How to define binocular vision. binocular vision. Checking without the use of instruments and hardware

Vision, which allows a person to see equally well with both eyes, to distinguish the shape of the image and the approximate distance to it, is called binocular in ophthalmology. If it is not violated, then a person can see not only objects in front of him, but also from the side, above and below. Binocular vision is called stereoscopic, it begins to develop in infancy. A child at the age of two can already see well with both eyes at the same time, and the complete formation of the considered type of vision ends by the age of 16.

Binocular vision allows you to clearly see the image, determine the shape, size and distance to the object.

The considered type of vision is not formed in all people. To binocular vision was within the normal range, the presence of the following factors is necessary:

  • work of the central and peripheral nervous system without pathologies and disorders;
  • coincidence of degrees of refraction in both eyes;
  • the same shape and size of the cornea in both eyes;
  • normal structure of the lens and retina of the eye;
  • absolute symmetry eyeballs(their location may change due to trauma or a growing neoplasm);
  • the same level of vision in the eyes;
  • precise work muscle tissue organs of vision;
  • optical environment without pathologies in both eyes.

Only the presence of all of the above factors creates conditions for normal development binocular vision. "Loss" of one of the conditions leads to disturbances in the vision of images.

Besides, important role plays proper development and formation of the cerebral cortex. Binocular vision will be formed only if the specified part of the brain is able to simultaneously perceive two "pictures" from both eyes, "merge" them together and send the necessary information to the visual section of the brain. Therefore, children with congenital pathologies the cerebral cortex suffers vision.

How to test binocular vision

Any examinations should be carried out by doctors, ophthalmologists with the help of special devices can determine in a matter of minutes whether binocular vision is present or if there are any impairments. But there are several methods that allow you to check at home.

Misreading

A person is given a pencil in his hands, which should be attached to the tip of the nose. Both eyes focus on him. A sheet of printed text is placed in front of the person being checked and the person is asked to read it. While reading, you can not move your eyeballs, move a sheet of text and move your head.

If binocular vision is formed and developed normally, then a person can easily make out and read the text. This is done thanks to peripheral vision, as well as the ability to see from below. In the cerebral cortex, the images will merge into a single picture that can be distinguished without difficulty.

Rolled sheet (according to Sokolov)


Sokolov's experience for testing binocular vision.

A person is put to one eye a piece of paper rolled up into a tube or any hollow cylinder. It is necessary to focus on any object in the distance, then in front of the second eye place the palm of the hand at the level of the outer edge of the cylinder. If binocular vision is working within the normal range, then the person will describe the resulting image as “a palm with a hole in the middle, through which an object is clearly visible.”

Four point test


Checking binocular vision by the four-point method.

This method of checking binocular vision is considered the most accurate. Four objects are placed in front of the person being checked: red, white and two green - these can be, for example, cubes. Then you need to put on glasses with different lenses, one of which is red and the other is green.

With normally formed vision of the type in question, a person will be able to distinguish both objects and their true colors. In case of violations, he will get confused in the colors of objects and will not see white at all.

Kalf experience

The examinee is given two pencils in his hands, one of which is located horizontally, and the second vertically. It is required to connect these two pencils, bring one to the other so that they touch. If binocular vision is impaired, then the person will not be able to complete the task, as he cannot adequately assess the distance between the pencils.

In the ophthalmological office, the level of the type of vision in question is checked using a slit lamp, a monobinoscope, an ophthalmoscope, an autorefractometer.

Possible violations

Binocular vision can be impaired for a variety of reasons:

  • pathology of the brain stem;
  • frequent and complicated infectious diseases;
  • chronic poisoning;
  • pathological changes in the muscles of the organs of vision;
  • diseases of the orbit cavity;
  • neoplasms of the brain and eyes.

Most often, a violation of binocular vision becomes, which is treated with correction glasses or lenses, special gymnastics for the eyes, physiotherapy or surgery.

Prevention of binocular vision disorders

To avoid this type of vision impairment, you need to adhere to following recommendations ophthalmologist:

  • eye strain should be moderate;
  • exercises for the organs of vision should be carried out regularly, especially in the case of chronic overexertion eye;
  • strict adherence to sleep and wakefulness;
  • refusal of alcohol;
  • timely referral to ophthalmologists for preventive examinations and diagnosis of eye diseases.

Binocular helps to navigate in space and lead full life. You just need to make some efforts to preserve it, so that you do not have to subsequently deal with treatment and correction.

Effective remedy to restore vision without surgery and doctors, recommended by our readers!

Binocular vision is one of the types of vision in the complex human visual system. The title already suggests that we will talk about the interaction of the visual fields of both eyes. What is binocular vision or as it is also called stereoscopic, in simple words- merging together the seen picture with the right and left eyes. This type is the norm.

Operating principle

Thanks to binocular vision, it is possible to determine the height, width and shape of an object, as well as the relative position of objects in space. Newborns cannot see simple three-dimensional images for the first two weeks of life. Already at the age of three, the stereoscopic vision of objects is considered to be formed, but it still goes through certain stages of development somewhere up to seven. The period from birth to four years is considered the most dangerous, since any violation entails a deviation in the functioning of binocular vision, most often leading to strabismus or myasthenia gravis.

Action basics:

  • Size memory.
  • The principle of linear geometry is the reduction of an object in the distance, the increase in the near.
  • Loss of a clear outline of an object when placed on far distance.
  • Rotation of an object around a fixed axis (outside the window of a moving vehicle, stationary objects at near and far distances are lost from view at different speeds).
  • Slow focusing when viewed up close.
  • Recognition of concave and convex parts by color contrast.
  • Instant distance calculation.

Formation mechanism

Binocular vision has its own mechanism, which will not start without certain levers:

  • To transmit a clear image to the retina, visual acuity must be normal, or with a slight deviation.
  • The muscular balance of the right and left eyeball is orthophoria. Violation of the condition of the eye muscles is the first reason for the loss of stereoscopic vision of the elements.
  • Equality of images of the same element on the retina of the right and left eyes. leads to asthenopic syndrome (visual discomfort) or aniseikonia (impaired perception of spatial relationships).
  • Normal conversion of light stimulus into nervous excitement and primary processing signal.
  • The sequence of functions of higher visual centers in occipital lobes cerebral cortex.

The location of the eyeballs on the same line and plane. With an abnormal arrangement of the eyes as a result of illness, injury or at birth, the equal perception of the right and left angular space is disturbed.

Revealing

Binocular vision how to check yourself or in ophthalmological center? On one's own. There are many ways self check, below are the three tested.

Method number 1

FROM moderate force put pressure on closed eyelid eyeball. The appearance of double vision is a stereoscopic sign.

Method number 2

Fold the “pipe” from the album sheet and attach the hole to one eye, and place the palm in front of the second eye at a distance of the second hole of the “pipe”. The appearance of the effect of "image overlay" is the norm.

Method number 3

Focus on a specific object at close range. Without taking your eyes off the object, cover one eye with the palm of your hand. It is considered normal when the pupil shifts to the left or right, and after opening the eye returns to its original position.

In the ophthalmological center:

Method number 1

Place the pencil at arm's length vertical position, the doctor does the same with the second pencil. If the patient misses when the tip of his pencil hits the tip of the doctor's pencil, then this result is considered to be a deviation from the norm. Should be repeated this method, or proceed to another method to compare the result of the check.

Method number 2

The Belostetsky-Friedman apparatus allows you to confirm or refute not only stereoscopic vision, but also other types, for example, monocular, simultaneous. The mechanism of action in the color flow. The patient puts on glasses with different glasses for the right and left eyes (red and green), looks into the distance through them. From what color the patient sees at a distance of five meters, a conclusion will be made. Thanks to this device, the dominant eye is also determined.

Method number 3

At clear deviation from the norm (asymmetric arrangement of the eyes), a phase-separating haploscope is used. With its help, the deviation in the size of the image of the same object is determined.

Deviations

Ophthalmology focuses on dealing with problems eye diseases therefore, the identification and treatment of deviations from the norms of binocular vision is carried out by an ophthalmologist.

Violation of one of the mechanisms leads to a number of eye diseases. Different visual acuity of the eyes is the cause of amblyopia. This disease is the result of late diagnosis of the disorder. stereoscopic vision. Also, the weakening of visual functions entails strabismus, this occurs mainly in childhood at the stage of vision formation.

Thanks to modern equipment, doctors successfully diagnose and treat vision problems. Complete elimination of deviations is achieved in 90% of patients.

Prevention

  • avoid eye strain;
  • have regular consultations with an ophthalmologist;
  • do eye exercises;
  • to carry out therapeutic measures in a timely manner;
  • lead healthy lifestyle life.

Conclusion

Perception of objects with two eyes - binocular vision, what it is, every parent should know in order to avoid health problems in the child in the future. Not regularly checking or late diagnosis can lead to a number of ophthalmic diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to visit a specialist in the normative terms for timely detection problems, diagnosis and quality treatment.

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On the Internet you can find many tests to check visual acuity or color perception. It is enough to download the standard Sivtsev-Golovin table and find out if you have visual impairments. There are online tests to check binocular vision. How do they work and can they replace hardware research methods?

Binocular vision: what is it?

Binocular vision is the ability to see in three dimensions. The fusion reflex provides this function of the visual analyzer. It works like this: the brain receives two images from both retinas and combines them into a complete picture. Stereoscopic vision is possible with certain conditions. The person must have good eyesight, his eyeballs should move synchronously, in concert. There are other conditions that ensure the operation of stereo vision. In most cases, they relate to the presence or absence of diseases, ocular and non-ophthalmic. With impaired binocular vision, a person cannot see normally with both eyes. One partially or completely falls out of the visual process, and without stereo vision it is difficult to navigate in space, since a person cannot determine the distance between visible objects.

Definition of binocular vision online

You can determine whether there is binocular vision yourself at home. This is done with a series of simple experiments or computer programs. An online binocular vision test will provide an opportunity to find out if you have problems with visual functions or not.

How do I pass the binocular vision test?

To do this, you upload some picture on the server, for example, an apple. It should be large (about 15 cm in diameter) and located in the center of the monitor. Adjust the brightness of the image. The monitor should not be dim or too bright. You should place at a distance of 40-45 cm from the monitor. The image is at eye level. Next, you need to stretch your finger up and keep it on the same visual axis with the object (apple). Look at the apple. You should be able to see the object between the two fingers. Hands and fingers will appear transparent. After that, look at the finger. You will notice that the apple has split in half.

The next step Look at the apple and close your left eye. You should see a finger to the left of the object. When the right eye is closed, a finger will be visible to the right of the apple.

Evaluation of results

The test is deciphered very simply. If you see all the images described above (split apple and split finger), then you have a stereoscopic vision function. In case of violations, you will see other images:

  • one finger is larger than the second;
  • You always see only one finger;
  • fingers disappear and appear, and you cannot focus normally;
  • the left finger closes the apple, and the right finger is located very far from it.

What if the results are negative?

All of these signs indicate that you are dominated by one eye. This is no reason to panic. You may not be able to pass the online vision test the first time. In addition, there are various exercises for training vision. However, it is better to contact an ophthalmologist for an examination. The test can only give a rough idea of ​​how spatial vision works. In the presence of pathologies, for example, with strabismus, an examination is necessary for special devices. One of these devices is a sign projector.

Worth test. Checking on the sign projector

A sign projector is a device used by ophthalmologists to determine the degree of visual impairment. The projector shows signs on the wall, and the person looks at them through green and red lenses. There are only 5 signs: two green, two red and white. In the presence of binocular vision, the subject sees four figures, if the vision is simultaneous (that is, one or the other eye works alternately) - 5 figures, and with monocular vision (one eye works), the patient distinguishes either two red or three green figures.

Advantages of the technique

The sign projector experiment is also called the four-point experiment. It is the most common in ophthalmology, as it allows you to accurately determine the nature of vision. The results of the study can only be deciphered by a doctor. The advantage of this technique is its accuracy. However, it is not suitable for checking vision in very young patients who cannot tell themselves what they see. They are examined with other instruments.

Binocular disturbances can lead to various diseases. In most cases, the prognosis of treatment is favorable. It is important to start treating any disease on time and systematically

Binocular or stereoscopic vision allows a person to perceive the world in volume - the ability to see objects with two eyes, forming one visual image. In case of violations of binocular vision, the field of view narrows, visual acuity decreases. Ophthalmic and other pathologies can provoke these disorders.

What is binocular vision?

Binocular vision is one of the essential functions visual apparatus. It begins to form in children almost immediately after birth and develops up to 12-14 years. A person with stereoscopic vision perceives the world in a 3D format, that is, he can not only see the shapes and outlines of objects, their size in width and height, but also approximately determine the distance between them.

Lack of binocular vision leads to many problems. It is difficult for a person to distinguish the distance between objects and navigate in space. In everyday life, this manifests itself in difficulties when trying to pour water into a glass or thread into needle eye. In professional life, there are problems with employment and choice of profession. So, a violation of binocular vision is a serious limitation in order to become a pilot or a driver.

Binocular disturbances can appear at any age and according to various reasons. Before proceeding to consider these causes, it is necessary to understand how binocular vision functions.

Mechanism and conditions for binocularity

If a person can combine two images from both retinas into one picture, he has formed binocular vision. This association occurs in the cerebral cortex and is provided by the fusion reflex. For this, it is necessary that two absolutely identical pictures come to the brain from both eyes, that is, they must correspond to each other in size and shape. Light rays for the functioning of spatial vision must fall on identical points of the retina. These points are called corresponding points. Each dot on one retina has a corresponding dot on the other retina. If the light falls on them, then the pictures are combined, as if superimposed on each other. If focusing occurs on different points, then the pictures are different. This leads to diplopia - double vision.

Vision will be binocular if:

  • there is the ability to fusion (fusion of images in the brain);
  • eyeballs move in a coordinated manner and are located symmetrically and parallel in the same frontal and horizontal plane;
  • visual acuity is sufficient for normal visual perception ambient (not lower than 0.3-0.4 diopters);
  • there is no aniseikonia, when the eyes see images of different sizes;
  • no clouding of the cornea, lens or vitreous body, which are accompanied by a decrease in visual acuity in one eye;
  • no pathologies of the central nervous system.

There are many conditions for the formation of stereoscopic vision. At the same time, the above factors apply not only to the organs of vision, but also to other body systems. Lack of binocularity can be a symptom of both eye diseases and non-ophthalmic pathologies.

Binocular vision disorders and eye diseases

Almost all pathologies of the organs of vision can be accompanied by a violation of binocularity. Binocular vision is absent when:

  • anisometropia (different refraction);
  • damage to the oculomotor and other eye muscles, which lead to inconsistency in the movements of the eyeballs;
  • infectious eye diseases;
  • malignant and benign neoplasms eye;
  • mechanical injuries visual organs, including burns that lead to displacement of the eyeballs;
  • pathologies of the bones and the cavity of the orbit;
  • cataract;
  • diseases of the retina (hemorrhage, rupture).

Other causes of impaired binocularity:

  • infectious diseases brain;
  • poisoning, in which the brain stem is damaged;
  • tumors in the brain;
  • problems with the activity of the nervous system.

This is a list of few diseases in which there is no binocular vision. On the visual functions other pathologies of the body can also adversely affect.

Treatment of binocular vision disorders

Lack of spatial vision is not an independent pathology. This is a sign of another disease that needs to be treated. After elimination of all symptoms of the disease, binocular vision is also restored. So, anisometropia is treated with surgical intervention. You can also correct this visual pathology glasses or contact lenses.

To restore stereoscopic function, you must first accurately identify the cause of its absence. This can only be done through a thorough examination. In this case, you may have to appear not only to an ophthalmologist, but also to other specialists.

The most common pathology in which there is no normal binocular vision is strabismus (strabismus). In this disease, the movements of the eyeballs are not coordinated. In other words, the eyes look in different directions. One of them may completely fall out of the visual process. Strabismus can be congenital or acquired. It can be treated like surgically, and hardware procedures and with the help of eye exercises. The main direction of treatment for strabismus is the restoration of binocularity.

Treatment of binocular vision disorders in strabismus

There are two main hardware methods for restoring stereoscopic function in strabismus: orthoptics and diploptics. Orthoptic treatment involves training by showing a person two slightly different images that need to be connected. The patient is shown bifurcated images through the synoptophore, which he tries to combine into one visual image.

Diploptika is the next stage of treatment. This method involves the use by the doctor of an optical prism that causes ghosting of the picture. The patient eliminates diplopia by his own efforts. The ophthalmologist changes the prisms by changing the angle of inclination until the eyes get used to looking parallel without the use of lenses.

final stage treatment will be exercises for the eyes. There are a lot of them. A specific technique is selected for each patient by an oculist.

binocular vision training

Hardware methods of treatment are available only in the clinic, but exercises for the eyes can be done at home. There are two simple exercises that help restore binocular vision. For the first exercise, you will need a sheet of paper on which you need to draw a vertical line about 1 cm wide with a marker. The sheet must be fixed on the wall at eye level and move away from it by 1-2 meters. Look at the line and tilt your head down until the line begins to double. Next time turn your head left and right. The duration of the exercise is 5 minutes. It is advisable to do it three times a day every day. Within two weeks, you should notice that your vision has improved.

For the second exercise, you will again need a sheet of paper with some kind of drawing on it. Hang it on the wall and move 2-3 meters away from it. Next, you should raise your hand with a clenched fist and a finger extended upward at eye level, but on the same visual axis as the object on the wall. You should look at the tip of your finger, then at the drawing alternately. When you look at the drawing, your finger doubles, and when you look at the tip of your finger, the image on the wall blurs. You need to train both eyes for 3-5 minutes daily. After a few weeks of training, you will notice that your visual acuity has increased.

Prevention of binocular vision disorders

As for adults, in order to avoid vision problems, it is necessary to observe the regime of work and rest, to correct image life and eat right, visit an ophthalmologist regularly, do exercises for the eyes, especially if the work is associated with a heavy load on the visual organs. In addition, you need to consult a doctor in a timely manner if you suspect that you have eye diseases.

Measures to prevent binocular disorders must be taken from the first days after the birth of a child. There are a few simple rules to be observed by parents:

  • hang toys above the baby's crib at least 50 cm from his face (otherwise the eyes will squint to the nose);
  • toys should be on both sides of the face;
  • change the location of the toys several times a week so that the newborn's eyes do not focus on one point.

At the first anxiety symptoms Be sure to take your child to the doctor.

Human vision is a complex system in which visual organs - eyes as well as the cerebral cortex. It is the clear interaction of all components that allows you to see the whole versatility of the world around you, to distinguish color scheme, navigate in space, etc. This ability of the human eye is called binocular vision, that is, the connection of the image of each eye into a single holistic picture, which allows you to give it volume and depth.

Definition

First of all, this is a visual ability that allows you to see three-dimensional images and clearly navigate in space, that is, to have good visual acuity and see everything that is above and below, in front and on the sides, distinguish colors, determine the distances at which objects are located. The presence of full-fledged binocular vision allows surgeons to perform high-precision operations, pilots to fly aircraft, and drivers to transport vehicles.

This feature visual system a person is not innate, but goes through certain stages of formation. The appearance of the first signs of stereoscopic vision is observed in children already at the age of two months, when the baby begins to fix the object with both eyes. A complete binocular vision, with favorable conditions and depending on individual characteristics body comes only to twelve or even to sixteen years.

How does the interaction of organs and the combination of images into a single holistic picture take place? Scientific research binocular vision made it possible to name the cortex big brain responsible for the collective function, that is, for the fact that the images of each eye are focused into a single whole. This happens due to the fact that in each eye on the retina there are identical points of the retina of the second eye. It is this structure that makes it possible to project an image onto corresponding points (from one eye to the other without distorting the geometry, size, and other parameters). If a violation occurs, and the projection does not fall on an identical point, then the images are not connected. In this case, the objects begin to double.

How the visual organ is arranged and how the formation of binocular vision is carried out can be seen in the image.

Unfortunately, many people have congenital or acquired pathologies of the visual organs that do not allow binocular vision to form. Indeed, in order to obtain a stereoscopic image, it is necessary that the following points be simultaneously performed in the complex:

  • visual acuity in both eyes was the same and not less than 0.5 diopters;
  • the same shape of the cornea;
  • eyeballs are symmetrical;
  • well, and most importantly, the eye muscles worked correctly;
  • not disturbed work of the central nervous system and peripheral;
  • there was the same projection on the retina;
  • each optical medium functioned normally;
  • the structures and functions of the retina, cornea, lens, and optic nerves were not disturbed.

If the function of at least one of the listed criteria is impaired, we can no longer talk about full-fledged binocular vision. AT this case it is necessary to carry out diagnostics for the correction or treatment of vision.

Definition of binocular vision

To determine binocular vision today, there are special ophthalmic devices - these are:

  • monobinoscope;
  • slit lamp;
  • perimeter;
  • ophthalmoscope;
  • autorefractometer.

But in addition to special tools for checking vision, there are also methods that ophthalmologists use in diagnosing, but they can also be tried on their own (of course, for the initial diagnosis). The simplest method is Sokolov's experiment. To carry it out, you need to take a sheet of paper, twist a pipe out of it, which you need to bring to one eye and look through it at any object in the distance, and bring your palm to the second eye, at the distance of the end of the pipe. Ideally, a person sees a hole in the palm of his hand (the hole of a paper pipe), through which a remote object is perfectly visible.

You can also check binocularity using Kalf's experiment. To do this, use two pencils or pens. One of them should be held horizontally in front of the eyes, and the second vertically. And on command, you need to touch the tip of the horizontal one with a vertically located pencil. If there are no violations, a person can easily cope with this task, since stereoscopic vision allows you to navigate well in space and accurately determine the distance between objects.

Check eyesight and with the help of reading. You need to take a printed text and a pencil, while keeping it at a distance of three centimeters from the nose, the head is in a static state, the sheet with the text also does not move. And in this state, you should read what is written. With good binocular vision, this is not difficult.

To exact method checks include - a four-point test. It consists in the following: four objects are placed in front of the patient, two of which are painted in green color, one in red and one in green. Then you need to put on special glasses, in which one lens is red and the other is green. With properly formed stereoscopic vision, all four objects will be visible, while the one that was white color turns red-green (both eyes overlap). In case of pathology, a white object in the subject will be displayed in the color of one of the lenses, depending on which eye is the leading one.

Why Binocular Vision Disorders Occur

There are a lot of reasons that entail a violation of binocular vision. The main ones are considered to be:

  • different refraction of the eyes;
  • damage to eye muscle tissue;
  • violation of muscle innervation;
  • changes in the structure of the eye socket;
  • cavity pathology of the orbits;
  • infections of the eyes, brain;
  • tumors of the brain and visual organs;
  • poisoning with toxins.

Definition true reasons that caused violations is necessary in order. To prescribe the right effective treatment.

Most often, a disorder of binocular vision is observed with the development of strabismus. It can be congenital or develop as a result of a person’s injuries, infectious diseases, mental disorders disorder of the central nervous system.

With this pathology, there is a deviation of the eye to one side or both are directed to different sides. With this arrangement, their visual axes do not coincide at all. Accordingly, binocular vision is out of the question. Therefore, the concept of treatment of strabismus involves the restoration of stereoscopic vision. This condition significantly worsens the quality of life, because a person loses the ability to see three-dimensional objects, and spatial arrangement, and so on. Besides this pathology visual organs may be accompanied by:

  • severe headaches;
  • dizziness;
  • nausea;
  • violation of the dynamics of the eyeball;
  • superimposing a double image.

Treatment of strabismus, depending on its degree, can take place in a corrective form, with the help of special glasses or contact lenses. Microcurrents and physiotherapeutic procedures are also used, it is recommended to perform special restorative procedures on a regular basis. gymnastic exercises for eyes. In certain cases, laser micro-surgery of the eye is performed.

Determination of the method of treatment depends on the type of strabismus and the degree of complexity of the pathology.

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