pathological changes in moles at first can occur almost imperceptibly. But upon closer inspection, you can see:

• smoothing the skin pattern on the surface of the mole;
• the surface becomes smooth, shiny;
• edges change- they become uneven, asymmetrical;
• rapid neoplasm growth in width;
• itching and burning in the area of ​​the mole;
• the presence of peculiar crusts or peeling of the skin on the affected area;
• hair loss in the mole area;
• pigmentation change- the appearance of lighter and darker zones, spots, dots;
• the formation of small nodules on the surface;
• growth of the neoplasm in height;
• when pressed, a softening of the mole in the skin is felt;
• appearance of signs inflammatory process in the area of ​​the neoplasm itself and the skin around it;
• wetting of the surface of the mole;
• bleeding nevus;
• formation of daughter neoplasms around the affected area.

In what cases it is worth checking a nevus

Optionally, a change in appearance means a rebirth of a mole. But any changes in the appearance of skin neoplasms require mandatory monitoring. This is especially true for patients who belong to risk groups:

• excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation;
• susceptibility to electromagnetic influence;
• living or working in areas with high background radiation;
• consumption of large quantities of foods high content carcinogens;
• frequent exposure of exposed skin to aggressive detergents and cleansers;
• overly light skin tone low quantity natural melanin.

In these cases, any changes in the structure of the mole require a mandatory one. It is necessary to determine malignancy at the earliest stages. At the initial, first and second stages of melanoma, the disease can be successfully treated. Later stages significantly reduce the risk of complete recovery: up to 30% of complete recovery in stage 3 and up to 5% in stage 4 melanoma.

It is important! The main danger of melanoma is that it quickly metastasizes. Foci-screenings of the tumor can appear not only in the regional lymph nodes, but also in any internal organs. In this case, the prognosis becomes extremely unfavorable. That is why it is important to recognize malignant neoplasm.

How often to check moles for cancer

The need for examination of skin lesions directly depends on the history.

Allocaterisk group, for which the frequency of checking nevi not must be less than once every 3 months.

This group includes people who have:

• Light skin and hair, blue eyes;
• Intolerance to ultraviolet rays (a number of specific diseases);
• A large number of moles;
• They have a history of melanoma or a close relative.

For those who are not included in the risk group, there are no exact dates for checking moles. Depending on the desire and possibilities, you can examine nevi once every six months or a year.

After successful preventive examinations carried out for 5-8 years every 6 months.

Self examination

It is impossible to qualitatively examine moles on your own. First of all, because they can be localized in hard-to-reach places. In addition, it is necessary to have certain skills and knowledge for such a diagnosis.

However, it is necessary to pay attention to those neoplasms that are often injured, grow rapidly or are large. Not all of them will necessarily become melanoma, but the possibility exists. It is enough to look at them carefully, preferably through a magnifying glass.

For self examination method can be used visual inspection AKORD, in the name of which all the necessary signs are encrypted:

• asymmetry. If, when drawing an imaginary line through the center of the mole, its halves are even, this is a sign of a benign neoplasm.
• The edges. Normally, all edges of the neoplasm should be clear and even.
• Color. Pigmentation in the area of ​​the nevus must be completely uniform.
• Dimensions. Benign moles are stable in size. During life, such a nevus can increase by 1-2 mm. Faster growth is considered a sign of pathology.
• Dynamics. This parameter must be evaluated based on previous inspections. Normally, nevi are stable. You can track this indicator by photographing a disturbing mole.

Important! If you find atypical signs, you do not need to immediately self-medicate. Cancer cells are atypical, they may be resistant to treatment with folk remedies.

Which specialist to contact

If there are signs of malignant degeneration or at least a suspicion of melanoma, you should immediately consult a doctor. Perfect option in this case – dermato-oncologist. This is a doctor who specializes in skin cancers. As a rule, such specialists work in large oncology centers. Unfortunately, not all cities have them.

You can refer to general oncologist. They are available in some clinics or specialized hospitals. It is good if such a medical institution also has a histological laboratory, otherwise you will have to look for it additionally.

Another option - dermatologist. Such a doctor does not specialize in melanomas, but knows everything about skin diseases. He can distinguish a mole from melanoma and give further recommendations.

The doctor will dermatoscopy, carefully examine the education and, if necessary, make biopsy. Histological examination of the material taken will allow an accurate diagnosis.

It is important! Many people, if they suspect melanoma, first of all turn to a beautician. This is a mistake that can cost a life. Cosmetologists do not always have a medical education, do not have the necessary knowledge, and making an oncological diagnosis is not within their competence.

How is dermatoscopy performed?

Dermatoscopy is non-invasive diagnostic technique, which allows you to detect changes in the appearance of the skin. Carrying out such a procedure does not require any preliminary preparation from the patient. This study carried out on the basis of a diagnostic institution using a special apparatus - dermatoscope.

The dermatoscope is a kind microscope equipped with illumination. Before the start of the study, the skin area is exposed.

If the nevus is located on the face, make-up removal may be required. To increase the information content, the doctor can apply a drop of a special gel or oil to the area under study.

Performing a procedure takes a few minutes. During this time, the doctor examines the neoplasm in detail, checks its structure, changes in color and size. Using a dermatoscope, you can achieve an increase in the nevus hundreds of times.

Early diagnosis is one of the necessary measures to prevent the development of malignant neoplasms. Self-examination and regular examinations with a doctor will help to provide the patient with the necessary treatment in a timely manner.

If the result of dermatoscopy is disappointing or at least doubtful, a histological examination is necessary.

A malignant mole is a cancer called melanoma. It can form anywhere on the body, but most often appears on open areas, as they are affected by ultraviolet radiation.

Melanoma is the most dangerous form cancer. It is very important to monitor all moles on the body, especially if there are a lot of them. If a malignant mole is detected in time, the development of melanoma can be prevented.

The first tiny spots may appear in infants. A mole is a small formation on the skin - a nevus - which is considered benign, harmless. The basis of their appearance is melanocyte cells that accumulate the natural pigment melanin. Depending on its quantity, there is a difference in color. Available colors:

• red;
• black;
• pink;
• brown;
• blue.

The form of neoplasms depends on the location, concentration of melanin. They can have a leg or be located under the skin, be flat and convex.

The most common form is round, but there are exceptions. The development of neoplasms provokes ultraviolet radiation - natural from the sun, in a solarium.

Hereditary factors have not been excluded. Common cause formations - hormonal imbalance characteristic of periods:

• puberty;
• pregnancy;
• menopause.

Unfortunately, there are still no clear causes that provoke the development of melanoma. The study this disease is a priority issue for many scientists.

A number of factors have been identified that can provoke the onset of the disease and cause the formation of a mole that turns into cancer. Who is at risk?

• Excessive exposure to the sun or tanning bed
• Excessively fair skin or red hair
• genetic predisposition. If there are cases of melanoma in the family, you are at risk, as the disease may be predisposed. For this reason, you should avoid prolonged exposure to the sun, do not visit solariums.
• Many moles on the body. If there are 50 or more moles on the body, you can safely classify yourself as a person prone to melanoma. You should also beware of the sun, protecting yourself from negative impact with the help of closed clothes, a hat and sunglasses.
• Advanced age. Analyzing medical statistics, we can confidently say that melanoma is more common in people over 50. At this age, the body is weakened, there is at least one chronic illness ideal conditions are created for the development of oncological pathology.
• Strong floor. Medicine cannot explain this fact, but men suffer from melanoma more often than women.
• Women in position. Due to the fact that a pregnant girl is experiencing a hormonal surge, which can provoke the rebirth of moles on her body.
• Freckles on the body, especially on the face. As mentioned earlier, cancerous moles often appear in redheads. A large number of freckles increases the chances of such neoplasms, which indicate that when interacting with the sun, the skin reproduces melanin too quickly.

A birthmark, or nevus, is a pathological accumulation of melanin at one point. Most often, these neoplasms have a brown color. If in the area of ​​the nevus accumulate blood vessels, it acquires a pink or burgundy color.

A person cannot be born with a mole. The first neoplasms appear on the body after 6 months of a baby's life.

Usually the formation of new nevi ends by the age of 25. A large number of moles are observed in fair-skinned people.

They fall into the risk group of malignant degeneration of neoplasms.

There are a wide variety of birthmarks - red, hanging, brown, convex, flat, etc. However, experts identify five types of nevi that are dangerous. They are most characteristic of malignant degeneration.

• Borderline nevi. This flat spot is almost black in color. Such a neoplasm should not change under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. If its parameters have changed, this is a dangerous mole.
• Giant birthmark. Such a neoplasm is considered the most dangerous in terms of malignant degeneration. Such a nevus changes its structure in 50% of cases. The tumor may be soft, its size is constantly increasing.
• Nevus of Ota. This is a dark blue spot of irregular shape. If timely action is not taken, the size of the neoplasm will increase.
• Blue birthmark. Many cancerous moles are reborn precisely from such neoplasms. This is a fairly dense tumor, slightly rising above the surface of the skin. In diameter, such a nevus can reach 2 centimeters. Often the mole is located on the face.
• Melanosis Dubreuil. This is a precancerous formation with an uneven contour. In 80% of cases, such a mole degenerates into a malignant tumor.

The risk group includes people with fair skin and a large number of moles on the body.

Unfortunately, most patients seek help quite late when malignant process we won't turn back. Regular check-ups with a dermatologist can help prevent the development of melanoma.

The lighter the skin, the higher the risk of malignant degeneration of the neoplasm. With a large number of nevi on the body, it is not recommended to stay under open ultraviolet rays in the summer.

It should be borne in mind that the most dangerous is the sun in the period from 11 to 16 hours of the day. At this time, it is generally not recommended to go outside.

Significantly increase the risk of developing melanoma sunburn, even in history. The danger is also tanning in a solarium.

Heredity is also of great importance. If there were cases of a malignant skin tumor in the family, you need to know what dangerous moles look like.

Regulatory mechanical damage to the nevus also significantly increases the risk of its malignant degeneration. Therefore, if the mole is in an "uncomfortable" place, it is recommended to remove it.

The risk of developing skin cancer in people suffering from papillomavirus increases. A large number of neoplasms on a thin stalk is a sign of the disease. Pathology also cannot be ignored.

Irradiation is a method with the effect of radioactive rays on the area of ​​​​the neoplasm or on the entire body, depending on the location of the tumor.

Active radio beams lead to death malignant cells, which helps to stop their division and reduce the neoplasm itself. But in the case of a cancerous mole, the possibilities of radiation are limited.

The technique is used for palliative purposes on final stages illness. And in case of damage by metastasis of bones or other anatomical structures, they will be used to reduce pain and improve the quality of life of cancer patients.

Irradiation is also advisable for metastases to brain structures, for a given localization of secondary neoplasms radiation therapy is the preferred treatment for melanoma.

Causes of birthmark cancer

A mole is a neoplasm of a benign type, which can be transformed under the influence of external phenomena and lead to rapidly progressing oncology. Among the reasons why these processes are activated, they usually distinguish:

A cancerous mole or melanoma can form from melanocytes - these are cells with a special pigment. True reasons rebirth healthy cells into malignancy remain unknown to date. But there are a number of factors that have a share of influence on the malignant process:

The reasons for the transformation of a mole into melanoma are as follows:

• mechanical damage - friction with clothes, straps, skin trauma;
• hormonal changes in the body - most often occur in adolescence and during pregnancy. Disease may be another reason. thyroid gland s.
• UV damage - sunlight activates the division of melanin cells and causes pathological changes in skin cells.

Light-skinned, fair-haired people are most exposed to ultraviolet radiation. light colors eyes, owners of red hair and freckles.

Pregnant women and those with a family history of melanoma are at risk.

Risk factors include:

• large congenital nevi;
• the appearance of new moles, the growth of the former;
• nevi covering an entire part of the body.

melanoma classification

Cancer moles are classified according to their visual appearance: thickness, depth, structure and shape. There are the following types of melanoma:

By the way a cancerous mole looks like, a competent specialist can identify the degree of threat to the health and life of the patient even at the initial examination. The varieties that pose the greatest danger include the following groups of nevi:

1. Blue moles are always smooth to the touch, most often have a hairless coating, and are distinguished by a significant bulge. The diameter of each of them does not exceed 2 cm, they are located mainly on the buttocks, face and in the limbs.
2. Intra-epidermal (borderline) type, in which the birthmark has not fully formed, stopping in development between the dermis and epidermis. Under the influence of UV rays, it does not change its color, shape and size, it may differ from benign nevi in ​​an atypical dark shade.
3. Giant moles are recognized as the most dangerous neoplasms, which increase in number and size every year. According to statistics, every second patient has signs of degeneration of nevus cells of this type.
4. Dubreuil's melanosis develops mainly in the elderly, is characterized by blurred boundaries and heterogeneous color. It is considered a precancerous growth that requires immediate removal.
5. Nevus Ota is a collection of confluent dark blue spots that can capture the nasal mucosa, pharynx and sclera of the eyes. Successfully amenable to surgical removal and therefore rarely turn into melanoma.

Any harmless mole can instantly become a dangerous cancerous tumor, which can be detected on early stage means giving a chance full life and cure.

A pigment spot on the skin that has a brown tint is called a mole. It is based on:

• melanin pigment;
• melanocytes.

Moles have significant differences from birthmarks, which are characterized by:

• the appearance of moles throughout a person's life;
• The number of moles depends on the amount of ultraviolet radiation a person is exposed to.

The neoplasm is characterized by the presence of a life cycle, at first the mole has a flat shape, over time it protrudes above the surface of the skin. The shape of the spot is affected by the location of pigment cells - melanocytes at a certain level of the skin, in the epidermis (upper layer) or in the dermis (deep layer). When melanocytes are located in the upper layer of the skin:

• the neoplasm will be flat;
• imperceptible, flush with the skin.

If melanocytes are located in the deep layer of the skin:

• the neoplasm is raised above the skin;
• noticeable to the naked eye.

A certain type of speck determines its positive or negative oncological characteristics, the mole does not pose a threat if the following indicators are present:

• homogeneous structure;
• preservation of shade throughout the life cycle;
• small size;
• oval shape.

As a person grows up, new moles appear on his body.

Neoplasms are formed at birth or throughout life, the acquisition of spots is often associated with the teenage maturation of the body and the period of pregnancy. Spots can transform, changes are reflected in:

• form of neoplasm;
• shade (darkening).

The characterization of formations is complicated by the fact that there are various forms. A specialist can easily understand the symptoms and manifestations of the disease, but an unprepared person should know what they distinguish:

• basal cell carcinoma;
• squamous cell skin cancer;
• actually melanoma.

Melanomas can be classified according to the visual appearance: depth, thickness, shape and structure. The following types of melanomas are distinguished:

Oncologists have noted those types of nevi that are most prone to mutation:

1. Border. This spot, which has a uniform color, in some cases is even black. Among the features noted is the lack of reaction to ultraviolet radiation. The neoplasm does not change either in quantity, or in parameters, or in color.
2. Blue. The structure of the neoplasm is dense, the surface is smooth and without hair. A mole rises above the skin and is no more than two centimeters in diameter. It is localized most often in the face, limbs and buttocks.
3. Giant. It is this neoplasm that is most likely to transform into mole cancer. A distinctive feature is considered to be constant growth and a loose surface of an inhomogeneous structure.
4. Nevus of Ota. Its color can be either dark brown or blue-gray. It also differs in large size. Requires immediate treatment.
5. Melanosis Dubreuil. It is considered to be already a precancerous neoplasm with an uneven outline. It needs to be removed immediately after detection, as it is quickly followed by oncology.

To identify malignant moles, it is enough for an experienced specialist to visual inspection.

Moles happen different sizes: from a barely noticeable point to a large spot located on the skin and in its inner layers.

Nevi are classified into vascular (hemangiomas) and pigmented.

• The first type develops due to the increase and fusion of capillaries.
• Pigmentary - are formed by groups of pathological melanin cells.

According to the size of the mole, they are divided into:

• small (up to 2 mm);
• medium (up to 6-10 mm);
• large (from 10 mm).

According to the type of localization, nevi are:

• epidermal (located on the top layer of the skin);
• borderline (occupying both the surface and deep layers of the skin);
• intradermal (located in the thickness of the middle skin layer);

According to another criterion, malignant and benign moles are divided.

Signs of skin cancer

The development of melanoma is preventable. The "pre-melanoma" period is a long period of time, important in terms of timely diagnosis and treatment.

There is such a thing as "without five minutes" melanoma or melanocytic dysplasia. In such a formation, the structure of the cells and the nucleus has already been changed, but this is not yet skin cancer.

Signs of dysplasia are important not to miss.

Signs of a mole at the "pre-melanoma" stage:

1. One half of the nevus does not correspond to the second - asymmetry.
2. The boundaries of education became uneven and spread out.
3. The color began to change and blotches of various colors appeared (light, red, black, purple).
4. The mole began to grow rapidly. Typically, safety elements are up to 6 mm in size.
5. There was a burning sensation, fullness, the skin around the mole turned red.

Often, signs of a dangerous change in the nevus are encrypted with the abbreviation AKORD (asymmetry, edges, color, size, diameter).

Usually, if the mole is in a place that is least exposed to any kind of influence (friction, sunburn), then it is observed independently. In the case when it is constantly injured, you should see an oncodermatologist.

Diagnosis of melanoma is carried out using a dermatoscope device, biopsy and scraping. Next, the suspicious element is removed and a histological examination is carried out.

An ordinary person is not able to identify melanoma. Only after a histological examination can a final verdict be obtained.

If the patient finds that the lymph nodes closest to the nevus are enlarged, then this indicates stage 2 of the disease and the presence of metastases. Survival with treatment in such cases is 1-1.5 years.

Each of us is able to easily distinguish simple moles from other types of neoplasms, but only a small part knows what nevi with oncology properties look like. The vast majority clinical cases melanoma disease could be recognized by external symptoms.

To determine the atypicality of pigmented spots, a fairly simple method was developed called "A.B.C.D.E.", which is an abbreviation of the 5 main physical signs skin cancer:

1. Asymmetry (asymmetry) - a change in the shape of the nevus, in which the growth occurs unevenly, and the mole acquires a clear asymmetric shape;
2. Border irregularity (uneven edge) - the contour of the neoplasm can become blurry and uneven, which is one of the first signs indicating a pathological change in the mole;
3. Color (color) - the heterogeneity of the shade, the presence of small inclusions of gray, black and red tones should alert, and also motivate you to go to the doctor;
4. Diameter (diameter) - the size of moles should not exceed the usual 8-10 mm or change extremely quickly;
5. Evolving (rebuilding) - any changes associated with the description of nevi (both color, size, and shape) are implied.

The absence of any transformations associated with neoplasms is considered normal, therefore, if they are present on the body, they should be periodically visually examined in order to diagnose oncology in a timely manner and begin therapy.

In addition to the previously listed signs, dermatologists also note the features characteristic of a malignant nevus:

• compaction of the mole structure against the background of rapid growth;
• peeling and itching in the affected area of ​​the skin, burning sensation or slight tingling;
• possible appearance of red spots near the nevus, associated with a simple allergic reaction organism (rash).

In medical practice, skin cancer or melanoma is common, this pathology is a common type of cancer. In terms of mortality, melanoma occupies a leading place among other types of cancer. Young people (from 23-43 years old) often suffer from this pathology.

There are four forms of melanoma:

• melanoma spreading superficially;
• skin cancer of the lentigo type;
• lentiginous form of cancer;
• nodular skin cancer.

Skin cancer can look different on the outside

Malignant moles (cancer cells) have some clear signs to help distinguish them from a typical mole. The initial stage of the disease - melanocytic dysplasia - is still treatable. Therefore, if a cancerous mole is identified and removed in time, the development of skin cancer can be avoided.

In 1985, dermatologists developed the abbreviation ABCDE, each letter of which stands for one sign of a cancerous mole. Over time, this abbreviation was adapted into Russian, and it began to sound like AKORD (asymmetry, edges, color, size, dynamics).

It is by these signs that a malignant growth can be detected. Let's take a closer look at each feature.

1. Asymmetry. As mentioned above, ordinary moles are symmetrical. If you notice even the slightest asymmetry, you should immediately consult a doctor.
2. The edges. Cancer moles have jagged, blurry, and even jagged edges.
3. Coloring. Common moles are usually one color (black or brown). Cancer moles on the body can be of different shades, including red.
4. The size. Ordinary moles do not exceed 6 mm in volume. If the mole is larger than 6 mm, then most likely it is malignant. In addition, cancerous moles quickly increase in size.
5. Dynamics. If the mole is benign, then it does not change its color or size over the years. If you begin to notice changes, then you need to contact the doctor for an examination.

So, we looked at the characteristics and symptoms of a cancerous mole. If you notice at least one of these points in yourself, immediately run to the doctor to prevent the possible development of melanoma.

Majority cosmetic defects may not cause any inconvenience to a person throughout life. But when education behaves unusually, you will feel discomfort.

You can understand your feelings with the help of the following memo:

You need to see an oncologist if:

• the color and structure of the nevus changes - the color becomes uneven, pigmentation intensifies up to a dark brown or jet black color, additional pigment nodules appear along the edges of the spot;
• one part of the nevus noticeably darkened;
• peeling of the epidermis, inflammation on the skin around the mole;
• blurring of contours;
• compaction, growth, cracking;
• hair loss in the area of ​​the spot, if it is in the scalp;
• "Crushing" of an integral nevus into several new ones.

Diagnosis of melanoma

Melanoma is an insidious and definitely not a good type of oncology, since it is characterized by high growth rates, rapid metastasis, spreading to almost all vital internal organs person.

About 2% of patients diagnosed with skin cancer account for the number of all cancer patients, of which only 20% manage to overcome the terrifying disease.

Such depressing statistics are due to the late diagnosis or due to the fact that many people underestimate the need to visit an oncologist with changes in the structure or other parameters of moles, perceiving this phenomenon as the norm.

There is also a separate category of persons who are trying to eliminate the interfering neoplasm from the surface of the skin. on your own or with the help folk recipes, thereby involuntarily launching an infection into the blood or stimulating malignancy and further development cancer.

This is due to the lack of information content of the population - moles are found in many people and therefore are not taken seriously.

If signs are found that are typical of degenerating nevi into a malignant type, you should contact a qualified specialist in the field of oncology and take a tissue sample by biopsy for histology.

The procedure is performed under local anesthesia, takes only a few minutes and does not cause discomfort at all. In some cases, the patient may be recommended dermatoscopy for a more accurate assessment of the current state of the nevus, which ensures the accuracy of the results obtained by 96-97%.

Melanoma is a malignant tumor that develops from pigment cells that produce melanins. It is characterized by rapid growth, frequent recurrence, rapid metastasis to almost all organs, and high mortality.

Melanoma accounts for about 1-2% of all cancers and 10% of all types. skin cancer. Its mortality rate (14%) exceeds that of breast and thyroid cancers, and melanoma accounts for 80% of all tumor deaths.

If, during an independent examination, you suspect the presence of a malignant mole, you should immediately seek help from a specialist who checks the nature of the nevus. A dermatologist after a face-to-face consultation may suggest doing some additional research, such as:

• Biopsy of the body of the mole, allows you to determine the composition of the nevus
• Histology to characterize the neoplasm

It is worth saying that a biopsy can be performed only if the nevus is completely or partially resected. If you are the owner of a degenerate mole, in 90% of cases it is recommended to remove the nevus completely, and with the capture of nearby surrounding tissues.

This is necessary in order to localize the process and protect healthy tissues from cancer.

There are recommendations for conducting an additional study - dermatoscopy, which is carried out before the removal of the body of the neoplasm. The results can tell about the amount of pigment and the structure of the nevus, namely, to reveal its nature by determining a vascular or non-vascular mole.

The absence of a pronounced clinical picture makes it difficult to make a correct diagnosis at an early stage. Therefore, it is important to know how to identify a malignant mole in order to consult an oncologist in a timely manner.

When examining the formation, the specialist evaluates its density, edges, color. However, it is not enough to know what malignant moles look like.

Confirmation of the presence of oncological pathology helps instrumental methods diagnostics.

• Dermoscopy of the neoplasm and the surrounding epidermis. The assessment of pathological changes in the skin is carried out due to the multiple increase in the area under study. With the help of a dermatoscope, it is possible to carefully examine the structure and shape of the mole.
• Radiometry. The patient takes the radiopharmaceutical on an empty stomach. With the help of a special apparatus, the accumulation of an isotope in healthy skin and in the region of the nevus.
• Cytological examination of a smear-imprint. From the surface of the neoplasm, the specialist takes a small piece biological material which examines under a microscope.
• Blood test for tumor markers. Such an analysis should always be done if cancer is suspected.

Put accurate diagnosis only a doctor can

Only a specialist should diagnose malignant neoplasms, but it is also possible to carry out a preliminary assessment at home, the main thing is to know what to do:

• examination of the skin, while carefully examining the armpits, back, elbows, neck and knees;
• each of the detected neoplasms is carefully examined for the presence of certain signs of malignancy.

Further examination must be entrusted to a specialist. First of all, he will inspect the nevus itself, study the reasons for its changes.

If there is any doubt, a biopsy is ordered. This is a procedure that involves taking a small area of ​​the affected tissue for further study.

At certain conditions ultrasound and dermatoscopy can also be prescribed.

Only after receiving the results of the studies, the doctor is given the opportunity to make an accurate diagnosis, and he can prescribe further treatment.

Treatment

The treatment of skin cancer is quite specific, the main method, without exception, is surgical removal education. In addition to surgery, radiation and chemotherapy can be used, but these methods are ineffective for melanoma, for this type only radical excision is needed.

Relatively new and effective methods at an early stage of the disease are laser coagulation and cryodestruction.

Regarding the main type of treatment - surgery, the volume of tissue excision depends on the stage of the pathology. If the first stage is diagnosed, the neoplasm is excised with the capture of healthy tissue by 0.5 cm.

If the second stage is detected, the volumes of healthy tissues are cut off within one centimeter. In the case when the thickness of the deepening of the tumor in the inner layers of the dermis is more than two millimeters, regardless of the stage, at least two centimeters of healthy skin must be removed.

An exception is the desmoplastic variant of melanoma, it is characterized by the development of local relapses, therefore, during excision, at least three centimeters of healthy tissue are captured.

Cancer after removal of a mole tends to relapse, and more often to metastasize, for this reason, the entire body is subject to examination to detect micrometastases and secondary tumors in distant organs.

Regional lymph nodes are the first to metastasize, therefore, as a rule, lymphadenectomy is used.

With individual metastases, surgery is used in the following cases:

1. the presence of resectable, separate metastases, the removal of which improves the prognosis;
2. resectable metastases, without removal, threatening the life of the patient;
3. resection in order to reduce the tumor mass for a better result of the subsequent drug treatment chemotherapy drugs.

To date, the only possible option The treatment for melanoma is the removal of cancerous moles. The complexity of the operation depends on the neglect of the situation and on the size of the formation. For small growths, half an hour is enough time.

When removing a cancerous mole, the surgeon cuts out a small area of ​​skin (1 cm) around the mole to prevent new ones from appearing in the same place. The larger and larger the malignant mole, the more skin around it needs to be removed.

After cutting out the mole, a sample is sent to the laboratory. They are studying its level of prevalence, that is, the likelihood that new such growths will appear on the body.

The tactics of treatment depends on the level of distribution of malignant melanoma cells. If it is diagnosed at a very early stage of development, a malignant mole is surgically removed with simultaneous excision of the nearest surrounding and underlying tissues and their subsequent histological examination.

If the spread of malignant cells into healthy tissue, to a depth of up to 1 mm, is detected, repeated removal, but already of healthy tissues, is carried out at a distance of up to 2 cm in depth and to the sides of the scar.

The detection of the spread of cells of a malignant spot to a depth exceeding 1 mm is the reason for conducting studies by various imaging methods in order to detect the nearest metastasis - computed or magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (molecular imaging technique), the combination of the latter with computed tomography.

In addition, this stage also needle biopsy"Signal" lymph nodes, that is, priority lymph nodes in terms of metastasis in the lymphatic system.

This allows you to decide whether they need to be removed.

After excision of a malignant mole in the early stages, immunotherapy with interferon is performed in order to prevent recurrence. Surgery on the late stages no longer makes sense. In these cases, only courses of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents are used.

Most rational method treatment of moles of oncological nature is conservative treatment, that is, resection with a scalpel or laser. The mole removal procedure begins with local anesthesia, in which the doctor injects an analgesic drug into the area next to the mole.

Then, when the zone ceases to be sensitive, a cut is made strictly along the outlines drawn in advance. If a small or medium mole is to be removed, the procedure will last no more than 20 minutes.

The procedure is one of the simplest surgical interventions and does not pose a health risk to the patient. Immediately after resection, the sample or removed mole is immediately sent to the laboratory for a thorough examination and identification of the nature of the appearance.

If you delve into the process of removing a nevus, you can conditionally divide it into the following criteria:

1. The doctor excises up to 1 cm of intact skin in diameter, deepens until the end of adipose tissue
2. If a small melanoma is operated on (up to 2 mm in diameter), the doctor should also expand the resection area to a 1 cm cell, and capture several layers of the epidermis, including the tissue covering the muscle
3. If the mole that aroused suspicion belongs to the category of medium, that is, it is up to 1 cm in diameter, the surgeon must remove the area with a margin of up to 2.5 cm
4. By analogy, with an increase in the body of a nevus, it is necessary to further expand the removal zone. So, with a mole size of 3 cm, an area up to 5 cm is taken for resection.

It is worth mentioning that the presence of metastases radically changes the approach to the operation. If any are found, the surgeon must make an urgent decision to remove the lymph nodes in close proximity to the malignant nevus, through which the nevus was fed.

When we are talking about diseases of this nature, you should not self-medicate and self-diagnose. Home remedies in the form of infused chamomile tea compresses will help ease the symptoms, but should not be the main remedy!

When detected at an early stage, melanoma is easily treatable by eliminating the tumor with medical equipment.

People often worry about whether cancer or malignant nevus recurrence is possible after removal of a melanoma mole?

Therapy oncological disease depends on the stage of its development, the presence of metastases in the body. If the patient knows what a malignant neoplasm looks like and seeks a consultation in a timely manner, the treatment will be carried out with minimal risk to health.

Sometimes it is enough to perform surgical removal of the neoplasm. For this, the following methods are used:

The treatment of mole cancer is quite specific, the main method is the removal of the neoplasm. In addition to surgery, radiation and chemotherapy can be used.

But these methods, unlike removal, are ineffective in melanoma. Relatively new and effective methods used at an early stage of the disease are cryodestruction and coagulation.

As for the main type of treatment - surgical operation, the volume of tissue excision depends on the stage cancer education. If melanoma is at the first stage of development, then the mole is removed, capturing half a centimeter of healthy tissue.

If the operation is performed at the second stage of the disease, the volume of excised healthy tissue is one centimeter. If the thickness of the recess malignancy more than two millimeters into the inner layers of the dermis, then, regardless of the stage, at least two centimeters of healthy skin are subject to excision.

An exception is the desmoplastic variant of melanoma, which is characterized by the development of local relapses, therefore, when removed, at least three centimeters of healthy epidermis is captured.

After removal of melanoma, there is a possibility of recurrence, and more often metastasis. Therefore, the entire body is subject to examination in order to detect micrometastases and secondary neoplasms in distant organs.

The first metastases are able to succumb to regional lymph nodes, therefore, in most cases, lymphadenectomy is used.

Surgery can be used for individual metastases in such cases:

• in the presence of a resectable individual metastasis, the removal of which improves the prognosis;
• with resectable metastases, without removal, threatening the life of the patient;
• during resection to reduce the malignant mass for best result subsequent chemotherapy treatment.

In those cases, if the neoplasm was diagnosed as malignant as a result of the study, the patient is sent for an operation that involves its removal.

Indications for removal may be:

• degeneration of a mole into a cancer;
• too large or ugly appearance of the build-up;
• localization of moles in those places where they are subjected to constant injury, which affects them badly.

There are several methods for removing nevi that are safe and mostly painless.

Cryodestruction method

The neoplasm is removed by freezing it with liquid nitrogen or carbonic acid. The procedure lasts only a few minutes, but under local anesthesia.

Among the main disadvantages is the inability to control the rapid impact of acid or nitrogen. Biopsy material cannot be obtained in this way. In the case of removal of neoplasms of impressive size, scarring of tissues and the appearance of scars are not excluded.

laser excision

In order to destroy the nevus, a special laser is used, which simply burns it out. This method compares favorably with others, since in the process of removal it seals the vessels and prevents bleeding. Histological examination after such removal is impossible.

Radio wave method

You can remove only small moles that are located on the surface of the epithelium. A special apparatus is used, after its exposure, a wound remains on the body. Neoplasm tissues are not damaged, and, accordingly, their further histology becomes possible.

Advantages radio wave method in that the healing is fast and there are no scars at the site of the neoplasm.

electrotherapy

The mole is burned out under the influence of a low-frequency current. This method differs in possible injury and scarring of tissues in the future. They only come to him in rare cases. Among the advantages is the possibility of histology.

Surgical removal

It is resorted to in case of removal of especially large neoplasms or when melanoma grows deep into the tissue. Also, the method is effective in the case of excision of flat moles. Removal of cancerous growths is carried out together with nearby tissues.

Prevention of melanoma

1. When exposed to direct sunlight, use a cream with a maximum UV protection level (SPF+50) and a PPD (protection against skin cancer) mark.
2. Avoid exposure to the open sun at lunchtime (best between 10.00 and 18.00).
3. Do not drink alcohol on the beach.
4. Nevi that are constantly injured should be removed.
5. Try to avoid artificial tanning in solariums.

Among oncologists, melanoma is considered a "shame" because its appearance is easily prevented in the pre-cancerous period. Knowing the signs of the onset of degeneration, the owners of moles should contact a specialist in a timely manner, and doctors should remove the formation at this very time.

Skin cancer is curable, but the main focus of experts is on the implementation of preventive measures that can prevent the development of melanoma, significantly reducing the number of cancer patients around the world. Prevention measures include:

• moderate exposure to direct sunlight;
• use of skin care products high rates UV protection)
• timely consultations of a dermatologist (oncologist);
• self-examination of the skin (moles);
• protection of the skin from the negative effects of high temperatures;
• treatment of skin diseases in the early stages.

It is important to remember that cancer prevention is simple, does not require financial costs and loss of time. Compliance with simple rules will help maintain health for many years.

1. Doctors do not recommend long time is exposed to ultraviolet rays. According to statistics, tanning beds and other methods of getting a tan increase the chances of skin cancer by 75%.
2. In the summer, it is better for people to be outdoors in the morning and evening hours.
3. Sunscreen is a must! The product should be applied both on cloudy and sunny weather. As part of these cosmetics Patients should pay attention to the sun protection factor (SPF), which should be at least 30.
4. Usage sunglasses with adequate UV protection.
5. Self-examination of the skin and timely referral to a dermatologist for advice. It is important to detect cancerous moles or melanoma on initial stage. In such cases, surgical removal of a malignant neoplasm leads to a complete recovery of the patient.

It is not worth determining a mole of melanoma from a photo. Doctors take a tissue sample from the patient for analysis, which allows you to check the genesis of pigment cells.

If there are a lot of dark neoplasms on your arms, legs and neck, perform following rules that prevent disease.

• Regular examination will allow you to notice the negative dynamics in the early stages.
• Cancer moles on the body tend to progress rapidly, therefore it is strictly forbidden to self-medicate or refuse therapy altogether.
• Enlarged neoplasms or atypical birthmarks are a reason to stop sunbathing and going to the solarium.
• Traveling to countries with a different climate zone is best planned during the milder season, when ultraviolet radiation is not so aggressive.
• Protective creams with SPF 30 and 50 should always be in your bag, whether you just went for a walk or went hiking.

Nevi These are good quality education. To most, they are known as "moles". In fact, it is pigmented skin. Nevi are formed in every person. Their presence on the body in the amount of 15-40 pieces is considered normal. But there is still such a thing as a malignant mole, it is - melanoma. What it is? Is it true that this is skin cancer? And how to timely notice a reborn nevus on your body?

What do dangerous moles look like?

So, the first thing you need to figure out which mole is normal. According to dermatologists, these include nevi:

• up to 6 mm in diameter;
• smooth round or oval shape;
• with a monotonous hue;
• without hard inclusions and rough surface;
• symmetrical;
• without seal.

If at least one of these parameters does not meet the mole, then it is already considered potentially dangerous. It does not necessarily transform into melanoma in the future, but there is such a risk. And all such nevi are recommended by doctors to be removed as soon as possible.

Moles can be not only malignant, but also benign. It is very important to know the reasons for their appearance.

What are the types of malignant moles? Conventionally, they are classified into 4 types:

• superficial;
• lentigo (malignant);
• lentigious acral;
• nodal.

They differ from each other only visually and localization of skin lesions.

Surface

According to statistics, in 70% of cases, it is superficial malignant moles that are diagnosed by doctors. They are flat, mostly without seals, but have an asymmetric shape. Grow up to about 1-1.5 centimeters. Their pigmentation is rarely disturbed. That is, sometimes they can be mistaken for common mole, just without the right shape. But this is a transforming nevus.

It is not accompanied by any symptoms at the initial stage. Just the spot begins to gradually expand. And this happens until the mole begins to "sprout" inside, contacting the deeper layers of the epidermis.

Malignant lentigines are somewhat similar to common superficial moles. But in them, the spot grows to a larger size, and at the same time, a small, darker area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin is noticeable during visual inspection.

It was there that the primary nevus was located. The "damage zone" can vary from 5 millimeters to 4-5 centimeters. And one more key difference This form of melanoma is a slight swelling.

It occurs exactly in the place where the mole used to be. But it's already about advanced stage diseases. Up to this point, the pigment spot can grow for several years and only after that it will begin to "inflame" a little. By the way, this indicates that a malignant mole begins to grow inward.

Lentigious acral malignant moles are considered the most dangerous due to the fact that their pigment spot grows very quickly. It occurs only on the fingers, less often on the palms and feet.

Mainly affects the area of ​​the nail plate. According to doctors, lentigious acral melanomas are diagnosed in about 6-7% of all cases. And in recent times more and more patients with this problem. Unfortunately, it is impossible to establish the exact reason for this.

nodal

Nodular melanoma is the most painful, since the mole does not grow on the surface layer of the epithelium, but immediately deepens into the subcutaneous layers.

A remarkable fact is that this form of malignant moles in 70-75% of cases is diagnosed as a new formation on the skin. It means that first a mole appears and immediately after that it transforms into a malignant one. In this case, even pigmentation may be absent.

Visually, such a melanoma quite strongly resembles the most common wart, only it does not grow outward, but inward. Over time, it begins to increase in size, reaching a diameter of several centimeters.

But the shape of the "bump" is most often normal and sometimes even symmetrical. But the color is excessively dark, sometimes with greenish patches, a rough “head”.

Signs and symptoms of mole transformation

Experts assure that The best way to recognize the transformation of a nevus in a timely manner is to focus on the ABCDE rule (from English Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter, Evolving). According to him, “panic should be beaten” if the following happens to the mole:

• the occurrence of asymmetry;
• the edges become uneven, hard;
• the diameter began to increase for no apparent reason;
• changing any of its parameters, even if it passes with time.

The latter should be understood as the occurrence of inflammation or roughness. Even if after some time it passes, you should not leave the mole unattended. They all, as a rule, reach their certain size during transformation, after which they decrease somewhat.

In fact, at this moment, melanoma grows into the vessels and begins to synthesize cancer cells into the circulatory system. Those, in turn, penetrate the organs, lymph nodes, where metastases subsequently form.

The transformation of the mole is accompanied the following symptoms. It can be itching, pain with slight pressure, hair loss (if there were any in that place), redness around the mole (protrudes about 1-2 millimeters beyond). If the nevus was mechanically damaged, then it can bleed. Moreover, it will be quite difficult to stop the blood, even if you use hydrogen peroxide, brilliant green (and this is not recommended at all).

Risk factors

Why do moles begin to transform? Most often this happens after:

• prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation;
• mechanical damage to them (for example, a chain around the neck or a bra bone);
• non-compliance with elementary rules of hygiene (this mainly applies to those moles that are located on the scalp and in the perineum).

By the way, most of moles on the body (about 90% of all) appear before the age of 25. Up to this point, it is recommended to be especially careful and, at least occasionally, carefully examine all your moles. When the first signs of transformation appear, immediate action should be taken.

Reasons for the appearance

Malignant moles are a pathology in the work of pigment cells (melanocytes). They begin to grow uncontrollably. The main reason for this is getting into inner part monatomic oxygen cells. In the usual state, it is diatomic (O 2).

But due to the influence of certain factors, the molecule is broken into 2 atoms. And most often this happens precisely because of ultraviolet radiation and radiation, the effects of infection (which is stimulated by mechanical damage).

Treatment of malignant moles

Today there is the only way treatment of melanomas - their surgical removal. AT traditional medicine there is an opinion that it is possible to provoke the rejection of a malignant nevus, for example, with celandine juice. In practice, the opposite is true - prolonged exposure poison provokes only an exacerbation of the growth of a transforming mole.

How does the removal take place? Most often - laser or electrocution, less often - traditionally, scalpel. Often still used cryogenic freezing, laser removal.

Moreover, you need to get rid of not only transformed moles, but also those that with a high degree of probability will be reborn in the future. For this reason, if any of the nevi is suspicious, it is better to immediately consult a doctor.

Diagnostics

In most cases experienced doctors for diagnosis, it is enough to conduct a visual examination of the mole to determine the degree of its possible or current transformation. And already at this stage, a recommendation to remove the neoplasm may be issued. After the operation, part of the mole is sent for histological examination. it laboratory analysis, which accurately determines whether there are cancer cells in the sample taken. If any are found, then after removal it is assigned additional diagnostics to detect metastases in the body.

In more rare cases, a biopsy is performed followed by a histological examination. That is, the nevus is not removed, but only a small part is plucked off from it, after which it is also sent to the laboratory for research. Such a diagnosis is prescribed if the doctor doubts the malignancy of the mole.

Consequences of refusing treatment

Is it necessary to remove melanoma? No one can force this to be done, but it is worth considering that if it is detected already in an advanced stage, the probability of a lethal outcome (death) is about 75-80%.

As mentioned above, with an increase in size, melanoma begins to grow into the surrounding tissues, thereby affecting and vascular system, and muscle tissue, and even bones. And after that, the malignant neoplasm begins to synthesize great amount cancer cells.

Those, getting into other organs, simply destroy them from the inside. And the patient dies at the same time from poisons that are released during tissue necrosis.

Prevention

Prevention of the appearance of malignant moles is to follow the following tips:

• avoid excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (especially from 12 to 18 hours of the day, when the radiation from the sun is the most powerful);
• refusal to visit low-quality solariums (they do not use special filters that filter out the most “dangerous” range of rays from ultraviolet radiation);
• compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
• timely remove those moles that are likely to be mechanically damaged (for example, on the wrist, on the scalp, on the back just below the shoulder blades, where the bra fastens, and so on).

And it is worth considering the hereditary factor. If someone close to you already had melanomas, then you should be examined by a doctor at least once every 6-12 months.

Question answer

How to determine a malignant mole or not?

A malignant mole is different from a normal one. This may refer to its size, color, shape, density. With a high degree of probability, malignant nevi lose their symmetry. But the final examination should always be with the doctor. Any doubts? It is better to consult with a specialist dermatologist.

How to distinguish the first signs of the degeneration of a mole into a malignant one?

Each case is individual. A mole throughout life retains its shape, color, and size. It changes only slightly, almost imperceptibly to the naked eye. If something went wrong with her, with a high degree of probability she began to transform. And this process can take from several months to 3-5 years. For each person - purely individually.

What moles are the most dangerous to health?

Those that are located in places where the skin is in close contact with clothing, as well as those that are open - on the neck, ears, scalp, palms. Hanging convex nevi are also “dangerous”. They are the ones who get hurt most of the time.

What is the name of a birthmark doctor?

There is no profile specialty related only to moles. Their initial examination is carried out by a dermatologist. If there is a suspicion of their rebirth, the patient is referred to an oncologist. But the removal is carried out by the surgeon. In rare cases, an oncologist-mammologist is involved in the treatment (if the mole is located near the mammary gland).

What moles cause melanoma/cancer?

Theoretically - any. But in 97% of cases, those that exceed the size of 6 millimeters (in diameter) turn into melanoma.

Which moles are safe?

Flat, with a normal symmetrical shape, which are located on the back, abdomen, chest, hips. But over time, they can be reborn into malignant form. And either ultraviolet, or solar radiation, or constant exposure to any chemical reagent will contribute to this. Nobody is protected from this.

Malignant moles are extremely dangerous pathology. In Europe alone, about 1,200 people die every year because of them, and every year more and more. Timely detection of a mole that begins to transform eliminates the likelihood of death to a minimum. Therefore, you need to take moles on your body with all seriousness. If there is a suspicion, it is better to consult a dermatologist. If he recommends removal, it is better to agree. This is an extremely simple and non-hazardous procedure that takes 5-10 minutes. It is performed under local anesthesia and does not require hospitalization. That is, a person can immediately return to his usual way of life.

From melanocytes degenerated into cancer, a melanoma tumor grows.

Its incidence is approximately 10% of all skin cancers.

It proceeds very actively: loose cells quickly metastasize, are poorly recognized by the immune system.

What you need to pay attention to the person himself, in order to suspect something was wrong, suggests a special ABCD inspection algorithm:

1. A. Asymmetry. With the onset of uncontrolled division, the shape of the mole changes. Initially rounded, it noticeably deforms in a short time.
2. B. Edge changes border). Asymmetry is usually accompanied by a change in the outline of the nevus. The appearance of teeth or blurring of the border of the edge should alert the person.
3. C. Color change color). An ordinary mole-nevus should be of a uniform color. If it is noticed that the color has changed (darkened or brightened), or the mole has become multi-colored, then you need to see a dermatologist as soon as possible.
4. D.Dia. 6 mm is taken as a variant of the norm. Exceeding this indicator means that you need a doctor's consultation. You need to measure with a simple ruler according to the largest size of the diameter.

It is important to comply with all the requirements of the algorithm with absolute accuracy.

When you find yourself or loved one at least one of the items must be searched, where to check a mole for oncology.

Such a check is carried out by dermato-oncologists of our medical center.

It often happens that the nevus decreases.

It seems to be good, the danger is less.

In many cases, the tumor simply hides under the skin, leaves the surface.

The same goes for coloring.

There are melanomas in nature, which are called pigmentless.

They retain all malignant properties, but have no color.

You should not miss such a colorless oncology.

How to confirm the degeneration of a mole?

It has long been noticed that nevi can appear and disappear on their own, and this does not always lead to melanoma.

Yes, until now, medicine is not able to say exactly why melanocyte malignancy occurs.

This means that it is also impossible to accurately determine the time when this will happen.

In order to make sure that everything is in order with the mole, the easiest way is to go through a special one.

This is a kind of microscope that allows you to examine skin cells directly on the body.

Such a device is not cheap, but it is not a rarity.

Thanks to him, you can check moles for oncology in Moscow and in other cities where there is a clinic that can afford it.

If you think about it, the alternative to a dermatoscope examination is only a biopsy.

Troublesome, requiring a lot of time to analyze the study.

Usually it is carried out after the operation, studying the tissues of the removed mole.

You can also conduct a blood test for special proteins that accompany the development of melanoma:.

An increase in their level in the blood makes it possible to suspect a malignant process in the body very early.

Then you need to review all the moles, find a tumor and continue to act according to the instructions of the doctors.

You should not be afraid to examine a mole.

You can find those that are best removed while they are normal.

Even if there is a nevus that has grown into oncology, timely treatment allows you to defeat the disease completely.

Sometimes it only takes a few minutes and a small incision with a scalpel.

If you need to check a mole for oncology, contact the dermato-oncologists of our clinic.

Mole - congenital spot on the skin, they are present in almost all people. Common flat nevi, which are dark spots, should not cause concern. Special attention should be given to convex moles that resemble warts. At the slightest change in shape and color, it is worth checking the mole for oncology.