Neoplasms in the lungs are benign. Lung cancer - symptoms and first signs, causes, diagnosis, treatment

Lung tumor - combines several categories of neoplasms, namely malignant and benign. It is noteworthy that the former affect people over forty, and the latter are formed in people under 35 years of age. The reasons for the formation of tumors in both cases are almost the same. Most often, long-term addiction to bad habits, work in hazardous production and exposure to the body act as provocateurs.

The danger of the disease lies in the fact that with any variant of the course of a lung tumor, symptoms that are already nonspecific in nature may be absent for a long time. The main clinical manifestations are considered to be malaise and weakness, fever, mild chest discomfort and persistent wet cough. In general, lung ailments have non-specific symptoms.

It is possible to differentiate malignant and benign neoplasms of the lungs only with the help of instrumental diagnostic procedures, the first place among which is biopsy.

Treatment of all types of neoplasms is carried out only surgically, which consists not only in excising the tumor, but also in partial or complete removal of the affected lung.

The International Classification of Diseases of the Tenth Revision allocates separate values for tumors. Thus, formations of a malignant course have the ICD-10 code - C34, and benign - D36.

Etiology

The formation of malignant neoplasms is provoked by improper cell differentiation and pathological tissue growth, which occurs at the gene level. However, among the most likely predisposing factors that a lung tumor appears, there are:

long-term addiction to nicotine - this includes both active and passive smoking. Such a source provokes the development of the disease in men in 90%, and in females in 70% of cases. It is noteworthy that passive smokers have a higher likelihood of developing a tumor of a malignant course;
specific working conditions, namely the constant contact of a person with chemical and toxic substances. The most dangerous for humans are asbestos and nickel, arsenic and chromium, as well as radioactive dust;
constant exposure of the human body to radon radiation;
diagnosed benign lung tumors - this is due to the fact that some of them, in the absence of therapy, are prone to transformation into cancers;
the course of inflammatory or suppurative processes directly in the lungs or in the bronchi;
scarring of lung tissue;
genetic predisposition.

It is the above reasons that contribute to DNA damage and the activation of cellular oncogenes.

The provocateurs of the formation of benign lung tumors are currently not known for certain, however, experts from the field of pulmonology suggest that this may be affected by:

burdened heredity;
gene mutations;
pathological influence of various viruses;
influence of chemical and radioactive substances;
addiction to bad habits, in particular, to smoking;
contact with contaminated soil, water or air, with formaldehyde, ultraviolet radiation, benzanthracene, radioactive isotopes and vinyl chloride being most often considered provocateurs;
decreased local or general immunity;
constant influence of stressful situations;
irrational nutrition;
drug addiction.

From the foregoing, it follows that absolutely every person is predisposed to the appearance of a tumor.

Classification

Specialists from the field of pulmonology usually distinguish several types of malignant neoplasms, but the leading place among them is occupied by cancer, diagnosed in every 3 people who have a tumor in this area. In addition, the following are also considered malignant:

- originates in the lymphatic system. Often, such a formation is the result of metastasis of a similar tumor from the breast or colon, kidneys or rectum, stomach or cervix, testicle or thyroid gland, skeletal system or prostate, and skin;
- includes intraalveolar or peribronchial connective tissue. It is most often localized in the left lung and is typical for males;
malignant carcinoid - has the ability to form distant metastases, for example, to the liver or kidneys, brain or skin, adrenal glands or pancreas;
squamous cell carcinoma;
pleural mesothelioma - histologically consists of epithelial tissues that line the pleural cavity. Very often diffuse in nature;
oat cell carcinoma - characterized by the presence of metastases in the initial stages of the progression of the disease.

In addition, a malignant tumor of the lung is:

highly differentiated;
medium differentiated;
poorly differentiated;
undifferentiated.

It goes through several stages of progression:

initial - the tumor does not exceed 3 centimeters in size, affects only one segment of this organ and does not metastasize;
moderate - the formation reaches 6 centimeters and gives single metastases to regional lymph nodes;
severe - a neoplasm in volume of more than 6 centimeters, extends to the neighboring lobe of the lung and bronchi;
complicated - cancer gives extensive and distant metastases.

Classification of benign tumors according to the type of tissues that make up their composition:

epithelial;
neuroectodermal;
mesodermal;
germinal.

Benign lung tumors also include:

adenoma is a glandular formation, which in turn is divided into carcinoids and carcinomas, cylindromas and adenoids. It should be noted that in 10% of cases malignancy is observed;
hamartoma or - an embryonic tumor that includes the constituent parts of the germinal tissue. These are the most frequently diagnosed formations in this category;
or fibroepithelioma - consists of a connective tissue stroma and has a large number of papillary outgrowths;
- in volume does not exceed 3 centimeters, but can grow to gigantic sizes. It occurs in 7% of cases and is not prone to malignancy;
- this is a fatty tumor, which is extremely rarely localized in the lungs;
leiomyoma - a rare formation that includes smooth muscle fibers and looks like a polyp;
a group of vascular tumors - this should include hemangioendothelioma, hemangiopericytoma, capillary and cavernous, as well. The first 2 types are conditionally benign lung tumors, since they are prone to degeneration into cancer;
or dermoid - acts as an embryonic tumor or cyst. The frequency of occurrence reaches 2%;
neurinoma or shvannomu;
chemodectoma;
tuberculoma;
fibrous histiocytoma;
plasmacytoma.

The last 3 varieties are considered the most rare.

In addition, a benign lung tumor, according to the focus, is divided into:

central;
peripheral;
segmental;
home;
share.

Classification in the direction of growth implies the existence of the following formations:

endobronchial - in such a situation, the tumor grows deep into the lumen of the bronchus;
extrabronchtal - growth is directed outward;
intramural - germination occurs in the thickness of the lung.

In addition, neoplasms of any variant of the course can be single and multiple.

Symptoms

Several factors influence the severity of clinical signs:

localization of education;
tumor size;
the nature of germination;
the presence of concomitant diseases;
the number and extent of metastases.

Signs of malignant tumors are nonspecific and are presented:

causeless weakness;
fast fatigue;
periodic increase in temperature;
general malaise;
symptoms , and ;
hemoptysis;
persistent cough with mucus or purulent sputum;
shortness of breath that occurs at rest;
soreness of varying severity in the chest area;
a sharp decrease in body weight.

A benign lung tumor has the following symptoms:

cough with the release of a small amount of sputum with impurities of blood or pus;
whistling and noise during breathing;
decrease in working capacity;
dyspnea;
persistent increase in temperature indicators;
asthma attacks;
tides to the upper half of the body;
disorder of the act of defecation;
mental disorders.

It is noteworthy that most often there are no signs of benign formations at all, which is why the disease is a diagnostic surprise. With regard to malignant neoplasms of the lung, symptoms are expressed only if the tumor grows to a gigantic size, extensive metastases, and occurs in the later stages.

Diagnostics

A correct diagnosis can only be made with the help of a wide range of instrumental examinations, which are necessarily preceded by manipulations carried out directly by the attending physician. They should include:

study of the medical history - to identify ailments leading to the occurrence of a particular tumor;
familiarization with the life history of a person - to clarify the working conditions, living and lifestyle;
listening to the patient with a phonendoscope;
a detailed survey of the patient - to compile a complete clinical picture of the course of the disease and determine the severity of symptoms.

Among the instrumental procedures it is worth highlighting:

survey radiography of the left and right lung;
CT and MRI;
pleural puncture;
endoscopic biopsy;
bronchoscopy;
thoracoscopy;
Ultrasound and PET;
angiopulmonography.

In addition, the following laboratory tests are required:

general and biochemical blood test;
tests for tumor markers;
microscopic examination of sputum;
histological analysis of the biopsy;
cytological study of effusion.

Treatment

Absolutely all malignant and benign lung tumors (regardless of the likelihood of malignancy) undergo surgical excision.

As a medical intervention, one of the following operations can be selected:

circular, marginal or fenestrated resection;
lobectomy;
bilobectomy;
pneumonectomy;
husking;
complete or partial excision of the lung;
thoracotomy.

Operable treatment can be carried out by open or endoscopic way. To reduce the risk of complications or remission after the intervention, patients undergo chemotherapy or radiation treatment.

Possible Complications

If you ignore the symptoms and do not treat the disease, then there is a high risk of developing complications, namely:

pulmonary bleeding;
abscess pneumonia;
syndrome of compression of blood vessels and internal organs;
malignancy.

Prevention and prognosis

Reducing the likelihood of the formation of any neoplasms in the body contribute to:

complete rejection of all bad habits;
proper and balanced nutrition;
avoidance of physical and emotional overstrain;
use of personal protective equipment when working with toxic and poisonous substances;
prevention of irradiation of the body;
timely diagnosis and treatment of pathologies that can lead to the formation of tumors.

Also, do not forget about the regular preventive examination in a medical institution, which must be done at least 2 times a year.

A benign lung tumor, unlike cancer, does not metastasize, does not grow rapidly and does not violate the general condition of the patient, and yet it cannot be considered safe for life. The lungs are a vital organ, and any neoplasm in them can lead to respiratory failure. Therefore, the treatment of a benign lung tumor should be mandatory, although it is different from lung cancer or sarcoma.

Today, new minimally invasive methods are used in the treatment of benign lung tumors abroad - in modern clinics in Europe, the USA, Israel and other countries with a high level of medicine. These technologies are much less traumatic, practically do not give complications, the patient does not need long-term postoperative rehabilitation, and their cost is lower than traditional surgical operations.

The cost of treating a benign lung tumor abroad

The cost of treating a benign lung tumor abroad will be much lower than cancer treatment, because very expensive chemotherapy and biotherapy, as well as radiation treatment, are not carried out. For example, a benign lung tumor will be determined by the volume of the patient's examination and the type of tumor removal method.

You can find out more about the prices for treatment on our website by filling out the contact form, or by calling us by phone.

Benign lung tumor - causes and types

A benign lung tumor is distinguished by the fact that it grows from normal unaltered tissue - epithelial, vascular, connective, nervous. It occurs 10 times less often than cancer, mainly in young people up to 35-40 years old, it is characterized by slow growth.

The causes of tumor tissue growth have not been precisely established, but there are predisposing factors - chronic inflammation, trauma, intoxication, tobacco smoke. Often these tumors are congenital. Depending on the initial tissue, lung fibromas, hemangiomas, cysts, neurinomas, neurofibromas, adenomas, lipomas, papillomas, as well as teratoma and hamartoma (congenital embryonic tumors) are distinguished.

By number, single and multiple tumors are distinguished, and depending on the location in the lungs, they are central (growing near the bronchi), peripheral (growing in the thickness of the alveolar tissue) and mixed. Determination of the causes and type of the disease is important in the further development of therapeutic tactics. The same approach is used for .

Symptoms and diagnosis of a benign lung tumor

The clinical manifestations of a benign lung tumor will depend on its size and location. The central tumor, squeezing the bronchus, will cause a persistent paroxysmal cough, and blockage of the bronchus can lead to atelectasis - the subsidence of the lung area (lobe, segment or lobule) corresponding to this bronchus. This will be manifested by shortness of breath, pneumonia may develop in the collapsed area.

Small peripheral tumors can remain invisible for a long time, and only when they press on the pleura do chest pains appear. When the alveolar tissue ruptures, a severe complication can develop - pneumothorax, when air enters the pleural cavity and compresses the lung. At the same time, subcutaneous emphysema also develops - the release of air under the skin, respiratory failure. Often, a lung tumor is accompanied by an increase in body temperature due to the addition of an inflammatory process, and hemoptysis may also appear.

Treatment of a benign lung tumor abroad

Any lung tumor should be removed as early as possible, because a benign tumor can cause complications - compression of the lung tissue, development of inflammation, pneumothorax, bleeding. In addition, any benign lung tumor is capable of transforming into a malignant one to one degree or another.

Treatment of a benign lung tumor abroad is carried out by experienced and qualified specialists in the field of lung surgery. The possibilities of endoscopic removal are used to the maximum if the tumor is limited and there are no complications. Preference is given to electroresection, laser and cryodestructive removal. Such approaches are actively used in

For peripheral tumors, an economical resection of the lung is used within healthy tissues, and for large sizes or multiple tumors, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and sometimes even pulmonectomy are performed. An urgent intraoperative histological examination of the removed material is practiced.

If a benign character is confirmed, the surgeon sutures the wound, but if malignant cells are detected, the scope of the operation expands. For the treatment of a benign lung tumor, the qualifications and skills of specialists, the availability of new treatment and control technologies that are available in foreign clinics are also very important.

A lung tumor can be of several different types. Features of a benign neoplasm are that during its development, the tissues of the body are not destroyed at all, and metastases are not formed.

A malignant tumor is characterized by the fact that, as it grows, it grows deep into the tissues of the body and metastases are formed. A feature of the metastatic type of neoplasm is that it can be in any of the organs, but metastases go to the lungs. In order for the prognosis for the patient's life to be good, it is necessary to recognize the presence of a tumor in a timely manner and carry out complex treatment.

benign tumors

With mild symptoms and signs, it is not always possible to recognize in a timely manner, since it often manifests itself in nothing. Such neoplasms can be different in their structure, localization and clinical course.

Often, various kinds of benign lung tumors initially have a tendency to grow. However, after some time, neoplasms somewhat slow down their growth, and are also characterized by the fact that there are practically no clinical manifestations before complications occur. In addition, they very rarely go into a malignant stage.

Main classification

According to the anatomical structure, all benign neoplasms are divided into central and peripheral. The central types include tumors located on the lobar, main and segmental bronchi. The main direction of growth in relation to the bronchi can be different.

They develop mainly from lung tissue. They can be located at different distances from the surface of this organ. In addition, there are superficial and deep neoplasms. The most common types of tumors include:

adenoma;
hamartoma;
fibroma;
papilloma;
vascular;
oncocytoma;
teratoma;
neurogenic;
lipoma.

Adenoma refers to epithelial tumors that are formed from the glands of the bronchial mucosa. Often they are centrally located. Such a tumor begins to develop in the wall of the bronchus and gradually grows into its lumen, pushing the mucosa away, but does not grow through it. As the neoplasm grows, squeezing the mucosa leads to its atrophy, and sometimes to the formation of ulcers. The adenoma grows very quickly, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of a tumor in the lung, which is expressed as a violation of bronchial patency.

Hamartoma is a tumor of a congenital nature, and particles of germinal tissues may be present in it. The composition of such a neoplasm may include muscle fibers, blood vessels, accumulation of lymphoid cells. Hamartoma is often a dense formation with a finely bumpy or smooth surface. The neoplasm has clear boundaries, and is also surrounded by pushed back lung tissue. As it grows, it can squeeze the bronchi and vessels of the lung, but do not grow into it. In some cases, the tumor may become malignant.

Fibroids in the lungs are not as common as other types of tumors. The disease occurs mainly in men and can equally affect the right and left lung. Fibroids are mostly small, but can be gigantic. This is a dense knot of white color with a smooth and even surface. Ulcers sometimes develop on the mucosa covering the neoplasm.

Vascular tumors of the lungs are quite common. They have different sizes and shapes. Among the main symptoms of a benign lung tumor, pulmonary bleeding should be distinguished. Such neoplasms can pass into a malignant stage.

Teratoma is a formation consisting of several different types of tissues. It can be in the form of a dense neoplasm or cyst. It mainly occurs in young people, however, it can be in the elderly or even senile age. The tumor develops rather slowly, however, with the addition of an infection, there may be suppuration. It is also possible its transition to a malignant form.

Reasons for the appearance

Among the main reasons that lead to the formation of a benign neoplasm, it is necessary to highlight many different factors, in particular, such as:

genetic mutations;
genetic features of the organism;
tobacco smoke;
various chemicals.

It should be noted that the risk of a neoplasm increases in the event of a chronic disease with a decrease in the immune system, in particular:

bronchial asthma;
Chronical bronchitis;
pneumonia, tuberculosis.

In order to make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account not only the existing symptoms of a tumor in the lung, but also to conduct additional examinations, since it is important to detect the neoplasm in a timely manner and carry out treatment in order to prevent its transition to a malignant stage.

Main symptoms

Many patients are interested in if there is a tumor in the lungs, what symptoms appear and how exactly it can be recognized for timely treatment. There are many theories for the development of neoplasms in the lungs. The impact of nicotine contributes to the deposition of harmful substances in the cells, which leads to the development of various anomalies. As a result of this, the growth of the neoplasm begins, which is almost impossible to control, since the symptoms of a benign lung tumor do not appear immediately. This means that the destruction of DNA begins, thereby stimulating a sharp growth of the tumor.

At the initial stages, the neoplasm begins to develop in the bronchi, and then the pathological process passes to the adjacent parts of the lung. After some time, it affects other organs, and also metastasizes to them.

At an early stage of its development, the symptoms of a tumor in the lung are similar to those of many other diseases, so they can be very difficult to detect. Symptoms include coughing or sputum production. The early period may last for several years. Usually, doctors begin to suspect the presence of a tumor in people over 40 years old. They pay special attention to heavy smokers, as well as people who work with harmful substances, especially if they show signs and symptoms of a lung tumor.

In the presence of a neoplasm, the main complaint of patients is a cough, which often occurs with sputum production. Sputum may contain blood impurities. The cough is mostly constant, hacking, with sputum. People with a tumor always have shortness of breath, as well as pain in the sternum. This may mean that the neoplasm has passed into the pleura, and it is significantly increasing in size. When there is a strong load on the nerve endings, characteristic wheezing appears in the voice.

After the neoplasm germinates and squeezes the lymph nodes, signs such as:

hand weakness;
dyspnea;
sharp weight loss;
skin itching;
rapid development of dermatitis.

At the same time, the quality of life deteriorates sharply and working capacity may be lost. If the first signs of a lung tumor occur, you should consult a doctor and undergo a comprehensive diagnosis.

Carrying out diagnostics

When the first symptoms of a lung tumor occur in adults, it is imperative to undergo a comprehensive examination. In addition to x-rays, it is necessary to control the dynamics of neoplasm development for several months. Typically, this practice is used if the size of the tumor is not more than 6 mm.

If the nodule does not grow during the observation, but remains the same size for 2 years, then it is considered benign. Such neoplasms grow very slowly or remain exactly the same size. Cancer tumors increase in size every 4 months. Follow-up for 5 years will help to finally make sure that it is benign.

Such neoplasms generally have smooth edges, a more regular shape than cancerous tumors. Often, a chest x-ray or CT scan is sufficient to check for nodules.

If necessary, the doctor will prescribe other types of research. This is necessary to exclude the presence of a malignant tumor to determine the main cause of the nodules. Diagnosis may require:

blood analysis;
tuberculin tests;
single photo-radiation;
biopsy.

A biopsy involves taking tissue samples for further examination under a microscope to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant. A biopsy can be performed using a variety of techniques.

Features of treatment

If symptoms and signs of a lung tumor are observed, then drug therapy will not bring any result at all. A benign formation is subject to complete removal by surgery. Only timely diagnosis and operation can avoid irreversible consequences for the patient's health.

Early detection of a neoplasm is especially important, as this will save the maximum amount of tissue during the operation, as this will avoid many complications. The recovery period takes place in the pulmonology department. Most operations are completed quite successfully, and the recurrence of neoplasms is almost completely excluded.

Bronchial resection is used to remove the central tumor. When applying this technique, the lung tissue is not affected, but only a small incision is made, which makes it possible to save most of this organ. Fenestrated resection is used to excise the bronchus on a narrow base, which is eventually sutured and bronchotomy is performed at this site.

With a large neoplasm, one or two lobes of the lung are removed. In especially severe cases, pneumonectomy is resorted to, namely, the removal of this organ completely. A similar operation is indicated for all patients who have received serious lung damage.

If a lung tumor was surgically treated in the early stages, then its results are quite good. Working capacity with insignificant volumes of damage is restored completely.

Prevention and prognosis

If the symptoms and signs of a lung tumor were noticed at the initial stage and the treatment was carried out in a timely manner, then the prognosis is quite good, since a person can fully restore working capacity and normalize well-being in the shortest possible time. Otherwise, a benign neoplasm can go into a malignant stage with the occurrence of metastases.

It is very important to carry out prevention, which includes the correct and timely treatment of various inflammatory processes occurring in the lungs and bronchi in order to prevent their transition to a chronic form. It is very important to quit smoking. People working in hazardous industries with a high level of dust must use personal protective equipment in the form of respirators and masks.

Malignant tumors

A malignant lung tumor often begins to develop from the cells of this organ, but it also happens that cancer cells enter this organ by metastasizing from other organs that were the primary source of cancer. The defeat of lung tissues by a cancerous tumor is considered the most common among all known oncological diseases. It occupies a leading place in the number of deaths among all other types of cancer.

Often, tumors in the lungs also form in the bronchi, and they are called bronchogenic carcinomas. In oncology, they are divided into such types as:

squamous;
multicellular;
large cell cancer;
adenocarcinoma.

Another variety is alveolar carcinoma, which forms in the alveoli. Less common types of cancer are:

chondromatous hamartoma;
bronchial adenoma;
sarcoma.

The lungs are among the organs that most often undergo the process of metastasis. Metastatic cancer can form against the background of advanced stages of cancer of the prostate, breast, thyroid gland, intestines, kidneys and many other organs.

Causes

The main cause of a malignant lung tumor is the mutation of normal cells of this organ. Smoking is of great importance in this process. According to statistics, about 80% of all cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking, and most smokers are long-term smokers. The more cigarettes a person smokes per day, the higher his chances of developing a malignant tumor.

Much less often, cancer develops as a result of labor activity, which is associated with work with harmful substances. Especially dangerous is work in rubber, asbestos production, contact with heavy metals, radiation, ethers.

The causes of neoplasms should also include the harmful effects of the environment. Sometimes cells can become malignant due to the presence of inflammation and chronic diseases.

Is there a lung tumor and how to recognize its presence by symptoms is a question that interests many people who are predisposed to the occurrence of this neoplasm. The presence of certain symptoms in a person largely depends on the type of cancer, location and stage of the course.

The main sign of the presence of a neoplasm in the lung is considered to be a constant cough, but it is not specific, as it is characteristic of so many diseases of the respiratory system. A person must be puzzled by a cough, which over time becomes more frequent and hacking, and sputum with streaks of blood is also released. If the neoplasm provoked damage to the blood vessels, then there is a high risk of bleeding.

With the subsequent active development of cancer, the symptoms of a malignant lung tumor appear in the form of hoarseness, as there is a narrowing of the airway lumen. No less complex consequence of the course of cancer is the occurrence of pneumonia.

Pneumonia is always accompanied by intense sweating, pain in the sternum and cough. If the pleura is damaged by a neoplasm, then the patient will feel pain in the chest all the time. After a while, general symptoms begin to appear, which means:

loss of appetite;
fast fatiguability;
constant weakness;
strong weight loss.

In some cases, fluid begins to accumulate in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath, lack of oxygen, and problems with the functioning of the heart. If the progression of cancer has provoked damage to the nerve endings in the neck, then this can lead to neurological signs. They manifest themselves in the form of sunken eyes, narrowing of the pupil, changes in the sensitivity of part of the face.

Symptoms of a lung tumor in women include compaction of the lymph nodes in the chest, changes in the skin cover, and soreness in the sternum. A neoplasm located next to the esophagus, after a while, can germinate into it or simply grow until it leads to severe tissue compression. Such a complication can provoke spasms, and also leads to the fact that it is very difficult for a person to swallow, which makes it difficult to consume food. With this course of the disease, the patient gradually develops characteristic signs in the form of a strong cough after eating, as water and food penetrate the lungs.

Particularly severe consequences can occur when the tumor grows into the heart, which causes symptoms in the form of arrhythmias, fluid accumulation, or cardiomegaly. Often, the tumor affects the blood vessels. A symptom of the collapse of a lung tumor is pneumothorax and heavy bleeding. The veins in the chest swell and become cyanotic. Also, the patient may experience severe headaches, blurred vision, constant weakness and fatigue.

When cancer reaches stage 3-4, active metastasis occurs in certain organs. Often, through the bloodstream or lymph flow, malignant cells spread throughout the body, affecting nearby organs. Symptomatically, this begins to manifest itself in the form of dysfunction of the organ into which metastases have penetrated.

Carrying out diagnostics

In some cases, even without obvious signs, it is possible to recognize the presence of cancer by conducting fluorography, which must be done annually. Additionally, radiography may be prescribed, but it is very difficult to see small nodes in the picture.

To make an accurate diagnosis, your doctor may order other procedures, such as a biopsy, which can be done with a bronchoscopy. If the tumor has formed very deep in the lungs, then the doctor may perform a puncture with a needle under the control of tomography. In especially severe cases, the material is taken during the thoracotomy operation.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are considered more modern research methods, since they allow even small neoplasms to be examined.

Features of treatment

Depending on the size, features and symptoms of a lung tumor, treatment is selected strictly individually. The main methods of therapy include such as:

operation;
chemotherapy;
radiation therapy;
radiosurgery.

Complex treatment is often used, since the removal of carcinoma and radiation can achieve a complete cure. In the early stages of the development of a malignant neoplasm, it is enough only to conduct radiation therapy.

Chemotherapy combined with radiation helps to achieve very good results. The operation must be carried out as soon as possible, as this avoids tragic consequences. If the tumor is detected at later stages, and irreversible processes in the lungs have already begun, then surgery is usually only palliative. People with stage 3-4 oncology experience very severe pain, which can be relieved by taking drugs.

Recovery period

Rehabilitation is very important. At the end of therapy, it is imperative to undergo regular examinations in order to timely detect relapse or metastases. Rehabilitation should also be aimed at treating comorbidities.

It is necessary to carry out drug therapy, breathing exercises, and adherence to a special diet. Pain relief and special exercises are also required to increase brain function.

Forecast

No oncologist can give an exact guarantee of a certain life time for a person with a malignant tumor, but he can suggest a possible survival threshold. When analyzing the patient's condition, an important role is played by the patient's age, the stage of the disease, the presence of concomitant diseases and pathologies. Five-year survival forecasts, subject to timely diagnosis and rational treatment, reach 40-50%. But in the absence of adequate therapy, 80% of patients die within 2 years, and only 10% can live for 5 years or more.

It should be noted that timely therapy is not a complete guarantee of recovery, since in such cases a fatal outcome is also possible.

Features of a benign tumor are that the tissues of the body are not destroyed, and there are no metastases.

Features of a malignant tumor are that it grows into the tissues of the body, while metastases appear. More than 25% of situations when a local form of a malignant tumor is diagnosed, in 23% the presence of regional tumors, and in 56% - distant metastases.

The peculiarity of a metastatic tumor is that it appears in different organs, but at the same time it goes to the lungs.

This article talks about and signs of determining a lung tumor in humans. And also about the types of tumor stages and methods of treatment.

Prevalence

A lung tumor is a fairly common disease among all lung neoplasms. In more than 25% of cases, this type of disease is fatal. More than 32% of the tumor in men is a lung tumor, in women it is 25%. The approximate age of patients is from 40-65 years.

Lung tumors are classified into several types:

adenocarcinoma;
small cell cancer
cancer with large cells;
squamous cell cancer and many other forms.

By localization, the tumor is:

central;
peripheral;
apical;
mediastinal;
miliary.

In the direction of growth:

exobronchial;
endobronchial;
peribronchial.

Also, the tumor has the properties of development without the appearance of metastases.

According to the stages of the disease, the tumor is:

the first stage is a tumor that has a small size of the bronchi, while there is no germination of the pleura and metastases;
the second stage - the tumor is almost the same as in the first stage, but a little larger, does not have pleural germination, but has single metastases;
the third stage - the tumor is even larger and already goes beyond the boundaries of the lung, the tumor can already grow into the chest or diaphragm, there is a very large number of metastases;
- the tumor spreads very quickly to many neighboring organs, has distant metastases. Most people get sick due to the abuse of carcinogens found in tobacco smoke. Both men and women are equally at risk.

In smokers, the occurrence of lung tumors is much higher than in people who do not smoke. According to statistics, most of the patients are men. But recently the trend has changed a little, because there are a lot of women who smoke. In rare cases, a lung tumor can be hereditary.

Signs of a lung tumor

There are many theories for the development of lung cancer. The impact of nicotine on the human body contributes to the deposition of genetic abnormalities in the cells. Because of this, the process of tumor growth begins, which is almost impossible to control, moreover, the symptoms of the disease do not appear immediately. This means that the destruction of DNA begins, thereby stimulating tumor growth.

Detection of a lung tumor on an x-ray

The initial stage of a lung tumor begins to develop in the bronchi. Further, the process goes on and develops in the nearby sections of the lung. After the expiration of time, the tumor passes to other organs, gives to the liver, brain, bones and other organs.

Symptoms of a lung tumor

A lung tumor at an early stage is very difficult to detect due to its small size and the similarity of symptoms with a number of other diseases. It may be just a cough or sputum production when coughing. This period can last for many years.

Usually, doctors begin to suspect the presence of cancer in people older than 40 years. Particular attention is paid to smokers, as well as people working in hazardous industries who have at least minimal symptoms.

Complaints

In general, the most common complaint in bronchial involvement is coughing, accounting for 70% of visits and 55% of cases where people complain of hemoptysis. The cough is mostly hacking, persistent, sputum is secreted.

People with such complaints almost always have shortness of breath, very often there is chest pain, about half of the cases. In this case, most likely the tumor goes into the pleura and it increases in size. When there is a load on the recurrent nerve, wheezing appears in the voice.

When the tumor grows and compresses the lymph nodes, symptoms such as:

weakness in the upper and lower extremities;
paresthesia if the lesion has reached the shoulder;
Horner's syndrome;
shortness of breath appears when the lesion has reached the phrenic nerve;
body weight is lost;
the appearance of itching on the skin;
rapid development of dermatitis in the elderly.

Removal of lung tumors

A benign lung tumor, no matter what stage it is, should be removed if there are no contraindications to surgical treatment. Operations are performed by professional surgeons. The earlier a lung tumor is diagnosed and everything is done to remove it, the less the body of a sick person suffers and the less dangerous complications that may occur later.

Lung cancer surgery

If peripheral oncology of the lungs occurs, which is located in the tissues of the lung itself, it is removed by enucleation, i.e. in other words, by husking.

Most benign tumors are treated by thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. If the neoplasm grows on a thin stalk, it can be removed endoscopically. But this option can cause unwanted bleeding and it is imperative to re-examine the lungs and bronchi.

Diagnostics

Preparing for the operation

Chemotherapy. The process that is capable of stops their development and prevents the increase in size, while preventing their reproduction. This treatment option is used for both small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. This process is considered the most common and is constantly used in almost all cancer hospitals.

The only drawback is that with this process, complete recovery and cure is almost impossible to achieve. But, despite everything, chemotherapy can prolong the life of a cancer patient for many years.

A good prevention of the treatment of lung tumors is the complete absence of cigarettes in a person's life.

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Symptoms and treatment of pulmonary fibroids
(Read in 3 minutes)

Benign tumors of the respiratory systems develop from cells that resemble healthy ones in their properties and composition. This species makes up only about 10% of the total number of such localization. Most often they are found in people under 35 years of age.

A benign neoplasm usually has the appearance of a small nodule of a round or oval shape. Despite the similarity with healthy tissues, modern diagnostic methods make it possible to quickly find the difference in structure.

If the tumor does not lead to disruption of the bronchi, then sputum is practically not excreted. The larger it is, the more serious the cough begins.

In some cases, it is found:

rise in body temperature,
the appearance of shortness of breath,
chest pain.

An increase in body temperature is associated with a violation of the ventilation functions of the respiratory system and when an infection is attached to the disease. Shortness of breath is mainly characteristic in situations where the lumen of the bronchi is closed.

Even with a benign tumor, depending on its size, weakness, lack of appetite, and sometimes hemoptysis may appear. Patients themselves note that breathing becomes weaker, voice trembling appears.

Complications of neoplasm

If the disease was not detected in time, then tendencies to the formation of infiltrates and growth may appear. In the worst case, blockage of the bronchus or the entire lung occurs.

Complications are:

pneumonia,
malignancy (acquisition of the properties of a malignant tumor),
bleeding,
compression syndrome,
pneumofibrosis,
bronchiectasis.

Sometimes neoplasms increase to such a size that they compress vital structures. This leads to disturbances in the work of the whole organism.

Diagnostics

If a tumor in the respiratory tract is suspected, laboratory tests must be used. the first allow to reveal elastic fibers, a cellular substrate.

The second method is aimed at identifying the elements of education. It is carried out multiple times. Bronchoscopy allows for an accurate diagnosis.

X-ray examination is also carried out. A benign formation appears on the pictures in the form of rounded shadows with clear, but not always smooth contours.

The photo shows a benign lung tumor - hamartoma

For differential diagnosis is carried out. It allows you to more accurately separate benign tumors from peripheral cancer, vascular tumors and other problems.

Treatment of a benign tumor in the lung

The most commonly proposed surgical treatment of tumors. The operation is carried out immediately after the discovery of the problem. This avoids the occurrence of irreversible changes in the lung, to prevent the possibility of transformation into a malignant formation.

For central localization, laser methods, ultrasonic and electrosurgical instruments are used. The latter are the most popular in modern clinics.

If the disease is peripheral in nature, it is carried out:

(removal of a section of the lung),
resection (removal of diseased tissue),
(removal of education without observing oncological principles).

In the earliest stages, the neoplasm can be removed through a bronchoscope, but sometimes bleeding becomes a consequence of such exposure. If the changes are irreversible, affecting the entire lung, then only pneumectomy remains (removal of the affected organ).

Alternative treatment

In order to alleviate the condition with a benign lung tumor, you can try folk methods.

One of the most popular herbs is celandine. One spoon must be brewed in 200 ml of boiling water, put in a steam bath for 15 minutes.

Then bring to the original volume. It is taken 100 ml twice a day.

Forecast

If therapeutic measures were carried out in a timely manner, then the repetition of the appearance of formations is rare.

Slightly less favorable prognosis for carcinoid. With a moderately differentiated species, the five-year survival rate is 90%, and with a poorly differentiated species, only 38%.

Video about a benign lung tumor: